r OId Mills, Gritstone Quarries and Millstone Making the Forest of Lancaster along with the advent of settled agriculture in and the expansion of corn growing on various scales, and examples are to be found in by Philip Hudson prehistoric and recorded communitles all over the world. There are several areas within the Royal Forests and Chases of Lancaster where the It is thought that the bee-hive types were geology contains a millstone grit type rock developed and proliferated within the expanding Roman Empire, and must be placed in which is most suitable for the production of the introduced categoryr €ls are the flat millstones. Anglo-Norse guernstones found in association with 9th and 1 Oth century steadings, This rock, one of the Upper Carboniferous (2) series sandstones, often referred to as shielings and settlements. Gritstone, occurs in many areas of northern but only certain types are suitable The types within the Anglo-Norse domain do for miltstone makJ.ng. This Gri.tstone has include some very small water powered been a valuable resource to manr and as such examples. It must, however, be stated that has been very extensively quarried and mined the Roman period also saw the development and be use of waterwheel driven larger stones, to provide the material which can (Vitruvian was fashioned into a quite sophisticated and Mills).(3) This method which grJ-ndstone. developed and in general use for corn useful tool, the millstone or grinding, and some industrial processes, in There is also a history of the continulng the development of the technology attached to the the western worl-d until well into working of this rock, whlch appears to be at Industrial Revolution periodr dnd is area incidentally a method which is being used a vernacular level, at least within this more and more today in order to help meet the of the study. current demand for more natural high-fibre flours. Not all of the above cases used a Different kinds of ccftn grinding stones have produce been in use, dating back-to pre-Roman times" millstone grit type rock to the In chronological classification the earliest grLndstones, as there are many other suitable the rock choices available depending on the types are the crude saddle-quern type, geography and geology of the working site, bee-hive type guerns of the Roman period, the 'the trading flatter and larger hand worked type querns of flour fineness required, and the medieval opportunities of nations able to import the Anglo-Norse period, and by the grindstones if this is a reguirement. Stone period a series of much larger stones which of different roughness and quality was in are worked by water and wind driven mills. use, and the way the stone was furrowed (cut It is pcssihle that all of these types are and grooved), enabled usage for different represented within the study areaT being of work, grinding different types of fashioned from the "gritstt, though specimens types from imported stonel for example crops or industrial materials. Some changes made are seen ln the 1 8th century when demand for Andernach lava, and French Burr and Cologne better guality flours caused many English Blues have been recorded. (1 ) millers to import the segmented French Burrs, a vesicular flint from a guarry near Epernont The saddle type has been developed and used or stones made in sections from chalcedonic

35 r hornstones. (4) Flour stones were also manufactured from Shap Granite, Ennerdale Granophyte and Penrith Sandstone, millers Map 1. often keeping a pair of gritstones for the coarser grinding of oats (for oatmeals), beans and fodders. (5) Evidence has been gained from these main categories; guernstones and millstones for archaeological sites which are well documented and in museums and known collectionsr querns and millst,ones located ln private hands most of which are random, millstones which are still in situ on mill sites, (many of 'which are still in use or intact) r partly worked millstones which are still to be found in situ on the quarry and stone mine sites located during the fieldwork, and finally' the primary and secondary documents available for study which have indicated some tentatLve dates to support the fieldwork findings. For the purpose of this study, the work has concentrated on the field evidence with a view to adding to, and supporting, the already documented sources. Within the Lancaster Forest there is evidence to suggest that the gritstone ltas worked as daystone (random unquarried stone), and also quarriedr or minedl for general use as millstone, for many centuries and this aspect witt now be discussed in some detail. The main areas in which the work is being carried out are outlined in Map 1. In this general area are to be found some very early D.D E lloo date water-powered corn mill sites, some of tSoO e tSoo which are recorded in Domesday in 1086. tsoo - tToo tY oo - Iioo Domesday ls not complete or very detailed for NW Lancs, and many mllls must predate William's great survey, but these cannot all be supported by documentary evidence which gives the exact locatlon or working details of these sites. However, it is suspected Distribution of corn grinding mills in N W Lancs. 37 3B that most of the vills in the general area of " 0 os to the study had a manorial corn mill of some ,- type by the 11th century. It must be stated g_;5s that Domesday records some 5'500 mills in the iiert kingdom and it ls thought that this number is isEFs on the low side, nor does it take into account the hand quern types which could have been in more general use in areas where the "mulcture" was not rigidly enforced. There are over 70 water powered corn mi}l sites that have been recorded withln the general area of NW Lancs and known to be operating I *rfl between the Domesday and the 1 gth century. ,ibs'Y* (see Appx. 1 ) \= bi s Hand guern finds made of gritstone of beehive, saddle and flat typesr dr€ recorded amongst others on the sites of Rushy Lee, Irow Pleasant, Hutton Roof, Farleton, GrOaa Old HaII, Melling, Claughton and . g.Ot{ uso3 O There are also a number of horse "gin" type EtrdE mills recorded in the area, at Narr Lodget t{ Tatham, and o Nt' Quernmore, Low Botton Farm, , G\ Lancaster Town, and several windmilLs, at cx lJ \a Farleton, , Lancaster, etc. tr (L \"' .rl c \ where evidence of o \) one area there is ample o \ early working of the grits to manufacture +, \i .Fl t= *o Iu lo ,i, millstones is Baings Cragg (sD 543618) in a present day Littledaler nolt in the of 0.R i t blt Caton, but once withln the boundary of g i"igt :o! '. I .rl a\ Quernmore Forest. From the road the rock t{ Iooks natural, but on closer examination it 5 fo! \ +J c] $t is evident that it is a very old quarry wlth O d /\l signs of millstone manufacture. There are a tt{ mostly partly worked blankst 9 i.'O L, lot of remains, tr knapping sitesr some very weather lrorn chisel rd I marks in the rocks and several stone pits E -Lo \\t (delves).(Map 2) There are vari.ous qualities go of gritstone on this crag' but only two which o s appear to be preferred ln the making of the +J \io. io o . -\ c[ .; finer, le. Fl -(rot mlllstones. one type is slightly Fl !o* l€r * less grttty, with finer quartz particles and ..{ E I a stronger matrix cement. Thls type has been L used to manufacture the smaller models of io' l+' \ J E millstone. The smaller type millstone is only some 36 inches in diameter and not as thick as the larger type whlch can measure up to 70 inches across by 12 inches thick. Neither type of grit used is the quartz breccia type which has been extensively worked for millstones in Wales and t Derbyshire. (6) ? Stage One The suitable rock has been levered out of the crag face, chiselled off the top of the Cragg t where there is the finer type of rock, or dug out of small pits, and then knapped into a rough shape, in situ. Some of the blanks are propped up on stone supports where they have been made ready for working, and have a central mark which is elther one or three pin punch marks. SLage Two Some have been worked on one side and are tooled flat, with the circular centre hole chiselled out to about half depth, and then they have been turned over. (Ftg I) It is possible to deduce from this that the stoneworkers first put the holes through and roughly shaped the rock, then trimmed them into a more refined shape and the required thickness afterwards. , The millstone nas then SLage Three moved down the Cragg to the road below. This seems to be the method used, as the better worked examples, which are almost finished, are to be found nearer the road. The only reason they appear to have been abandoned after so much time and effort has been expended on them, is because they are slightly damaged; Just a small chip or crack i appears to be enough to make them unusable. .l SLage Four fl\" It Ls possible to deduce from these remains i that the art of selecting the rough stone for j workihg vras posslbly a bit hit and miss, and sor perhaps, were the millstone rock cutterrs craft skilIs and transporting methods. Fig. I. Method of working from a None of these early examples were rough blank to a flnished millstone.

4l 42 -t- gritstone and remove the stones. ff this is manufactured in sections as \"ere many later sor then the time and effort put into the types found in Britain and elsewhere in manufacture would enhance the total cost, nurope (eg. French Burrs). The average size and in the medieval period finding, cutting of the larger model blanks and partly worked and carting millstones was often customary specimens is over 60 lnches across and these duty(l0;. The cost of these goods in the aie estimated to weigh about three-quarters late 1 6th century is known. Hornby Castle of a ton. (see Appx. 2) On Baines Cragg Estates pald 26s 8d for a pair bought at there are 23 bl-anks in various states of Ingleton in 1582r(11) and in the 1850s a pair working, (Map 21, and over 40 have been of millstones cost E7 ex guarry in recorded within the Quernmore area. (see Map Derbyshire. (1 2) The Forest of Quernmore 3) Millstones of the conical types have not accounts c.1 345 show another reference to been found ln the Quernmore workingsr as is mlllstone working; the herbage of the park the case in the Derbyshlre and lfelsh and the woods, turbary, dead brushwood, millstone working sites, a type which is fallen wood, iron ore in trlyresdale, Bleasdale given an early date by some wrLtersr but this and Quernmore, and the millstones, produced !yp" of stone can be found in situ on some of an annual income of 823.1s.2d.(13) tne local corn mit-l sltes r e9, Conder l{illt Quernmore. Rent of assizet 1441; From the account of Thomas Urswyk, master forester in Quernmore Just how ancient these sites are is not from Michlemas 1 440/ 1 441 i known, but there are some early references which could well be connected. The 12th and tOf Quernmore of mines and millstones 13th century Pipe RoIIs for l,ancaster(7) and nil; of a mine of sclatston (stone the monastic records(8) have many references slates or flags) at Spatongill nil; to rents for mills, and rights to mills. In from a mine of sclatston at Quernmore the Quernmore and Lancaster Forest Records - nil. I are entries which show evidence of millstone workings from the, early 1 4th century, fox This is evidence that these had been worked example: and accoun.ted for previously, but why there is a lull in the working at this date needs Agistment rents for the Quernmore Forest as to be lnvestigated. The possible site for returned by the keeper William of Hornby' the mlllstone working is Balnes Cragg and the 1 31 3-1 4. (9) ...Forest agistment winter 1 8s- slates could be from Birk Bank or Black FelI, 5d; summer 1.18.2d; lesser park of Quernmore as both sites are thought to be outside the winter 6s Bd; summer 1.10.0d; herbage of the earlrs parks but within the Jurisdiction of meadow (for mowing) in summer 5s.0di the old the Kingr s Forester. or larger park of Quernmore winter agistment was 2.0.Odi summer agistment nil; miII stones Fines at the Swanimote of 1478-80. sold there 6s 0d. (It is not clear if the millstones l,rere from the old park or from the Wyresdale 6s.8d for keeping illegal other forest lands). taverns, three offenders; 5s.4d for taking molaria (millstones), and a The sum of 5s for millstone sales might not mLller is fined for obstructlng a seem a great deal, but it could represent water course (14). fees for the right to work the suitable

43 purchase of grit type stones as it lies on Henry Parker, tord Morley and Mounteagle, the limesLone which Master and Wyresdale in is not a suitable rock forester of Quernmore type. This site $ras still oper.rting as a 1 bilf complaint against 635 entered a of mill tn 1 573 when it was bought from the de several inhabitants of Lancaster for entering Claphams by the fnglebys; there are however the forest, depasturing horsesr oxen and no remains of this mtlI today. Another site, cattle without right, and to the injury of again on the limestone, is the Anley Mill at those who had right of common. They also, he Settle, also recorded in Domesday, as are alleged, broke into plnfolds, driving away several others in the limestone areas which cattle impounded there and strays belonging would have to obtain their by right to his maJesty, and taking away many millstones from hundreds of cartloads of coal, freestone, some dlstance.(171 slate etc., and spoiling the grounds by It must, however, be pointed out that there digging great holes and pits eLc. (1 5) are supplies evidence that stone working and quarrying of suitable grlt type rocks from place the nearby Ingleton Fell and possibly from were taking on an ever increaslng scale Whernside. It should also be remembered that in the Quernmore area and the field evidence the Hornby CastIe Estates were obtaining shows that many of the millstones l^tere taken their mlllstone's from Ingleton in the late out of pits. 16th century. It appears odd however that .they should travel to Ingleton to make this From the 1641, rent of assize; purchase when there are suitable outcrops of | grits on the lands they held in Caton and 5s from the farm of millstones Littledale. Perhaps within the forest of Quernmore, with the' nearer sltes had free egress and ingress for their been worked out by the 1580s. carts, granted to James Marton and Whiter. To return to the more local sLtes, we may Giles take the case of 811e1; here there is an early corn mill whlch must have required a This reference liOked to the 1 3th century ones gives something Iike 400 years of supply of the right type of "grit" grit,s, prlor millstones. The miII vras osrned by Herbert of exploitation and use of the to Ellal, c.1200, and the Cockersands Chartulary any 1 8th and 1 9th century workings. records a gift of mulcture of the corn mill rt is evidgnt that there are some very early of Ellal in 1240 to the canons of the abbey, quarrying activities and manufacturlng of a gift from Walter de 811a1.(16) The Bolton millstones in the study area and therefore it le Sands mill is mentioned before 12O0i should be possible to show some evidence of records show a payment of 9 shillings for the local/regional demand and use. The sites of mill at Bolton. The Pipe Rolls show an the known Domesday date mills are just increase in the rent to half a mark In 1201, outside the forest area, but some are worth and to 20 shillings in 1226. mentioning as examples. Clapdale HaIl MiIl at Clapham is an early mill site recorded in Domesday as a corn mill, (there is also a record of a fulling mill on the site), and held in the 1 2th century by Adam de Stave1ey. The mill is a possible candidate for the

45 46 i- one (see Fig. 21. There are mentions of corn Later in the 1 3th century the evldence for mills, but it is not yet known how many of corn milling is more readily avatilable, due these abandoned sites or the recorded water to the surviving monastic an'd manorial powered mill sites were fulling mills, and records. Recorded water-powered corn mtll how many were mills of other sorts used for sites including Hornby, , Ke1let, crushing, rolling, pulping etc. Newton, Tarnacre, Holme, Gressinghamt Dolphinlee, Fishwick' Gt. gtalnforth, Evidence of stone quarrying and working for Gresgarth in Caton, Bolton le Sands, Halton, mlllstones which could have met this local Leck, Lune Mill in tancaster, tupton and demand has been found at a number of sites. Thurland, are well documented. In the 1 4th These are the most extensive ones; Baines and 1 sth centuries the list includes iragg, North East End of Birk Bank, Black Stainforth, Sandholme, , a second Lune FelI, Clougha east of the Pike, Clougha Scar, Mill, Cleveley, Bradford, Conderr Green Ayret the Kellet Moor Grits, Windy Clough, Cragg Slaidburn, Wedaker, Whitbeck, It'llddletont Wood and Trough Brook.(Map 3) TheBaines , and Grindleton. Cragg site has already been discussed above. On the Black FelL area only etght partly In the 16th and 17th century, Broadraine, worked mlllstones have been recorded, but Caw, Arkholme, Lordhouse Bridge, Mearsbeck, there are extensive stone workings on thls Quernmore, Conder, , , felI and in places the rock type is of the Brock and Sell-et are recorded. In the 19th right klnd for millstone making. Further century there are a number of new miIls butlt evidence is seen in the names used in the on new sites (see appendix). AIso within the area. t'tillstone Rake is the main trackway up study area are found several deserted sites onto a section of the workings which is named where the extant remains are those in keeplng Ivlillstone Rake Stead. On the north-east end with water mill layouts, which appear to have of Birk Bank which has been extensively been used to harness the waters of various worked for its flagstone there is an outcrop becksr and could well have been temporary of suitable gritstone, and a small area water mill sites. , exhibits the remains of millstone cutting. There are two fragments of a blank, one These deserted sites usually take the form of almost completed millstoner a propped slab of ponded gitls with some crude water channels, stone with six large chisel marks on it' and or streams which have banks and race type one confirmed working or dressing area. In features to divert the natural water flows, the valley between Great and tittle Windy (these are found at Berrys Plantation, the Cloughs are to be found several worked stones GiIl behind Mound Vernon Farm, land below specimen being Wood, Crag Farm and Deep of the smaller typer oD€ fine FeIl End Farm, Potts only some 24 inches in diameter. Here again Clough). Some of these sites could have been grain in use for quite long periods of time, whilst in places the rock type is of the finer others could be sites where temporary mills and only odd sections of it have been worked- of the Norse type could well have worked. This smaller mill, the Norse type, is driven In the quarry to the south of the access hitting the track there is a 70 lnch diameter blank and rather like a turbine, the water other partly worked stone. In the woodland blades and turning the shaft driving the to the south-east of Trough Brook and below small milLstone above. This could be set up two sma1l on any beck and every farmer could have had FelI End in Quernmore there are

47 I_ partly worked stones of the small type, and some evidence of the working sites. There is unfortunatelyr no firm documentary evidence which gives any reliable date for any of these workings, except the medieval Map 3. references to millstones already given above, and the 1641 document. There are two 1 Bth century documents whlch relate to quarrying in the general area, ( 1 B ) nut it is noi thought that these are connected with millstone workings, most of which appear to be of a much earlier period. The firil was a cnAG ..l' lease of 15 years dated 1714/15, at a rent of tti" CRAC €3.15s, and was granted by the lord of the nooo manor of Caton, Edward Riddell, to Charles f,eah (Leigh or Lea) of euernmore, allowing him to win slates on Black FeIl in Caton. The second is an indenture dated 1 739 between ASXEN IIILL the Mayor, Bailiffs and Commonalty of Lancaster, and Robert parker, John Caton, and -""9 Jas. Leigh of Quernmore, husbandman, for a seven HTLLSTONE year lease of a slate delf. This lease NAKE SIEAI' gave the right a" to dig slate or flags from the QUERNI|OOR ClOlllrON ta bottom of Birk Bank Scar all above the sear BT ACX to the top of Clougha, within Elnr AALL the Liberties . Btllx. of Lancaster. But again this is not a -i refefence to a rlght to take millstone guality rock, even though it is quite oLD toHlt possible that there was still a local demand QUIRtES for this commodity for the corn grinding waler miIIs, glns, industrial water-powered milIs and windmills. However, these leases at' do cover some of the areas in which is found .'.t FELL evidence of millstone manufacture. EIID $1" Another earlier reference c1 580 found in the Hornby Castle Estate Survey Accounts, ( 1 S I I{ILLST{INES rrto records a quarry of cole and another of slate in Caton. Again there is no reference to millstones, even though the Hornby n"t"t"" had two corn grinding mills at, Hornby and held the moiety of several other mills in Millstone working sites on Baines Crag, Quernmore. north . The Estates appear at this time to have obtained their millstclnes from the Ingleton district. For example at the 49 50 i'- tt. refurblshment of the Hornby Estates Corn MilI . capiant in perpetuum lapides tn 1 582 (petras) molares. ." l22l . ..."paid to Thos. Marshe for one pair Thls is ample evidence, that the rlghts to of millstone bought at Ingleton the grltstone guarries for millstones were 26s.Bd, and the cost of carriage from very valuable indeed. Unfortunately, field Ingleton FelI to Hornby 13s.4d... and work ln this general area of Kellet where the for expenses and charges for the said bands of suitable grits outcrop has shown Thos. Marshe and two with him riding little evidence of the workings. This is to Ingleton FeII to buy the two partly due to the fact that these areas have stones 1 5d. " been extensively quarriedr up to this century, for all the types of gritstone- This reference is very useful as it gives sandstone, and some of the sl_tes have been some idea of the cost of this local filled with rubbish and converted to other commodity. The total cost without any labour uses. We do, however, find fragments of the for fitting. is E2.1s.3d. a pair. right klnd of stone built into the walls of some of the earller bulldings in the area, In the medieval period there are in the and there are several fine specimens of old Kellet area some good references for the used millstones ln various gardens in the rights to the working of the millsLone grit distrlct, where they are used for decoration. outcrops found in the parish. For lnformation regarding the early mill Documents survive for the grants given to sltes in the forest, there is plenty of tnonastic houses by the local landowners in documentary evidence whlch confirms use, but the 13th century, evidence whlch is a good much of it is less useful when we try to use indication of the use of the resouree not it.to find or confirm sites. only in the main manorial mills, but also in the small private milIs whlch the monks Stubbs(23) on Hovendenfs interpretation of controlled (whether to? their own use or for the Woodstock Assize states that it was the local populace is not stated). The permitted withln the boundarles of the forest Furness Coucher Charters record the foll.owing to make dltches ln place of hedges, sureties in '[210 -30; Gilbert de Ke]let grants the could be taken for offences of venision and monks of Furness deadwood and all the vert etc. There are also referenees to millstones they want from his lands industrlal activity being allowed to take place within the forests, and fines for "petras molares quantum et quando moving sheepfolds, mills, watercourses, opus habuerint. ." (20) . houses and a scale of fines for arable erops grown on ne$r and old assarts. So it would be For the same period similar grants from other posslble for all types of industrial activlty men of the Kellet area. Adarn son of Orm of to take place wlthin the forest areas of KeIlet (1210-201 i (21 I Thomas of Coupmanwra Quernmore and Lancaster in splte of the (1260-80); William of Kellet (1235-45). Sir forest laws. Ranulf Dacre grants in 12BS right to millstones in his Kellet lands... For the forest of Quernmore there is a wealth of documentary evidence connected wlth the

51 52 use of corn mills within its boundaries. From the 1287 Eyre records; Below are a few extracts, to demonstrate this Also presented, Vlilliam the mlller of point, taken from the Forest Eyre proceedlngs Caton, al.so presented a Thomas of and the Forestersr returns during the Routonbrecke, a man who lives very medieval period. near to an old water mill site, fined 40d. In 1252 the Abbot of Furness held 1 I acres in the vill of Halton with two water corn mills From the later Forest Eyre recordsl worth 40s yearly, and one fulling mill. He In '1291 Adam mlller of Burgh was also had a water corn mill in Leck worth 1 5st fined for deer poaching. Rlchard of (Dolphinlee Newton) a mill in Lhe vill of Burgh(Burrow) worth 6s. Dolfineleye l-n ' and a mlll in Fishwick worth 30s. (241. the miller, attached for forest crimes in 1 307. 1 307 Rlchard of In 1314 William of Hornby, keeper of the Dolfineleye (Dolphlnlee in Newton), forest of Lonsdale and Amounderness, felled the .miller, cut down alders in the 39 oaks in his balliwick. Much stricter forest of Quernmore and destroyed a eontrol was exercised at this time and good sparrovr-hawks eyry. ( 26 ) accounts were kept. Of these 39 oaks slx At the Swanimote Court of Tlharmore in 1478i were from Fulwood, one from the Old Park of A Christopher Petchet holds of the Quernmore was given to William of Slyne, and miller of Conder one pyche in the flve oaks felled between the New Park of water there and it obstructs the Quernmore and the water of the Lune vtere water course and disturbs the delivered for works on the Lords watermill on fishing, ordered to remove tt 2d. the Lune . (251 fine. Richard Mylner (miller) of Wedaker (near ) broke soil Ralph of Ypres had a lease of five years at . and took a!'tay 4 molarr great stones g5 .1 0. 4d rent in 1 397; this was for the for grind'stones, fine 5s.4d. herbage of the parlls of Quernmore and scalelhwaite (Scirtfwaite?), and the Swanymote of Wharmore 1480. watercourse by Quernmore called the Frlth Christopher Petchett again fined for Brook and the site of the Lune m.i11. This perquisites of the produce of three refers to the enclosures of Quernmore Parkst mills without licence. r old and new, and the enclosure of Scarthwalte (some 40 acres) near Caton, all within the In 1 533 another complaint before the Duchy of Forest of Quernmore. Sir Ralph had re- Lancaster named the Curwen familY of Caton erected the mill of Lune at his own expenset and men of Lower Wyresdale nanied Parkl-nsont but was given four oaks out of Garner and Webster along with one Oliver Kemp by order of the of Lancaster to repalr of Dloghton MilI, all accused of hunding in the water mill. The Lune mill ln 1440 was the park at Quernmore. farmed by Sir AIex Radcliffe. He was permit.ted take wood from the surrounding Estate of Edmund de tacy, Lord of the Chase to of Bowland' c.1258., forest to make repairs. His brother-in-lawt Grindleton !,1i11 worth €6. West Thomas Harrington, was parker of Quernmore Bradford, 5 cotters and a mill. and hj-s uncle, Sir Wllliam Harrington, \^ras Master Forester. 54 53 i--

networks, and the workings in Wales and Slaidburn, Iord has a mill worth Derbyshire were at their peak and possibly E4. (271 much more accessible and cheaper than any in Quernmore. 1273 Bolton Ie Sands MitI adjoins a meadow, qiven bv charter to Thomas of Capenwray by Simon s6n of Elias of Thorenbrandshead. Below are a few examples: In c.1200 John gave the master and brethren of St. Leonards Hospital, Lancaster a In 1798, Mr. Fenton-Cawthorne, who owned messuage and a water mill ln Lancaster, a Tarnbrook, stated that he intended to improve ploughland in Skerton, a vaccary in his other holdings in the same manner. At wyreidale, to sustain nine poor men and a Dunkinshaw he erected new farm buildings and chaplain. a corn mill for the use of the parlsh. ' water corn mlIl dates from c.1760. In 1285r the demesne lands of Hornby Cravens Milt, at Wennington, still has French contained 260 acres of arable land worth Is Burrs and breccia grlt millstones on site. per acre. In 1 31 9 this had been reduced to The new m111 at Bolton le Sands also has burr 2O0 acres and valued at 6d Per acret type stones on the site. After the enclosure (possibly as a result of the Scots invasion awards of 1 81 5 the new Castle Mill was built of 1315). There were three parks in Hornby in Quernmore; other new mills ttere built at in 1285, worth 84, but in 1319 only two worth , Claughton, Burton and Caton, 81.3s.4d. The meadow land in 1285 was 2s per but to date there is no document'.ry evidence acres, in 1319 reduced to 25 acres value 10d of these mills obtainlng supplies of the acre. This downward trend in the mlllstones localIy. agricultural values is reflected in the mitts. The corn milI 1 285 was worth In conclusion the field evidence supports the 813.6s.8d, in 1319 only 85. The fulllng mill view that working the gritstone to provide worth 20s.6d, in 1]85, at the time of Sir millstones, to meet a local need, has been Geoffreys death, but onty 6s.8d. at the 1319 carried out wherever the right type of stone assessment. has been locatedr r€gardless of accesslbility. The manufactured mlllstones In 1 41 6 the herbage of the parks of Quernmore were also used locally and, possibly' let through the chief steward Sir transported " many mlles to eguip water corn 'rrereWilliam Harrington, including the water mill mills all over the north west. of the Lune. This short piece of work isr so to speak, tta powered miII sites vtere New water corn gth state of the arttt reportr eis the work is established in the late 1 8th and early 1 continuing. It is possible that a lot more centuries and many'of the older mills were information will come to light which will extended or rebuilt in order to meet the new help in a more accurate dating and demand for their services. It is at this understanding of the millstone working and time that the import of grindsLones became Ilnks with the corn mills in the area. The common. Movement of large heavy obJects, author would, however, welcome any comments such as millstonesr was more easily effected or further information which wlll assist the due to the improved road and waterway research. 56 55 ti-

Notes 11. W.H,C. Chippendall, A Survey of the Hornby Castle Estates' Chetham Society 1. voI. 1 04. J. Russel-l, tMillstones ln Wind and Water llills. t Trans Newcomen Soc, 24. 1943, 12. s9. D. Tuckerr op. cit. l 57. 2. 13. A. King, EarlY Pennine Settlement. R. Cunliffe-Shaw, The Royal Forest of Dalesman, 1970, 68. Lancashire,1955r 186. 3. 14. C. Singer, (ed. ) History of Technology, ibid, p.1 87-202. vol.4 O.U.P. 1957. ' 15. 4. Pleadings' 81 345, J. Russellr oP. clt. 45. 1 63s. 5. 16. D. Tucker, rl'{illstone Making in the Peak Cockersand Chartulary, 678. District of Derbyshire: The Quarries and Technology, I Industrlal Archaeology 17. the T. Brayshaw & R.M. Robinson, A History of 1 986 , 43. the Ancient Parish of Giggleswick' 206- 6. 215. ibid, 42-3. 18. 7. ' R. Bellis & G. Shackleton, 'slate Delfes W. Farrer, Lancashire Pipe Rolls. 1902. in Quarmorr, Contrebis, 8, 1980, 53-56.

B. 19. The Chartulary of Cockersand Abbey; and Chippendallr op. clt., 102. The Furness Coucher Book. Chetham SocietY; 20. F'urness Coucher Book, 119. 9. Lancs Inquests, Record Soc.l 54, ii, 22. 21 . ibid, 1 1 9. 10. J.K. St. JosePh & 14.W- Beresf ord, 22. Medieval England, 1979, 254. ibtd, 128. 23. Stubbs, Select Charters, 186i 245. s8 57 Appendlx I 24. SIze list of stones found on Baines Cragg W.O. Roper, Ivtaterials for a History of Lancaster Church, 275. Nol 73 x 16 approx roughed out,. No2 65 x12 I haLf hole, 7 x 4, propped, worked flat'. 25. I No3 32 x 10 irregular shape, hole, stood on side. I CunIiffe-Shaw, op. cLt. 1 66. No4 60 x12 part shaped' proPPed. No5 60 x12 ll part shaped. No6 70 x 15 I large and rough, flat underslde, propped. 26. I p.1 37 No7 52 x 10 well shaped with hole. ibid, . lt propped. NoB 40 x 11 r small, No9 52 x12 one side broken, tooLed fLat. 27. No 10 52 x9 il propped' underslde flat. ibid, p.253. No 11 60 x12 I broken one edge. No 12 5{ x12 'l propped, well shaPed. No 13 48 x8 ll snall, shaped, toolad flat both sldes. No 14 52 xl il hole underneath, undereide flat. il No 15 50 x 11 hole cut and well rounded, ProPPed. No 16 55 x 10 ll hole cut, 6 ins dia. I No 17 54 x'l 1 some toolingr grooved and propped. No 18 52 x 11 il broken. No 19 5'l x12 il tool marks, ln a Pit. No 20 50 x 19 I corner damagedr rough. No 21 38 xB ll still ln block, wlth chlsel marks. No 22 58 x12 I rough, ln hollow. No 23 54 x12 'l rough. Thts ltst should read ln conJunctlon wlth UaP Tso.

Appendix II Medieval Mllls

name date

Altnarsh ulll' Altcar 1 238. Anley MtIl 11th. Applethwatte MilI 1272. Bethun (Beetham) 1254. Bolton Ie Sands M111 (1 ) 1200i 127Oi 1 8th. Bolton le lloors 1288. Bolton le Sands Mlll (21 1200i c.1779. BowLand Mills 1258,1404. Briers !!lll, Lathon. 1229i 18th c. Brockolhurst Mill, 1243 Fiq.2. The Norse-type mill. Brow llllls, 1200; 17th; 18th. Brynlng !1111 1249. Mlll 1235. Mlll 1212. Casterton MiII 1272.

60 59 I Stackhouse Ml11 194. Castle Mills, Kendal 1247r 1272,1806. Mill 201, 1301. Caton Fulling Mill 1251 | '1256i 1582. Strlckland, (Stlrklandl 283. Calon Mlll 1230, 1400, 1582, 1590. Mill 257. 't2'16. Swinehurst CatteraLl Iron l{orks Tems Beck Mill' Glggleswlck 1 250. Chatburn Mill 1258, 1 556. Ulverston Mills 1 234, Med. 18th' 19th. Mill 12s7. t{alton Mlll' ?farton 1 254,1716. Clapdale Hall MlII l1th c, DD. Wedaker !,t11L, Barnacre 1 212t 1478. Claughton MilI 1255t 19th. t{eeton Mlll 1 249. Ml1I 1258,1524. Vlhasset (Quasheved) 1 254. Cockerham Mill 1155, 14th c. Whlttlngton Mills 1 296. Coppull Mlll 1238. Cowhill Mill 1 258. Dalton Mlll 1255. Appendlx III Derby Mtll 1298. Dolphinlee !l1ll, Lancaster 1290. 1 300 to 1 500 Ellel Fulllng tllll 1200,1715. Eltel Mlll 1240, 1582, 1715. Flasby MilI, Sklpton 1 1 55-65. name date Garston Mlll 1265. Glggleswick MllI (1 I 1200. Barton Millr Barton, Preston l,led, 1 8th. Grassnere MlLl 1283- Bradford ti'ti11 1 423. Grindleton Dtlll 1 258, 1421. Bulk M111, Lancaster 1816. Hale & !{alton 1 235-85. Castle lilllls, Kendal !red', 1806. Halton Foundry, Furnace 1296, t8th. Conder Mlllr QuerruRore 147',i cl800. Harllngton M111 l1th c, DD. Green Ayre MilI 1469; cl540. Heron Mlll 1220. Greenrldge Mlll, Underbarrow Med, 19th. Hest Mill 1 280. Grindleton l,llll 1 423. Hlgh Corn llill, Sklpton 11th c, DD. Lathebote MlIl, t{hlttlngton Med. Hornby Corn Mlll 1285, 1519, 1582. Middleton M111 1461. Hornby Fulltng Mill 1285,1519. Mllton Mlll' Preston Rlchard 1 7th. Hoton Mill, Hutton 1272, 1400. Myerscough HalI Mlll 17th, 1637. Huyton Mill 1245. Newby tillll, CLaPhan 1 537. Ightenhlll MlIL, (Itucnhul) 1 258. Over Kellet M111 1 582. Klrkby Kendal Mllls, (Kendal) 1272. Overmill, DeePdale 15th c. Klrkby Mill 1254. Prlest ttutton Mlll 1547, 1582. Knowsley Mlll . 1229. Samlesbury Bottoms l't111 Med,1784. Lancaster Mill 1226. Samlesbury Corn Mlll 15th c. Langcllffe Ml1l c.1200; 1221. Sandholme Mlll 14th c, 1317. Layton Mill c.1277 Sedbergh Corn Mlll 1 537. Lee (Lea) tttlll 1288 Sellet Mtll ti[ed, 17th c, 1664. Llverpool 1266, 1257. Slaidburn litlll 1 423. Lune M111 1297' 13th c; 1,lth, 1397. Tathan M111 1537 r 1 846. Manchester (Mamecestre) 1282. l{aterhouse PaPer [lill 1 6th. Midhopp t'tllls 1254. Wedaker UilL, Garstang 1 475. Newton Mill {neuton) ln l{est Hall Mill, tfhlttlngton 14th c. Makerfield 1 200. Wharf MilI, ChiPPtng Med, 19th" North Lonsdale Mllls 1195. l|hitbeck MlLl 1582. Mllls 1228. Over Kellet Mllls & Mlllstone Quarrl.es 12',t O-1285. Patt,en Mlll 1247 . Patterdale Mill 1246. Rispeton Mlll 't272. Skerton Mlll 1246,1314,1345.

62 61 flartle MlIl, Appendix Iv Quernnore 181 8. tltaughton Mlll 1 9th. tlrndor Green Mill 18th c. 1 500 to 1 700 (lrwan Brldge M111 1 9th. l)an House Mill, Wharfe 18th c. tlrrklp trllll 1 nane date 9th. Lirifr€rr Mlll, Chipping 't 9th. Ncther Burrow MiLl 1 I 582. 9rh. Arkholne MllI Rothfall Mtll, Quernnore 1825. Ashton wtth Stodday MllI 1 7rh. Hltherslack MttI 1 9rh. Botton MiIl, Wray 1 8rh. llolfen HaIl ltill, ,Chipplng 1 9th. Capernwray llill 1 8rh. Caw Mlll 17th, 1601. CLitheroe Ml1l 1524. Corless Ml1l 1 8th. Cravens l,l11l, Wennlngton 18th c. Crookbeck MlIl, Newby 18th c. Crossgill Mill 1 8th. Dent Mllls 16th c, 18th c. Mill 1 7th. Dunald MllI, 1 7th. Dunklnshaw ltlll 1 622. Farleton MiIl 1 8th. Galgate Sllk l,tlIl 1 8rh. Gawthorpe Uill, Barbon 18th c. Goosnargh !1111 1 8th. Heysham l{lnd l'1111 1 584. Kaker tllll, Preston Patrlck 1 8th. Klrkland M111 1 8th. Littledale llalI. Lordhouse Brldge M111 c.1 7th. Low Mill, Galgate 1 8th. Lowglll Bobbtn Mlll lSth;19th. Lupton Towers I't111 1 8rh? llarsh l{lndmlll, Lancagter 18th c. Mearsbeck MiIl 1 584. Mewith Mill, Bentham . 18th c. l.tlllhouse Mlll, Ptl11n9 1 8th. oakenclough Mlll 18th c, 1775. Old Uill, Rowton, Quernnore c.17th. Rash M111, Dent 17th c. Sclatee Horse D{iIl 1522. Scotforth lllll 1 7th.

Appendix V

1 700 to 1 900 nane date

Barnacre Corn MtIl 1 8th. Brock Mll1, Bleasdale 1 8rh. Burton Corn MilI 1 9rh.

63 64