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Answers for the Schools Learning & Activity Pack

Teachers you may wish to be aware of these answers while you are walking around to be able to give hints to your students. The sample answers are just examples and can be variable depending upon what the pupils decide. Around the : Quiz

Summit to sea in

HWP Education For further activities www.highlandwildlifepark.org/schools.htm Answers for the Schools Learning & Activity Pack

Summit to Sea in Scotland (The habitats of Scotland and additional info).

Type of habitat. Give named Examples of Examples of other found examples found in in this habitat. of habitat. this habitat. 1) Mountains / Ptarmigan / Mountain hare / Alpine tundra. 2) Moorland. Red grouse / Rannoch Moor Highland / Common lizard Hen Harrier Curlew / Hen 3) Peatland. Glenmore Red / Adder/ Slow Worms Harrier / Merlins

4) Caledonian Glen Affric Crested tit / / / Red and Capercaillie 5) Plantation Moor of Feshie / Rabbit Woodland Buzzard

6) Farmland and Dunachtonmore Pheasant Badger / Bats / Brown hare Scrub woodland. Farm 7) Urban. Inverness Pigeon / Sparrow Fox Osprey Fresh water: Loch Morlich /Whooper Swan Pike / Newts / Frog 8) Loch and 9) Rivers. River Spey Merganser / Salmon / Trout / Otter Grt Northern 10) Coast and Moray Coast Diver / Puffin / Seal / Crab / Otter Shore. Chough 11) Estuaries. Beauly Firth Cormorant Porpoise / Dolphin / Salmon Gannet / Auk / 12) Open sea. North Sea Basking shark Puffin

1) Mountains / Alpine Tundra (Cairngorm Mountains). The mountain areas of Scotland are generally regarded as ground beyond 700m above sea level. This is roughly the elevation of the former -line, where scrub and woodland remain scarce and where habitats are near-natural. Mountain habitats consist mainly of and lichen heaths, snow beds, blanket bog and terraces of dwarf-shrub heath. Approximately 12 per cent of Scotland's land surface (3 per cent of Great Britain) is mountain. Birds: Ptarmigan / Dotterel / / Snow Bunting. Other animals: Arctic (Blue) Hare / Reindeer (introduced) / .

HWP Education For further activities www.highlandwildlifepark.org/schools.htm Answers for the Schools Learning & Activity Pack

2) Moorland (Monadliath Hills). The uplands of Scotland fall into two broad classes: above the former tree-line lies high mountain habitat; below this, down to the upper reaches of enclosed farmland, sub-mountain land consists of moorland, rough grassland and bog. Moorland is dominated by dwarf shrubs, principally Heather ( vulgaris). Moorland is semi-natural, composed mainly of native plants which, though much changed in abundance, have been present since the early Holocene (post glacial period of the past 10,000 years). The distribution of moorland in Scotland has been defined by the census of the Land Cover of Scotland 1988. Recently published figures indicate that 8.7 per cent of Scotland is covered by heather moorland; 8.4 per cent by peatland; a further 15.7 per cent by heather moorland and peatland mosaics; and 14.5 per cent by rough grassland and moorland mosaics. Birds: Peregrine Falcon / Red Grouse / Red kite. Other animals: Red Deer / (introduced) / Common Lizard / Wildcat / Feral .

3) Peatland (Glenmore). Peat is an organic deposit formed when dead plant material fails to decay because it is constantly or intermittently waterlogged. The living communities towards the surface become increasingly insulated from underlying mineral soils by the accumulating peat. The resulting formation is known as peatland or 'mire', the general term for a peat- forming habitat. A peat formation may extend for no more than a few metres around a spring outflow, or may drape across entire landscapes of hundreds of square kilometres. From the National Peatland Resource Inventory it has been estimated that blanket peat of greater than 1 metre depth covers 14 per cent of Scotland. Birds: Merlin’s / Ravens / Cuckoo / Hen Harrier. Other animals: Adder / Slow Worms.

HWP Education For further activities www.highlandwildlifepark.org/schools.htm Answers for the Schools Learning & Activity Pack

4) Caledonian Pine Forest (Rothiemurchus) 5) Plantation Woodland (Moor of Feshie) The forest cover which developed in Scotland after de-glaciation was a western outlier of the European temperate/boreal (northern) forest transition zone. Prior to forest clearance in Scotland, the extent and composition of these changed in response to the prevailing climatic conditions. By 1919, when the Forestry Commission was established, Scotland's forests had declined to less than 5 per cent of the land area, despite substantial tree planting by private landowners in the nineteenth century. The forest area then expanded steadily after 1919 and by 1992 it was estimated to cover approximately 14 per cent of Scotland. Birds: Capercailie / Black Grouse / Crossbill / Buzzard / Long Eared . Other animals: / Pine Marten/ Red Deer/ Roe Deer.

6) Farmland and scrub woodland. (Dunachtonmore Farm) Farmland is an important part of the natural heritage of Scotland and provides much of its wildlife habitat, landscape interest, recreational and sporting resource. Three-quarters (5,885,000 ha) of the land of Scotland is classed as agricultural land. Of this, 11 per cent is in arable production, 19 per cent is improved grassland and 69 per cent is rough . Nine-tenths of Scotland is classed as Less Favoured Area in the European Union, comprising land of low productivity where farming is necessary to prevent depopulation. The farmland of Scotland can be divided into four broad types: hill livestock, lowland livestock and dairy, arable cropping, and crofting. Birds: Lapwing / Pheasant / Corncrake / Barn Owl / Skylark / Tawny . Other animals: Rabbit / Brown Hare / Roe Deer / Hedgehog.

HWP Education For further activities www.highlandwildlifepark.org/schools.htm Answers for the Schools Learning & Activity Pack

7) Urban Areas (Inverness, Edinburgh, Glasgow). Scotland's population in the 1991 census was 5.1 million people, approximately 80 per cent of whom live in towns and cities. Although urban areas cover only around 3 per cent of Scotland's land area, it is the environment in which most people gain their everyday experience of the natural heritage. The quality of Scotland's urban environment, founded mainly in the Central Belt on heavy industries and petrochemicals, has generally improved during the latter part of this century. The urban environment is important not only because it offers contact with the natural heritage for many people. It also provides a diverse range of habitats for plants and animals, such as semi-permanent public open space in towns and cities, consisting of public parks and gardens, rail and road corridors, canals, graveyards and recreational areas. Birds: Peregrine Falcon / Kestrel / Tawny Owls. Other animals: / Badger / Grey Squirrel / Bats.

8) Fresh water: Lochs (Loch Insh, Boat of Garten). 9) Rivers (River Spey, River Feshie). Scotland has an extensive array of fresh waters, with more than 90 per cent of the volume and 70 per cent of the total surface area of fresh water in the United Kingdom. Map studies indicate that there are more than 30,000 lochs and 6,600 river systems in Scotland. The fresh waters of Scotland are a valuable economic, recreational and environmental resource for commercial and recreational fisheries - for fish farming; for the supply of potable, agricultural and industrial water; as a source of energy for hydro-electric power; for the dilution of industrial and sewage effluent discharges; for recreational activities, both on and around the water; and as a tourist attraction. Birds: Osprey / Whooper Swan / Goosander. Other animals: Palmate Newt / Great Crested Newt / Frog / Toad / Otter / Mink / Salmon.

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10) Coast and Shore (Isles Skye, Hebrides). Measured along the mean high water mark the coastline of Scotland is 11,803km in length. The number of islands with terrestrial vegetation is nearly 800, with about 600 of them lying off the west coast. There appears to be no estimate of the number of smaller islands, or skerries, which are at times wave-washed and carry no terrestrial vegetation. Scotland's diverse coastline is translated into an equally varied range of shoreline habitats. The character of a shore is dependent on a number of physical factors including wave exposure, salinity, geology, tidal range and strength of currents. There have been numerous reviews and studies of specific elements of Scotland's shores but a comprehensive survey of the distribution of the habitats and around the coast of Scotland is not yet complete. Birds: Chough / Eider / Great Northern Diver. Other animals: Rabbits / Toads / Crabs.

11 ) Estuaries (Beauly Firth, Forth, Clyde). An estuary is a partially enclosed area of water where sedimentation leads to the development of soft tidal shores open to the marine environment and receiving fresh water from the land. Coastal indentation and juxtaposition of surrounding mountains make the landscapes of some estuaries particularly significant in Scotland. Scottish estuaries range from small pristine sites with little human activity to highly industrialised areas such as the Clyde and the Forth which have in recent centuries received very damaging discharges of industrial and domestic effluent. However, the rich, diverse wildlife and landscape interest of estuaries, often close to urban areas, offers special opportunities for environmental education and interpretation for all in the community. Birds: Barnacle Goose / Avocet / Dunlin. Other animals: Common and Grey Seal / Dolphin / Porpoise / Salmon.

HWP Education For further activities www.highlandwildlifepark.org/schools.htm Answers for the Schools Learning & Activity Pack

12) Open Sea (Irish, Atlantic, North Sea). The coastal waters around Scotland, which extend to depths of around 30 metres, give way to the open sea areas of the continental shelf, with waters of up to about 200 metres in depth, and beyond. The open sea to the east of Scotland is relatively shallow continental shelf water, in comparison to the deep sea of the Rockall Trough with depths in excess of 1,000 metres found relatively close to the coast off the west and north of mainland Scotland. The water masses of the open sea are moved by winds and tides, and provide a natural habitat for a diverse range of species - from phytoplankton (microscopic aquatic plants) found in the upper layers of the sea, to fish and larger cetaceans (the whales) located in the deep sea. Birds: Gannet / Skua / Puffin. Other animals: Dolphin / Porpoise / Basking Shark / Minki Whale.

Imagine where you might see……? What is the Give an What habitat What do they on the example of this does it live in? like to eat? sign? habitat. Rivers / lochs / River Spey / Osprey marshes Loch Insh/ Insh Fish (Wetlands) Marshes Rivers / River Spey / Otters Fish sea sea Farmlands / Badenoch / Highland cattle Grass meadows/hills Skye Farms near Brown hare Farmland Kingussie and Grass Insh Pine needles and Caperaillie Forest Rothiemurchus blaeberries Pine marten Pine forest Glenmore Red squirrel Farmland / Insh / Glen Scottish wildcat woodland / Tromie / above Rabbit moorland Glen Feshie Red deer Moorland Glen Feshie Grass and Cairngorm Heather shoots Ptarmigan Tundra Massif and leaves Caledonian Golden eagle pine forest / Hare Glen Feshie high plateau HWP Education For further activities www.highlandwildlifepark.org/schools.htm Answers for the Schools Learning & Activity Pack

Extinct British Animals

Is it a Animal carnivore or an Give an example of what it would eat 1) Wolf Carnivore Deer, small

2) Herbivore Trees (leaves and bark) 3) Beaver Herbivore Roots, leaves, small branches

4) Boar Omnivore Meat (carrion)and roots vegetation

5) Bear Omnivore Fish, small mammals, roots, fungi, and

What 5 animals used to be found in the Scottish countryside and are now extinct in the UK? Do you think we should introduce past animals back to the Scottish Countryside, why? (Personal opinion will vary)

What problems and benefits do you think we will have if we do reintroduce some of these animals? Problems: Eating live stock and native species (competition), scaring people Benefits: Tourism (more jobs), scientific study, maintaining large herbivore populations and small carnivores, increase in biodiversity

How could we get over these problems? Education of the public about the animals what to do if you come across them and how to protect the domestic live stock, look at what other counties have done, compensation payments, re-training, better live stock management.

Which of the 5 animals that could be reintroduced to the UK, do we not have at the Park? and

When, where and who killed the last wolf in Scotland? 1743, Findhorn Moray, McQueen

HWP Education For further activities www.highlandwildlifepark.org/schools.htm Answers for the Schools Learning & Activity Pack

Why do animals need zoos?

Region of Threats to the Conservation Breeding

origin population Status Program

India, China, Red Panda Nepal, , Loss of habit Vulnerable EEP Habitat loss, pouching, Amur Russia, China traditional Chinese Endangered EEP medicine Scottish Hybridisation, disease Critically Scotland ESB Wildcat / endangered European Habitat fragmentation Europe, Asia Least Concern NONE Wolf and persecution Russia, Polar Bear Canada, Global warming Vulnerable EEP Greenland Mongolia, Their food is being China and the poisoned and they have Near Pallas cat EEP Tibetan nothing to eat. (prey threatened Plateau base depletion) Japanese Few threats due to Japan Least concern ESB protection Western Traditional Chinese Endangered EEP medicine, hunting In Britain over hunting Beaver Europe Least concern NONE and loss of habitat Chinese Eastern Russia, Hunting, habitat loss Vulnerable ESB China Habitat loss, hunting European Carpathian, (illegal skin trade) and Least concern ESB Lynx Romania prey base depletion Belarus; Lithuania; Habitat degradation and Poland; fragmentation were the European Romania; primary reasons for the Vulnerable EEP Russian decrease and extinction Federation; of Slovakia; Ukraine Nepal, , Habitat loss, hunting Least Concern ESB Himalayas Re-introduced to the Capercaillie Scotland UK, habitat loss, Least concern NONE predators HWP Education For further activities www.highlandwildlifepark.org/schools.htm Answers for the Schools Learning & Activity Pack Scavenger Hunt: Creature Feature

Is red Is white Is blue(ish) Is grey Red Panda / Red Deer Polar Bear / Arctic Blue (Bharal) Wolf /Red Squirrel Fox (in winter)

Has spots Has stripes Has hooves Webbed feet Prezwalski Horse / Lynx Amur Tiger / Wildcat Beaver Bison / Deer Has feathers Has scales Has a shell Has whiskers Wildcat / Lynx / Crane / Capercaillie Slow worm Snail Amur Tiger

Is covered in fur Has no fur or feathers Has horns Has antlers

Markhor / Goral Any Frog / Slow worm Red Deer / Reindeer /Serow

Has a long tail Has a short tail Has claws Has retractable claws Tiger / Red panda / Lynx / Japanese Amur tiger / Wildcat / Wolf / Polar bear Wildcat Macaque Red Panda Could fit in the palm Is bigger than you Is smaller than you Heavier than you of your hand Bison / Przewalski Red Panda / Satyr Polar bear / Tiger / Slug / Snail / Lizard horse Tragopan Red deer

These answers are just suggestions, they will vary. Something to talk about. What characteristics make you unique? DNA, genetics, pupils may also say eye, hair colour, accent, style, What characteristics do you share with some of the animals at the Zoo? We are We are mammals We eat meat and veg (omnivore) Physical features such as 2 eyes, arms, legs, mouth, Able to communicate with each other Which animals are similar to you? The closest animals that are similar to us at the Park are the Japanese’s macaque. They are a , mammal and a primate, with some similar physical features Which are different from you? Slugs, snails they are (no back bone), humans are vertebrates. Invertebrates generally have different physical features than us, more legs or no legs, more eyes or no eyes etc. HWP Education For further activities www.highlandwildlifepark.org/schools.htm Answers for the Schools Learning & Activity Pack Home Sweet Habitat Find an animal at the Park that:

Lives on land Lives on the ice Lives in forests Lives in mountains

Capercaillie / Bison Polar Bear Markhor Wildcat

Lives in your back Lives on grasslands Lives on the tundra Became extinct in the UK garden

Bison / Przewalski Reindeer / Arctic Fox Red Squirrel Wolf / Lynx / Elk / Bear / Boar

Lives in Scotland Lives in Europe Lives in Asia

Capercaillie / Wildcat / Pine Marten Eagle Owl /Bison / Mishmi / Tiger

These answers are just suggestions, they will vary. Something to Talk About. What’s in your personal habitat? Home, school, urban (cities, towns and villages)

What do you need to live comfortably? Basics - shelter, warmth, and food

Some pupils might say material goods – TV, mobile computer etc. these are luxuries What is similar about your habitat and the Parks animal’s habitats? We like natural areas that fulfil our all our requirements to live and survive. They may require enrichment activities so that they don’t get bored. Some animals like to live as a group (family) What is different? They are supplied with food and cannot hunt as they would in the wild. Some enclosures are not as large as they would be in the wild, but this is related to how much food is available

Needs a large area Needs a small area Tiger / polar bear / Wolf Slugs, snails Lives in groups or colonies Prefers to Live alone Red deer / Japanese macaque / Wolves Amur tiger / Polar bear HWP Education For further activities www.highlandwildlifepark.org/schools.htm Answers for the Schools Learning & Activity Pack Highland Wildlife Park Animal Search What animals can you spot while at the Park? Try and find them all. What is our native

country? Scottish Pine Capercaillie Red deer Red squirrel Scotland wildcat marten We are found on which

continent?

Wolf Eagle owl Crane Bison Lynx Europe

We are found in what

habitat? Forest Polar bear Snowy owl Arctic fox Musk ox Tundra reindeer We are found on which

continent? Amur Satayr Japanese Chinese Przewalski Asia tiger tragopan macaque goral horse We are found in what

habitat? Bactrian Pallas cat Monal Red panda Wild Mountains

We like to There are We like to We are all We are eat meat not many eat meat. from the same . and veg. of us left. What are order. What do What are What are we? What are we? we eat? we? we?

Carnivore Birds Omnivore Plants Endangered How Animals Move As you walk around the Park, write down the species next to the picture when you see an animal moving that way. See how many you are able to find that... Crawls Climbs Snowy owl European eagle owl Toad Pine marten Monal Newt Red panda Satyr tragopan Swims Walks on their own Walks with a group Przewalski horse Beaver Pine marten Bision Newt Polar bear Red deer

Markhor Runs Jumps or Hops Swings Wolf Lynx Brown hare Rabbits (These animals are wild in the Japanese macaque Scottish wildcat Park) Kaing Slithers Walks on 2 legs Walks on 4 legs Amur tiger Crane Bharal Slow worm Capercaillie

Bactrian camel HWP Education For further activities www.highlandwildlifepark.org/schools.htm Answers for the Schools Learning & Activity Pack

Animal Adaptations

Adaptation Animal 1 Animal 2

Hollow fur Polar Bear Reindeer

Blubber for warmth Polar bear

Ability to store food on the Beaver body (fat reserves)

Small ears Arctic fox Polar bear

Thick/long fur Musk ox Yak Small surface area large Arctic fox Polar bear mass Excellent thermal Arctic fox Polar bear properties in the fur Compact features (short Arctic fox legs, rounded ears Polar bear

compact face)

Furry feet Reindeer Polar bear

Big feet (act as snow Reindeer Lynx shoes)

Excellent camouflage Snowy owl / Polar bear Arctic fox

Ability to grow a winter Camel Bison coat Amur tiger Arctic fox

Ability to change colour in Arctic fox the winter

Ability to migrate Snowy owl Crane

HWP Education For further activities www.highlandwildlifepark.org/schools.htm Answers for the Schools Learning & Activity Pack World Biomes Look around the Park and try and put the animals in the correct biome around the world. 1) Bactrian camel 2) Polar bear 3) Wolf 4) Amur tiger 5) Japanese macaque 6) Turkmenian Markhor 7) Scottish wildcat 8) Arctic fox 9) Red panda 10) Forest reindeer

HWP Education For further activities www.highlandwildlifepark.org/schools.htm Answers for the Schools Learning & Activity Pack

Dodo Dodo extinction’ High High ofrisk

Extinct Auroch ‘ Irish elk Caspian tiger Caspian

in

you can. can. you

near future’ threatened

Likely to become become to Likely ‘

the wild Extinct in in Extinct

risk ofrisk ‘Veryhigh extinction’

Critically Critically

endangered symbol and with its description? its with and symbol ‘Not enough extinct? information’

hich are are hich

not assessed’ Endangered ‘Population

Seefortableanswersbelow

Whatmakes animal an rare? Can you think of animals w animals of think you Can found in

captivity’ ‘To be only‘To be Vulnerable

All

Dead

Can you match/connect by drawing a line the status conservation the a line by drawing match/connect you Can Near threatened Near Extremely ‘ extinction’ high risk ofhigh risk

Can you find animals within the Park that match the conservation status (British or global). Try and fill in all the box’s if box’s the all in fill and Try or global). (British status conservation the match that Park the within animals find you Can

Least concern Least ‘Presently not at risk’ HWP Education For further activities www.highlandwildlifepark.org/schools.htm Answers for the Schools Learning & Activity Pack

Animal LC NT VU EN CR EW EX European beavers √ √ Snowy owl √ √ European lynx √ √ Scottish wildcat √ √ European eagle owl √ √ Pine marten √ √ Capercaillie √ √ Red squirrel √ √ Red deer √√ European Crane √ √ European elk √ √ European wolf √ √ European forest √ reindeer European bison √ Przewalski horse √ Arctic fox √ Polar bear √ Musk ox √ Great grey owl √ Amur tiger √ Red panda √ Pallas cat √ Markhor √ Bharal √ Chinese goral √ Himalayan √ Kaing √ Yak √ Mishmi takin √ Bukhara deer √ Bactrian camel √ Japanese Macaque √ √ Satyr tragopan √ Conservation Status Key √ – International species √ - British species (past and present) LC – Least Concern NT - Near Threatened VU - Vulnerable EN – Endangered CR – Critically endangered EX – Extinct in the wild EX – Extinct HWP Education For further activities www.highlandwildlifepark.org/schools.htm Answers for the Schools Learning & Activity Pack

Why do we have animals in the Park? Can you identify the threats to the animals in the wild? Write the species (animal) in the left hand column and tick the threats that affect them. You can tick as many boxes’ as there are threats to the animal in the wild.

√

species Introduced Introduced

√ √ √ body parts body Poached for for Poached

√ √ prey prey Loss of Loss of species (no food)

√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ Habitat fragmentation

√ √ √ √ livestock Competition Competition from domestic domestic from

√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ humans (hunting) Persecution by by Persecution

√ √ √ √ Hybridisation

√ √ Global warming

√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ habitat Loss of Loss of

panda

Wolf Wolf Lynx Bison Goral Threats Wildcat Animals Polar bear What are the biggest threats animals the wild? in to threats the biggest are What humans Loss of persecution and habitat by Red Amur tiger Amur Red squirrel Red Mishm takin Mishm

HWP Education For further activities www.highlandwildlifepark.org/schools.htm