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In all cases we have filmed the best available copy. University Microfilms International 300 N. ZEEB RD., ANN ARBOR. Ml 48106 8207258 Schmidtke, Paul Charles CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOSITE SPECTRA BY MEANS OF PHOTOELECTRIC SCANNER INDICES The Ohio State University Ph.D. 1981 University Microfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, M I 48106 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOSITE SPECTRA BY MEANS OF PHOTOELECTRIC SCANNER INDICES DISSERTATION I Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Paul Charles Schmidtke, B.S, * * * * * The Ohio State University 1981 Reading Committee: Approved By Walter E. Mitchell, Jr. Bradley M. Peterson Robert F. Wing Adviser Department of Astrbiiomy To my mother, Anna-Mae, and the encouragement she always gave me "He made the stars also" Genesis 1:16 ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to my adviser, Dr. Robert Wing, for his guidance during this project. His com­ ments and suggestions were a great help many times. I appreciate the critique by my reading committee, Drs. Walter Mitchell and Bradley Peterson, during the preparation of this manuscript. I would like to thank the staffs of Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory and Lowell Observatory for their assistance. In particular, I owe a great debt to Dr. Nathaniel White and to Ray Bertram, Jim Chastain, and Norm Crowfoot. I am grateful to Drs. Robert O’Connell, Helmut Tug, and Wayne Warren, Jr. for their contributions. I would like to recognize' the Graduate School of The Ohio State University for a University Fellowship. The Department of Astronomy and the Radio Observatory also pro­ vided financial assistance in the form of teaching and research associateships. Last, but certainly not the least, I want to thank my wife, Cheryl, for maintaining her faith in me. She may nev­ er realize how much her support has meant to me. iii VITA 8 Oct 1951 Born - Hinsdale, Illinois 1973 Undergraduate Honors Research Participation Program, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 1973 B.S. with High Honors, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, Terre Haute, Indiana 1973-1977 University Fellowship, Graduate School, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1974-1976 Teaching Associate, Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1977-1978 Research Associate, Radio Observatory, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1978-1980 Research Associate, Perkins Observatory, Ohio Wesleyan University and The Ohio State University, Delaware, Ohio 1980- Scientific Programmer, Kitt Peak National Observatory, Tucson, Arizona PUBLICATIONS Dixon, R. S., Gearhart M. R., and Schmidtke, P. C. 1981, "Atlas of Sky Overlay Maps (for the Palomar Sky Survey)" (Columbus: The Ohio State University Radio Observatory). Schmidtke, P. C. 1981, "Spectral Classification of Composite Spectrum Stars," Lowell Obs. Bull, (in press). Schmidtke, P. C. 1979, "Lunar Occultations of Seyfert Galaxy Nuclei," Occultation Newsletter 2, 71. Schmidtke, P. C. 1979, "Composite Spectrum Stars Susceptible to Lunar Occultation," Pub. A.S.P. 91, 674. Hartmann, L., Davis, R., Dupree, A. K., Raymond, J., Schmidtke, P. C., and Wing, R. F. 1979, Ap. J. (Letters), 233, L69. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ill VITA iv LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF FIGURES viii I. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. HISTORICAL SURVEY 1 I.l.A. GENERAL STUDIES OF COMPOSITE SPECTRUM STARS 1 I.l.B. EXAMPLES OF PHOTOELECTRIC SCANNER PHOTOMETRY 10 I.l.B.a. INDIVIDUAL STARS 10 I.l.B.b. INTEGRATED SPECTRA OF GALAXIES 11 I.l.C. RELATED TOPICS 13 1.2. PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION 15 I.2.A. WHY? 16 I.2.B. HOW? 18 1.2.C. WHAT? 21 II. OBSERVATIONS AND REDUCTIONS 22 II.1. SELECTION OF STARS 22 II.2. SELECTION OF WAVELENGTHS 26 II.3. NIGHTLY OBSERVING TECHNIQUE 29 II.4. NIGHTLY REDUCTION TECHNIQUE 32 II.4.A. STANDARD VALUES 32 II.4.B. REDUCTION EQUATIONS 38 II.4.C. EXTINCTION COEFFICIENTS 39 II.4.D. TRANSFORMATION COEFFICIENTS 44 II.4.E. FINAL REDUCTIONS 46 II.4.F. NORMALIZATION AND DE-REDDENING 46 II.5. COMPARISON WITH OTHER REDUCTIONS 82 II.6. CALCULATION OF COLORS AND INDICES 95 II.6.A. PHOTOMETRIC COLORS 95 II.6.B. PHOTOMETRIC INDICES 98 II.6.C. PHOTOMETRIC RELATIVE CONTINUA 102 II.6.D. PHOTOMETRIC ABSOLUTE CONTINUA 102 II.6.E. CALCULATED VALUES 103 v TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) PAGE III. DOUBLE STAR MODEL 172 111.1. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 172 111.2. SPECIFIC CALCULATIONS 173 111.3. OPTIONS 178 111.4. TRANSFORMATIONS 179 IV. RESULTS 191 IV.1. REPRESENTATIVE SOLUTIONS 191 IV.l.A. "1-STAR 1-PARM" MODEL 191 IV.l.B. "1-STAR 2-PARM" MODEL 193 IV.l.C. "2-STAR 3-PARM" MODEL 193 IV.l.D. "2-STAR 4-PARM" MODEL 196 IV.I.E. Am/Ap STAR MODEL 196 IV.2. COMPARISON STAR SOLUTIONS 200 IV.2.A. ALL STARS 203 IV.2.B. STARS WITH V/R>0.2 203 IV.3. PROGRAM STAR SOLUTIONS 204 IV.3.A. DOUBLE STARS 204 IV.3.B. Am/Ap STARS 210 IV.3.C. UNRESOLVED STARS 210 V. DISCUSSION 216 V.l. ABILITY TO RESOLVE DOUBLE STAR SYSTEMS 216 V.2. COMPARISON WITH OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS 219 V.3. COMPARISON WITH THEORETICAL ISOCHRONES 221 V.4. SOURCES OF ERROR 223 V.5. CONCLUSIONS 225 BIBLIOGRAPHY 227 LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1 CLASSES OF COMPOSITE SPECTRUM STARS 3 2 PROGRAM STARS 2 3 3 COMPARISON STARS 25 4 PHOTOELECTRIC SCANNER WAVELENGTHS 27 5 SUMMARY OF OBSERVING RUNS 30 6 ASSUMED MAGNITUDES OF STANDARDS , 33 7 COMPARISON OF O'CONNELL PHOTOMETRY TO TUG et al. PHOTOMETRY 3 6 8 CONTRIBUTIONS TO ATMOSPHERIC EXTINCTION 41 9 OBSERVED MAGNITUDES OF STANDARDS 47 10 COLOR EXCESSES OF COMPARISON STARS 51 11 NORMALIZED SELECTIVE ABSORPTION FOR E(B-V)=1.0 52 12 NORMALIZED ENERGY DISTRIBUTIONS: CTIO 53 13 NORMALIZED ENERGY DISTRIBUTIONS: LOWELL OBSERVATORY 74 14 COMPARISON OF SCHMIDTKE PHOTOMETRY TO O'CONNELL PHOTOMETRY 83 15 COMPARISON OF SCHMIDTKE PHOTOMETRY TO CHRISTENSEN PHOTOMETRY 96 16 BANDPASSES FOR PHOTOMETRIC COLOR CALCULATIONS 99 17 BANDPASSES FOR PHOTOMETRIC INDEX AND CONTINUUM CALCULATIONS 101 18 INDICES AND COLORS: CTIO 104 19 INDICES AND COLORS: LOWELL OBSERVATORY 125 20 TRANSFORMATION FROM LUMINOSITY CLASS TO LUM 170 21 TRANSFORMATION FROM V/R AND LUM TO TEMPERATURE TYPE 181 22 TRANSFORMATION FROM V/R AND LUM TO B-V COLOR 185 23 SINGLE STAR MODEL FOR 109 Vir 192 24 SINGLE STAR MODEL FOR e Vir 194 25 DOUBLE STAR MODEL FOR ^ Vir 195 26 DOUBLE STAR MODEL FOR HR 1219 197 27 Am/Ap STAR MODEL FOR HD 109241 199 28 V/R’S AND LUM'S OF COMPARISON STARS 201 29 SPECTRAL TYPES OF COMPOSITE SPECTRUM STARS 205 30 SPECTRAL TYPES OF Am/Ap STARS 211 31 MEAN SPECTRAL TYPES OF UNRESOLVED STARS 213 32 STATISTICAL DATA OF ANALYZED MODELS 217 vii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 1 COMPARISON OF SCHMIDTKE PHOTOMETRY TO O'CONNELL PHOTOMETRY 9 2 2 COMPARISON OF SCHMIDTKE PHOTOMETRY TO CHRISTENSEN PHOTOMETRY 97 3 V-R COLOR AS A FUNCTION OF V/R COLOR 100 4 H 3798 INDEX AS A FUNCTION OF V/R COLOR 129 5 He I 3819 INDEX AS A FUNCTION OF V/R COLOR 130 6 H 3835 INDEX AS A FUNCTION OF V/R COLOR 131 7 bl 3835 INDEX AS A FUNCTION OF V/R COLOR 132 8 CN 3860 INDEX AS A FUNCTION OF V/R COLOR 133 9 H 3889 INDEX AS A FUNCTION OF V/R COLOR 134 10 Ca II 3933 INDEX AS A FUNCTION OF V/R COLOR 135 11 H 4101 INDEX AS A FUNCTION OF V/R COLOR 136 12 CN 4200 INDEX AS A FUNCTION OF V/R COLOR 137 13 CH 4305 INDEX AS A FUNCTION OF V/R COLOR 138 14 H 4340 INDEX AS A FUNCTION OF V/R COLOR 139 15 H 4861 INDEX AS A FUNCTION OF V/R COLOR 140 16 Mg I 5175 INDEX AS A FUNCTION OF V/R COLOR 141 17 Na I 5892 INDEX AS A FUNCTION OF V/R COLOR 142 18 TiO 6180 INDEX AS A FUNCTION OF V/R COLOR 143 19 TiO 7100 INDEX AS A FUNCTION OF V/R COLOR 144 20 Na I 8190 INDEX AS A FUNCTION OF V/R COLOR 145 21 Ca II 8542 INDEX AS A FUNCTION