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Fmrfamide) and Novel Related Peptides Are Encoded in Multiple Copies by a Single Gene in the Snail Lymnaea Stagnalis

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Fmrfamide) and Novel Related Peptides Are Encoded in Multiple Copies by a Single Gene in the Snail Lymnaea Stagnalis The Journal of Neuroscience, February 1990, IO(2): 412-419 Cardioactive Neuropeptide Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH, (FMRFamide) and Novel Related Peptides Are Encoded in Multiple Copies by a Single Gene in the Snail Lymnaea stagnalis A. Linacre,2 E. Kellett,’ S. Saunders,’ K. Bright,* P.R. Benjamin,* and J.F. Burke’ Departments of ‘Biochemistry and *Sussex Invertebrate Neuroscience Group, School of Biological Sciences, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex, BNl 9QG, United Kingdom The neuropeptide Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH, (FMRFamide) is a FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity has been found in a potent cardioactive neuropeptide in Lyfnnaea sfagnalis. Iso- number of neurons in the CNS of Lymnaea (Schot and Boer, lation and sequencing of 2 cDNAs and a genomic clone shows 1982), and recent work using immunocytochemistry and ra- that a single gene encodes a precursor protein which con- dioimmunoassay has identified a pair of heart motoneurons tains 9 copies of the FMRFamide peptide, 2 copies of the whose excitatory effects on the heart appear to be due to the related peptide Phe-Leu-Arg-Phe-NH, (FLRFamide), and sin- releaseof FMRFamide or a related peptide (Buckett, 1987; Ben- gle copies of the putative pentapeptides Gln-Phe-Tyr-Arg- jamin et al., 1988). The electrophysiological evidence combined Ile-NH, (posttranslationally modified to pQFYRlamide) and with pharmacology strongly indicated that FMRFamide is the Glu-Phe-Leu-Arg-lie-NH, (EFLRlamide). The gene is tran- principal excitatory neurotransmitter peptide usedby Lymnaea scribed in the CNS and gives rise to a single RNA of 1.7 kb heart motoneurons. In addition, a uniquely identifiable inter- in size. The organization of the Lymnaea gene is significant neuron (VWI) has been found in the Lymnaea CNS which has with respect to the evolution of FMRFamide and related pep- widespread synaptic connections with other central neurons tides in other organisms. (Benjamin, 1984) and also contains FMRFamide-like peptides (Benjamin et al., 1988). It hasbeen proposedthat FMRFamide- The discovery that neuropeptidescan act as neurotransmitters, like peptides might mediate these synaptic connections. While neuromodulators, or hormones has had a great impact on the a physiological role for FMRFamide in cardioexcitation in Lym- field of neurobiology. We are interested in understanding the naea is now well established, FMRFamide has a variety of role of identified neuropeptides in neuronal circuits of known actions in other systems. It has been shown to modulate the function using the pulmonate mollusc, Lymnaea stagnalis.This activity of specific central neurons (Stone and Mayeri, 1981), snail has previously been used as a model system for analyzing as well as the L2 neuron (Thompson and Ruben, 1988) and the way in which peptides mediate simple behaviors (Vreug- R14 neuron (Ichinose and McAdoo, 1988) in Aplysia. denhil et al., 1988) and for studies on the structure and orga- FMRFamide causesseveral kinds of membrane conductance nization of invertebrate neuropeptide genes(Smit et al., 1988). changesin the CNS (Cottrell et al., 1984; Boyd and Walker, In this study we describe the structure of the molluscan gene 1985) and shortensthe presynaptic action potential in sensory encodingthe neuropeptide Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH, (FMRFam- neurons (Abrahams et al.; 1984). FMRFamide has also been ide). shown to act in peripheral systemsby inhibiting spontaneous FMRFamide was first discovered as a cardioexcitatory agent activity of the gut (Austin et al., 1982) and salivary gland (Bul- in the Venusclam Macrocallista nimbosa(Price and Greenberg, loch et al., 1988). It also stimulates contractions of the buccal 1977), and although the distribution of FMRFamide itself ap- mass (Richmond et al., 1984) and gill (Weiss et al., 1984) in pearsto be limited to molluscs(Price, 1986), immunoreactivity Aplysia. to FMRFamide has been reported in all the major animal phyla FMRFamide is not the only member of this family of and a number of FMRFamide-like peptides have been isolated neuropeptides to have been shown to be present in Lymnaea. from coelenterates(Grimmelikhuijzen and Graff, 1985), arthro- Ebberink et al. (1987) have isolated 2 heptapeptidesfrom the pods (Boer et al., 1980), and chordates (Dockray et al., 1983; central ganglia, SDPFLRFamide (Ser-Asp-Pro-Phe-Leu-Arg- Yang et al., 1985),indicating that FMRFamide is one of a family Phe-NH,) and GDPFLRFamide (Gly- . etc.). In previous of related neuropeptides.However, the antibody usedin many investigations of the genetic organization of families of struc- of these surveys does cross-reactwith other Arg-Phe-NH, pep- turally related neuropeptides, various forms have been found tides. to be encoded by the same gene and are present on the same precursor.The questiontherefore arisesin Lymnaea asto whether the 3 known forms of FMRFamide-related peptides are present on the samegene and/or different transcripts. Received June 9, 1989; revised July 19, 1989; accepted July 28, 1989. We report here on the isolation of 2 cDNA clones and a This work was supported by MRC project grant G8622759N and SERC stu- genomic clone that encode 9 copies of FMRFamide in addition dentships to A.L. and K.B. We thank Dr. Mike Powell for help with the RNA analysis and Nicola Ford for preparation of the manuscript. to novel forms of FMRFamide-like peptides. The Lymnaea Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. J. F. Burke at the above address. genome contains a single copy of the gene that gives rise to a Copyright 0 1990 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/90/l 004 12-08$02.00/O unique transcript within the CNS. Our data from in situ hy- The Journal of Neuroscience, February 1990, IO(2) 413 bridization suggest that the gene is expressed in specific neurons throughout the Lymnaea CNS. Results Isolation of FMRFamide cDNA clones Materials and Methods A mixture of 256 different degenerate oligonucleotides, com- plementary to the coding sequence for Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-Gly Molecular procedures.General procedures such as growth of phage, Southern transfers, and plasmid preparations were carried out as de- plus the first 2 complementary bases for lysine, was used to scribed by Maniatis et al. (1982). screen a Lymnaea CNS cDNA library (described in Vreugdenhil Constructionof oligonucleotide.Mixed oligonucleotides were synthe- et al., 1988, and kindly donated by E. Vreugdenhil). The codon sized on an Applied Biosystems 38 1A DNA synthesizer according to for Gly was included as this amino acid is thought to be required the manufacturer’s instructions. The sequence of the oligonucleotide was (5’ to 3’) (T/C)TTNCC(A/G)AANC(G/T)CAT(A/G)AA (where N for amidation (Loh and Gainer, 1983) and Lys is an amino acid represents A, G, C, or T). commonly found at a site of proteolytic cleavage within hor- Extraction of genomicDNA. The ring of ganglia that forms the CNS mone precursor molecules (Douglass et al., 1984). Approxi- (the “brain”) was dissected from animals and non-neuronal tissue and mately 20,000 recombinant clones were screened with the ra- mucus strands carefully removed from the ganglia using forceps. The diolabeled oligonucleotide from which 2 independent clones brains were then washed in Lymnaeasaline (Benjamin and Winlow, 198 1) (3 changes). The tissues (10 brains/ 100 ~1) were gently homoge- were isolated. Subsequent restriction analysis indicated that the nized in 1 x PK buffer (Burke and Ish-Horowitz, 1982) containing 2% 2 cDNAs contained inserts of 1.2 and 0.9 kb. The 2 clones were SDS. Two drops ofAntifoam A (Sigma) were added per 100 ~1 of buffer. designated Dl and D3, respectively. Nucleotide sequence data This was followed by phenol extraction and ethanol precipitation of the revealed that both D 1 and D3 contained sequences that encode DNA, which was found to be of high molecular weight and free from FMRFamide. As neither cDNA included an initiator methio- contaminating nucleases. Isolationof FMRFamide-encodingcDNA and genomicclones. Ap- nine that was in frame with the FMRF sequences, it was con- proximately 20,000 plaques from an amplified XgtlO LymnaeaCNS cluded that both Dl and D3 were partial cDNA clones. An cDNA library (Vreugdenhil et al., 1988) were bound to Hybond-N additional 20,000 clones were screened with hexamer labeled (Amersham) and screened with the mixed oligonucleotides labeled with Dl but no further positives were identified. +*P-ATP using T4 polvnucleotide kinase. Hvbridizations were carried out at 37°C in a solution containing 6 x SSC, 5 x Denhardt’s solution, and 0.5% SDS. Filters were washed at 42°C in 6 x SSC, 0.5% SDS, dried, Isolation of a FMRFamide genomic clone and autoradiographed. Two positive clones, designated Dl and D3, Southern blot analysis (Fig. 3) had indicated the presence of a were obtained. When the entire EcoRI insert of Dl was subcloned into single EcoRI genomic fragment of approximately 4.1 kb in size either M 13mp 18 or M 13mp 19, it was found to be unstable and readily deleted. The EcoRI inserts ofD1 and D3 were subcloned into Bluescribe containing FMRFamide sequences. A Lymnaea genomic library (Stratagene) and subsequently digested independently with the restric- was constructed from EcoRI digestedDNA in Xgt 10 from which tion enzymes TaqI and Sau3A. The smaller fragments that this gen- approximately 20,000 cloneswere screened.This resulted in the erated were ligated into M 13mpl8 and M 13mpl9 for single-strand isolation of one positive phage which hybridized with Dl and sequencing. D3 and was found to contain an insert of the expected size (4.1 To isolate a genomic clone the D3 insert was hexamer labeled (Fein- berg & Vogelstein, 1983) and used to screen 20,000 clones of an EcoRI kb). A 0.9 kb EcoRIIBamHI restriction fragment from this genomic library in Xgt 10. A positive clone containing a single insert of genomic clone was found by hybridization and sequenceanal- 4.1 kb was identified and isolated.
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