AMS Journals
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
HMT 2019 Meeting Report
Final Report 27 May 2020 The NOAA Hydrometeorological Testbed (HMT) is a joint OAR-NWS testbed motivated to make communities that are more resilient to the impacts of extreme precipitation on lives, property, water supply and ecosystems. HMT is co-managed by the NWS Weather Prediction Center (WPC) and the OAR Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL) in partnership with the NWS Office of Water Prediction (OWP). The mission of HMT is “Improving forecasts of extreme precipitation and forcings for hydrologic prediction.” Hydromet Testbed Executive Oversight Council: David Novak, Director, NWS Weather Prediction Center (WPC) Robert S. Webb, Director, OAR/ESRL Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL) Ed Clark, Director, NWS National Water Center (NWC) Report writing team: Andrea J. Ray, PSL HMT Coordinator James Correia, WPC HMT Coordinator James Nelson, Development and Training Branch Chief, WPC Acknowledgements: Barbara DeLuisi, PSL, report cover design, and Lisa Darby for comments on the report. Cover photo credits: Snow plow: USAF Flooded street: USGS Flood in Denham Springs, LA: DOD People pushing car: DLA Page | 1 Executive Summary The Nation has experienced increasing devastation from heavy precipitation events recently. In just the past 3 years, 13 precipitation-related billion-dollar disasters in the Nation have resulted in over 200 deaths. This trend has dramatically increased the demand and expectations from core decision makers for accurate, consistent, and understandable rainfall forecasts. Heavy precipitation and resulting flash flooding occur across the year with seasonal and geographic variations. The predictability of these events varies with event type, region, and season. Several ongoing NOAA efforts might aid in improving forecasts of extreme precipitation, however, precipitation forecasting from minutes to 10 days is not a focus among these efforts. -
E-Region Auroral Ionosphere Model
atmosphere Article AIM-E: E-Region Auroral Ionosphere Model Vera Nikolaeva 1,* , Evgeny Gordeev 2 , Tima Sergienko 3, Ludmila Makarova 1 and Andrey Kotikov 4 1 Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, 199397 Saint Petersburg, Russia; [email protected] 2 Earth’s Physics Department, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; [email protected] 3 Swedish Institute of Space Physics, 981 28 Kiruna, Sweden; [email protected] 4 Saint Petersburg Branch of Pushkov Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation of Russian Academy of Sciences (IZMIRAN), 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The auroral oval is the high-latitude region of the ionosphere characterized by strong vari- ability of its chemical composition due to precipitation of energetic particles from the magnetosphere. The complex nature of magnetospheric processes cause a wide range of dynamic variations in the auroral zone, which are difficult to forecast. Knowledge of electron concentrations in this highly turbulent region is of particular importance because it determines the propagation conditions for the radio waves. In this work we introduce the numerical model of the auroral E-region, which evaluates density variations of the 10 ionospheric species and 39 reactions initiated by both the solar extreme UV radiation and the magnetospheric electron precipitation. The chemical reaction rates differ in more than ten orders of magnitude, resulting in the high stiffness of the ordinary differential equations system considered, which was solved using the high-performance Gear method. The AIM-E model allowed us to calculate the concentration of the neutrals NO, N(4S), and N(2D), ions + + + + + 4 + 2 + 2 N ,N2 , NO ,O2 ,O ( S), O ( D), and O ( P), and electrons Ne, in the whole auroral zone in the Citation: Nikolaeva, V.; Gordeev, E.; 90-150 km altitude range in real time. -
Appendix I Glossary
Appendix I Glossary Editor: A.P.M. Baede A → indicates that the following term is also contained in this Glossary. Adjustment time centrimetric precision. Altimetry has the advantage of being a See: →Lifetime; see also: →Response time. measurement relative to a geocentric reference frame, rather than relative to land level as for a →tide gauge, and of affording quasi- Aerosols global coverage. A collection of airborne solid or liquid particles, with a typical size between 0.01 and 10 µm and residing in the atmosphere for Anthropogenic at least several hours. Aerosols may be of either natural or Resulting from or produced by human beings. anthropogenic origin. Aerosols may influence climate in two ways: directly through scattering and absorbing radiation, and Atmosphere indirectly through acting as condensation nuclei for cloud The gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth. The dry formation or modifying the optical properties and lifetime of atmosphere consists almost entirely of nitrogen (78.1% volume clouds. See: →Indirect aerosol effect. mixing ratio) and oxygen (20.9% volume mixing ratio), The term has also come to be associated, erroneously, with together with a number of trace gases, such as argon (0.93% the propellant used in “aerosol sprays”. volume mixing ratio), helium, and radiatively active →greenhouse gases such as →carbon dioxide (0.035% volume Afforestation mixing ratio), and ozone. In addition the atmosphere contains Planting of new forests on lands that historically have not water vapour, whose amount is highly variable but typically 1% contained forests. For a discussion of the term →forest and volume mixing ratio. The atmosphere also contains clouds and related terms such as afforestation, →reforestation, and →aerosols. -
NWS Unified Surface Analysis Manual
Unified Surface Analysis Manual Weather Prediction Center Ocean Prediction Center National Hurricane Center Honolulu Forecast Office November 21, 2013 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Surface Analysis – Its History at the Analysis Centers…………….3 Chapter 2: Datasets available for creation of the Unified Analysis………...…..5 Chapter 3: The Unified Surface Analysis and related features.……….……….19 Chapter 4: Creation/Merging of the Unified Surface Analysis………….……..24 Chapter 5: Bibliography………………………………………………….…….30 Appendix A: Unified Graphics Legend showing Ocean Center symbols.….…33 2 Chapter 1: Surface Analysis – Its History at the Analysis Centers 1. INTRODUCTION Since 1942, surface analyses produced by several different offices within the U.S. Weather Bureau (USWB) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA’s) National Weather Service (NWS) were generally based on the Norwegian Cyclone Model (Bjerknes 1919) over land, and in recent decades, the Shapiro-Keyser Model over the mid-latitudes of the ocean. The graphic below shows a typical evolution according to both models of cyclone development. Conceptual models of cyclone evolution showing lower-tropospheric (e.g., 850-hPa) geopotential height and fronts (top), and lower-tropospheric potential temperature (bottom). (a) Norwegian cyclone model: (I) incipient frontal cyclone, (II) and (III) narrowing warm sector, (IV) occlusion; (b) Shapiro–Keyser cyclone model: (I) incipient frontal cyclone, (II) frontal fracture, (III) frontal T-bone and bent-back front, (IV) frontal T-bone and warm seclusion. Panel (b) is adapted from Shapiro and Keyser (1990) , their FIG. 10.27 ) to enhance the zonal elongation of the cyclone and fronts and to reflect the continued existence of the frontal T-bone in stage IV. -
Aeronomy and Astrophysics
Aeronomy and astrophysics A southern high-latitude geomagnetic index: AES-80 C.G. MACLENNAN, Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies, Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974 P. B ALLATORE, Istito de Fisica della Spazio Interplanetario, Consiglio Nazionale della Ricerche, c.p. 27, 00044 Frascati, Rome, Italy M.J. ENGEBRETSON, Department of Physics, Augsburg College, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454 L.J. LANZEROTTI, Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies, Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974 eomagnetic measurements obtained at McMurdo Sta- G tion (Arrival Heights) and at two of the U.S. automatic geophysical observatories (AGO-1; AGO-4) are being com- bined with measurements made at Casey and Dumont D'Urville to construct a Southern Hemisphere geomagnetic index for the geomagnetic latitude 80°S. The calculation of the index is modeled on the calculation of the Northern Hemi- sphere auroral electrojet index AE and is thus called the AES- 80 index. The AE index was developed to monitor geomagnetic activity at auroral zone latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere (Davis and Sugiura 1966) and indicates the level of auroral electrojet currents and in particular the occurrence of sub- storms (Baumjohann 1986). It is calculated as the difference between the upper (AU) and the lower (AL) envelope of mag- netograms from 12 observatories located at northern geomag- netic latitudes between 60° and 70° and rather uniformly distributed over all longitudes. Because of the land mass dis- tribution in Antarctica, it is impossible to have ground obser- vatories located uniformly at geomagnetic latitudes between 60° and 70°S (see figure 1). Unlike in the Northern Hemisphere, Figure 1. Map of Antarctica, with the stations used to calculate the however, it is possible in Antarctica to have reasonable ground AES-80 index shown as filled circles. -
Clima Te Change 2007 – Synthesis Repor T
he Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was set up jointly by the World Meteorological Organization and the TUnited Nations Environment Programme to provide an authoritative international statement of scientific understanding of climate change. The IPCC’s periodic assessments of the causes, impacts and possible response strategies to climate change are the most comprehensive and up-to-date reports available on the subject, and form the standard reference for all concerned with climate change in academia, government and industry worldwide. This Synthesis Report is the fourth element of the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report “Climate Change 2007”. Through three working groups, many hundreds of international experts assess climate change in this Report. The three working group contributions are available from Cambridge University Press: Climate Change 2007 – The Physical Science Basis Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC (ISBN 978 0521 88009-1 Hardback; 978 0521 70596-7 Paperback) Climate Change 2007 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC (978 0521 88010-7 Hardback; 978 0521 70597-4 Paperback) Climate Change 2007 – Mitigation of Climate Change CHANGE 2007 – SYNTHESIS REPORT CLIMATE Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC (978 0521 88011-4 Hardback; 978 0521 70598-1 Paperback) Climate Change 2007 – Synthesis Report is based on the assessment carried out by the three Working Groups -
UPPER ATMOSPHERE RESEARCH at INPE B.R. Clbmesha Department of Geophysics and Aeronomy Instituto De Pesquisas Espaciais
UPPER ATMOSPHERE RESEARCH AT INPE B.R. CLbMESHA Department of Geophysics and Aeronomy Instituto de Pesquisas Espaciais - INPE ABSTRACT Upper atmosphere research at INPE is mainly concerned with the chemistry and dynamics of the stratosphere, upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere, and the middle thermo- sphere. Experimental work includes lidar observations of the stratospheric aerosol, measurements of stratospheric ozone by Dobson spectrophotometers and by balloon and rocket-borne sondes, lidar measurements of atmospheric sodium, and photom- etric observations of 0, 02 , OH and Na emissions, including interferometric measurements of the 016300 emission for the purpose of determining thermospheric winds and temperature. The airglow observations also include measurements of a number of emissions produced by the precipitation of ener- getic neutral particles generated by charge exchange in the ring current. Some recent results of INPE's upper atmosphere program are presented.ii» this paper. ' ' n/ .71. 1- INTRODUCTION INPK maintains an active program of research into a number of aspects of upper atmosphere science, including both experimental and theoretical studies of the dynamics and chemistry of the stratosphere, mesosphere and lower thermosphere. Hxperimental work involves mainly ground-based optical techniques, although balloon and rocket-borne sondes are used for studies of stratospheric ozone, and a rocket-borne photometer payload is under development for measurements of a number of emissions from the thermosphere. Theoretical studies include numerical model- ling with special reference to a number of minor constituents related to the experimental measurements. In the following sec- tions we present a brief description of INPE's experimental fa- cilities in the area of upper atmosphere science, and outline some recent results. -
Status of NSF Space Physics
Status of NSF Space Physics Rich Behnke Therese Moretto, Bob Robinson, Anja Stromme, and Ray Walker National Academy – March 7,2013 • Status and Updates • NSF Response to the Academy’s “Solar and Space Physics: A Science for a Technological Society 2 The Five Geospace Programs • Solar Physics -- Paul Bellaire has retired, new PD has been selected – but not signed. • Magnetospheric Physics – Ray Walker • Aeronomy – Anja Stromme • Geospace Facilities – Bob Robinson • Space Weather and Instrumentation -- Therese Moretto Aeronomy (AER) • Typically around 95 proposals per year, about 1/3 funded. Budget is about $11M • Home of CEDAR • Program Director --Anja Stromme (SRII) 4 Magnetospheric Physics (MAG) • typically around 90 proposals per year, 1/3 funded. Budget is about $8.5M. • Home of GEM • Program Director – Ray Walker (UCLA) 5 Solar Physics Program (STR) •Typically around 80 proposals per year, 1/3 funded. Budget is about $8.5M •Home of SHINE •Program Director – Paul Bellaire/TBA 6 The Geospace Facilities Program (GS) Program Director – Bob Robinson • Six incoherent scatter radar sites (five awards:~$12M) • Lidar Consortium (six institutions: ~$1M) • Miscellaneous facility-related awards (facility supplements, CAREER, REU, Workshops, schools: ~1M) SuperDARN is being expanded • The Mid-latitude SuperDARN Array ( AGS’s first midscale project): New SuperDARN radars have been constructed and are operational at: Fort Hays, Kansas; Christmas Valley, Oregon; and Adak, Alaska • Negotiations are underway with Portuguese officials in the Azores -
AI4ESP1027 ( Many Types Including Tropical Cyclones Exhibit Greater Realism in High-Resolution, Multidecadal Simulations
Tracking Extremes in Exascale Simulations Utilizing Exascale Platforms 1 Authors/Affiliations William D. Collins (LBNL and UC Berkeley) and the Calibrated and Systematic Characteriza- tion, Attribution, and Detection of Extremes (CASCADE) Scientific Focus Area (SFA) 2 Focal Area Insight gleaned from complex data (both observed and simulated) using AI, big data analytics, and other advanced methods 3 Science Challenge There is a growing recognition in the literature that understanding variability and trends in hy- drometeorological extremes relies on understanding variability and trends in the meteorological phenomena that drive these extremes. Such phenomenon-focused understanding relies critically on a robust methodology for identifying the occurrence of these phenomena in observations and model output, but a robust methodology does not currently exist. There are a variety of heuristic methods reported in the literature for identifying, and in some cases temporally tracking, meteo- rological phenomena. However, there have been several intercomparison projects (and resulting papers) indicating that there is a large uncertainty associated with choices in the identification methods; this is the case for extratropical cyclones (ETCs) [1], atmospheric rivers (ARs) [2], and even tropical cyclones (TCs) [3]; and we hypothesize that this is a general issue with heuristic identification methods altogether. These studies clearly show that this identification uncertainty leads to a large, and previously under-recognized, quantitative and even qualitative uncertainty in our understanding of these phenomena. In light of these issues, we suggest that the field could be advanced by addressing two overar- ching questions. First, can we explicitly quantify uncertainty associated with detecting hydrom- eteorological phenomena? Second, can we decompose detection uncertainty into reducible and irreducible parts? 4 Rationale Anthropogenically-forced climate changes in the number and character of extreme storms have the potential to significantly impact human and natural systems. -
CEDAR an Aeronomy Initiative
Eos, Vol. 68, No. 2, January 13, 1987 Rep. 4, Bur. Gravimetrique Int., Toulouse, data, terrestrial gravity and other data, Rep. Bernard Moynot re France, 1982. 322, Dep. of Geodetic Sci. and Surveying, ceived his degree in mathe Balmino, G., C. Brossier, A. Cazenave, and F. Ohio State Univ., Columbus, 1982. matics from the Ecole Nor Nouel, Geoid of the Kerguelen Islands area Rapp, R. H., The determination of geoid un male Superieure of Paris determined from GEOS 3 Altimeter data, dulations and gravity anomalies from Sea in 1963. In 1956, he be /. Geophys. Res., 84, 3827, 1979. sat altimeter data,/ Geophys. Res., 88, 1552, gan working with the Cen Cazenave, A., B. Lago, and K. Dominh, 1983a. tre National d'Etudes Spa Thermal parameters of the oceanic litho- Rapp, R. H., The development of the Janu tiales, performing research sphere estimated from geoid height data, J. ary 1983 1° x 1° mean free-air anomaly in satellite geodesy and nu Geophys. Res., 88, 1105, 1983. data tape, internal report, Dept. of Geodet merical analysis. He is now Haxby, W. F., G. D. Karner, J. F. Labrecque, ic Sci. and Surveying, Ohio State Univ., Co with the Bureau Gravime and J. K. Weissel, Digital images of com lumbus, 1983ft. trique International in Toulouse. bined oceanic and continental data sets and Reigber, C, H. Muller, W. Bosch, G. Bal Michel Sarrailh gradu their use in tectonic studies, Eos Trans. mino, and B. Moynot, GRIM gravity model ated from the Institut de AGU, 64, 995, 1983. improvement using LAGEOS (GRIM 3- Physique du Globe in Lazarewicz, A. -
Alternative Earth Science Datasets for Identifying Patterns and Events
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20190002267 2020-02-17T17:17:45+00:00Z Alternative Earth Science Datasets For Identifying Patterns and Events Kaylin Bugbee1, Robert Griffin1, Brian Freitag1, Jeffrey Miller1, Rahul Ramachandran2, and Jia Zhang3 (1) University of Alabama in Huntsville (2) NASA MSFC (3) Carnegie Mellon Universityv Earth Observation Big Data • Earth observation data volumes are growing exponentially • NOAA collects about 7 terabytes of data per day1 • Adds to existing 25 PB archive • Upcoming missions will generate another 5 TB per day • NASA’s Earth observation data is expected to grow to 131 TB of data per day by 20222 • NISAR and other large data volume missions3 Over the next five years, the daily ingest of data into the • Other agencies like ESA expect data EOSDIS archive is expected to grow significantly, to more 4 than 131 terabytes (TB) of forward processing. NASA volumes to continue to grow EOSDIS image. • How do we effectively explore and search through these large amounts of data? Alternative Data • Data which are extracted or generated from non-traditional sources • Social media data • Point of sale transactions • Product reviews • Logistics • Idea originates in investment world • Include alternative data sources in investment decision making process • Earth observation data is a growing Image Credit: NASA alternative data source for investing • DMSP and VIIRS nightlight data Alternative Data for Earth Science • Are there alternative data sources in the Earth sciences that can be used in a similar manner? • -
A Revised Tornado Definition and Changes in Tornado Taxonomy
1256 WEATHER AND FORECASTING VOLUME 29 A Revised Tornado Definition and Changes in Tornado Taxonomy ERNEST M. AGEE Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (Manuscript received 4 June 2014, in final form 30 July 2014) ABSTRACT The tornado taxonomy presented by Agee and Jones is revised to account for the new definition of a tor- nado provided by the American Meteorological Society (AMS) in October 2013, resulting in the elimination of shear-driven vortices from the taxonomy, such as gustnadoes and vortices in the eyewall of hurricanes. Other relevant research findings since the initial issuance of the taxonomy are also considered and in- corporated, where appropriate, to help improve the classification system. Multiple misoscale shear-driven vortices in a single tornado event, when resulting from an inertial instability, are also viewed to not meet the definition of a tornado. 1. Introduction and considerations from a cumuliform cloud, and often visible as a funnel cloud and/or circulating debris/dust at the ground.’’ In The first proposed tornado taxonomy was presented view of the latest definition, a few changes are warranted by Agee and Jones (2009, hereafter AJ) consisting of in the AJ taxonomy. Considering the roles played by three types and 15 species, ranging from the type I buoyancy and shear on a variety of spatial and temporal (potentially strong and violent) tornadoes produced by scales (from miso to meso to synoptic), coupled with the the classic supercell, to the more benign type III con- requirement in the latest definition that a tornado must vective and shear-driven vortices such as landspouts and be pendant from a cumuliform cloud, it is necessary to gustnadoes.