Advanced MR Imaging of Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors Including Diffusion Imaging
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Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor (MPNST): an Overview with Emphasis on Pathology, Imaging and Management Strategies
Thomas Jefferson University Jefferson Digital Commons Department of Neurosurgery Faculty Papers Department of Neurosurgery 6-2012 Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor (MPNST): An overview with emphasis on pathology, imaging and management strategies Timothy C. Beer 3rd year medical student, Jefferson Medical College Follow this and additional works at: https://jdc.jefferson.edu/neurosurgeryfp Part of the Medical Neurobiology Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy Recommended Citation Beer, Timothy C., "Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor (MPNST): An overview with emphasis on pathology, imaging and management strategies" (2012). Department of Neurosurgery Faculty Papers. Paper 18. https://jdc.jefferson.edu/neurosurgeryfp/18 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Jefferson Digital Commons. The Jefferson Digital Commons is a service of Thomas Jefferson University's Center for Teaching and Learning (CTL). The Commons is a showcase for Jefferson books and journals, peer-reviewed scholarly publications, unique historical collections from the University archives, and teaching tools. The Jefferson Digital Commons allows researchers and interested readers anywhere in the world to learn about and keep up to date with Jefferson scholarship. This article has been accepted for inclusion in Department of Neurosurgery Faculty Papers by an authorized administrator of the Jefferson Digital Commons. For more information, please contact: [email protected]. An overview with emphasis -
Central Nervous System Tumors General ~1% of Tumors in Adults, but ~25% of Malignancies in Children (Only 2Nd to Leukemia)
Last updated: 3/4/2021 Prepared by Kurt Schaberg Central Nervous System Tumors General ~1% of tumors in adults, but ~25% of malignancies in children (only 2nd to leukemia). Significant increase in incidence in primary brain tumors in elderly. Metastases to the brain far outnumber primary CNS tumors→ multiple cerebral tumors. One can develop a very good DDX by just location, age, and imaging. Differential Diagnosis by clinical information: Location Pediatric/Young Adult Older Adult Cerebral/ Ganglioglioma, DNET, PXA, Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) Supratentorial Ependymoma, AT/RT Infiltrating Astrocytoma (grades II-III), CNS Embryonal Neoplasms Oligodendroglioma, Metastases, Lymphoma, Infection Cerebellar/ PA, Medulloblastoma, Ependymoma, Metastases, Hemangioblastoma, Infratentorial/ Choroid plexus papilloma, AT/RT Choroid plexus papilloma, Subependymoma Fourth ventricle Brainstem PA, DMG Astrocytoma, Glioblastoma, DMG, Metastases Spinal cord Ependymoma, PA, DMG, MPE, Drop Ependymoma, Astrocytoma, DMG, MPE (filum), (intramedullary) metastases Paraganglioma (filum), Spinal cord Meningioma, Schwannoma, Schwannoma, Meningioma, (extramedullary) Metastases, Melanocytoma/melanoma Melanocytoma/melanoma, MPNST Spinal cord Bone tumor, Meningioma, Abscess, Herniated disk, Lymphoma, Abscess, (extradural) Vascular malformation, Metastases, Extra-axial/Dural/ Leukemia/lymphoma, Ewing Sarcoma, Meningioma, SFT, Metastases, Lymphoma, Leptomeningeal Rhabdomyosarcoma, Disseminated medulloblastoma, DLGNT, Sellar/infundibular Pituitary adenoma, Pituitary adenoma, -
Ganglioneuroma of the Sacrum
https://doi.org/10.14245/kjs.2017.14.3.106 KJS Print ISSN 1738-2262 On-line ISSN 2093-6729 CASE REPORT Korean J Spine 14(3):106-108, 2017 www.e-kjs.org Ganglioneuroma of the Sacrum Donguk Lee1, Presacral ganglioneuromas are extremely rare benign tumors and fewer than 20 cases have been reported in the literature. Ganglioneuromas are difficult to be differentiated preoperatively Woo Jin Choe1, from tumors such as schwannomas, meningiomas, and neurofibromas with imaging modalities. 2 So Dug Lim The retroperitoneal approach for resection of presacral ganglioneuroma was performed for gross total resection of the tumor. Recurrence and malignant transformation of these tumors is rare. 1 Departments of Neurosurgery and Adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy is not indicated because of their benign nature. 2Pathology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University We report a case of a 47-year-old woman with a presacral ganglioneuroma. School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Key Words: Ganglioneuroma, Presacral, Anterior retroperitoneal approach Corresponding Author: Woo Jin Choe Department of Neurosurgery, Konkuk University Medical Center, displacing the left sacral nerve roots, without 120-1 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, INTRODUCTION Seoul 05030, Korea any evidence of bony invasion (Fig. 2). We performed surgery via anterior retrope- Tel: +82-2-2030-7625 Ganglioneuroma is an uncommon benign tu- ritoneal approach and meticulous adhesiolysis Fax: +82-2-2030-7359 mor of neural crest origin which is mainly loca- was necessary because of massive abdominal E-mail: [email protected] lized in the posterior mediastinum, retroperito- adhesion due to the previous gynecologic sur- 1,6) Received: August 16, 2017 neum, and adrenal gland . -
Downloaded 09/30/21 01:49 PM UTC NF2 Patients There Were Often Multiple Meningiomas
Neurosurg Focus 4 (3):Article 1, 1998 Neurofibromatosis type 2 and central neurofibromatosis Leonard I. Malis, M.D. The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York City, New York Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is a rare disease, affecting only approximately 1000 patients in the entire United States. The diagnosis requires the presence of bilateral acoustic neuromas, but many other tumors of the nervous system are also present. It is a very different disease from von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis, NF1. The remarkable genetic research in recent years has defined the origin of NF2 to be the lack of a specific suppressor protein, known as Merlin. While we await a method to replace this protein, the neurosurgical care of these patients is a formidable problem. The author reviews his personal series of 41 patients with NF2 treated during the past 30 years and presents 10 cases in detail to demonstrate their considerable range of differences and the treatment problems they have posed. Key Words * neurofibromatosis type 2 * bilateral acoustic neurofibromatosis * central neurofibromatosis * bilateral acoustic neuromas * bilateral vestibular schwannomas * Merlin * schwannomin This review is based on my personal series of 41 surgically treated patients with neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2). The patients were cared for in the microsurgical era between 1970 and 1995 and received minimum follow-up care of 3 years (median 12 years). All of these people were referred because of bilateral acoustic neuromas. This was a quite young group, with the average age only 20 years, much younger than my patients with solitary acoustic neuromas. The youngest patient was 8 years old and the oldest 40 years old when first referred. -
Diagnostic Value of Preoperative Inflammatory Markers in Patients with Glioma: a Multicenter Cohort Study
CLINICAL ARTICLE J Neurosurg 129:583–592, 2018 Diagnostic value of preoperative inflammatory markers in patients with glioma: a multicenter cohort study *Shi-hao Zheng, MD,1 Jin-lan Huang, PhD,2,4 Ming Chen, MD,3 Bing-long Wang, BS,2 Qi-shui Ou, PhD,2 and Sheng-yue Huang, BS1 1Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Provincial Hospital; 2Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian; 3Department of Neurosurgery, Xin Hua Hospital, Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai; and 4Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China OBJECTIVE Glioma is the most common form of brain tumor and has high lethality. The authors of this study aimed to elucidate the efficiency of preoperative inflammatory markers, including neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), derived NLR (dNLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte/monocyte ratio (LMR), and prognostic nutritional index (PNI), and their paired combinations as tools for the preoperative diagnosis of glioma, with particular interest in its most aggressive form, glioblastoma (GBM). METHODS The medical records of patients newly diagnosed with glioma, acoustic neuroma, meningioma, or nonle- sional epilepsy at 3 hospitals between January 2011 and February 2016 were collected and retrospectively analyzed. The values of NLR, dNLR, PLR, LMR, and PNI were compared among patients suffering from glioma, acoustic neuroma, meningioma, and nonlesional epilepsy and healthy controls by using nonparametric tests. Correlations between NLR, dNLR, PLR, LMR, PNI, and tumor grade were analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to evaluate the diagnostic significance of NLR, dNLR, PLR, LMR, PNI, and their paired combinations for glioma, particularly GBM. -
UCSD Moores Cancer Center Neuro-Oncology Program
UCSD Moores Cancer Center Neuro-Oncology Program Recent Progress in Brain Tumors 6DQWRVK.HVDUL0'3K' 'LUHFWRU1HXUR2QFRORJ\ 3URIHVVRURI1HXURVFLHQFHV 0RRUHV&DQFHU&HQWHU 8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLD6DQ'LHJR “Brain Cancer for Life” Juvenile Pilocytic Astrocytoma Metastatic Brain Cancer Glioblastoma Multiforme Glioblastoma Multiforme Desmoplastic Infantile Ganglioglioma Desmoplastic Variant Astrocytoma Medulloblastoma Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumor Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma -Mutational analysis, microarray expression, epigenetic phenomenology -Age-specific biology of brain cancer -Is there an overlap? ? Neuroimmunology ? Stem cell hypothesis Courtesy of Dr. John Crawford Late Effects Long term effect of chemotherapy and radiation on neurocognition Risks of secondary malignancy secondary to chemotherapy and/or radiation Neurovascular long term effects: stroke, moya moya Courtesy of Dr. John Crawford Importance Increase in aging population with increased incidence of cancer Patients with cancer living longer and developing neurologic disorders due to nervous system relapse or toxicity from treatments Overview Introduction Clinical Presentation Primary Brain Tumors Metastatic Brain Tumors Leptomeningeal Metastases Primary CNS Lymphoma Paraneoplastic Syndromes Classification of Brain Tumors Tumors of Neuroepithelial Tissue Glial tumors (astrocytic, oligodendroglial, mixed) Neuronal and mixed neuronal-glial tumors Neuroblastic tumors Pineal parenchymal tumors Embryonal tumors Tumors of Peripheral Nerves Shwannoma Neurofibroma -
Malignant CNS Solid Tumor Rules
Malignant CNS and Peripheral Nerves Equivalent Terms and Definitions C470-C479, C700, C701, C709, C710-C719, C720-C725, C728, C729, C751-C753 (Excludes lymphoma and leukemia M9590 – M9992 and Kaposi sarcoma M9140) Introduction Note 1: This section includes the following primary sites: Peripheral nerves C470-C479; cerebral meninges C700; spinal meninges C701; meninges NOS C709; brain C710-C719; spinal cord C720; cauda equina C721; olfactory nerve C722; optic nerve C723; acoustic nerve C724; cranial nerve NOS C725; overlapping lesion of brain and central nervous system C728; nervous system NOS C729; pituitary gland C751; craniopharyngeal duct C752; pineal gland C753. Note 2: Non-malignant intracranial and CNS tumors have a separate set of rules. Note 3: 2007 MPH Rules and 2018 Solid Tumor Rules are used based on date of diagnosis. • Tumors diagnosed 01/01/2007 through 12/31/2017: Use 2007 MPH Rules • Tumors diagnosed 01/01/2018 and later: Use 2018 Solid Tumor Rules • The original tumor diagnosed before 1/1/2018 and a subsequent tumor diagnosed 1/1/2018 or later in the same primary site: Use the 2018 Solid Tumor Rules. Note 4: There must be a histologic, cytologic, radiographic, or clinical diagnosis of a malignant neoplasm /3. Note 5: Tumors from a number of primary sites metastasize to the brain. Do not use these rules for tumors described as metastases; report metastatic tumors using the rules for that primary site. Note 6: Pilocytic astrocytoma/juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma is reportable in North America as a malignant neoplasm 9421/3. • See the Non-malignant CNS Rules when the primary site is optic nerve and the diagnosis is either optic glioma or pilocytic astrocytoma. -
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors with T(X; 18). a Pathologic and Molecular Genetic Study Maureen J
Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors with t(X; 18). A Pathologic and Molecular Genetic Study Maureen J. O’Sullivan, Michael Kyriakos, Xiaopei Zhu, Mark R. Wick,1 Paul E. Swanson, Louis P. Dehner, Paul A. Humphrey, John D. Pfeifer L.V. Ackerman Laboratory of Surgical Pathology, Washington University Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri. KEY WORDS: Chromosomal translocation; malig- Spindle cell sarcomas often present the surgical pa- nant peripheral nerve sheath tumor; specificity; sy- thologist with a considerable diagnostic challenge. novial sarcoma; t(X;18). Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, leiomy- Mod Pathol 2000;13(11):1253–1263 osarcoma, fibrosarcoma, and monophasic synovial sarcoma may all appear similar histologically. The Spindle cell sarcomas include a wide variety of tu- application of ancillary diagnostic modalities, such mors, some of which, such as synovial sarcoma (SS) as immunohistochemistry and electron micros- and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor copy, may be helpful in the differentiation of these (MPNST), may have overlapping histologic fea- tumors, but in cases in which these adjunctive tech- tures. Because SS has classically been recognized as niques fail to demonstrate any more definitive evi- a neoplasm arising in the juxta-articular peripheral dence of differentiation, tumor categorization may soft tissue in adolescents or young adults (1–6), and remain difficult. Cytogenetic and molecular genetic MPNST has been associated with peripheral nerves, characterization of tumors have provided the basis especially in persons with neurofibromatosis (NF- for the application of molecular assays as the new- 1), clinical features have often been used as a est components of the diagnostic armamentarium. means to discriminate between the two tumors. -
Acoustic Neuroma: a Basic Overview
Acoustic Neuroma: A Basic Overview IMPORTANT POINTS TO KNOW ABOUT AN ACOUSTIC NEUROMA: • An acoustic neuroma is a benign tumor. • It is usually slow growing and expands at its site of origin. • The most common first symptom is hearing loss in the tumor ear. • The cause is unknown. • A large tumor pushes on the surface of the brain but does not grow into the brain tissue. • Continued tumor growth can be life threatening. • The treatment options are observation, surgical removal or radiation. WHAT IS AN ACOUSTIC NEUROMA? An acoustic neuroma (sometimes termed a vestibular schwannoma or neurolemmoma) is a benign (non- cancerous) tissue growth that arises on the eighth cranial nerve leading from the brain to the inner ear. This nerve has two distinct parts, one part associated with transmitting sound and the other with sending balance information to the brain from the inner ear. These pathways, along with the facial nerve, lie adjacent to each other as they pass through a bony canal called the internal auditory canal. This canal is approximately 2 cm (0.8 inches) long and it is here that acoustic neuromas originate from the sheath surrounding the eighth nerve. The facial nerve provides motion of the muscles of facial expression. Acoustic neuromas usually grow slowly over a period of years. They expand in size at their site of origin and when large can displace normal brain tissue. The brain is not invaded by the tumor, but the tumor pushes the brain as it enlarges. The slowly enlarging tumor protrudes from the internal auditory canal into an area behind the temporal bone called the cerebellopontine angle. -
Adrenal and Paraganglia Tumors Adrenal Cortical Tumors IHC: (+) SF1, Inhibin, Melan-A, Calretinin, Synaptophysin, (-) Chromogranin, Cytokeratin, S100
Last updated: 11/11/2020 Prepared by Kurt Schaberg Adrenal and Paraganglia Tumors Adrenal Cortical Tumors IHC: (+) SF1, Inhibin, Melan-A, Calretinin, Synaptophysin, (-) Chromogranin, Cytokeratin, S100. Often variable!! Adrenal Cortical Adenoma Benign. Very common. Often incidentally identified. Usually unilateral solitary masses with atrophic background adrenal gland. Tumor cells can be lipid-rich (clearer) or lipid-poor (pinker) arranged in nests and cords separated by abundant vasculature. Occasional lipofuscin pigment. Nuclei generally small and round (occasional extreme “endocrine atypia” is common). Low/no mitotic activity. Intact reticulin framework. On a spectrum with and may hard to differentiate from hyperplastic nodules, which is more often multinodular (background hyperplasia) and bilateral. Can be non-functional (85%) or functional (15%). Associated with MEN1, FAP, Carney Complex, among Aldosterone-producing→ “Conn syndrome”→ others… hypertension and hypokalemia If aldosterone-secreting adenoma is treated with Cortisol-producing→ (ACTH-independent) spironolactone→ “spironolactone bodies” (below) “Cushing Syndrome” → central obesity, moon face, hirsutism, poor healing, striae Sex-hormone-producing→ Rare (more common in carcinomas). Symptoms depend on hormone/sex (virilization or feminization) Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma Malignant. Most common in older adults. Can present with an incidental unilateral mass or with an endocrinopathy (see above). Solid, broad trabeculae, or large nested growth (more diffuse, and larger groups than in adenomas) Thick fibrous capsule with occasional fibrous bands. Frequent tumor necrosis. Frequent vascular or capsular invasion. Increased mitotic activity. Variants: Oncocytic, Myxoid, Sarcomatoid Mostly sporadic, but can be associated with Lynch Syndrome and Li-Fraumeni Syndrome Distinguishing between an Adrenal Cortical Adenoma vs Carcinoma Weiss Criteria: Weiss Criteria (≥3 = Malignant) Most widely used system, but doesn’t work as well High nuclear grade (based of Fuhrman criteria) in borderline cases or variants. -
The CNCF Handbook for Parents of Children with Neuroblastoma
The CNCF Handbook for Parents of Children with Neuroblastoma The CNCF Handbook for Parents of Children with Neuroblastoma Acknowledgements Disclaimer Navigating Neuroblastoma and This Handbook (Read This First!) i Chapter 1 Confronting the Diagnosis 101 What is NB: Description, Diagnosis, and Staging 1:010 102 What is NB: Tumor Pathology and Genetics 1:020 103 What is NB: Risk Assignment 1:030 104 Questions for Your Doctors 1:040 105 U.S. Neuroblastoma Specialists 1:050 106 What is a Clinical Trial? 1:060 107 The World of Hospitals 1:070 108 Patients' Rights & Responsibilities 109 Reaching Out and Accepting Help 1:090 Chapter 2 Understanding the Basics of Frontline Treatments 201 Overview of Low- and Intermediate-Risk Treatment 202 Overview of High-Risk Treatment 2:020 Chapter 3 Coping with Treatment: Side Effects, Comfort, and Safety 301 What is Palliative Care? 302 Getting Through Chemotherapy 3:020 303 Surviving Neutropenia 3:030 304 Special Issues with Stem Cell Transplant(s) 3:040 305 Surgery 306 Central Venous Lines: Broviacs, Hickmans, & Ports 307 Radiation: From Tattoos to Side Effects 308 Coping with ch14.18 Antibodies 309 Coping with 3F8 Antibodies 3:090 310 Coping with 8H9 Intrathecal Antibodies 3:100 311 Coping with Accutane 3:110 312 Coping with MIBG Treatment 3:120 313 Advocating for Your Child 3:130 314 Special Issues for Teenagers and Adults © 2008 Children’s Neuroblastoma Cancer Foundation www.nbhope.org revised 6/29/2009 Table of Contents Chapter 4 Getting Through Tests & Scans 400 Introduction to Getting through Tests -
Malignant Intracerebral Nerve Sheath Tumor in a Patient with Noonan Syndrome: Illustrative Case
J Neurosurg Case Lessons 1(26):CASE21146, 2021 DOI: 10.3171/CASE21146 Malignant intracerebral nerve sheath tumor in a patient with Noonan syndrome: illustrative case *Callum M. Allison, MClinRes,1,2 Syed Shumon, MBBS, MRCS,1 Abhijit Joshi, MBBS, FRCPath,5 Annelies Quaegebeur, MD, PhD, FRCPath,6 Georges Sinclair, MRCR, MD,3,4 and Surash Surash, MBChB, FRCS(Neurosurg), MD, LLM1 Departments of 1Neurosurgery and 5Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom; 2Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom; 3Department of Oncology, James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom; 4Department of Neurosurgery, Bezmialem Vakif University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; and 6Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom BACKGROUND Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) within the neuroaxis are rare, usually arising from peripheral and cranial nerves. Even more scarce are cranial subclassifications of MPNSTs termed “malignant intracerebral nerve sheath tumors” (MINSTs). These tumors are aggressive, with a strong tendency for metastasis. With this presentation, alongside resistance to adjunctive therapy, complete excision is the mainstay of treatment, although it is often insufficient, resulting in a high rate of mortality. OBSERVATIONS The authors report the case of an adult patient with a history of Noonan syndrome (NS) presenting with slowly progressive right- sided hemiparesis and right-sided focal motor seizures. Despite initial imaging and histology suggesting a left frontal lobe high-grade intrinsic tumor typical of a glioblastoma, subsequent molecular analysis confirmed a diagnosis of MINST. The patient’s neurological condition improved after gross- total resection and adjuvant chemo-radiation; he remains on follow-up.