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Konferencija EKONOMIJA CRNE GORE 2013 Saradnjom do prosperiteta

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KONFERENCIJA EKONOMIJA CRNE GORE 2013 CONFERENCE ECONOMY OF MONTENEGRO 2013 Saradnjom do prosperiteta Through cooperation to prosperity

Organizator: Privredna komora Crne Gore Organized by: Chamber of Economy of Montenegro Termin održavanja: 28. i 29. novembar, 2013. godine Date of event: November 28th and 29th 2013 Mjesto održavanja: Budva, Hotel Splendid Place of event: Budva, Hotel Splendid www.privrednakomora.me Zbornik Conference konferencije Proceedings

KonferencijA Conference Ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Economy of MONTENEGRO 2013 Saradnjom do prosperiteta Through cooperation to prosperity

Podgorica, 2013. 6 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

KONFERENCIJA Ekonomija Crne Gore 2013 Saradnjom do prosperiteta

SADRŽAJ

Uvodne riječi ...... 9 Vekimir Mijušković ...... 10 Milo Đukanović ...... 16 Program Konferencije ...... 24 Panel I - Pogled na EU iznutra ...... 27 Ljubo Jurčić - Razdvajanje ili jačanje Europske unije ...... 28 Otto Oberperleiter - Osvrt na Evropsku uniju iznutra - iz međunarodne kompanije ...... 42 Panel II - Pogled na EU sa Balkana ...... 53 Gordana Đurović - Pogled na EU sa Balkana: izazovi pristupanja ...... 54 Predrag Ivanović - Prilog “Evropskoj ruci u razvoju regiona” ...... 66 Panel III - Mladi kao budućnost zemalja Balkana ...... 77 Mirjana Radović Marković - Uticaj preduzetničkog obrazovanja na povećanje kompetencija i smanjenja nezaposlenosti sasa mlade radne snage u zemljama zapadnog Balkana ...... 78 Mladen Grgić - Zapošljavanje u državnoj administraciji: lekcije iz istorije Kine ...... 92 Martin Ćalasan - Zbog čega mladi u Crnoj Gori treba da vide budućnost u razvoju energetike? ...... 102 Ivan Vukčević - Mladi u Crnoj Gori i regionu ...... 112 Specijalni gost - Stjepan Mesić ...... 117 Stjepan Mesić - Pogled na Europsku uniju sa Balkana ...... 118 Panel IV - Kako osnažiti postojeće veze zemalja Balkana ...... 125 Igor Lukšić - Ekonomija Crne Gore - saradnjom do prosperiteta ...... 126 Radoje Žugić i Milan Lakićević - Stabilnost bankarskog i finansijskog sistema ...... 132 Panel V - Kako staviti u funkciju prirodne resurse ...... 141 Goran Barović - Pregled prirodnih resursa Balkana i njihovo korišćenje ...... 142 Aleksandar Joksimović - Morski biološki resursi crnogorskog Jadrana u kontekstu ekonomske valorizacije ...... 154 ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 7

cONFERENCE Economy of MONTENEGRO 2013 Through cooperation to prosperity

CONTENTS

Introductory word ...... 9 Vekimir Mijušković ...... 11 Milo Đukanović ...... 17 Conference Programme ...... 25 Panel I - An Inside View of the EU ...... 27 Ljubo Jurčić - Breakup or Strenghtening of the European Union ...... 29 Otto Oberperleiter - An Inside View of the EU - From an International Company ...... 43 Panel II - A View at the EU From the Balkans ...... 53 Gordana Đurović - View of the EU from the Balkans: Accession Challenges ...... 55 Predrag Ivanović - Contribution to the “European Hand” in the Development of the Region ...... 67 Panel III - The Young as the Future of the Balkan Countries ...... 77 Mirjana Radović Marković - Effects of Enterpreneurship Education on Competitiveness Improvement and Poverty sasa Reduction in Youth Unemployment in the Western Balkan Countries ...... 79 Mladen Grgić - Employment With the State Administration: Lessons From China ...... 93 Martin Ćalasan - Why Should the Young People in Montenegro See the Future in the Energy Development ...... 103 Ivan Vukčević - The Young in Montenegro and in the Region ...... 113 Special Guest - Stjepan Mesić ...... 117 Stjepan Mesić - View of the European Union From the Balkans ...... 119 Panel IV - How to Strenghten the Existing Ties of the Balkan Countries ...... 125 Igor Lukšić - Montenegrin Economy - Cooperating to Prosperity ...... 127 Radoje Žugić and Milan Lakićević - Stability of Banking and Financial System ...... 133 Panel V - How to Put Into Function Natural Resources ...... 141 Goran Barović - Review of the Balkan’s Natural Resources and of Their Use ...... 143 Aleksandar Joksimović - Marine Biology Resources of the Montenegrin Part of the Adriatic Sea in Terms of the 148 Economic Valorization ...... 155 8 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE uvodne riječi introductory word

Velimir Mijušković Milo Đukanović Predsjednik Privredne komore Crne Gore Predsjednik Vlade Crne Gore President of the Chamber of Economy of Montenegro Prime Minister of Montenegro 10 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

Velimir Mijušković Predsjednik Privredne komore Crne Gore

Poštovani Predsjedniče Vlade, gospodine Đukanović, godinu dana Evropska komisija predstavila planove za Poštovani ambasadori, gradonačelnici, pokretanje tzv. „nove industrijske revolucije“, kako bi se Uvaženi učesnici Konferencije, ojačao privredni rast. Cilj je da industrija predstavlja 20% Dame i gospodo, BDP Unije, koji je sada na nivou od 16,6%. Prateći to, veoma mi je ostao upečatljiv stav potpredsjednika Komisi- Imam zadovoljstvo da Vas pozdravim u ime organizatora je, gospodina Tajanija, koji je rekao: ove Konferencije, Privredne komore Crne Gore. Komo- „Godinama smo griješili stavljajući naglasak samo na fi- ra već tradicionalno organizuje godišnju Konferenciju nansijski i uslužni sektor. Moramo uvjeriti Vlade evrop- posvećenu aktuelnim ekonomskim pitanjima. Sa zado- skih zemalja da je potrebno promijeniti taj trend.“ voljstvom konstatujem da su se i ovoga puta, kao i do sada za učešće u radu ovog skupa odazvali kompetentni Naglasio bih još i činjenicu da u EU postoji monetarna, ali stručnjaci iz ekonomske teorije i prakse, predstavnici pri- ne i fiskalna unija, što takođe predstavlja jednu od tača- vrede i Vlade. ka sporenja i nastanka problema, obzirom na dužničku krizu koja je eskalirala poslednjih godina. Podrška Predsjednika Vlade našoj Konferenciji, kao i uvijek do sada nije izostala. Hvala Vam gospodine Đuka- Uzimajući u obzir sve ove problem sa kojima se već neko nović što ste se odazvali našem pozivu i što ćete Vašim vrijeme Evropska unija susrijeće, smatram da zemlje obraćenjem dati značajan doprinos kvalitetu ovog skupa. Regiona trebaju prije svega da se usredsrede na sagledavanje svojih komparativnih prednosti i kroz dobro Smatrajući izuzetno aktuelnim ekonomska dešavanja u osmišljene strategije razvoja pojedinačno svaka od nas Evropskoj uniji, poziciju zemalja Zapadnog Balkana kada iskoristi sopstvene prednosti temeljene na raspoloživim su integracioni procesi u pitanju, te ekonomske prilike u resursima. Uporedo sa tim veoma je važno da se usmje- svakoj od ovih zemalja pojedinačno, opredijelili smo se rimo i na usvajanje i primjenu standarda i pravila koja se da u dvodnevnom radu Konferencije otvorimo pitanja, primjenjuju u razvijenim zemljama Evrope i na taj način kao što su: stanje i perspektive EU, iz ugla njenih članica, unapređujemo svoju ekonomiju. Bitno je da to radimo sa kao i iz ugla zemalja Balkana, te sagledavanje ekonom- sviješću u cilju poboljšanja performansi svoje privrede i skog stanja i perspektiva ovog prostora. njene konkurentnosti.

Svojim obraćanjem nastojaću da se kratko osvrnem na Region Zapadnog Balkana ima populaciju manju od 20 aktuelnu ekonomsku situaciju u Evropskoj uniji, našem miliona stanovnika i relativno nizak nivo razvijenosti, sa Regionu i Crnoj Gori u njemu, te šansama za bolju regio- ukupnim BDP-om manjim od 70 milijardi, što predstavlja nalnu ekonomsku saradnju i ukupni prosperitet. samo 7% deset najrazvijenijih zemalja Unije, odnosno 0,5% na nivou cjelokupne evropske zajednice. Tokom Činjenica je da se svaka od zemalja Zapadnog Balkana 2011. godine, prosječan BDP po stanovniku mjeren pa- opredijelila za svoju budućnost u Evropskoj uniji i nalazi ritetom kupovne moći činio je 31% od EU-27 prosjeka i se u različitim fazama integracionih procesa. Znamo da 49% od prosjeka 10 najrazvijenijih zemalja Evrope. Kre- je 1. jula 2013. godine Evropska unija dobila još jednu tao se od 4.810 EUR na Kosovu do 10.500 EUR u Crnoj članicu i nakon ulaska Hrvatske, regionalna arhitektura Gori. se u neku ruku promijenila. U zavisnosti od toga šta će se dešavati u vezi sa ekonomsko-finansijskom krizom i sve- Ovi podaci dovoljno govore o tome koliko je naš region ukupnom politikom EU, zavisi i njena politika proširenja, iza nivoa EU i da nam je potrebna snažna međunarodna budući da je upravo kriza zaoštrila podjele, izbacujući na podrška, kako bi se evidentne razlike ublažile. Naravno, površinu različite poglede o nastavku integracija. Stoga ne smijemo planove o svom razvoju bazirati isključivo na je moguće da će institucionalni okvir i tempo integracija međunarodnoj pomoći. Moramo imati jasnu strategiju u doglednoj budućnosti biti konfuzniji nego do sada. ekonomskog razvoja i intenzivnije poslovno povezivanje Kriza u EU, koju sam već pomenuo u mnogo čemu je po- unutar Regiona, budući da smo male ekonomije koje su sljedica strukturalnih nedostataka EU, koji se ispoljavaju kompatibilne, i samim tim kroz saradnju imamo veće kroz ustavnu krizu i krizu institucija, demografsku krizu, šanse da budemo konkurentni na globalnom tržištu. te krize identiteta, liderstva i drugo. Zapadni Balkan je ostvario intenzivan privredni rast u Takođe, ekonomska kriza je značajno usložnjena struk- pred kriznom periodu. Taj rast je bio baziran na prilivu turom same privrede, tj. neuravnoteženim odnosom stranih direktnih investicija i to najviše u sektoru prome- proizvodnje i usluga u BDP-u Unije. Podsjetiću da je već ta nekretnina, finansija, telekomunikacija i slično, što je ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 11

Velimir Mijušković President of the Chamber of Economy of Montenegro

Your Excellency Prime Minister, Mr. Đukanović, - is, in many ways, a consequence of structural shortages Your Excellencies Ambassadors, Mayors, inside the EU, such shortages being reflected through con- Dear participants to the Conference, stitutional and institutional crisis and demographic, iden- Ladies and gentlemen, tity, leadership and similar crises. Besides, the very structure of economy, namely unbal- It is my pleasure to welcome you on behalf of the Cham- anced relation between production and services in the ber of Economy of Montenegro, the organizer of today’s GDP of the EU has made the economic downturn signifi- Conference. Traditionally, the Chamber organizes annual cantly more complex. Just to remind you that, for almost conferences dedicated to the current economic issues. one year so far, the European Commission has been pre- With great pleasure, I can say that this event also - as it senting the plans for launching so called “new industrial has been the case so far – attracted the involvement of revolution”. The goal is to have industry to contribute numerous experts in economic theories and practices, 20.00% to the Union’s GDP, which is now at 16.6%. Tak- representatives of economy sector and the Government, ing into account this fact, the attitude of the Vice Presi- respectively. dent of the European Commission, Mr. Antonio Tajani who said: “For years we have made mistakes putting The support of the Government to our Conference - as al- emphasis only on financial and service sectors. We have ways - has not failed. Mr. Đukanović, thank you very much to convince the Governments of the European countries for responding to our invitation and for your address that that it is necessary to change that trend.” has left a very will give a distinctive contribution to the quality of this distinctive to me. gathering. I would emphasize also the fact that there is the mon- Taking into account the paramount importance of cur- etary union but not a fiscal union in the EU. This also rent economic events within the European Union and stands as a critical disputing and challenging point, tak- the position of the Western Balkan countries as regards ing into account debt crisis that has escalated over the the integration processes and economic circumstances in recent years. each of these countries, we have opted to rise - during this two-day Conference - the issues such as the EU status and Having in mind all these challenges which the EU has prospects from the points of view of both the EU member been facing for a time thus far, my opinion is that the states and the Balkan countries, as well as to consider this regional countries should primarily focus on analyzing region’s economic status and prospects. their respective comparative advantages and, through well designed development strategies, each of them By this my address, I will make every effort to briefly refer should make the most of their own favorable positions to the current economic situations in the European Union, grounded in available resources. At the same time, it is our Region and in Montenegro respectively, as well as to very important to be oriented to the introduction and chances to have a better regional cooperation and the implementation of the standards that are applicable in overall prosperity. developed European countries and in that way to improve our economy. It is significant to do so with full The fact is that each of the Western Balkan countries has awareness dedicated to advancing our economy perfor- committed to the membership of the European Union and mances and competitiveness. is in a different stage of integration processes. We all know that on July 1st 2013 the European Union got one member The Western Balkan accommodates population of 20 mil- state more, so, after the accession of Croatia, the EU archi- lion inhabitants and relatively low level of development, tecture has in a way changed. What is going to take place with the total GDP amounting to less than 70 billion that in relation both to the economic downturn and financial represents only 7.00% out of the ten most developed crisis and to the overall politics of the EU are the grounds countries in the European Union, i.e. 0.5% at the level on which the EU enlargement policy depends since exact- of the entire European Community. During 2011, the av- ly the crisis has aggravated divisions, pushing to the sur- erage GDP per capita - measured by purchasing power face a variety of views of the integration’s continuation. parity – made 31.00% of the EU-27 average and 49.00% Therefore, it is possible that in the near future institutional out of the average of 10 most developed countries of framework and the integration pace will show more con- Europe. It ranged from €4,810 in Kosovo to €10,500 in fusion than it has been the case so far. Montenegro.

The crisis within the EU - which I have already mentioned The foregoing data speaks enough in favor of both how 12 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

uticalo na rast zaposlenosti i podiglo nivo domaće tra- konkurentnosti regiona. Međunarodne institucije koje žnje. Ovaj rast je zaustavila kriza, koja je dovela do sma- se bave rangiranjem kvaliteta poslovnog i investicionog njenja priliva stranih investicija, što je uzrokovalo opšti ambijenta svrstavaju naše zemlje ne baš na zavidne po- pad privrednih aktivnosti, koji je kao logičnu posljedicu zicije, od kojih su Makedonija i Crna Gora najbolje rangi- imao pad BDP-a, budžetski deficit i povećanje javnog rane u regionu, na 25-oj i 44-oj poziciji, dok je Kosovo na duga. 86-oj, Srbija na 93-oj, a Bosna i Hercegovina na 131-oj poziciji. Ekonomski oporavak su sve ove zemlje počele da bilježe u 2010. godini, ali je to bio umjereni rast. Oporavak je Sve su ovo otvorena pitanja, na kojima moramo aktivno bio evidentan i u prvoj polovini 2011. godine, ali je eko- raditi. nomska aktivnost oslabila u drugoj polovini godine, kao Privredna komora Crne Gore ove godine predsjeda- i u narednoj godini. Kratkoročna prognoza ekonomskog va Asocijacijom komora Balkana i na nedavno održnoj rasta regiona pokazuje skroman rast, ukazujući na efekte Skupštini ove asocijacije na dnevnom redu smo imali i krize u Eurozoni. Osjetljivost finansijskog sektora je po- Strategiju za Jugoistočnu Evropu do kraja 2020, a koja je seban problem s obzirom na to da je najveći dio bankar- usvojena od strane svih Vlada, kao i prije sedam dana na skog sektora u inostranom vlasništvu, a većina investicija zajedničkoj ministarskoj konferenciji. Strategija za JIE do se finansira iz inostranih izvora, često pod veoma nepo- kraja 2020. odražava odlučnost svih vlada u Jugoistočnoj voljnim uslovima. Evropi da prihvate pristupe koji podrazumijevaju hrabre politike potrebne za dostizanje takvih nivoa društveno- Ostaju izraženi problemi i javnog duga, smanjenog prili- -ekonomskog razvoja koji su neophodni za poboljšanje va stranih direktnih investicija, te deficita tekućeg raču- prosperiteta, jer se ovaj region još uvijek suočava sa na platnog bilansa. Javni dug, što je posebna opasnost nekim teškim izazovima. Strategija za JIE do kraja 2020. kreće se u svim zemljama izuzev Kosova u rasponu od pokazuje jasnu namjeru vlada u regionu da tijesnom sa- 40 do 60%. radnjom u odabranim oblastima mogu savladati neke od ovih izazova i ubrzati ostvarenje svojih ciljeva u ključnim Ekonomska kriza je uticala na smanjenje ukupne robne sektorima. razmjene, ali i veoma visokog deficita u svim ovim zemljama. Deficit robne razmjene ostaje i dalje ključna sla- Ciljevi strategije su da se na ekonomskom planu poboljša bost privreda zemalja regiona, jer je nakon pada u 2011. saradnja svih zemalja u regiji, kako bi se povećao bruto godini ponovo zabilježio rast u većini zemalja što ilustru- društveni proizvod, porasla vrijednost trgovine i smanjio je veoma nisku konkurentnost privrede. trgovinski deficit. Potrebno je da se do 2020. godine radi na povećanju regionalnog bruto društvenog proizvoda Kada govorim o ukupnom dugu, želim da istaknem da sa 38 na 46% prosjeka Evropske unije, što znači da eko- kao posljedica ovakvog stanja imamo izuzetno visok nomije zemalja našeg Regiona moraju značajno brže ra- spoljni dug u svakoj od zemalja, koji je u pretkriznom sti od zemalja EU. periodu bilježio kontinuiran rast usljed visokog deficita platnog bilansa i visokog zaduživanja privatnog sektora Strategija predviđa i angažovanje na porastu ukupne vri- u periodu kreditne ekspanzije. Uporedo sa tim, inostra- jednosti regionalne trgovine od 130%, zatim smanjenju ni dug je nastavio da raste u svim zemljama regiona, ali trgovinskog deficita sa 14,1 na 11,6% prosječnog regio- sada više kao rezultat zaduživanja javnog sektora sa ci- nalnog BDP-a. Sve ove zemlje moraju pronaći nove lance ljem fiskalne stabilizacije, jačanja deviznih rezervi, a na vrijednosti da strani investitor može da vidi da ono što se žalost rijetko finansiranja kapitalnih investicija. proizvede u regionu može biti konkurentno na svjetskom tržištu. Neću saopštiti ništa novo kada kažem da je povoljan poslovni ambijent jedan od najvažnijih preduslova pri- Pitanja niskog stepena razvijenosti infrastrukture sigur- vrednog oporavka i rasta u zemljama regiona. Mnogi no su manje-više najznačajniji neriješeni problema svake elementi povoljnog poslovnog okruženja kao što su efi- države regiona. To je razlog da istrajemo u tendenciji da kasne i predvidljive mjere od strane države, kvalitetna Briselu saopštimo da regionalna saobraćajna i energet- radna snaga, kvalitetna saobraćajna infrastruktura, a po- ska infrastruktura mora biti u fokusu evropske politike sebno pristup finansijama, gdje imamo izuzetno skup ka- proširenja. Od Evrope upravo treba očekivati da sredstva pital i gdje se prosječna kamatna stopa kreće iznad nivoa fondova usmjerava u većim iznosima i sa većim stepe- profitne stope imaju direktan uticaj na ekonomski rast. nom ka konkretnim investicijama u infrastrukturu koja Konkurentnost zemalja regiona znatno zaostaje za kon- će logično region bolje povezati i međusobno, ali i sa dru- kurentnošću EU-10 zemalja. Nedovoljna razvijenost in- gim tržištima. stitucionalne i fizičke infrastrukture, skup kapital, veoma niska efikasnost i fleksibilnost radne snage, te ograničen Strategijom je definisano i povećanje broja visoko kvalifi- potencijal za inovacije, predstavljaju ozbiljna ograničenja ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 13 much our region lags behind the EU and our need to business environment – such as effective and predictable have a strong international support to mitigate the obvi- measures by the State; highly skilled labor force; high- ous differences. Naturally, we must not base our devel- standard transport infrastructure; while particularly the opment plans exclusively on international assistance. We access to funds, where we face extremely expensive have to have a clear economic development strategy and capital with average interest rate going beyond the profit more intensive business networking inside the region, rate – impact directly the growth of economy. Regional since we are small economies that are compatible and countries’ competitiveness lags significantly behind the thereby, through cooperation, we have better chances to competitiveness of the EU–10 countries. Insufficient in- be competitive within the global market. stitutional and physical infrastructure, expensive capital, very low efficiency and flexibility of labor force, as well as The Western Balkan achieved an intensive economic limited innovation potential pose serious restrictions to growth during the pre-crisis period. The growth was the regional competitiveness. International institutions based on the inflow of foreign direct investments, while dealing with ranking the quality of business environment particularly in the real estates purchase and sale, fi- and investment climate place our countries at not envi- nance, telecommunication and similar areas, and it in- able positions at all, with Macedonia and Montenegro duced employment and national demand increase. The ranked the best in the region, i.e. at 25th and 44th posi- crisis - entailing foreign direct investments drop, which, tions respectively, and Kosovo at th86 , Serbia at 93rd, and in turn, induced economic activities downsize involving Bosnia and Herzegovina at 131st positions respectively. GDP reduction as logical consequence, as well as budget deficit and public debt increase - blocked the growth. Chamber of Economy of Montenegro is holding this year the Presidency to the Association of Balkan Chambers. The economy recovery started in these countries in The agenda of recently held General Assembly of the 2010, but it was a moderate growth. The recovery was said Association addressed also the South East Europe obvious also in the first half of 2011, with the economic 2020 Strategy. The Strategy was approved by all the activity becoming weaker in the second half of the year Governments, at the Ministerial Conference of the South and in the following year as well. Short-term projection East Europe Investment Committee seven days ago. The of economic growth in the region appeared to be mod- SEE 2020 Strategy shows a clear intention of the regional est, indicating the crisis effects in the Euro zone. Delicacy Governments to have close cooperation in selected ar- of the financial sector is a specific challenge, taking into eas in order to be capable of overcoming some of the account that the major portion of banking sector is in the said challenges and to accelerate achieving their goals in foreign ownership and that the majority of investments key sectors. is funded through foreign sources and under unfavorable conditions frequently. The goals of the Strategy are to improve cooperation of all the countries in the region so as to rise the region’s Public debt, lessening in foreign direct investments in- GDP, to increase the trade turnover, to decrease trade flow, and the current account and balance of payments deficit. A requirement to be met by 2020 is to increase deficits have remained pronounced challenges. The pub- the regional GDP from 38.00% to 46.00% of the Euro- lic debt, as a specific danger, ranges in all countries be- pean Union average, which means that economies of our tween 40.00% and 60.00%, with the exception of Kosovo. regions must grow significantly faster than the EU states.

Economic crisis induced reduction in the overall trade ex- The Strategy also provides for making efforts in trade change, but also a very high deficit in all these countries. turnover increase to 130.00%, and trade deficit reduc- The trade deficit has yet remained the key weakness of tion from 14.1% to 11.6% of the regional average GDP. economy, since, after its decrease in 2011, it has recorded an increase again in majority of the countries – which All the countries have to find new chains of value in or- is illustrated by very high competitiveness of economy. der to make it possible for investors to realize that what is produced in the region can be competitive within the When talking about the total debt, I wish to point out the global market. fact that because of such a situation each of the countries faces extremely high foreign debt. It registered a Issues of low infrastructure development level are more continuous growth in the pre-crisis period, due to a high or less the major unsolved ones faced by each country. balance of payments deficit and high indebtedness of That is a reason to be persistent in our striving to com- private sector during the credit expansion. At the same municate to Brussels that regional road and energy infra- time, the foreign debt persisted in increasing in all the re- structure must be in the focus of the European enlarge- gional countries; however, it was a result of public sector ment policy. Europe should actually be expected to al- indebtedness aimed at fiscal stabilization and strength- locate larger amounts, accompanied by a higher level of ening foreign currency provisions, while, unfortunately, control, to particular investments in infrastructure that rarely at capital investment funding. will in turn ensure better connection of the region both internally and with the other markets. I will not say anything new while referring to favorable business environment as to one of the most important The Strategy has also provided for an increase in the preconditions for economy recovery and growth in the number of skilled labor force and in public administra- regional countries. Numerous elements of the favorable tion that is more efficient, with all the Governments -hav 14 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

kovane radne snage, efikasnija javna uprava, a sve vlade procesu pridruživanja Evropskoj Uniji praćen je brojnim moraće uložiti više truda ka ispunjenju toga cilja. izazovima koji se odnose na povećanje konkurentnosti, podršku održivom turizmu, infrastrukturnim projektima Poslovna zajednica ima značajnu ulogu i zadatke u spro- i zaštiti životne sredine, promovisanju energetske efika- vođenju ove Strategije, a preko nacionalnih Komora u snosti i slično. zemljama na koje se Strategija odnosi, biće dobar partner svojim Vladama na zahtjevnom poslu ispunjenja Sve ovo logično mora pratiti kvalitetno obrazovanje i zacrtanog. stvaranje kadrova adekvatno potrebama privrednog ra- Dame i gospodo, nakon dvije godine umjerenog rasta, zvoja, za što je neophodna bolja saradnja između obra- crnogorska ekonomija je ušla u recesiju 2012. godine. zovnih ustanova i privatnog sektora, koja za sada nije na Realni BDP je smanjen za 2,5%. Prema predviđanjima, zadovoljavajućem nivou. rast realnog BDP-a u 2013. godini je 1,1% u prvom kvartalu i 3,4% u drugom kvartalu, što bi značilo da možemo Veliki problem privrednici prepoznaju u nedovoljno do- govoriti o izlasku iz recesije. Zbog činjenice da smo mala brom pravnom okviru radnih odnosa, koji ne obezbje- ekonomija, moramo uzeti u obzir da statistički podaci- če đuje adekvatnu fleksibilnost tržišta rada. Komplikovane sto mogu dati nedovoljno jasnu sliku. procedure i administriranje koje nameće Zakon o radu, predstvaljaju značajnu barijeru za poslovanje svake kom- Sagledavanje tekućih privrednih kretanja, ograničenja panije u Crnoj Gori, zbog čega u narednom periodu treba poslovanju, kao i preporuke mjera za njegovo unapređi- pristupiti sveukupnoj reformi radnog zakonodavstva i li- vanje su kontinuirana aktivnost Privredne komore Crne beralizaciji tržišta rada. Gore. Cilj toga jeste doprinos definisanju rješenja za pre- Ne rjeđe pominjan problem od strane privrednika je i vazilaženje aktuelnih problema u poslovanju i kreiranje nedovoljno razvijen ekonomsko-socijalni dijalog, koji se povoljnog ambijenta. Sagledavajući stanje u godini koja u najskorije vrijeme mora kvalitativno i zakonski unaprije na izmaku, želim da istaknem da se: jediti. o Prije svega mora donijeti jasna Strategija privrednog razvoja zemlje, na čijoj realizaciji treba istrajavati. Naravno, materijal koji predstavlja objedinjenu analizu To je preduslov obezbjeđivanju povoljnije privredne poslovanja crnogorske privrede u 2013. godini do detalja strukture koja je garant privrednog rasta, samim tim razrađuje prijedloge i mjere za poboljšavanje aktuelnog i rasta zaposlenosti, kao i ravnomjernijeg regionalnog stanja i biće polovinom narednog mjeseca biti predočen razvoja. Dugoročni razvoj zahtijeva značajna ulaganja Vladi na sastanku u Privrednoj komori Crne Gore. u infrastrukturu, proizvodni sektor i prerađivačke kapacitete obzirom da je dosadašnji privredni rast bio Dozvolite da na kraju izrazim zahvalnost kompanijama, uglavnom zasnovan na rastu uslužnog sektora. našim članicama, koje su prepoznajući značaj i kvalitet ovog skupa pomogle njegovu realizaciju. o Prilagođavanje javnih rashoda realnim mogućnosti- ma, kako bi učešće budžetskog deficita u BDP-u bilo niže od stope rasta BDP-a, čime bi se obezbijedio odr- Na kraju želim da vas još jedanput srdačno pozdravim i živi nivo javnog duga, su očekivane mjere Vlade. zaželim uspješan rad.

Put ka postizanju održivog privrednog rasta i napredak u Hvala vam na pažnji. ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 15 ing an obligation to make more efforts to achieve the said goal. The way to achieving sustainable economic growth and progress in the process of accession to the European The business community has a significant role and tasks Union has been followed by a number of challenges re- in implementing this Strategy, while, through national lated to boosting competitiveness to grow; supporting Chambers in countries to which the Strategy refers to, sustainable tourism, infrastructure projects and environ- the business community will be a reliable partner to mental protection; promoting energy efficiency; and the their Governments in dealing with demanding efforts to like. reach the stated goals. All this must be logically followed by a quality education Ladies and gentlemen, after two years of moderate and building of the capacity to meet the needs of eco- growth, Montenegro’s economy has entered the reces- nomic development, which requires better cooperation sion in 2012. The real GDP has decreased by 2.5%. Ac- between educational institutions and the private sector, cording to projections, the growth of real GDP in 2013 is which so far is not satisfactory. 1.1% in the first quarter and 3.4% in the second quarter, which would mean that we could speak about going out The businesspersons see a great problem in the inade- of the crisis. Due to the fact we are a small economy, quate labor relations legislative framework, which does we have to take into account that statistical data can not provide adequate flexibility of the labor market. frequently give an insufficiently clear image. Complex procedures and paperwork imposed by the La- bor Law represent a significant barrier to the operations Consideration given to the current trends in economy, of each company in Montenegro - which is a reason that the barriers to doing business and recommended mea- in the future we should launch both the comprehensive sures for its progress stands as a continuous activity of reform of the labor legislation and the labor market lib- the Chamber of Economy of Montenegro. The goal of eralization. that activity is to give a contribution to identifying- ar A challenge not often mentioned by businesspersons rangements for overcoming the current challenges in is also that of insufficiently developed social dialogue, business operations and for creating a favorable business which must be taken to the higher qualitative and legis- environment. If the status in the year that is approaching lative level as soon as possible. its end taken into consideration, I would like to point out to the following: Of course, the document, which presents a consolidated o it is required primarily to adopt a clear strategy of analysis of the operation of the Montenegrin economy country’s economy development , while we have in the year 2013, elaborates in details the proposals and to endure in the process of its implementation. That measures for improving the current situation and it will is the precondition of ensuring the favorable eco- be tabled to the Government in the middle of the next nomic structure that guarantees economic growth month at the meeting to be held in the Chamber of Com- and, thereby, an increase in employment, as well as merce of Montenegro. balanced regional development. Long-term development requires substantial investments in infrastruc- Let me finally express my gratitude to our member com- ture, manufacturing sector and processing capacities, panies that, by recognizing the importance and standard considering the fact that the former economic de- of this event, have given their contributions to its realiza- velopment was mainly based on the services sector tion. growth. o The adjustment of public expenditures to real oppor- Finally, I would like to once again warmly welcome you tunities so that the budget deficit as a share of GDP and wish you a productive work. is lower than the GDP growth rate, which would provide a sustainable level of public debt, are the expect- Thank you for your attention. ed measures to be undertaken by the Government. 16 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

Milo Đukanović Predsjednik Vlade Crne Gore

Dame i gospodo, u 21. vijeku bude bruto društveni proizvod po glavi stanovnika od 25.000 eura, naš ideal je i dalje uspostaviti Želim da vas pozdravim u ime Vlade Crne Gore i u svoje pouzdanu stabilnost. To nije samo imperativ naših razvi- ime. jenih evropskih i evro-atlantskih partnera, vjerujem da je to prioritet svih nacionalnih politika, uključujući i ono što Želim posebno da pozdravim goste koji su došli izvan bi mogli smatrati strategijom regiona Zapadnog Balkana Crne Gore, i koji su na taj način uvažili i našu državu i za budućnost. Privrednu komoru Crne Gore. Zato, dozvolite, da sa vama podijelim i sledeću formula- Htio bih da izrazim posebno poštovanje prema Privre- ciju. Ja mislim da je integracija Zapadnog Balkana drugo dnoj komori koja, rekao bih, u seriji pokreće inicijative ime za stabilnost našeg regiona. Na žalost, imamo veo- poput ove, koje animiraju sve veći broj poslovnih ljudi iz ma puno dokaza i u daljoj i u novijoj istoriji da su naši regiona i šire, i koje animiraju donosioce političkih odlu- regulatorni mehanizmi stabilnosti u regionu nedovoljno ka i aktere državnih politika u regionu u kojem živimo. U pouzdani, i da ubrzanje u sticanju pouzdanije stabilnosti tom smislu, želim da na počeku kažem da je i tema da- vodi kroz evropsku i evro-atlantsku integraciju. našnje konferencije veoma podsticajna za razmišljanje, istovremeno i veoma životna. Vjerujem da danas nema mislećeg bića bilo gdje na evropskom kontinentu, uključujući države našeg regiona, Dozvolite, da odatle krenem i da podijelim nekoliko misli koje nije zabrinuto za ono što se danas događa u zaje- sa vama. dničkoj evropskoj kući. Kriza koja je krenula kao finansijska, nastavljena kao ekonomska, iskazala se kao instituci- Zašto mislim da je tema veoma životna. Rekao bih da sa- onalna zaključno sa političkom. radnja, generalno, nije nešto što bismo mogli da smatra- mo usvojenom ni životnom, ni poslovnom filozofijom u U osnovi, kriza vizije buduće Evrope je nešto što, rekao regionu u kojem živimo. To je nešto što nije karakteristika bih, jednako pogađa svakog stanovnika Evrope. Ali, rekao razmišljanja i rada unutar regiona kojem pripadamo, pa bih, jednako tako, ta kriza ne smije proizvesti niti višak mogu slobodno kazati i u unutar svake države pojedi- skepske unutar Evropske unije prema potrebi nastavka načno. Rekao bih da je umjesto toga i dalje dominantno realizacije strategije punog ujedinjenja Evrope u intere- međusobno nepovjerenje, podozrenje, pa ako hoćete, su njene globalne konkurentnosti, a još manje kod nas čak i nedovoljno poznavanje. To je nešto što definitivno država Zapadnog Balkana smije proizvesti zastoj u pogle- ekonomiju svake od država regiona čini drugorazrednom du što bržeg dosezanja pune integracije unutar Evrope u kontekstu evropske razvijenosti, a samim tim i naš regi- i evro-atlantskih struktura, jer kao što sam kazao to je on čini onim dijelom Evrope kojem se još uvijek propisuju put u pojačanje naše stabilnosti, što je pretpostavka eko- posebni uslovi, da bi smo mogli da sjednemo za sto za nomskog i demokratskog razvoja. kojim se razgovara o budućnosti zajedničke nam Evrop- ske kuće. U daljoj razradi ove teze želio bih da kažem da veoma ra- zumijem kada se iz važnih evropskih adresa danas poten- Zato mislim da su ovakve teme podsticajne, ne bismo li u cira da je vladavina prava prvi prioritet za unapređenje što kraćem roku prihvatili da je zapravo put do usposta- ambijenta na prostoru Zapadnog Balkana i preduslov za vljanja razvijenih ekonomija koje će i naše države učiniti u dobru dinamiku naše integracije. punoj mjeri konkurentnim, a naše građane ravnopravnim državljanima Evrope 21. vijeka, da shvatimo da se do is- Ali, ono što je nužno dodati toj tezi je, to je važan uslov, tinski vrijednih tezultata jedino može doći kroz saradnju, ali nedovoljan. Mogli bi naravno ovdje otvoriti teorijsku kroz timski nastup i kroz uspješno upravljanje velikim diskusiju na, rekao bih, već poznatu temu, šta je starije projektima. Sve ostalo se svodi na dosta nevješte i nejake kokoška ili jaje. Da li je vladavina prava, što i sam mislim, pokušaje da se sa bilo kog meridijana, a posebno iz ovog uslov za veće povjerenje ljudi iz biznisa, prije svega in- konteksta balkanske nerazvijenosti, proizvedu rezultati vestitora da ulože svoj novac, da realizujemo strateške koji bi mogli biti iole konkurentni na globalnoj sceni. projekte razvoja i otvorimo radna mjesta i damo dobar impuls ekonomskom i društvenom razvoju svih zemalja Ova teza nas, rekao bih, polako uvodi i do druge teze, Zapadnog Balkana, ili je nedovoljna ekonomska stabil- a to je odsustvo saradnje, podozrivost, nepovjerenje, pa nost, ekonomska zaostalost i iz nje genirisani nizak nivo i nepoznavanje nas dovodi do onoga što je ključni pro- demokratske kulture, netolerancije, zapravo razlog one blem regiona u kojem živimo, a to je nedovoljna stabil- podozrivosti, međusobnog nepoznavanja, koje nas svako nost. Na žalost umjesto da ideal društava u kojim živimo malo vodi u sukobe, što dodatno ugrožava vladavinu pra- ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 17

Milo Đukanović Prime Minister of Montenegro

Ladies and Gentlemen, This thesis - I would say - is introducing us gradually to another one, which is the absence of cooperation, the I wish to welcome you on behalf of the Government of existence of suspicion, distrust and even ignorance and Montenegro and on my personal behalf. which is guiding us to what is the key challenge of the region in which we live. To be precise, it is guiding us to I wish to greet the guests coming from outside Montene- an insufficient stability. Unfortunately, instead of choos- gro, who have expressed thereby their appreciation to ing the ideal of the society in which we live in the 21st both our country and the Chamber of Economy of Mon- century be the Gross Domestic Product amounting to tenegro. €25,000 per capita, putting in place reliable stability is still our ideal. That is not only an imperative asserted by I would like to express my special recognition to the our developed European and Euro-Atlantic partners, but Chamber of Economy of Montenegro that, I would say, I believe that it is a priority in all national policies includ- launches in a sequence initiatives such as this one and ing also what we could consider the strategy for the de- that attracts an increasing number of both businessmen velopment of Western Balkans region. from the region and broader area and regional decision makers and actors involved in implementing the public Therefore, let me share with you also the following policy. In terms of that, I want to say first that the topic of words. I think that the integration of the Western Bal- today’s Conference is consideration-stimulating and life- kans is the second name of our regional stability. Un- focusing indeed. fortunately, we have numerous proofs - both from our distant and from our recent history - that our regional Let me start from there and share with you several stability mechanisms are insufficiently reliable and that thoughts of mine. an acceleration in attaining better founded stability leads through European and Euro-Atlantic integrations. Why do I deem this topic so life focusing? I would say that cooperation in general is not something we could deem I believe that not a single intelligent being from the Euro- either as adopted life philosophy or as adopted business pean Continent - referring here also to regional countries philosophy in the region in which we live. That is some- - can stop worrying about what it is nowadays going on thing that is not a characteristic of deliberation and work in our European home. The crisis, which had started as within the region we belong to and, I am free to say, also financial and continued as economic, has appeared to be within any state individually. I would say that, instead of institutional and political eventually. that, there is still a prevailing mutual distrust, suspicion and – like it or not –insufficient acquaintance. That is In essence, the crisis of the vision of the future Europe is something that definitively makes the economy of any something, I would say, affecting each inhabitant of Eu- of the regional countries be of a second rank in terms of rope equally. However, I would say that, likewise, that European development level and that makes thereby our crisis must not generate an excessive skeptic within the region be that part of Europe to which specific require- European Union to the need to have the implementation ments are still being prescribed in order to make it pos- of the strategy for the full Europe integration to continue sible for us to sit at the table at which the future of our in the interest of its global competitiveness. Even less it common European home discussing is taking place. may generate, here in our countries of the Western Bal- kans, a delay in as fast attaining the full membership of Therefore I consider that such topics are indeed stimulat- European and Euro-Atlantic structures as possible - in ing, in order to make us accept as soon as possible that view of the fact, as I have already said, that it is the road actual road leading to establishing developed economies to strengthening our stability that is in turn a precondi- - which are going to help our countries be fully competition for economic and democratic development. tive and our citizens be equal to the EU citizens of the 21st century - is to understand that it is possible to come In further reasoning of this thesis, I would like to say that to true valuable outcomes only through cooperation, I understand very much when, from important European team work and successful management of large projects. addresses, the rule of law is insisted on as both the first All the rest are just reduced to quite naïve and weak at- priority for improving the ambience within the Western tempts - from any meridian, while and particularly from Balkans region and a precondition for a good dynamic of this context of undeveloped Balkans - to generate the our integrations. results that could have at all been competitive on global scene. Yet, what is required to add to this thesis is that it is 18 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

va i pouzdanu stabilnost našeg regiona. između Srednje i Zapadne Evrope i Jugoistoka. Dakle, ne bih želio da o tome razgovaramo, šta je starije Sve je to jako dobro. Veoma je dobro i da kroz proces glo- od to dvoje, jer mislim da je pametnije da zaključimo: balne saradnje se pojavljuju partneri mnogo udaljeniji, vladavina prava jeste važan preduslov ekonomskog i de- van evropskog kontinenta, koji nam nude ruku saradnje u mokratskog razvoja, evropske i evro-atlantske integracije realizaciji takvih projekata. Ni jednu od tih ruku nećemo svake od država Zapadnog Balkana. odbiti. Naprotiv, veoma smo zahvalni i vema smo spremni da kroz saradnju i sa Kinom i sa Azerbejžanom i sa Vladavina prava je prije svega jedan od najvažnih aspeka- svim drugim državama radimo na realizaciji tih projekata, ta kvaliteta života ljudi koji žive u ovom regionu. Prema ali ono što moram da primijetim, da bi na tim projektima tome, ne nametnuta, nego naša interna potreba, ali uz prioritetno trebali prepoznati i Evropsku uniju kao par- vladavinu prava mora da ide snažnija podrška prevazila- tnera. ženju istorijski naslijeđene ekonomske nerazvijenosti zemalja ovog regiona. Ja mislim da je to nešto što još uvijek Treće, što bih želio da podijelim sa vama jeste potreba nije u potrebnoj mjeri prepoznato od strane Evropske da nastavimo sa intenzivnim reformama u državama na unije, i zbog čega Evropska unija još uvijek nije ponudila Zapadnom Balkanu. Problemi koji su pogodili Evropsku dobru formulu terapije toga problema. Ni jedna od drža- uniju tokom poslednjih nekoliko godina, posebno pro- va na Zapadnom Balkanu nije u stanju da riješi taj problemi koji su pogodili Euro zonu su imali snažne negativ- blem sama. Bez rješavanja tog problema, ovaj region će ne reflekse na ekonomije našeg regiona. Dakle, prosto ostati da jako dugo kaska za onim što su tendencije eko- manjak tražnje iz zemalja Evropske unije za proizvodima nomske i društvene razvijenosti Evrope kojoj pripadamo. i uslugama u našem regionu, zatim veliko opterećenje našeg bankarskog sistema lošim plasmanima iz perioda Zato mislim da se kao imperativ zapravo nameće da, uz kreditne ekspanzije, takođe problemi nezaposlenosti, naš vrijedni napor na daljim reformama počev od vlada- posebno problemi mlade generacije, su nešto što danas vine prava, i Evropska unija kreira jedan novi finansijki karakteriše ekonomski ambijent regiona u kojem živimo. okvir- okvir finansijske podrške Zapadnom Balkanu, kako Izlaz iz toga mora biti veoma promišljen i veoma hrabar. bi se brže prevazilazili oni problemi koje ni jedna od drža- Ja mislim da su nam prije svega potrebne duboke struk- va Zapadnog Balkana ne može uraditi sama. Prije svega u turne reforme. oblast putne i željezničke infrastrukture i energetike. Čak ni naša unutrašnja nesnalaženja u regionu Zapadnog Bal- Mi moramo nastaviti da reformišemo i naš sistem socijal- kana ne smiju poslužiti kao alibi da se dalje odlaže tret- nog osiguranja. Mislim da su postojeća rješenja u penzi- man toga pitanja, i tu su nam potrebni i eksperti Evrop- onim sistemima svuda u regionu pokazali ozbiljne slabo- ske unije, tu su nam potrebni eksperti Evropske banke za sti. Želim da kažem da je u Crnoj Gori stepen održivosti obnovu i razvoj i Evropske investicione banke, koji bi nam našeg penzionog sistema tek nešto iznad 50%. Sve ostalo pomogli da na pravi način selektiramo prioritete koji će su transferisani prihodi iz budžeta. To, dakle, upućuje na ovaj region na najkvalitetniji način uvezati sa onim što su alarmantnost problema u tom sistemu i to traži rješenje evropski saobraćajni i drugi koridori. bez odlaganja. Drago mi je da na takav način počinjemo sve više da raz- Takođe, mislim da zajedno sa Evropskom unijom mi ima- mišljamo na mjestima gdje se donose odluke unutar na- mo ozbiljne probleme u obrazovnom sistemu, jer obra- šeg regiona. Imao sam zadovoljstvo da prije neki dan raz- zovni sistem pokazuje dosta visok stepen nefleksibilno- govaram sa premijerom Srbije i Mađarske o tome kako sti u odnosu na ono što je tržište rada, i mi na žalost još željeznički koridor od Budimpešte do Beograda produžiti uvijek kao finalni proizvod obrazovnog sistema imamo prema Baru, i u tom kontekstu tretirati snažnije prošire- solidno opšte obrazovanje, ali imamo ljude koji nemaju nje Luke Bar. potrebne vještine da bi mogli odgovoriti onome što su izazovi razvoja ove faze. Razgovarao sam sa premijerima Albanije, Hrvatske i Bo- sne kako realizovati Jadranski gasovod i na taj način do- Takođe mislim da moramo ozbiljno nastaviti sa reformom prinijeti da naše zemlje budu zahvaćene takođe jednim tržišta rada koji i dalje u sebi zadržava nepodnošljivu poželjnim procesom gasifikacije koji treba da uveliko dozu regulacije, i moramo takođe u punoj mjeri biti po- pomogne i nama i Evropi u prevazilaženju, rekao bih, svećeni daljoj reformi zdravstvenog osiguranja, sa ciljem globalne nekonkurentnosti kada je u pitanju energetski da učinimo kvalitet zdravstvene zaštite dostupniji našim input industrijskom razvoju. građanima, ali da istovremeno kroz snažnije otvaranje tog sistema prema privatnom sektoru obezbijedimo veću Razgovarao sam sa predsjednikom Vlade Albanije takođe, konkurentnost i veći kvalitet. Dakle, ovo što danas manje kako da podstaknemo naše susjede da preciznije artiku- - više znači monopol državnog sistema, niti obezbjeđuje lišemo našu ideju oko Jadransko-Jonskog auto puta, koji dovoljnu dostupnost, niti obezbjeđuje dovoljan kvalitet, bi trebao da predstavlja dobru, najkraću i kvalitetnu vezu niti eleminiše korupciju iz nekog od vitalnih podsistema ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 19 an important but insufficient requirement. Naturally, we how to extend the Budapest - Belgrade railroad corridor could open here a theoretical discussion, I would say, on also toward Bar and, in terms of that, how to approach already well-known topic, i.e. the chicken and the egg to have an intensified expansion of the Port of Bar. causality dilemma. Whether the rule of law is - and I deem it is - a precondition for business people’s higher I talked to Albania, Croatia and Bosnia Prime Ministers confidence, while primarily for investors’ trust in the se- respectively about how to have the Adriatic Gas Pipeline curity of their investing aimed at making it possible for us implemented and to contribute thereby to our coun- to implement strategic development projects and create tries be included in a desirable gasification process that new jobs and give a good impulse to economic and so- should help us and Europe to a large extent in overcom- cial development of all countries of the Western Balkans, ing, I would say, global noncomeptitivness when it comes or inadequate stability, economic underdevelopment to energy input to industry development. and by it generated low level of democratic culture, and intolerance, is the reason of the mentioned suspicion, I talked to Albanian Prime Minister as well, discussing insufficient mutual familiarity that every now and then how to encourage our cooperation in order to specify lead us to conflicts that additionally endanger the rule of our idea for Adriatic-Ionian Motorway that should be a law and reliable stability of our region. proper, shortest and high quality link between the Mid- dle and the Western Europe and Southeast. Therefore, I do not want to discuss on what came first out of the two, since I consider that it is wiser to con- All that is very good. It is very good also that, through the clude the following: the rule of law is an important pre- process of global cooperation, partners come along from condition for economic and democratic development very distant places outside European continent and of- and European and Euro-Atlantic integrations in each of fer us cooperation in implementing such projects. Not the Western Balkans countries. a single such offered cooperation we will reject. On the contrary, we are very grateful and very ready to have co- The rule of law is primarily one of the most significant operation with China, Azerbaijan and all other countries, aspects of the quality of the life of peoples living in this in implementing those projects. What I have to notice is region. Therefore, it is not an imposed but it is our inter- that we should primarily identify the European Union as nal need; however, besides the rule of law, there must be a partner in implementing those projects as well. a stronger support to overcoming historically inherited economic underdevelopment of this region countries. The third consideration I would like to share with you is It is my opinion that it is something that the European our need to continue with intensive reforms in the West- Union has not yet realized sufficiently and because of ern Balkans countries. Adversities that have affected the what the European Union has not yet offered a good European Union for a few years so far, with damaging treatment of that problem. Not a single Western Balkans effects on the Eurozone particularly, have entailed nega- country is capable of solving that challenge without any tive responses within the economies of our region as help. Without solving that challenge, this region will con- well. Simply said, less demand from the European Union tinue lagging for quite a while behind what the tenden- countries for our regional products and services, then cies of economic and social development are in Europe large burden shouldered by our banking sector due to to which we belong. non-performing investments originating from the period of credit expansion, and also unemployment challenges Therefore, my opinion is that an imperative is coming - while particularly the youth unemployment rate – are out that – along with our hard efforts to keep on with something that is a characteristic of the today’s eco- reforms, starting from the rule of law – the European Un- nomic ambience of the region we live in. The way out ion also is to create a new financial framework, i.e. the from that situation must be highly prudent and brave. one of financial support to the Western Balkans, to en- My opinion is that we primarily need structural reforms. sure faster overcoming those challenges that not a single Western Balkans country is capable of solving without We have to continue reforming also our social security any assistance. This refers primarily to the road and rail- system. I think hat the existing solutions to pension sys- road infrastructure and energy areas respectively. Even tems have shown serious weaknesses throughout our re- our internal being out of our depth in the region of the gion. I wish to say that, in Montenegro, the sustainability Western Balkans must not serve as alibi for further de- rate of our pension system is slightly above 50.00%. All laying the issue treatment. And that is where we need the rest are the revenues transferred from the Budget. also experts from the European Union; that is where we That, therefore, both signals alarming adversities in the need experts from the European Bank for Reconstruc- mentioned system and requires a solution to be found tion and Development, who would assist us in selecting immediately. appropriately the priorities that will link in the best possible manner this region with what European transport Besides, my opinion is that we and the European Un- and other corridors are. ion face serious problems in the system of education, since the system of education has shown rather high It is my pleasure that thinking gradually in that way has level of inflexibility in relation to what the labor market started at decision-making places within our region. A is. Unfortunately, we still face our education system to couple of days ago, I had pleasure to talk to the Prime have the outcome in the form of substantial generalized Ministers of Serbia and Hungary respectively, discussing knowledge, with students lacking necessary skills to be 20 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

društava u kojima živimo. Jednako tako, upućuje me prisustvo renomiranih investitora u Crnoj Gori, već zaključeni ugovori i već započeti Takođe mislim da u regionu generalno moramo nastavi- projekti koji se realizuju. Dakle, ako kažem da mi danas u ti da radimo na unapređenju poslovnog ambijenta, bez Crnoj Gori imamo već definisane ugovore, obezbijeđene obzira što smo napredovali na tom planu. Ja želim da investitore i započetu realizaciju projekata u vrijednosti vam kažem da je Crna Gora napredovala i na rang listama od oko 3 milijarde eura samo na crnogorskoj obali, pro- Svjetskog ekonomskog foruma, sa 72 na 67 mjesto, da jekata koji treba da generišu oko 10.000 novih radnih je kod Svjetske banke došla do 44 mjesta, unapređujući mjesta, ne govorim o nečemu što će se događati za tri ili svoju poziciju za 7 mjesta u odnosu na prethodnu godi- pet godina, govorim o onome što je počelo u 2013. Ili ponu. Ali, to nas ne smije zavaravati, niti u Crnoj Gori, niti u činje u 2014. godini. Jasno je da je to pouzdano uporište drugim državama regiona. optimizma koje sam malo prije emitovao. Pri tome, još uvijek ne govorimo o valorizaciji najizdašnijeg razvojnog Evidentno je da još uvijek imamo ozbiljne probleme u resursa na obali kakav je Ulcinj, i pri tome ne govorim o nekim djelovima poslovnog ambijenta. Dakle, počev od valorizaciji onoga što su planinski potencijali, ili potenci- izdavanja građevinskih dozvola, do registracije i zaštite jali razvoja planinskog turizma u Crnoj Gori. imovinskih prava, izvršavanja ugovora, pa u određenim zemljama i do obezbjeđenja uslova za početak i za lak Kada govorimo o energetici, u toku je realizacija dva pro- izlazak iz biznisa. Dakle, mislim da nam na tom planu jekta vrijednih milijardu eura. Dakle, podmorskog kabla strukturnih reformi, unapređenja poslovnog ambijenta, između Crne Gore i Italije vrijednog 800 miliona i rea- sleduje ozbiljan napor i da moramo nastaviti da vodimo lizacija drugog bloka Termoelektrane u Pljevljima, što u ekonomske i socijalne politike koje će odgovarati onome ni u kom slučaju ne može biti ispod 250 do 300 miliona. što su prioriteti država našeg regiona. Pri tome, opet da kažem, ne govorim o realizaciji projekta istraživanja nafte i gasa, gdje je tender u toku, koji se Jednom riječju, moramo odustati od ideje da slijedimo završava krajem februara iduće godine, i gdje smo već državne politike blagostanja, kakve su karakterisale ze- uspjeli da animiramo interesovanje 20 najrenomiranijih mlje Evropske unije u poslednje vrijeme i što je dovelo do kompanija iz te oblasti. I ne govorimo o realizaciji projek- potrebe i u njima samim da prave ozbiljnu reviziju svojih ta gasifikacije, koji će početi kroz realizaciju Trans-Jadran- ekonomskih i socijalnih politika, ali sa jednom ozbiljnom skog gasovoda od Albanije do Hrvatske. razlikom. One su prije svega u dugom periodu, koji je prethodio, mnogo racionalnije iskoristile svoje resurse, Takođe, kada govorimo o infrastrukturi, želim da kažem razvile nivo društvenog bogatstva da bi mogle da dođu u da smo u završnoj fazi ugovaranja početka realizacije au- situaciju da razmišljaju o takvim ekonomskim i socijalnim to-puta, nakon što smo potpisali međudržavne sporazu- politikama. Sve to je bitno različito od onoga što karakte- me, nakon što smo definisali okvirni ugovor, sada smo u riše region u kojem mi živimo. fazi pisanja konkretno komercijalnog ugovora i ugovora o finansiranju projekta koji je težak preko 3 milijarde, koji I zaključujem. Želim da kažem da Crna Gora svoj priori- samo u prvoj fazi koja će početi iduće godine generiše tet u vladinoj i državnoj politici u narednom peridu vidi vrijednost od 800 miliona eura, na dionici Podgorica-Ko- kroz pitanje ekonomskog rasta. Mislim da smo tokom po- lašin. A ponavljam opet, pri tome ne govorim o gradnji slednje godine napravili dosta važne iskorake na obnovi Jadransko-Jonskog autoputa i ne govorim o realizaciji že- makro-ekonomske stabilnosti. Mislim da smo posebno ljezničkog koridora od Beograda do Bara. ozbiljan prodor napravili na planu zavođenja finansijske discipline i naplate javnih prihoda. Mislim takođe, da Dodamo li tome projekte u oblasti proizvodnje hrane, re- smo uspjeli da u značajnoj mjeri očuvamo performanse alizaciju određenih projekata industrijskog razvoja, vje- ekonomskog sistema koje su Crnu Goru, u godinama na- rujem da to ubjedljivo svjedoči da optimizam o kojem sa kon nezavisnosti, činile jednom od najprivlačnijih investi- malo čas govorio nije bez utemeljenja. cionih destinacija za strana ulaganja. Time smo naravno veoma zadovoljni, ali to ne iscrpljuje naše ambicije. Dakle, nije politička propaganda, nego predstavlja jednu realnost koju je u veoma doglednoj budućnosti moguće Makro-ekonomska stabilnost nije naš cilj. Makro-eko- dosegnuti, ukoliko nastavimo da predano radimo na pa- nomska stabilnost je pretpostavka onoga što je naš cilj, metnom i održivom korišćenju resursa kojima raspolaže- a to je dinamičan ekonomski i društveni rast i razvoj. Da mo. li imamo realne resurse za to. Da. Ubijeđen sam da imamo sve pretpostavke da Crna Gora u bliskoj budućnosti, Završna poruka, ovog dužeg izlaganja nego što sam na počev od 2014. godine, bude jedna od najbrže rastućih početku zamislio je zapravo, skup ovaj kakav je današnji, investicionih destinacija u ovom regionu. Šta me upućuje je uvijek odlična prilika da razmijenimo međusobne in- na takav optimizam. Prije svega svijest o neiskorišćenim formacije, da ukažemo na prednosti saradnje i zajedničke resursima u oblasti izgradnje infrastrukture, u oblasti valorizacije resursa. energetike, turizma i proizvodnje hrane. ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 21 capable of responding to what the development chal- tinations for foreign investments. Naturally, we are very lenges of this stage are. pleased with that, but it is not the end of our ambition.

Furthermore, my opinion is that we must keep on re- Macroeconomic stability is not our goal. Macroeconom- forming the labor market that has retained unbearable ic stability is a precondition for what our goal is, i.e. for dosage of regulation. We must also be - to the fullest dynamic economic and social growth and development. - dedicated to reforming further the health insurance, Do we have reliable resources for the purpose? Yes. I am with the aim of both making the health care standard convinced that we have all settings to make Montenegro more accessible to our citizens and providing – through in near future, i.e. starting as of 2014, one of the fastest more decisive opening that sector to the private one - growing investment destinations in this region. What in- higher levels of competitiveness and quality. So, this that duces me to such an optimism? Primarily the awareness today represents more or less a monopoly of the gov- of the unused resources in the area of infrastructure de- ernment system is ensuring neither sufficient availability velopment, in energy sector, tourism and food produc- nor adequate quality, and it is not eliminating corruption tion. from any of the vital subsystems of society we live in. Equally, I am persuaded by the presence of credible in- Besides, my opinion is that within the region, in general, vestors in Montenegro, contracts already entered into, we have to keep on improving business environment, re- and projects already underway. Therefore, if I say that gardless of our progress in the area. I wish to tell you we in Montenegro today hold contracts already defined, that Montenegro has moved on the World Economic Fo- investors found, and projects worth some EUR 3 million rum ranking lists from the 72nd to 67th place and to the underway only on the Montenegrin seashore, i.e. the 47th place on the World Bank list, i.e. by 7 positions as projects expected to generate some 10.000 new jobs, compared with the last year. Nevertheless, that should I am not talking about something that is going to take not mislead us, either in Montenegro or in other regional place in three or five years but I am talking about what countries. has already commenced in 2013 or will commence in 2014. It is clear that that is a reliable stronghold for the It is obvious that we still face serious challenges in some optimism I emitted a short before. At the same time, I segments of business environment, i.e. starting form am not still talking about the valorization of the most issuing building permits and coming to the registration abundant development resource on the seashore – such and protection of property rights, contracts performance as Ulcinj is - and I am not concurrently talking about the and, in certain countries, to ensuring conditions for busi- valorization of what mountain potentials are or poten- ness starting up and easy dissolution thereof. Now, my tials to serve mountain tourism development in Monte- opinion is that serious efforts are needed in the given negro. area of structural reforms and business environment improvement, and we must keep on pursuing economic When it comes to energy, to refer to two projects un- and social policies that will match with what the priori- derway and worth one billion Euros – namely, EUR 800 ties of our regional countries are. million worth submarine cable installation between Montenegro, and Italy and the construction of the sec- In a word, we must abandon the idea of pursuing govern- ond block at the Thermal Power Plant in Pljevlja, which ment’s welfare policies that characterized the European in no way can be less than EUR 250 or EUR 300 million. Union countries over the past period, which in turn has Again, I am not talking about oil and gas explorations for given rise inside them to serious reviews of their respec- which bidding process is underway - with the late Febru- tive economic and social policies - whereas with one sub- ary of the next year as the deadline for submission of stantial difference. Over a longer preceding period, they bids - to which we have already attracted the attention used to take advantage of their respective resources ra- of 20 most credible companies with competences for the tionally for the most part and they advanced the social purpose. Moreover, I am not talking about gasification prosperity, and they have made it possible for them to project that will commence through the implementation be in a situation to reconsider such economic and social of Trans Adriatic Gas Pipeline installation from Albania policies. All that is different substantially from what the to Croatia. characteristic of the region in which we live is. Besides, when we are talking about infrastructure, I wish Now, my conclusion. I want to tell that Montenegro to say that we have reached the final stage of contracting finds their priority in the Government and public policies the commencement of motorway construction. After en- designed for the upcoming period through economic tering into Intergovernmental Agreements and after de- growth task. My opinion is that , over several years so far, fining the Framework Contract, we are now in the stage we have made considerable steps forward in resuming of developing the Commercial Contract and the Project macroeconomic stability. My opinion is that particularly Funding Contract, with the Project value exceeding EUR serious advancement we have made in bringing finan- 3 billion and the Project itself to commence in the next cial discipline and in the collection of public revenues. year and to generate, only in its first stage and for the My opinion is also that we have managed to maintain stretch between Podgorica and Kolasin, the value of EUR to a large extent economic system performances that, 800 million. I am reiterating that I am not at the same over the years after regaining the independence, made time talking about the construction of the Ariatic-Ionian Montenegro one of the most attractive investment des- Motorway and I am not talking about the realization of 22 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

Gospodin Mijušković je govorio o performansama trži- prilika da razmijenimo informacije, da dogovorimo mo- šta Zapadnog Balkana. Bez obzira što priča od 20 milio- gući obim saradnje i da na taj način pojačamo šanse za na konzumenata na Zapadnom Balkanu djeluje dovoljno intenzivniji ekonomski rast, ekonomski i društveni razvoj impresivno, moramo znati takođe da to nije nešto što je regiona u kojem živimo, time i za dogledniju evropsku najimpresivnija ponuda za najrenomiranije svjetske inve- perspektivu razvoja koja treba da obezbijedi viši kvalitet stitore, a posebno nije dovoljno inspirativna ukoliko na- života ljudi, čije interese kao donosioci odluka zastupa- stupamo sa svojim ponudama odvojeni jedni od drugih, mo. zatvoreni jedni za druge. Zahvaljujem na pažnji! Zato mislim da su konferencije poput današnje izuzetna ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 23 the railway corridor from Belgrade to Bar. market performances. Regardless of the fact the story about 20 million consumers within the Western Balkans If we add to food production projects and the implemen- sounds impressive enough, we must be aware also of tation of certain industry development projects, Iam the fact that is not what represents the most impressive quite sure that that is what convincingly witnesses that offer to most credible world investors and, particularly, the optimism I emitted a while ago is not groundless. that is not what is inspiring enough if we appear with our respective offers and closed for each other. Therefore, that is not a political propaganda but a reality that is attainable in the very near future if we keep Therefore, my opinion is the conferences similar to this on working devotedly with smart and sustainable use of today’s one are excellent opportunities for information resources that are available to us. exchange, for agreeing on possible scopes of cooperation and for strengthening thereby chances to have an The final message of this speech - which has been longer intensified economic growth and economic and social than I originally intended - is actually : a gathering like development in the region in which we live, and for soon this today’s one is always an excellent opportunity to ex- European development prospective that is expected to change pieces of information, to point out to the advan- ensure higher standard of living of people the interests tages of cooperation and joint valorization of resources. of whom we decision makers represent.

Mr. Mijskovic discussed today on the Western Balkans Thank you for your attention! 24 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

PROGRAM KONFERENCIJE

EU KAO ODREDIŠTE ZEMALJA BALKANA

Panel I: Pogled na EU iznutra Janez Prašnikar Anja Quiring Otto Oberparleiter Ljubo Jurčić

Panel II: Pogled na EU sa Balkana Gordana Đurović Aleksandar Vlahović Svetlana Cenić Predrag Ivanović

Panel III: Mladi kao budućnost zemalja Balkana Saša Popović Mirjana Radović Marković Guoda Lommanaite Mladen Grgić Martin Ćalasan Ivan Vukčević

Specijalni gost Stjepan Mesić

EKONOMIJA ZEMALJA REGIONA

Panel IV: Kako osnažiti postojeće veze zemalja Balkana - Dalje integracije balkanskih zemalja (G6) Igor Lukšić - Konkurentske sposobnosti i međunarodna trgovina Stanko Zloković - Poreski sistem i uticaj na ekonomije Regiona Milan Lakićević Ivan Simič - Stabilnost bankarskog i finansijskog sistema Radoje Žugić

Panel V: Kako staviti u funkciju prirodne resurse - Pregled prirodnih resursa Balkana i njihovo korišćenje Goran Barović Aleksandar Joksimović - Kvalitet investicionog i poslovnog ambijenta Michael Malvebo - Efikasnost i racionalnost državne administracije James Wilson Vladimir Čvorović ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 25

CONFERENCE PROGRAMME

THE EU AS A DESTINATION OF THE BALKAN COUNTRIES

Panel I: An inside view of the EU Janez Prašnikar Anja Quiring Otto Oberparleiter Ljubo Jurčić

Panel II: A view at the EU from the Balkans Gordana Đurović Aleksandar Vlahović Svetlana Cenić Predrag Ivanović

Panel III: The young as the future of the Balkan countries Saša Popović Mirjana Radović Marković Guoda Lommanaite Mladen Grgić Martin Ćalasan Ivan Vukčević

Special guest Stjepan Mesić

REGIONAL ECONOMY

Panel IV: How to strengthen the existing ties of the Balkan countries - Further integration of the Balkan countries (G6) Igor Lukšić - Competitive capacities and international trade Stanko Zloković - Tax system and influence on the economy Milan Lakićević Ivan Simič - Stability of the banking and financial system Radoje Žugić

Panel V: How to put into function natural resources - Review of the Balkans natural resources and their exploitation Goran Barović Aleksandar Joksimović - The quality of the investment and business ambient Michael Malvebo - The efficiency of the state administration James Wilson Vladimir Čvorović 26 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

When with an aura of a great idea and the attractiveness of Kada sa aurom velike ideje i privlačnošću otmene dame, Evrop- a classy lady, the European Union, is left alone with itself, it ska unija, ostane sama sa sobom, stane pred ogledalo licem u stands before the mirror face to face and takes a look of itself, lice i pogleda se; da li je zadovoljna svojim odrazom u njemu? whether it is satisfied with its reflection? Whether it sees itself Da li sebe vidi kao super državu ili joj realnost sui generis cjeline as a super state or the reality of a sui generis entity, torn apart rastrzane pojedinačnim interesima članica, zamagljuje sliku i by the individual interests of its members, blurs its image and zahtijeva, veoma često, više šminke nego što je to uobičajeno requires very often, more makeup than it is usually needed? potrebno? Whether it provided people with the space of freedom, secu- Da li je stvorila ljudima prostor slobode, sigurnosti i pravde bez rity and justice without internal borders? Whether it ensured unutrašnjih granica? Da li je omogućila održivi razvoj Evrope the sustainable development of Europe based on the balanced utemeljen na uravnoteženom ekonomskom rastu i stabilnosti economic growth and price stability, highly competitive social cijena, visoko konkurentnoj društvenoj tržišnoj ekonomiji, market economy, aiming at the highest employment rates s ciljem najviše stope zaposlenosti i društvenog napretka, and social progress, with a high level of environmental pro- s visokim nivoom zaštite životne sredine? Koliko je uspjela u tection? How much did it manage to combat social exclusion borbi protiv socijalne isključenosti i diskriminacije te proklam- and discrimination and proclaim social justice and protection? ovanju društvene pravde i zaštite? Da li je stvorila ekonomsku, Whether it created economic, social and territorial cohesion, društvenu i teritorijalnu koheziju, i solidarnost među državama and solidarity among Member States? Will it remain faithful članicama? Da li će ostati vjerna ekonomskoj i monetarnoj to the economic and monetary union with the EURO as its cur- uniji s eurom kao svojom valutom? Da li, proklamujući svoje rency? By proclaiming its values worldwide, does it manage to vrijednosti širom svijeta, uspijeva pridonositi svjetskom miru, contribute to the world peace, security, sustainable develop- bezbjednosti, održivom razvoju planete Zemlje, solidarnosti i ment of the Earth, solidarity and respect among peoples, free poštovanju među narodima, slobodnoj i pravednoj trgovini i is- and fair trade and the eradication of poverty? How much does korjenjivanju siromaštva? Koliko doprinosi zaštiti ljudskih pra- it contribute to the protection of human rights, especially the va, posebno prava djece, kao i strogom sprovođenju i razvoju rights of children, as well as the strict implementation and de- međunarodnog prava, uključujući poštovanje principa Povelje velopment of international law, including respect for the prin- Ujedinjenih nacija? ciples of the Charter of the United Nations? Suština bi čini se trebala biti u tome da Evropska unija postane It seems that the essence should be for the European Union to dom različitih naroda i kultura kojima su razumijevanje, toler- become home to various peoples and cultures who share un- ancija i poštovanje zajedničke vrijednosti. derstanding, tolerance and respect as common values. EU KAO ODREDIŠTE ZEMALJA BALKANA THE EU AS THE DESTINATION OF THE BALKAN COUNTRIES Panel I Pogled na EU iznutra An inside view of the EU

Janez Prašnikar Anja Quiring Profesor Ekonomskog fakulteta Univerziteta u Ljubljani Regionalni direktor za Jugoistočnu Evropu Udruženja Professor at the Faculty of Economics njemačke privrede za saradnju sa zemljama JIE at the University of Ljubljana Regional Director South East Europe of Committee on Eastern European Economic Relations, Germany

Ljubo Jurčić Otto Oberparleiter Profesor Ekonomskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu Direktor regionalnog klastera Siemens Austrija Professor at the Faculty of Economics Head Of Regional Cluster Management Siemens Austria at the University of Zagreb 28 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

Prof.dr.sc. Ljubo Jurčić Profesor Ekonomskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu

RAZDVAJANJE ILI JAČANJE EUROPSKE UNIJE

REZIME bi se događao pet puta tjedno, svaki tjedan od 1938. do 1945. godine. Još gore, drugi svjetski rat dogodio se Europska unija predstavlja najznačajniju europsku inte- samo dvije decenije nakon prvog svjetskog rata u kojima graciju današnjice. Hrvatska je postala njezina punoprav- su kao protivnici glavne uloge igrali Njemačka i Francu- na članica ove godine. Za procjenu efekata članstva po- ska. Ta stradanja stvorila su uvjete za radikalnu promjenu trebno je poznavati ciljeve, procese i prepreke koje prati mišljenja prema suživotu u Europi i upravljanju njome. integriranje Europe. Od pojave prve ideje o ujedinjenju Osnovno pitanje krajem 1940-tih je bilo, kako Europa Europe, pa do prvih koraka u realizaciji prošlo je mnogo može izbjeći slijedeći rat? vremena. Ideja o ujedinjenju u svojim različitim oblicima javlja se po prvi puta u XVII. stoljeću, a po mnogim, čak i Jedno od rješenja je bilo čvršće povezivanje europskih na- mnogo ranije. Ipak, proces integriranja Europe kao do tad roda, s nadnacionalnim tijelima upravljanja, u okviru Uje- nepoznat oblik suradnje europskih država, započinje tek dinjenih država Europe (United States of Europe), kako je nakon II. svjetskog rata. Iako proces traje već više od pola to nazvao Churchill. Stvaranjem socijalističkog bloka na stoljeća, još je za mnoge europske zemlje težak. Rođena čelu sa Sovjetskim savezom i početak hladnog rata ubrza- iz Europske zajednice za ugljen i čelik koja je okupljala li su integraciju Europe. Konfrontacija Saveznici nasuprot svega 6 zemalja članica, Europska unija prošla je burnu Sila osovine, zamijenjena je konfrontacijom Istok- Zapad. evoluciju, i izrasla u zajednicu 28 europskih zemalja. Prva Stari prijatelji postali su neprijatelji, a stari neprijatelji po- supranacionalna zajednica pod političkim i gospodarskim stali su prijatelji. utjecajima postupno se razvijala, i paralelno sa svojim razvojem širila. Projekt ujedinjenja europskih zemalja u Eu- U svibnju 1948. godine u Den Haagu pobornici ideje o europsku uniju je najveći ljudski projekt u povijesti. ropskom ujedinjavanju organizirali su nevladin Europski Po mnogima, neizostavan smjer u kojemu bi se EU trebala kongres na kojem je 700 delegata iz 16 država raspravlja- kretati, nakon svog najvećeg postignuća, monetarne unije lo o: europskoj zajednici kao supranacionalnoj tvorevini, je stvaranje fiskalne unije. Fiskalna unija ujedno se sma- njenim institucijama, ljudskim pravima i međunarodnom tra najaktualnijim rješenjem za krizom izmorenu i trenu- sudu za ljudska prava, zajedničkom tržištu i monetarnoj tno poljuljanu Europsku uniju. Fiskalna unija znači i manji uniji. Na tom kongresu po prvi puta otvorena su vrata ide- nacionalni suverenitet a veća uloga EU administracije. Za ji europskih integracija kao realističnom pravcu moguće sada ne postoje znakovi spremnosti kod država članica za buduće zajedničke politike. Kako je to bio nevladin kon- takav potez. gres, predstavljao je za zemlje samo apel i nije nosio nika- Ključne riječi: Europska unija, monetarna unija, fiskalna kve obvezujuće zaključke. Godinu dana kasnije, u svibnju unija. 1949. godine, mogu se prepoznati prvi rezultati kongresa. Osnovana je prva poslijeratna međunarodna vladina or- 1. UVOD ganizacija - “Vijeće Europe”. Vijeće je osnovano sa zadat- kom da promovira ljudska prava i zajedništvo europskih Nakon dva velika rata u prošlom stoljeću bilo je jasno da zemalja. Postojala je tendencija da Vijeće Europe bude or- nešto nije u redu s upravljanjem Europom. Deseci mili- ganizirano kao prva supranacionalna institucija, no to ipak juna poginulih i ranjenih. Stotinu milijuna preživjelih i nije ostvareno. Vijeće Europe ostaje međudržavna orga- gladnih bez kuće i zaposlenja. Danas je to teško zamisliti nizacija koja nema supranacionalnih elemenata. Upravo generacijama koje žive u miru i u zemljama s pristojnim zbog te karakteristike Vijeće nikad nije odigralo značajniju standardom. ulogu u procesu europskog integriranja. To razdoblje obi- lježilo je i osnivanje prvog stalnog međunarodnog suda, Možda bi se za najbližu usporedbu s toliko brojnim žr- Europskog suda za ljudska prava. tvama i razaranjem mogao iskoristiti uragan Katarina. Drugi svjetski rat prema veličini razaranja i ljudskim žr- Razočaran ograničenim dometom Vijeća Europe, Jean tvama mogao bi se izjednačiti s uraganom Katarina koji Monnet razradio je početkom 50-ih godina ideju o osni- ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 29

Professor at the Faculty of Economics at the Professor Ljubo Jurčić, PhD University of Zagreb

BREAKUP OR STRENGTHENING OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

RESUME Nowadays, this is something that generations living in peace and in countries with decent standard of living can Nowadays, the European Union represents the strongest find hard to imagine. form of European integration. Croatia has become its full Perhaps the closest comparison to the number of victims member this year. In order to assess the effects of the EU and level of devastation in recent history would be the membership, it is necessary to know the goals, processes Hurricane Katrina. When taking into account the level and obstacles that accompany Europe’s integration. A lot of destruction and the number of human casualties, the of time passed between the occurrence of the first idea World War II could be compared to Hurricane Katrina oc- of Europe uniting and the first steps in realization of that curring five times a week, each week, from 1938 to 1945. idea. The idea of integration, in its various forms, appea- To make the matters worse, the World War II broke out red for the first time in 17th century, although there are just two decades after the World War I, in which main many who believe that it actually had emerged even ear- adversaries were Germany and France. All the suffering lier than that. Nevertheless, the actual process of Europe from that era created a fertile ground for a radical change integration as previously unknown form of cooperation in opinion on coexistence in and governance of Europe. between European states started only after the World The principal question in the late 1940s was how Europe War II. Although this process has been lasting for over could avoid another war. half a century already, it is proven as very difficult for One of the solutions was to make stronger relations be- many European countries. Born out of the European Coal tween European nations and supranational governing and Steel Community, gathering only six Member States bodies within the United States of Europe, as Churchill at the time, the European Union has both gone through christened them. The creation of the Eastern Block, head- turbulent evolution and developed into a community of ed by the Soviet Union, and the beginning of the Cold 28 European states. The first supranational community War accelerated the integration of Europe. Confronta- has been gradually developing under political and econo- tion between the Allied Powers and the Axis Powers had mic influences, as well as expanding simultaneously. The gone and was replaced with the confrontation between project of unification of European states into the Europe- the East and the West. Old friends became enemies and an Union is the largest project in the history of mankind. old enemies became friends. According to the many, after reaching the most impor- In The Hague, in May 1948, the advocates of the united tant goal, i.e. the Monetary Union, unavoidable direction Europe idea organized the non-governmental European to which the EU should head in the future is the creation Congress in which 700 delegates from 16 states dis- of a fiscal union. The Fiscal Union is at the same time con- cussed the ideas of European community as a suprana- sidered the most actual arrangement available to the by tional entity, and of the institutions, human rights and the crisis exhausted and currently undermined European international court of human rights, common market and Union. Fiscal union also means less national sovereignty monetary union for the purpose. It was during this Con- and more extensive role of EU administration. As of now, gress that the door was opened for the first time to the there are no signs that Member States are prepared to idea of European integrations as a realistic direction of make such a move. possible future common policy. Since this was a non-gov- Key words: European Union, Monetary Union, Fiscal ernmental congress, it presented only an appeal to the Union. countries of Europe and as such did not entail any binding conclusions. A year later, in May 1949, the first results 1. INTRODUCTION of that congress were visible. The first post-war international governmental organization was founded, namely After two great wars during the past century, it was clear the Council of Europe. The Council was founded with the that something was wrong in the governance of Europe. goal of promoting human rights and unity of European Tens of millions of people were killed and injured. Hun- countries. There had been a tendency to set up the Coun- dreds of millions survived, but jobless and homeless. cil as the first supranational institution, but that was not 30 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

vanju tri supranacionalne institucije za tri različita sekto- temelji se na odredbama Ugovora o funkcioniranju Europ- ra: ekonomski, vojni i politički, kao osnovu za utemeljenje ske unije, Glave I - Sloboda kretanja robe (čl. 23-27) i Glave Sjedinjenih Država Europe. Zbog političkih okolnosti zaživ- X - Suradnja u području carina (čl. 135). Čl. 23 utvrđeno je jela je samo prva, ekonomska – Europska zajednica za da će carinska unija obuhvaćati ukupnu trgovinu robom, ugljen i čelik (EZUČ). Nastala je 1951. godine Ugovorom iz što prvenstveno uključuje zabranu carina i pristojbi s is- Pariza. Bila je to prva supranacionalna institucija, osnova- tovrsnim učinkom na uvoz i izvoz robe među državama na između šest država: Francuske, Njemačke, Italije, Belgi- članicama Unije, kao i primjenu zajedničke carinske tarife je, Nizozemske i Luksemburga. Zadatak joj je bio osigurati na njihove trgovinske odnose s trećim državama. Pojam slobodnu trgovinu ugljena i čelika, zajedničkom upravom i carinska unija podrazumijeva prostor na kojem ne posto- propisima zaštititi proizvodnju, te regulirati konkurenciju, je unutarnje prepreke kretanju robe, a na robu koja ulazi a u slučajevima ozbiljne krize omogućiti kontrolu cijena i izvana primjenjuju se zajednička pravila, carine i kvote. proizvodnje. Mnogi autori navode kako je EZUČ bila ve- Valja istaknuti da je, sukladno odredbama GATT-a i WTO- lik korak u zbližavanju Njemačke i Francuske. To je bio po -a, ta vrsta regionalnog trgovinskog sporazuma izuzeta mnogima početak dublje suradnje dugogodišnjih ratnih od primjene načela “najpovlaštenije nacije” na nečlanice neprijatelja bez koje daljnji napredak u integriranju Euro- carinske unije. Odredbe carinske unije osiguravaju zaštitu pe nikako ne bi bio moguć. okoliša te zdravlja i sigurnosti građana, a preduvjet tome je kontrola i otkrivanje zaraženih prehrambenih proizvoda Pristupanje (Zapadne) Njemačke NATO-u 1955. godine i njihovo vraćanje u matične zemlje. Propisana je i zaštita koje je Sovjetski savez shvatio kao dodatnu prijetnju, ubr- ugroženih vrsta biljaka i životinja, kulturnih dobara otkri- zalo je integriranje Njemačke, Francuske, Italije i zemalja vanjem kretanja ukradenih umjetnina, ali kontrola uklju- Beneluxa. Teško bi se zemlje koje su bile žrtve nacističke čuje i ograničavanje uvoza tehnologija koje bi se mogle agresije integrirale s Njemačkom da nije bilo Sovjetske koristiti u svrhu stvaranja nuklearnog ili kemijskog oružja. prijetnje i američke garancije o nadzoru nad Njemačkom. Također, teško bi se prihvatilo da Njemačka industrijski, Nakon Rimskog ugovora vladao je entuzijazam da će se vojno i politički ojača bez njenog integriranja u nadnaci- zajedničko tržište formirati za 10-15 godina, tj. do početka onalnu europsku integraciju, čiji je konačni cilj političko 80-ih. Zbog euroskleroze u 70-ima ubrzo se uvidjelo da integriranje. će taj proces trajati mnogo duže. Protekcionistička iin- tervencionistička gospodarska politika koju su europske 2. EUROPSKA EKONOMSKA ZAJEDNICA države vodile nakon rata uvelike je doprinijela odgodi razvoja zajedničkog tržišta. Takva politika suprotna je ideji Godine 1955. u Messini je održana povijesna konferencija. o stvaranju zajedničkog tržišta koja podrazumijeva ukida- Na toj su konferenciji sudjelovali ministri vanjskih poslova nje svih zapreka slobodnom kretanju roba, usluga, ljudi šest zemalja članica Europske zajednice za ugljen i čelik i, i kapitala. Proces postupnog i mukotrpnog otklanjanja među ostalim, raspravljali su i o stvaranju Europske eko- zapreka trajao je gotovo trideset i pet godina. Do važnog nomske unije koja bi se mogla ostvariti kreiranjem jedin- preokreta dolazi 1985. godine. kada je objavljeno izvje- stvenog tržišta i uvođenjem četiriju sloboda. Pregovori su šće “Program mjera za ostvarenje zajedničkog tržišta”, trajali do veljače 1957., a 25. ožujka iste godine u Rimu su poznatije pod nazivom “Bijela knjiga”. Iznosi se detaljan i potpisana dva ugovora: Ugovor Europske ekonomske za- sveobuhvatan pregled nacionalnih zapreka stvaranju zajednice i Europske zajednice za atomsku energiju, poznati- jedničkog tržišta, grupiranih u tri skupine: fizičke, tehničke ji pod nazivom Rimski ugovori. Cilj njihova osnivanja bio je i fiskalne. U Milanu je iste godine sazvana međuvladina stvaranje jedinstvenog tržišta i približavanje ekonomskih konferencija gdje je zaključeno da treba žurno prilagodi- politika država članica kako bi se postigao jedinstveni ra- ti institucionalni i pravni okvir EZ kako bi se predložene zvoj ekonomija, kontinuirani ekonomski razvoj i povećao mjere što lakše i uspješnije provele. To je i učinjeno 1986. standard života stanovnicima država članica. Zajednicama kada je donesen Jedinstveni europski zakon. Ovaj ugovor pristupa šest država članica Europske zajednice za ugljen i država članica EZ donosi niz novina i predstavlja prvu veću čelik. Stvaranjem Europske ekonomske zajednice težilo se reviziju Rimskih ugovora. Njime se uvodi pojam unutar- ostvarivanju dvaju bitnih ciljeva u integraciji Europe: krei- njeg tržišta, uz znan nam pojam zajedničkog tržišta, kako ranju carinske unije i zajedničkog tržišta. Prema čl. 2. Ugo- bi se psihološki motiviralo na otklanjanje prepreka i težnje vora, zadatak EEZ-a je bio “... da osnivanjem zajedničkog zajedničkom tržištu. Ovaj dokument od iznimne je važno- tržišta i postupnim usklađivanjem ekonomskih politika sti jer predstavlja prvo postavljanje temelja za kasniju država članica unutar čitave Zajednice unaprijedi ravno- uspostavu Europske ekonomsko – monetarne unije. Iako mjeran razvoj gospodarskih djelatnosti, stalan i uravnote- se uzima da je zajedničko tržište uspostavljeno do 1992. žen prirodni razvoj, veću stabilnost, brži porast životnog godine, ipak su i nakon toga ostale poteškoće u njegovom standarda i bliskije odnose među državama Zajednice.” punom i nesmetanom radu. Prvi veliki zahtjev koji je bio postavljen pred EEZ, a kojem je Zajednica uspješno udovoljila, bio je stvaranje carinske Nakon 1970ih i faze euroskepticizma i državnih inter- unije među državama članicama. Danas se carinska unija vencija, postalo je jasno da je nužna hitna akcija koja će ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 31 accomplished. The Council of Europe has remained an in- the integration of Europe, namely setting up a customs tergovernmental organization that has no supranational union and a common market respectively. According to element. Precisely because of that characteristic, the Article 2 of the Treaty, EEC’s goal was “…by establishing Council never played any significant role in the process of a Common Market and progressively approximating the European integrations. That era was also marked by the economic policies of Member States, to promote throug- founding of the first permanent international court, the hout the Community a harmonious development of eco- European Court of Human Rights. nomic activities, a continuous and balanced expansion, Disappointed at the limited reach of the Council of Eu- an increased stability, an accelerated raising of the stan- rope, Jean Monnet worked out, in the early 1950s, the dard of living and closer relations between its Member idea of founding three supranational institutions for States” three different sectors, i.e. economic, military and political, as the foundation for setting up the United States of The first major requirement that had been posed to the Europe. Due to political circumstances, only the first one, EEC, and the Community fulfiled it, successfully, had i.e. economic, came to life as the European Coal and Steel been to establish a customs union for its Member States. Community (ECSC). It was formally established, in 1951, Today, the Customs Union is based on the provisions of by the Treaty of Paris. It was the first supranational insti- Title I - Free Movement of Goods (Articles 23-27) and Ti- tution founded by six states, i.e. Belgium, France, West tle X - Customs Cooperation (Article 135) of the Treaty on Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. Its task the Functioning of the European Union, Article 23 states was to ensure free trade of coal and steel; protect pro- that the Union shall comprise a customs union which duction through joint governance and regulations; regu- shall cover all trade in goods and which shall involve the late competition; and, in case of a serious crisis, to ensure prohibition between Member States of customs duties price and production controls. Many authors state that on imports and exports and of all charges having equiva- the establishment of ECSC was a major step in bringing lent effect, and the adoption of a common customs tariff Germany and France closer together. Many believe that in their relations with third countries. The notion of cus- this was a start of deeper cooperation between long-time toms union refers to an area where there are no inter- war adversaries and that any further progress in the inte- nal barriers to the movement of goods, while the goods gration of Europe would be made impossible without it. coming from outside the EU are subject to joint rules, Accession of (West) Germany to NATO in 1955, which custom duties and quotas. It should be highlighted that, was seen by USSR as an additional threat, accelerated in accordance with GATT and WTO’s provisions, such re- the integration of Germany, France, Italy and Benelux gional trade agreements are exempt from the application countries. It would have been highly unlikely to have the of the principle of “most favored nation” to the countries countries, i.e. the victims of Nazi’s aggression integrated that are not members of the Customs Union. Regulations with Germany if there had not been the Soviet threat and of the Customs Union ensure protection of environment, USA’s guarantees for keeping Germany under control. In as well as health and safety of citizens, and a prerequi- addition, it would have been difficult to allow industrial, site for all of that is the control and detection of infected military and political strengthening of Germany if there food products and their return to their countries of ori- had not been Germany’s integration into supranational gin. The protection of endangered species and animals, European integration, with the final goal of political in- the protection of cultural goods through detection of sto- tegration. len works of arts have also been laid down. Furthermore, control also includes limiting the import of technologies 2. EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY that can be used to fabricate nuclear or chemical weap- ons. As historical event, a conference was held in Messina in 1955. The Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the six Europe- After the Treaty of Rome there was considerable enthu- an Coal and Steel Community Member States took part siasm that a common market would be created within 10 in the conference where, among other things, they dis- to 15 years, i.e. by the early 1980s. Due to eurosclerosis cussed possible establishment of the European Economic in the 1970s, it became clear that this process would last Community through the creation of a common market for much longer. Protectionism and interventionism pur- and the introduction of “Four Freedoms”. Negotiations sued by the European states after the war greatly con- lasted until February 1957 and, in March of the same tributed to the delay in the development of the Common year, two treaties were signed in Rome, i.e. the Treaty Market. Such policy was in direct opposition with the Establishing the European Economic Community (TEEC) creation of a common market idea , which implied the and the Treaty Establishing the European Atomic En- abolition of all barriers to the free movement of goods, ergy Community, better known as the Treaty of Rome. services, people and capital. The process of gradual and The goal of their establishment was to create a common painstaking overcoming those obstacles lasted for almost market and the harmonization of the Member States’ thirty-five years. A major turnaround occurred in 1985, in economic policies aimed to achieving a uniform develop- the year of the publication of the report titledCompleting ment of their economies, continuous economic develop- the Internal Market, better known as the White Paper. ment and improved standard of living for the Member It sets forth a detailed and comprehensive overview of States’ citizens. Six Member States of the European Coal national-level obstacles to the creation of such internal and Steel Community joined these two communities. The market, grouped into three categories: physical, techni- establishment of the European Economic Community cal and fiscal. In Milan in the same year, an intergovern- was aimed at accomplishing two major goals relevant to mental conference was convened and it was concluded 32 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

dovesti do zaokreta europskog gospodarstva, koje nije do tada kretali slobodnom igrom ponude i potražnje u pružalo adekvatan odgovor jakoj inozemnoj konkurenciji. zemljama članicama. Prijelazom od intervencije nacional- Trebalo je potaknuti programe jedinstvenog tržišta. Kako nih politika u Zajedničku agrarnu politiku (CAP) osigurana bi gospodarstva postala efikasnija i konkurentnija 1980ih je dugotrajnost toga sustava, poljoprivrednicima su zbog godina napori su se usmjeravali na poticanje zajedničkih različitih proširenja sve šire i šire otvorena tržišta, omo- istraživanja, promoviranje trans-europskih korporativnih gućena je unifikacija prehrambenih troškova i ista razina spajanja, i uklanjanje barijera trans-europskom poduze- života u Uniji. tništvu. Godine 1984. Francuska i Njemačka odlučile su ubrzati smanjenje kontrole na granicama i u lipnju 1985. Ribarstvo je povijesno vrlo dugo prisutno na prostoru ze- priključile su se zemljama Beneluxa potpisivanjem Schen- malja EU i važno je za razvoj i gospodarstvo mnogih malih genskog Sporazuma kojim su uklonjene kontrole na gra- sredina. Temelj za upravljanje ribarstvom u EU postavljen nicama. Taj je sporazum stupio na snagu u siječnju 1990. je Zajedničkom ribarskom politikom (Common Fisheries Policy - CFP). Zajednička ribarska politika izvorno je bila Sporazumom iz Amsterdama 1995. godine i druge zemlje dio Zajedničke poljoprivredne politike (Common Agricul- potpisnice (Italija, grčka, Portugal i Španjolska) uklonile su tural Policy - CAP), a izdvajanju u zasebnu politiku prido- sve kontrole carina i putovnica. Unutar Schengenskog po- nio je ulazak u Uniju zemalja sa znatnim ribarskim flotama dručja time je omogućena slobodna cirkulacija ljudi. i morskim resursima te potreba rješavanja novih speci- fičnih problema, poput očuvanja zaliha ribe i reguliranja Sredinom 80ih Komisija je vjerovala u pro-liberalizacij- međunarodnih odnosa nakon uvođenja gospodarskih po- sko ponašanje i poduzela put k ostvarenju “Jedinstvenog jaseva. europskog zakona” (SEA) iz 1987. Naglašavajući slobodno kretanje kapitala jednako kao i roba i usluga, SEA Tokom 1966.g. Europska Komisija je poduzela prve korake je vodio do usvajanja direktive iz 1988., koja je imala za ka stvaranju ZRP( zajedničke ribarske politike). Ti koraci cilj uspostaviti potpuno liberalizirano financijsko tržište se uglavnom mogu objasniti tadašnjom situacijom-kon- do 1990. godine. Prihvaćanje SEA drži se najznačajnijim kurencijom na međunarodnoj razini koja je uspostavljena i najuspješnijim korakom u procesu europske integracije GATT sporazumima, te nedovoljnoj konkurentnosti flote nakon Rimskih ugovora. To je imalo dalekosežne posljedi- zemalja EZ-a na tadašnjem stupnju razvoja. Nakon prvih ce: stvorilo se jedinstveno, najveće svjetsko tržište i trgo- prijedloga Komisije, Vijeće europske unije je usvojilo dva vinsko središte. Mnoge interne kontrole dokumenata ili dokumenta koja se danas smatraju temeljnima u okviri- carina bile su ili ukinute ili svedene na minimum; banke i ma ZRP: 1) Uredba Vijeća 2141/70 donesena 20. rujna poduzeća dobivale su ovlast da posluju na cijelom podru- 1970.g. koja uspostavlja zajedničku strukturnu politiku za čju Unije; gotovo ništa ne priječi rezidenta EU da živi, radi, ribarsku industriju; 2) Uredba Vijeća 2142/70 donesena otvara bankovni račun ili dobiva svoju mirovinu u bilo ko- 20. rujna 1970.g. koja uspostavlja organizaciju tržišta ri- jem dijelu Zajednice; protekcionizam između tih zemalja barskih proizvoda postao je ilegalan; razbijeni su monopoli… Navedene uredbe su uvele neke poznate principe u ZRP. SEA je konačno formulirala da su ekonomska i monetarna Prije svega to je princip jednakih uvjeta pristupa ribljim unija ciljevi EU, koji promoviraju koheziju članica, što je resursima (eng. Equal access principle); druga važna no- kolokvijalni termin u EU za smanjivanje jaza između boga- vost jest legislativni okvir za Vijeće koje će kasnije usvojiti tih i siromašnih dijelova EU. potrebne konzervacijske mjere za sprečavanje pretjera- nog izlova ribljih stokova; te konačno treća važna odredba 2.1. Zajednička poljoprivredna politika ticala se financijskog mehanizma koji će potpomoći razvoj ribarskog sektora kroz implementaciju uredbi za razvoj Poljoprivredna je politika s transportnom politikom jedi- strukturnih i tržišnih sektora ribarske industrije. na zajednička sektorska politika predviđena još u tekstu Rimskoga sporazuma. Ciljevi su agrarne politike predviđe- 2.2. Zajednička transportna politika ni tim Sporazumom višestruki, a najvažniji je smanjenje uvoza i zadovoljavanje potreba stanovništva. Članak 33 Uspostava zajedničke prometne politike predviđena je još definirao je pet ciljeva u jednom kontekstu, gdje je raci- Rimskim ugovorom, kada je ujedno definiran cilj prome- onalizacija poljoprivrede nakon rata i ovisnost o prehrani tne politike. Kao cilj navodi se nediskriminatorna politika bila posebno izražena. cijena prijevoza putnika i robe s obzirom na podrijetlo ili Sporazum daje široku definiciju poljoprivrednih proizvoda odredište, razvoj i financiranje infrastrukture te formuli- koja sadrži proizvode iz zemlje, uzgoja i ribarstva i proizvo- ranje zajedničke transportne politike. Sloboda pružanja de prve transformacije koji su u direktnom odnosu s tim usluga i promet definirani su člankom 51. Rimskog ugovo- proizvodima. Zbog ekonomske i socijalne specifičnosti ra, koji određuje da je sloboda pružanja usluga u području toga sektora integracija preko tržišta provedena je uvođe- prometa uređena odredbama Sporazuma koje se odnose njem zajedničke politike. Poljoprivredni su se proizvodi na promet. ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 33 there that EC’s institutional and legal framework should establish economic and monetary unions respectively, be swiftly adapted in order to implement the proposed which promoted Member States cohesion , with the no- measures as easily and efficiently as possible. tion of cohesion being a colloquial term in the EU for decreasing any gap between rich and poor regions of the That was done in 1986, when the Single European Act EU. was adopted. This treaty between the EC Member States brought many novelties and was the first major revi- 2.1. The Common Agricultural Policy sion of the Treaty of Rome. It introduced the notion of the single market, besides the already known notion of The Common Agricultural Policy together with the Trans- a common market, in order to provide a psychological port Policy is the only common sectoral policy envisaged motivation for overcoming the obstacles and aspiring to even in the Treaty of Rome. The goals of agricultural pol- a common market. This document is of utmost impor- icy envisaged by the Treaty are multiple, but the most tance, because it represents the first step in setting the important ones are decreasing imports and fulfilling the foundations for the establishment of the European Eco- needs of population. Article 33 defined five goals in one nomic and Monetary Union. Although it is assumed that context, among which rationalization of agriculture after the common market had been established by 1992, even the war and reliance on food were especially relevant. after that year there were still some difficulties in its full and smooth operation. The Treaty provided a broad definition of agricultural products as those comprising the products of the soil, After the 1970s and euroscepticism phase and state of stock-farming and of fisheries and products of first- interventions, it became clear that a swift action was stage processing directly related to these products. Due necessary to lead to the turn-around in the European to economic and social specificities of that sector, the economy, which had not been providing an adequate re- integration of the market was implemented through in- sponse to strong foreign competition. It was necessary troduction a common policy. Up until then, agricultural to encourage programs for the single market. In order products were being sold based solely on the principle of to have a more efficient and competitive economy, dur- supply and demand within the Member States. With the ing the 1980s the efforts were focusing on encouraging transition from interventions of national policies to the common research, promoting trans-European corporate Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), the sustainability of mergers and eliminating the obstacles to trans-European the system was ensured, farmers were given ever-wider entrepreneurship. In 1984, France and Germany decided access to markets due to different enlargements and it to accelerate the process of reducing border controls. In also enabled the unification of food prices and the same June 1985, they joined the Benelux countries by signing level of cost of living throughout the Union. the Schengen Agreement, which resulted in the abolition of border controls. This agreement entered into force in Fishery has historically been present for a long time in the January 1990. EU Member States and it has been very important for development and economy of many smaller environments By signing the Amsterdam Agreement in 1995, other as well. Foundations for fishery management in the EU Signatory Countries (Italy, Greece, Portugal and Spain) were set up by the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). Com- also abolished all customs and passport checks, enabling mon Fisheries Policy was originally linked to the Common thereby the free movement of people within the Schen- Agricultural Policy (CAP), but over time it has become in- gen zone. dependent policy due to the accession to the EU of countries with significant fishing fleets and marine resources, During the mid ‘80s, the Commission believed in pro- as well as the need to solve new specific problems, like liberal behavior and took the road to enforcing the Sin- preserving fish stocks and regulating international rela- gle European Act (SEA) from 1987. By stressing the free tions after the introduction of economic zones. movement of capital as important as the free movement of goods and services, SEA led to the adoption of the During 1966, the European Commission took first steps in directive of 1988 that had the goal to establish a com- establishing CFP (Common Fisheries Policy). These steps pletely liberalized financial market by 1990. Adoption of can mostly be explained by the situation at the time, i.e. SEA is considered to be the most important and the most by international-level competition established by GATT successful step in the process of the European integra- agreements, as well as by the lack of competitiveness tions after the Treaty of Rome. This had far-reaching con- of EC countries’ fishing fleet at their current level of de- sequences, namely it created the world’s largest single velopment. After the first proposals of the Commission, market and trade centre. Many internal documents or the EU Council adopted two documents that are consid- customs controls were either abolished or minimized; ered today as fundamental within the CFP’s framework, banks and enterprises were allowed to do business any- namely 1) Council Regulation No. 2141/70 of 20 Septem- where within the EU; there were almost no obstacles for ber 1970, laying down a common structural policy for the EU residents to live, work, open bank accounts or obtain fishing industry; 2) Council Regulation No. 2142/70 of 20 a pension anywhere within the Union; protectionism be- September 1970, laying down the common organization tween countries became illegal; monopolies were broken of the market in fishery products. up… These Regulations introduced some well-known prin- The SEA finally formulated that the EU’s goals were to ciples into CFP. First of all, the Equal Access Principle to 34 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

Ugovor je naišao na probleme u ratifikaciji. Velika Brita- Sposobnost da se ljudi i roba kreću brzo, učinkovito i jefti- nija i Danska ratificirale su ga uz određene iznimke. Zbog no, bila je neophodna u ostvarivanju dinamičkog i kohe- navedenih okolnosti, Ugovor o Europskoj uniji potpisan je zijskog društva kakvom je težila EEZ. Temeljna načela zaje- 7. veljače 1992. godine, a stupa na snagu tek 1. studenog dničke prometne politike utvrđena su Glavom V, člancima 1993. Tek tada je formalno uspostavljena Europska unija 70-80 Ugovora o EZ. Ciljevi su zajedničke prometne poli- (EU). Iako naziv „unija“ baš ne odražava ostvareni stupanj tike su: 1) utvrditi zajednička pravila koja se primjenjuju jedinstva, bio je to početak procesa stvaranja političke i na međunarodni prijevoz na teritorij ili s teritorija država produbljivanja gospodarske unije u Europi. članica, odnosno na prijevoz preko područja jedne ili više njih; 2) utvrditi uvjete pod kojima prijevoznici koji nema- 3.1. Europska monetarna unija ju sjedište ili prebivalište na području neke države članice mogu unutar te države članice obavljati usluge prijevoza; Najveće postignuće Europske unije u procesu integriranja 3) usvajati mjere za poboljšanje sigurnosti prijevoza, i sve Europe zasigurno je uspostava monetarne unije i kreira- druge odgovarajuće propise. Znatniji napredak postignut nje zajedničke valute – eura. Kao jedan od ciljeva europ- je tek 1985. godine, kada je objavljena Bijela knjiga o do- skog integriranja monetarna unija prvi put se spominje vršetku unutarnjeg tržišta. 1969. godine u Barreovom planu. Konkretnijoj razradi ideje prionuo je Pierre Werner nakon raspada Bretton- Zahvaljujući ukidanju granica te većoj liberalizaciji i -Woodskog sustava i neuspješnih pokušaja država EZ-a usklađivanju propisa, stvaranje jedinstvenog tržišta ozna- da ograniče opasna fluktuiranja svih europskih valuta. Na čilo je prekretnicu u razvoju zajedničke prometne politike. temelju Wernerova izvješća, 1979. godine uspostavljen je Europski monetarni sustav. Sustav se sastojao od ve- 3. EUROPSKA UNIJA zanja valuta članica EZ-a posebno dizajniranim mehaniz- mom posebnih prava vučenja (Exchange Rate Mechanism Još je u preambuli Rimskog ugovora sadržana odredba da - ERM) kako bi se valute članica stabilizirale. Zahvaljujući su tim sporazumom države članice: „...odlučne postaviti ovom sustavu ostvareni su pozitivni stabilizirajući rezultati temelje ujedninjenja naroda Europe...“. U kojoj mjeri su u osamdesetim godinama. Ipak, pokazalo se kako sustav države članice odlučne i spremne na ujedinjenje i danas dugoročno ne može otkloniti valutne i monetarne proble- je upitno. Odlučnost, koju je tada zahtijevao začetak po- me s kojima su se zemlje susretale, pa se stoga pamti litičke unije u Europi, rođena je krajem osamdesetih i po- samo kao prvi korak na putu prema monetarnoj uniji , ko- četkom devedesetih, u razdoblju kada se Europa našla na joj se ozbiljnije pristupa tek početkom devedesetih. velikoj političkoj prekretnici. Na prijelazu iz osamdesetih u devedesete došlo je do sloma komunizma, okončanja Uspostavljanjem jedinstvenog tržišta naglo je poraslo uv- politike hladnog rata i ujedinjenja Njemačke. Europska jerenje da se potencijal jedinstvenog tržišta zemalja čla- zajednica u tom je razdoblju, zahvaljujući donošenju Je- nica može u potpunosti iskoristiti isključivo s uvođenjem dinstvenog europskog akta, bila zaokupljena dovršetkom zajedničke valute, jer bi ona osigurala transparentnost ci- izgradnje jedinstvenog tržišta te daljnjim procesom injena, smanjila transakcijske troškove i eliminirala tečajne tegriranja. Splet političkih događaja zajedno s integracij- rizike među članicama zajedničkog tržišta. Iskorištavanje skim zamahom unutar EZ-a, dovodi do sazrijevanja ideje punog potencijala jedinstvenog tržišta, kao i daljnji poticaj o stvaranju čvršće političke unije. političkoj integraciji može se okarakterizirati kao unutra- šnji (primarni) razlog za kreiranje ekonomske i monetarne Temelj te unije 1988. godine postavlja Delors izvješćem unije. Vanjski razlog (sekundarni) bio je stvaranje velikog za Europsku komisiju o izgradnji Ekonomsko-monetarne valutnog područja i konkurencija američkom dolaru za unije. U izvješću se ističe kako države članice EZ-a moraju položaj „svjetskog“ novca. Motiviran spomenutim uvje- unijeti određene promjene u osnivačkom ugovoru, koje renjima i težnjama Jacques Delors, tadašnji predsjednik su neophodne za izgradnju Ekonomsko-monetarne unije. Europske komisije, sastavlja izvješće u kojemu su predlo- Sve države članice, osim Velike Britanije, usuglasile su in- žene tri faze stvaranja ekonomske i monetarne unije. De- terese, prihvatile ovaj program i složile se kako je neopho- lorsovo izvješće objavljeno je u travnju, a usvojeno u li- dno sazivanje međuvladine konferencije na tu temu. pnju 1989. godine. U prvoj fazi cilj je bio dovršiti izgradnju unutarnjeg tržišta, liberalizirati kapitalne tokove, ukloniti U prosincu 1990. godine održane su dvije paralelne među- sve prepreke financijskoj integraciji i intenzivirati mone- vladine konferencije, jedna na temu monetarne, a druga tarnu suradnju. U drugoj se fazi predviđala izgradnja or- političke unije. Između zemalja sudionica konferencije ganizacijske strukture EMU-a, te produbljenje ekonomske postojale su mnogobrojne i duboke razlike u pogledu na konvergencije među članicama. I u posljednjoj trećoj fazi određena rješenja predloženog dogovora. Ova činjenica predviđalo se fiksiranje tečajeva valuta, uvođenje jedin- jasno je potkrijepljena u postupku ratifikacije. Pregovori stvene zajedničke valute i dodjela pune monetarne i eko- između članica trajali su do prosinca 1991. godine kada nomske odgovornosti raznim institucijama i tijelima EU. je konačno donesen Ugovor o osnutku Europske unije. ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 35 fishery resources. The other important novelty was the connected political events, together with the integration legislative framework as the basis for the Council to adopt enthusiasm within the EC, led to the maturing of the idea later the required conservation measures for preventing of creating a stronger political union. overfishing. Finally, the third important regulation dealt Delors set foundations of that union in 1988, in hisReport with financial mechanisms that would aid the develop- presented to European Commission on Economic and ment of fishery sector through the implementation of Monetary Union. The Report stated that the EC Member regulations for the development of structural and market States should approach to a Treaty change that was re- sectors of fishery industry. quired for the realization of the Economic and Monetary Union. All Member States, except Great Britain, agreed 2.2. Common Transport Policy upon their respective interests, adopted this program and consented that it was necessary to convene an inter- Establishment of a common transport policy was envis- governmental conference on the subject. aged already by the Treaty of Rome, which defined also the goal of such transport policy. It was stated that the In December 1990, two simultaneous intergovernmental goal was to establish a non-discriminatory pricing policy conferences were held, one on the subject of the Mon- for transport of passengers and goods in respect to their etary Union and the other on the subject of a political place of origin or destination, to develop and fund infra- union. There were numerous and extensive differences structure and to formulate the common transport policy. among the countries participating at the conference, The freedom to provide services and transport was de- concerning certain solutions provided in the proposed fined in Article 51 of the Treaty of Rome, which stated treaty. This fact was clearly visible during the ratifica- that the freedom to provide services in the field of trans- tion procedure. Negotiations between Member States port should be governed by the provisions of the Agree- lasted until December 1991, when the Treaty on Euro- ments relating to transport. pean Union was finally drafted. The Treaty faced some The opportunity for people and goods to move swiftly, obstacles during ratification. Great Britain and Denmark efficiently and affordably was required for achieving a ratified it, with certain exceptions. Due to these circum- dynamic and cohesive society that the EEC was striving stances, the Treaty on European Union was signed on for. The fundamental principles of common transport 7 February 1992, with its entering into force no earlier policy were stated in Chapter V, Articles 70-78 of the EC than on 1 November 1993. Only upon its entering into Agreement. Goals of the common transport policy are: force, the European Union (EU) was formally established. 1) determine common rules applicable to international Although the term “union” did not reflect the actually transport to the territory or from the territory of a Mem- achieved level of integration, it was still a beginning of ber State or passing accross the territory of one or more the process of establishing political and deepening of Member States; 2) determine the conditions under which economic union in Europe. non-based and non-resident carriers may operate transport services within a Member State; 3) adopt measures 3.1. European Monetary Union to improve transport safety, and all other appropriate provisions. Significant progress was not achieved until Most certainly, the European Union’s greatest achieve- 1985, when the White Paper on Completing the Internal ment in the process of Europe integration was the estab- Market was published. lishment of monetary union and the creation of a Europe- an single currency, namely the Euro currency. Monetary Thanks to the abolition of borders, as well as further lib- union was mentioned as one of the goals of European eralization, and the harmonization of regulations, estab- integrations for the first time in Barre’s Plan, in 1969. The lishment of the common market marked a milestone in concrete development of that idea was handled by Pierre the common transport policy development. Werner, after the Bretton-Woods system had fallen apart and after unsuccessful attempts of the EC Member States 3. EUROPEAN UNION to limit dangerous fluctuations in all the European currencies. European monetary system was established in 1979, Even in the Preamble to the Treaty of Rome there was a based on Werner’s report. The system was based on link- provision which stated that, based on the Treaty, Mem- ing the EC Member States’ currencies through a specially ber States are “(…)to lay the foundations of an ever- designed Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM), in order to closer union among the peoples of Europe (…)”. To what stabilize the Member States’ currencies. Thanks to this extent are Member States determined and prepared for system, positive stabilization results were achieved dur- the union is questionable even today. The determination ing the 80s. Nevertheless, it was proven that, in the long required, at the time, by the initiation of political union in run, such a system cannot overcome currency and mon- Europe, was born in the late 80s and the early 90s, at the etary issues that Member States were facing at the time. time when Europe found itself at a major turning point. Therefore, this mechanism is remembered only as the At the turn of the eighties to the nineties, there was the initial step on the road towards monetary union, an issue collapse of communism, the end of the politics of the that was tackled more seriously only when 1990s started. Cold War and the reunification of Germany. Thanks to the adoption of The Single European Act, the European By establishing the Single Market, there was a sudden Community was preoccupied during that period with stronger belief that the potential of the Single Market for completing the establishment of the single market and Member States could be fully taken advantage of only furthering the integration processes. A series of inter- by introducing a common currency since it would ensure 36 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

Provedba Delorsova plana započinje u srpnju 1990. go- jedničkih funkcija i politika EU. dine potpunom liberalizacijom kapitalnih tokova među zemljama članicama i jačanjem koordinacije ekonom- Harmonizaciju poreznih sustava promatramo kao drugi skih politika. 1. siječnja 1994. godine osnivanjem Eu- segment fiskalnog sustava EU. Nametanje poreza isklju- ropskog monetarnog instituta obilježen je početak druge čivo je zadaća vlada zemalja članica EU, a porezni propisi faze. Treća ujedno i posljednja faza započela je 1. siječnja pripadaju poreznom sustavu određene zemlje članice. 1999. godine. Na taj dan su fiksirani tečajevi nacionalnih Ipak, u nastojanju da ojača zajedničko unutarnje tržište, valuta. Ujedno je uveden euro kao knjižni novac. Zajedno EU je raznim smjernicama i drugim pravnim propisima s uvođenjem eura, Europska središnja banka preuzela utjecala na formiranje poreznih sustava zemalja članica je vođenje monetarne politike europodručja. 1. ožujka EU i na taj način fiskalnu harmonizaciju iskoristila kao al- 2002. godine euro je postao jedino službeno sredstvo ternativni pristup fiskalnom federalizmu. plaćanja u zemljama europodručja, i time je okončana realizacija Delorsovog plana. Treći segment fiskalnog sustava EU ogleda se u koordina- ciji stabilizacijskih i proračunskih politika zemalja članica Ekonomska i monetarna unija iznimno je kompleksan i na- putem fiskalnih pravila EU. Fiskalna pravila se odnose na predan oblik ekonomske integracije. Stvaranjem ovakve Pakt o stabilnosti i rastu i Maastrichtske kriterije konver- unije zemlje članice učinile su korak više i našle se na putu gencije. Cilj ovih pravila je očuvanje fiskalne discipline k potpunoj ekonomskoj integraciji, ma koliko teško bila unutar monetarne unije. ostvariva. Razmišljajući u tom smjeru, pored jedinstvenog tržišta, zajedničke monetarne politike i zajedničke valute 3.3. Fiskalna unija za europsku uniju teži se harmonizaciji ostalih ekonomskih politika, od kojih se najveći dio pažnje usmjerava na fiskalnu politiku. Eurozona je jedinstven oblik monetarne unije - bez povijesnog presedana. Otkako su pokrenuti planovi za stvara- Mjera u kojoj će monetarna politika unije odgovarati njenje jedinstvene valute, institucionalni sustav za oblikova- nim pojedinim članicama uvelike je određena međusob- nje fiskalne politike i očuvanje fiskalne održivosti mone- nom usklađenošću poslovnih ciklusa. Središnja banka pri- tarne unije predmet je oštrih rasprava, kako među eko- lagođava monetarnu politiku vođena stanjem ekonom- nomistima, tako i među političarima. Nedavna globalna skog ciklusa za čitavo valutno područje i ne može voditi financijska kriza i Europska dužnička kriza bile su dodatan računa o ciklusima pojedinih članica. Stoga, monetarna impuls na pokrenutu raspravu. politika koja se provodi odgovarati će zemljama članica- ma čiji su poslovni ciklusi usklađeni s čitavim monetarnim Postoji nekoliko pogleda. Prema jednima, monetarna područjem. U slučaju visokog stupnja usklađenosti po- unija, da bi bila održiva, treba biti nadopunjena produ- slovnih ciklusa zemalja članica, monetarna politika koja ženom nadnacionalnom fiskalnom unijom. Neki struč- se provodi odgovarati će svim članicama i intenzitet ma- njaci, poput De Grauwe (2006), idu dalje i inzistiranju i kroekonomskih fluktuacija u njima biti će razmjerno blag. na dubljoj političkoj uniji kako bi se osigurao uspjeh eura. U suprotnoj situaciji, vođena monetarna politika određe- S druge strane, postavlja se pitanje hoće li takav produ- nim članicama neće odgovarati i dovesti će do pojačanja žetak fiskalnih ovlasti Bruxellesa, biti politički prihvaćen njihove cikličke oscilacije gospodarske aktivnosti, nezapo- od strane EU građana. Neki od stručnjaka argumentiraju slenosti i inflacije. kako monetarna unija nema potrebu za bilo kakvom sre- dišnjom fiskalnom koordinacijom država članica (Mckay, 3.2. Fiskalna politika europske unije 2005). Za njih okvir fiskalne politike treba biti isključivo posao zemalja članica. Postoje prijedlozi prema kojima su Fiskalna politika Europske unije svodi se na proračun nužna poboljšanja u kvaliteti fiskalne politike. Poboljšanja EU kao jedini instrument provođenja fiskalne politike sa bi trebala obuhvatiti i fiskalne institucije diljem EU. To bi središnje, supranacionalne razine EU. Ostatak fiskalnog bio obećavajući pristup koji bi doveo do poboljšanja u fi- sustava promatramo kao skup pravila i dogovora preko skalnom upravljanju na razini EU. Do sada rasprava nije kojih zemlje članice harmoniziraju i koordiniraju ostale pokazala nikakve znakove o nastajanju sporazuma. Euro- segmente fiskalne politike. To se prvenstveno odnosi na zona predstavlja prvu monetarnu uniju gdje je monetarna harmonizaciju oporezivanja te na koordinaciju stabiliza- politika postavljana na centralnoj, europskoj razini, dok se cijskih fiskalnih politika kroz Pakt o stabilnosti i rastu te fiskalna politika provodi ispod-centralnim, nacionalnim Maastrichtske kriterije konvergencije. (Šimović, 2006.) razinama. Dakle, ekonomskoj struci nedostaju povijesni slučajevi koji bi se koristili kao smjernice za teorijski i em- Proračun EU relativno je malen i preko njega se alocira pirijski rad. (Bordo et al., 2011) ograničen iznos sredstava u odnosu na područje koje pokriva. Uvelike se razlikuje od nacionalnih proračuna. Pojam fiskalne unije podrazumjeva fiskalni federalizam Ukupni prihodi i rashodi proračuna čine nešto preko 1 % među svojim članicama, koji bi mogao biti u obliku subna- BDP-a EU. Osnovna funkcija proračuna je financiranje za- cionalne ili regionalne političke jedinice, ili na nacionalnoj ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 37 transparency of prices, decrease transaction costs and mented will suit all the Member States and the intensity eliminate currency fluctuation risks among the Common of macroeconomic fluctuations within them respectively Market Member States. Benefiting from the full potential will be proportionally mild. Otherwise, the Monetary Pol- of the Single Market, as well as a further encouragement icy that is being implemented will not be appropriate to to political integrations can be characterized as internal all Member States, which will lead to an increase in the (primary) reason for creating the Economic and Mone- cyclic oscillations of their respective economic activities, tary Union. External (secondary) reason was the creation as well as to unemployment rate and inflation increase. of a large currency area and competition to the US dollar for the position of “global” currency. Motivated by 3.2. Fiscal policy of the European Union these beliefs and aspirations, Jacques Delors, the then President of the European Commission, drafted a report Fiscal policy of the European Union is reduced to the EU in which three phases in creation of an economic and budget as the only instrument for the implementation of monetary union were proposed. Delors’s report was pub- fiscal policy from the central, supranational EU level. The lished in April, and was adopted in June 1989. During the remainder of the fiscal system is seen as a set of rules and first phase, the goal was to complete the founding of the agreements through which Member States are harmo- Internal Market, liberalize capital flows, remove all the nizing and coordinating their other fiscal policy segments. obstacles to financial integration, and intensify monetary First of all, it refers to the harmonizing the taxation and cooperation. Second phase envisaged the development coordinating the stabilization fiscal policies through the of EMU’s organizational structure and strengthening the Stability and Growth Pact and Maastricht Convergence economic convergence among Member States. The final, Criteria. (Šimović, 2006) third phase envisaged fixing the exchange rate of Mem- ber States’ currencies, introducing the unique common The EU budget is relatively small and certain amounts currency and handing the full monetary and economic from it are allocated to the areas it covers. It is signifi- responsibility to different EU institutions and bodies. cantly different from national budgets. Total revenues and expenditures of the budget make slightly more than The enforcement of Delors’ plan started in July 1990 with 1% of the EU’s GDP. The Budget principal function is to complete liberalization of capital flows between Member fund the EU’s common functions and policies. States and strengthening the coordination of economic policies. Founding of the European Monetary Institute The harmonization of tax systems is seen as the second on 1 January 1994 marked the start of the second phase. segment of the EU’s fiscal system. Imposing taxes is the Third and final phase started on 1 January 1999. On that exclusive task of the governments of the EU Member date, the exchange rate of Member States’ national cur- States, and tax regulations fall under the tax system of rencies was fixed. At the same time, The Euro was intro- a certain Member State. Nevertheless, while trying to duced as the accounting currency. Simultaneously with strengthen the common internal market, through differ- the introduction of the Euro, the European Central Bank ent guidelines and other legal regulations the EU influ- took over the governance of monetary policy in the Euro enced the formation of the EU Member States’ tax sys- zone. On 1 March 2002, the Euro became the only legal tems and, thus, took advantage of the fiscal harmoniza- tender in the Euro zone countries and, thereby, the im- tion as an alternative approach to the fiscal federalism. plementation of Delors’ plan was completed. Third segment of the EU’s fiscal system is reflected in the The Economic and Monetary union is an extremely com- coordination of stabilization and budgetary policies of plex and advanced form of economic integration. By cre- Member States through the EU’s fiscal rules. The fiscal ating such a union, Member States had made another rules refer to the Stability and Growth Pact and Maas- step forward and found themselves on the path of com- tricht Convergence Criteria. The goal of these rules is to plete economic integration, no matter how difficult it preserve the fiscal discipline within the Monetary Union. would be to achieve it. Having such mindset, in addition to the Single Market, the Common Monetary Policy and 3.3. Fiscal Union for the European Union the common currency, there have been tendencies to continue working on harmonizing other economic poli- Eurozone is a unique form of monetary union – without cies, of which the largest share of attention is focused on any historic precedent. Since the initiation of plans for es- fiscal policy. tablishing a single currency, the institutional system for governing fiscal policies and maintaining fiscal sustain- The extent to which the Monetary Policy will suit its in- ability of the Monetary Union has been a topic of heated dividual Member States is largely determined by mutual debates among both the economists and politicians. The coordination of business cycles. The Central Bank adjusts recent financial crisis and European debt crisis provided monetary policy of the whole Eurozone, guided by the an additional impulse to ongoing discussions. condition of the economic cycle, and cannot take into account the cycles of individual Member States. There- There are several different points of view. According to fore, the Monetary Policy that is being implemented will some, for a monetary union to be sustainable, it should be be suitable for those Member States whose business cy- supplemented with extended supranational fiscal union. cles are adjusted to that of the whole Eurozone. In case Some experts, like De Grauwe (2006), go even further and of a high degree of harmonization of Member States’ insist on a deeper political union too, in order to ensure business cycles, the Monetary Policy that is being imple- the Euro’s success. On the other hand, the question aris- 38 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

razini. Ne postoji jedinstvena definicija fiskalnog federa- reni su krivo. Uočene su manjkavosti zbog kojih se danas lizma. Sorens (2008) na primjer definira “idealni” tip fi- nakon krizom potresenog sustava, često bez ustručavanja skalnog federalizma kao onaj koji se sastoji od sljedeća donosi jasan zaključak, kako je monetarna unija bila tri- četiri elementa: 1) pod – središnji politički subjekti uži- jumf politike nad ekonomijom. Pozivajući fiskalnu uniju vaju neovisnost/samostalnost u odlučivanju o porezima i kao rješenje trenutnog stanja suočavamo se s pitanjem rashodima 2) ove vlade suočene su sa poprilično teškim kako je uopće započela gradnja EU. Europa je uvođenjem proračunskim ograničenjima; klauzula o nespašavanju zajedničke valute EU započela graditi bez temelja, koji su se podrazumijeva u idealnom tipu fiskalnog federalizma doduše postojali, ali samo u političkom smislu. Temelji 3) postoji zajedničko tržište koje se temelji na slobodnoj koji nedostaju mogu se definirati kao sređivanje gospo- trgovini i mobilnosti unutar fiskalne unije čime je otvo- darstava zemalja, strukturno usklađivanje različitih go- ren prostor za natjecanje između pod-središnjih vlada i 4) spodarstava, usklađivanje fiskalne politike i usklađivanje sustav fiskalnog federalizma institucionaliziran je skupom regulacije banaka. pravila. Skupina autora dodaje peti element na ovom po- pisu: 5) zajedničko tržište temelji se na zajedničkoj valuti, Često se tvrdi – posebice, ali ne samo od strane američkih koja je, pod-središnja baš kao što su središnje fiskalne vla- ekonomista – da euro pokazuje da je nemoguće imati mo- sti članovi iste monetarne unije. netarnu uniju u nedostatku političke unije te da se Europa mora odvažiti na određene eksperimente u području fe- Bez obzira na potencijalne prednosti i mane fiskalnog deralizma, po uzoru na američki stil. Thomas Sargent is- federalizma u Europskoj uniji, struka sa sigurnošću tvrdi koristio je svoj govor na dodjeli Nobelove nagrade kako bi kako, oblik fiskalnog federalizma koji predstavljaju Buiter potakao Europljane da slijede model Alexandera Hamil- i Rahbari (2011), nije moguć u skorije vrijeme. Kao glavni tona (2011). Isto tako, Paul de Grauwe nedavno je izjavio: razlog navodi se duboko zadiranje u suverenitet zemalja “Euro je valuta bez zemlje. Da bi bio održiv, potrebno je članica, što ovakav oblik fiskalne unije čini neprihvatljivim izgraditi Europsku zemlju.” rješenjem. Fiskalni federalizam kao sredstvo nametanja fiskalne discipline Europskoj uniji i zemljama članicama Fiskalna unija definirana je fiskalnim suverenitetom, koji Eurozone, zbog niza političkih razloga ostaje samo ideja je uz monetarni, jedan od najvažnijih stupova nacionalne ili prijedlog bez šanse da bude prihvaćen ili uspješan. Kao države. Fiskalni suverenitet možemo definirati kao utvrđi- glavne, ističu se proceduralne poteškoće. “Prijelaz na fi- vanje poreza, zaduživanja i javne potrošnje. Preko te po- skalni federalizam zahtijevao bi preradu Ugovora, koji bi litike svaka vlada vodi svoju državu. Baš svaka europska zatim trebali biti ratificirani od strane država, uključujući vlada danas, na spomenuti prijedlog Paula de Grauwea, moguće referendume u Irskoj, Danskoj, Velikoj Britaniji te odgovorila bi da je to ekstremno radikalan savjet. Goto- eventualno još nekim zemljama.” (Buiter i Rahbari, 2011) vo svaki političar opovrgava da postoji realna mogućnost U periodu nakon proživljene krize, potpora daljnjoj inte- stvaranja europske države. Europske države, odnosno nji- graciji Europe, posebice na ovako intenzivan način, po- hovi političari nisu spremni na daljnje prepuštanje suve- staje upitna, kako među perifernim zemljama Europske reniteta supranacionalnoj zajednici. Fiskalni federalizam unije, tako i među europskom elitom. ili transferna fiskalna unija neće biti prihvaćena u cijelosti kao oblik fiskalne unije za EU: 1) zemlje članice nisu spre- Do sličnog zaključka u konačnici se dolazi i u razmatranju mne prepustiti svoje suverenitete supranacionalnoj razi- transferne fiskalne unije. Prema Buiteru i Rahbariu (2011) ni; 2) biračko tijelo zemalja “jezgre” protivi se bilo kakvim otvoreni i nepokriveni transferi od “jezgre” k periferiji Eu- oblicima financiranja neodgovornog ponašanja zemalja rozone, u kombinaciji s ustupanjem kontrole nad javnom “periferije”; 3) Europska unija skeptična je prema svim potrošnjom, porezima i privatizacijom od strane zemalja modelima koji omogućavaju trenutno rješavanje nesol- dužnika zemljama donorima, teško da će ikad biti realizi- ventnosti zemalja, ali ne pružaju rješenje problema - po- rani. Zemlje “jezgre” Eurozone koje bi u ovakvom odnosu stizanja dugoročne fiskalne discipline nesolventnih. U ko- bile neto platiše, teško da bi na ovakav odnos bile moti- načnici možemo zaključiti, kako se modeli fiskalne unije, virane predajom fiskalnog suvereniteta od strane zemalja u većoj ili manjoj mjeri, ne prihvaćaju iz političkih razloga. dužnika. Već danas u Europi možemo nabrojiti mnoge pri- mjere sličnih odnosa unutar nacionalnih država koji su na Struka sugerira EU i zemljama članicama kako je rješenje rubu trpeljivosti. Bogata Katalonija buni se protiv transfe- problema u dubljem integriranju Europe, međutim neiz- ra siromašnim regijama Španjolske, Flandrija protiv trans- bježan je dojam kako nitko u Europi na to nije spreman. fera Valonskoj regiji, a Sjeverna Italija ima separatistički pokret koji nastoji stati na kraj velikodušnim transferima Fiskalni federalizam u svom punom obliku nikad neće za- u Mezzogiorno. živjeti u EU. Fiskalno zajedništvo u EU stvara se procesima harmonizacije, odnosno usklađivanja i koordinacije poje- 4. ZAKLJUČAK dinih dijelova fiskalnih sustava i fiskalnih politika zemalja članica. Dakle, EU i zemlje članice postigle su određena Od samih početaka neki od koraka u izgradnji EU usmje- kompromisna rješenja koja su bila neophodna za rješava- ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 39 es whether such an extension of Brussels fiscal powers is liberating on fiscal transfer union. According to Buiter going to be politically accepted by the EU citizens. Some and Rahbari (2011), open transfers and transfers with- experts argue that a monetary union does not require out available balance from the “core” to the periphery any central fiscal coordination of Member States (McKay, of Eurozone, in combination with assigning the control 2005). According to them, Member States should exclu- over public consumption, taxes and privatization from sively tackle financial policy framework. There are pro- debtor countries to donor countries will hardly ever be posals according to which improvements in the quality of realized. The “core” Eurozone countries, which would be fiscal policy are necessary. Improvements are said to be net payers according to this scenario, would be hardly due in fiscal institutions throughout the EU as well. That motivated to enter into such an arrangement if debtor would be a promising approach, which would lead to im- countries assigned them the fiscal sovereignty. Even to- provements in fiscal management at the EU level. Up un- day, in Europe, we can list many examples of similar rela- til now, the discussions have not shown any signs that an tionships within the nation states that are on the brink of agreement is close. Eurozone represents the first mon- tolerance. Rich Catalonia rebels against transfers to poor etary union in which the Monetary Policy is being set at regions of Spain, Flanders and against transfers to Wal- a central, European level, while the Fiscal Policy is being loon region, while Northern Italy has a separatist move- managed on sub-central, national levels. Well, economic ment that seeks to put an end to generous transfers to profession lacks case studies to be used as guidance for the Mezzogiorno. theoretical and empirical work (Bordo et al., 2011). 4. CONCLUSION The notion of fiscal union implies its member countries’ fiscal federalism that may be the form of a subnational- Since the very beginning some of the steps in establish- or regional- or national-level political entity. There is ing the EU went wrong way. Some drawbacks have been no unified definition of fiscal federalism. For example, observed. Because of them, nowadays, after the system Sorens (2008) defines the “ideal” type of fiscal federal- was hit by the crisis, a clear conclusion that the mone- ism as the one comprising the following four elements: tary union was a triumph of politics over economy is fre- 1) sub-central political entities are given independence quently made without a hesitation . By referring to the in making decisions on taxes and expenditures; 2) these fiscal union as to a solution to the current situation, we governments are facing quite severe budget restrictions; are being faced with the question about how the estab- no-bailout clause is implied in the ideal type of fiscal fed- lishment of the EU actually started. Through the intro- eralism; 3) there is a common market founded on free duction of a common currency in the EU, Europe started trade and mobility within the fiscal union, which opens construction works without having proper foundations the space for competition between sub-central govern- first. The foundations actually did exist, but only in the ments; and 4) fiscal federalism system is institutionalized political sense. The missing foundations can be defined as by a set of rules. One group of authors adds a fifth ele- regulating states’ economies, structural harmonization of ment to this list: 5) the Common Market is based on the different economies, coordination of fiscal policies and common currency that is sub-central just like the central aligning the regulation of banks. fiscal authorities are members of the same monetary union. It is often claimed – especially, but not exclusively by the American economists – that the Euro has demonstrated Notwithstanding the potential advantages and disadvan- that it is impossible to have a monetary union without tages of the fiscal federalism in the European Union, ex- a political union and that Europe should dare to try out perts in the field are certain that the form of fiscal feder- specific experiments in the field of federalism, modeled alism presented by Buiter and Rahbari (2011) is not pos- on the American style. Thomas Sargent used his speech sible any time soon. The main reason here is that fiscal at the Nobel Price award ceremony to encourage Euro- union is affecting seriously the sovereignty of Member peans to follow the model of Alexander Hamilton (2011). States, which makes this form of union an unacceptable Furthermore, Paul de Grauwe recently stated: “Euro is a solution. Because of numerous political reasons, fiscal currency without a country. In order for it to be sustain- federalism as an instrument of imposing fiscal discipline able, it is necessary to establish Europe as a state.” on the European Union and Eurozone Member States remains just an idea or a proposal without any chance to be The Fiscal Union is defined by fiscal sovereignty, which is, adopted or successful. As the main difficulties, the proce- together with the monetary sovereignty, one of the most dural ones are referred to. “Transition to fiscal federalism important pillars of a nation state. Fiscal sovereignty can would require a revision of the Treaty, which should then be defined as levying taxes, borrowing and public con- be ratified by Member States, including possible referen- sumption. Each administration is governing their state dums in Ireland, Denmark, Great Britain and possibly in through that policy. Nowadays, each and every govern- some other countries as well.” (Buiter and Rahbari, 2011). ment in Europe would characterize the aforementioned In the period after the experienced crisis, the support to a Paul de Grauwe’s proposal as an extremely radical piece further integration of Europe, especially in such an inten- of advice. Almost all politicians deny that there is a realis- sive manner, is becoming questionable, between both tic possibility of establishing Europe as a state. European the peripheral countries of the European Union and the states, i.e. their politicians are not prepared for any fur- European elite. ther transfer of their sovereignty to a supranational community. Fiscal federalism or fiscal transfer union shall not In the end, a similar conclusion can be made when de- be adopted wholly as a form of the fiscal union for the 40 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

nje nastale situacije. Ova rješenja možemo prihvatiti kao University of Leuven kratkoročna. Ostaje pitanje u kom će se smjeru EU kreta- 8. Dewatripont, M., Giavazzi, F., von Hagen, J., Harden, I., ti u budućnosti i koja će se dugoročna rješenja razviti za Persson, T., Roland, G., Rosenthal, H., Sapir, A. i Tabellini, predstavljene probleme? G. (1996), Flexibile Integration: towards a more Effective and Democratic Europe. Monitoring European Integration Što će se dogoditi sa Europskom unijom u budućnosti te- 6, London: CEPR ško je sa sigurnošću reći. Stručnjaci smatraju da joj preo- 9. Dixit, A. i Lambertini L. (2001), Monetary-fiscal staju dva izbora – razdvajanje ili jačanje supranacionalne policy interactions and commitment versus discretion zajednice. U posljednjim godinama, obilježenim krizom, in a monetary union. European Economic Review, vol. europski lideri nisu željeli odabrati neku od spomenutih 45Dostupno na: http://www.voxeu.org/article/could- alternativa, već su naprosto pobjegli od te odgovornosti. eurobonds-be-answer-eurozone-crisis (18.2.2013.) Pronaći dugoročno rješenje svojevrsno je iskušenje i test 10. Eichengreen, B. (1991), Is Europe an optimum za europsku integraciju iza koje stoji 60 godina dugotrajne currency area?. NBER Working paper no. 3579 povijesti i suradnje. U svakom slučaju, odluka o budućno- 11. Frankel, J. (2012), Could Eurobonds be the answer to sti Europe biti će donesena u Njemačkoj. Razlog tomu je the Eurozone crisis? (online) činjenica da novac kojim se financira probleme “perifer- 12. Friedrich, C.J. (1968), Trends od federalism in theory nih” zemalja dolazi iz njemačkog gospodarstva. Njemačka and practice. New York:Praeger s druge strane 60 % svoga izvoza plasira upravo u zemlje 13. Inman, R. i Rubinfeld, D.L. (1998), Subsisiarity and EU. Njemačka će financirati neodgovorno ponašanje ze- European Union. NBER Working Paper, WP/6556 malja u problemima sve dok ostvaruje neto profit od po- 14. James, H. (2013), Making the European Monetary stojanja EU kao integracije. Njemačka će održavati posto- Union. (online) Dostupno na: http://www.voxeu.org/ janje EU sve dok troškovi održavanja unije, ne premaše article/making-european-monetary-union (19.2. 2013.) profite koje ona ostvaruje u EU. Postupak je kompliciran 15. Jurčić, Lj. (2010), Financijska kriza i fiskalna politika. i nosi velike uloge. Na vladama europskih zemalja sada (online) Dostupno na: http://hrcak.srce.hr/index. stoji da pokažu svoja umijeća i sposobnosti. php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=85872 (18.2.2013.) 16. Korkman, Sixten (2005), Economic policy in the LITERATURA European Union. Palgrave Macmillan, New York 17. McKay, D. (2005), Economic logic or political logic? 1. Bordo, M. D., Markiewicz, A. i Jonung L. (2011) A fiscal Economic theory, federal theory and EMU. Journal of union for the euro: some lessons from history. NBER European Public policy, vol 12 Working paper 17380 18. McKinnon, R. (1963), Optimum currency areas, 2. Boyd, E. i Fauntroy, K. M. (1997), American federalism American Economic Review, vol.53 1776-2000:significant events. CRS Report RL 30772 19. Musgrave, R. A. (1973), Teorija javnih financija. 3. Calleo, D. P. (2003), Rethinking Europe’s future. Beograd: Naučna knjiga Princeton University Press, Princeton. 20. Oates, W. (1999) An Essay of Fiscal federalism. 4. Chari, V. i Kehoe, P. J. (2004), On the desirability of fiscal American Economic Association constraints in a monetary union. NBER Working paper 21. Persson,T., Roland, G. i Tabellini G. (1996), The Theory No. W10232 of Fiscal Federalism: What Does it Mean for Europe? 5. De Grauwe, P. (2011), Why the ECB refuse to be a Unpublished manuscrip, prepared for the conference lender of last resort. (online) Dostupno na: http://www. „Quo Vadis Europe?“. Kiel, 1996 voxeu.org/article/why-ecb-refuses-be-lender-last-resort 22. Šimović, H. (2005), Fiskalna politika u Europskoj uniji (18.2.2013.) i Pakt o stabilnosti i rastu. (online) Dostupno na: http:// 6. De Nardis, S., De Santis R. i Vicarelli C. (2008), The single hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_ currency’s effects on eurozone sectorial trade: winners and jezik=41471 (18.2. 2013.) losers?. (online) Dostupno na: http://www.economics- 23. Šimović, H. (2006), Fiskalni sustav i fiskalna politika ejournal.org/economics/discussionpapers/2008-1 Europske unije. Zagreb: Pravni fakultet Sveučilišta u (12.9.2012.) Zagrebu 7. DeGrauwe, P. (2006), On monetary and political union. ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 41

EU since: 1) Member States are not prepared to assign Princeton University Press, Princeton. their sovereignty to a supranational level; 2) the constit- 4. Chari, V. i Kehoe, P. J. (2004), On the desirability of uency of “core” states opposes to any form of funding fiscal constraints in a monetary union. NBER Working for irresponsible behavior of “peripheral” states; 3) the paper No. W10232 European Union is skeptical about all the models provid- 5. De Grauwe, P. (2011), Why the ECB refuse to be a ing a temporary solution to states’ insolvency, but do not lender of last resort. (online) Dostupno na: http://www. provide a solution to the problem, i.e. achieving a long- voxeu.org/article/why-ecb-refuses-be-lender-last-resort term fiscal discipline in insolvent states. In the end, we (18.2.2013.) can conclude that the fiscal union models, to a greater or 6. De Nardis, S., De Santis R. i Vicarelli C. (2008), The single lesser extent, have not been adopted because of political currency’s effects on eurozone sectorial trade: winners reasons. and losers?. (online) Available at: http://www.economics- ejournal.org/economics/discussionpapers/2008-1 Experts in the field suggest to the EU and its Member (12.9.2012.) States that the solution to the problem is more compre- 7. DeGrauwe, P. (2006), On monetary and political union. hensive integration of Europe; however, there is an un- University of Leuven avoidable impression that no one in Europe is ready for 8. Dewatripont, M., Giavazzi, F., von Hagen, J., Harden, that. I., Persson, T., Roland, G., Rosenthal, H., Sapir, A. i Tabellini, G. (1996), Flexibile Integration: towards a more Fiscal federalism in its full form shall never come to be Effective and Democratic Europe. Monitoring European in the EU. Fiscal union in the EU is created through pro- Integration 6, London: CEPR cesses of harmonization, i.e. alignment and coordination 9. Dixit, A. i Lambertini L. (2001), Monetary-fiscal policy of the respective parts of fiscal systems and fiscal poli- interactions and commitment versus discretion ina cies of Member States. Therefore, the EU and Member monetary union. European Economic Review, vol. 45. States have succeeded in making certain compromise so- Available at: http://www.voxeu.org/article/could- lutions as essential for resolving the situation. We should eurobonds-be-answer-eurozone-crisis (18.2.2013.) regard these solutions as temporary ones. There remains 10. Eichengreen, B. (1991), Is Europe an optimum a question about the direction toward which the EU will currency area?. NBER Working paper no. 3579 move ahead in the future and what long-term solutions 11. Frankel, J. (2012), Could Eurobonds be the answer to are going to be developed for the problems presented? the Eurozone crisis? (online) 12. Friedrich, C.J. (1968), Trends od federalism in theory It is hard to say what will happen with the European and practice. New York:Praeger Union in the future. Experts believe that it has two choic- 13. Inman, R. i Rubinfeld, D.L. (1998), Subsisiarity and es remaining, namely breakup or strengthening of the European Union. NBER Working Paper, WP/6556 supranational community. In the last few years that were 14. James, H. (2013), Making the European Monetary marked by the crisis, European leaders did not want to Union. (online) Available at: http://www.voxeu.org/ choose any of these two alternatives, but they have de- article/making-european-monetary-union (19.2. 2013.) cided simply to run away from taking the responsibility. 15. Jurčić, Lj. (2010), Financijska kriza i fiskalna politika. Finding a long-term solution is a kind of temptation and a (online) Dostupno na: http://hrcak.srce.hr/index. test for European integration, backed by 60 years of his- php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=85872 (18.2.2013.) tory and long-lasting cooperation. In any case, the deci- 16. Korkman, Sixten (2005), Economic policy in the sion on Europe’s future shall be made in Germany. The European Union. Palgrave Macmillan, New York reason for that is that the money used to fund problem- 17. McKay, D. (2005), Economic logic or political logic? solving in “peripheral” countries comes from the German Economic theory, federal theory and EMU. Journal of economy. On the other hand, Germany is placing 60% of European Public policy, vol 12 its exports in the EU countries. Germany shall continue 18. McKinnon, R. (1963), Optimum currency areas, to fund irresponsible behavior of struggling countries as American Economic Review, vol.53 long as it keeps making a net profit because of the exis- 19. Musgrave, R. A. (1973), Teorija javnih financija. tence of the EU as integration. Germany shall maintain Beograd: Naučna knjiga the existence of the EU up till the maintenance expenses 20. Oates, W. (1999) An Essay of Fiscal federalism. become higher than the profits that Germany is making American Economic Association in the EU. This process is very complex and carries high 21. Persson,T., Roland, G. i Tabellini G. (1996), The Theory stakes. It is now up to the governments of the European of Fiscal Federalism: What Does it Mean for Europe? states to show their skills and abilities. Unpublished manuscrip, prepared for the conference „Quo Vadis Europe?“. Kiel, 1996 REFERENCES 22. Šimović, H. (2005), Fiskalna politika u Europskoj uniji i Pakt o stabilnosti i rastu. (online) Available at: http:// 1. Bordo, M. D., Markiewicz, A. i Jonung L. (2011) A fiscal hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_ union for the euro: some lessons from history. NBER jezik=41471 (18.2. 2013.) Working paper 17380 23. Šimović, H. (2006), Fiskalni sustav i fiskalna politika 2. Boyd, E. i Fauntroy, K. M. (1997), American federalism Europske unije. Zagreb: Pravni fakultet Sveučilišta u 1776-2000: Significant events. CRS Report RL 30772 Zagrebu 3. Calleo, D. P. (2003), Rethinking Europe’s future. 42 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

Otto Oberparleiter Direktor regionalnog klastera Siemens Austrija

OSVRT NA EVROPSKU UNIJU IZNUTRA – IZ MEĐUNARODNE KOMPANIJE

REZIME reforma pravosuđa, izgradnja zaobilaznice u Podgorici, projekti u sektoru energije, zaštite životne sredine i poljopri- Crna Gora je načinila postojan napredak u glavnim refor- vrede i usklađivanja crnogorskog zakonodavstva sa propisi- mamam usmjerenim prema ujedinjavanju sa Evropskom ma Evropske unije. Skorašnji projekti obezbjeđuju ključno unijom. Nastojanja u pravcu usklađivanja sa EU-om ostaju važnu podršku u oblastima politike, ekonomije i prava, što glavna sidrišta sveobuhvatnih reformi, i napredak na ovom će osnažiti crnogorski kapacitet da preuzme obaveze koje polju treba da održava ekonomski rast u srednjeročnom se odnose na proces integracije u Evropsku uniju. Povdje je smislu. uključena i podrška reformi zaštite životne sredine, malim i Imajući na umu postojeći status Crne Gore u procesu inte- srednjim prduzećima, unutrašnjem tržištu, zaštiti ličnih po- gracije sa Evropskom unijom i raspoloživost sredstava iz dataka, policiji, pravosuđu i civilnom sektoru. komponenti IPA-a, izgleda interesantno podijeliti ukratko naše iskustvo o četiri tematska cilja buduće Kohezione po- Prioriteti za finansijsku pomoć iz Evropske unije u nacio- litike Evropske unije. Namjera je ovog izlaganja da se uputi nalnim programima su, između ostalog, da pripreme Crnu jedna preporuka o tome u kojim oblastima je potrebno Goru za upravljanje Strukturnim fondovima za buduću Ko- obaviti pripremu da bi se potigla najbolja moguća apsorp- hezionu politiku Evropske unije, naime Evropskog fonda cija novčanih sredstava Evropske unije, onda kada ta sred- za regionalni razvoj i Kohezionog fonda u pogledu sektora stva budu na raspolaganju za vašu državu. zaštite životne sredine i saobraćaja i Evropskog socijalnog Siemens je međunarodna kompanija koja je aktivna u oko fonda kroz komponentu izgradnje kapaciteta. 190 zemalja. Siemens Austrija je odgovorna za 19 dodije- ljenih zemalja, sa strogim usredsređenjem na zemlje Jugo- 2. KOHEZIONA POLITIKA EVROPSKE UNIJE -istočne Evrope. U principu, Siemens vjeruje da jedan integrisani pristup jeste najprikladniji način postizanja svepri- Koheziona politika je glavna invesiona politika Evropske sutnih ciljeva Evropske unije ’’do 2020.’’, kao i usklađene i unije, koja je namijenjena otvaranju radnih mjesta i rastu, održive Kohezione politike. koja predstavlja otprilike jednu trećinu budžeta Evropske unije. Primjera radi, kada Evropski parlament i države-čla- 1. UVOD nice odobre budžet Evropske unije za period od 2014. do 2020. godine, onda će Koheziona politika da uloži 325 mili- Jedna po jedna, zemlje Jugoistočne Evrope postaju članice jardi eura u evropske regione i gradove da bi postigla ciljeve Evropske unije, što ih čini podobnim za podršku i finansira- Eu-e u pogledu otvaranja radnih mjesta i rasta, kao i odluč- nje iz Evropske unije kada je u pitanju izgradnja saobraćaj- nih nastojanja u bavljenju pitanjima klimatskih promjena i ne infrastrukture, zdravstvena zaštita i sistemi javne uprave energetske zavisnosti. – sve oblasti u kojima Siemens može ponuditi interesantna rješenja. Uzimajući u obzir nacionalni doprinos država-članica, i dej- stvo finansijske poluge finansijskih instrumenata, sveuku- Crna Gora je stekla zvanični status države kandidata za pan uticaj će vjerovatno biti više od 500 milijardi eura. Re- članstvo u Evropskoj uniji i otvorila pregove o pristupanju forma Kohezione politike obezbijediće maksimalan uticaj EU-i u junu 2012. godine. Jedan od praktičnih dubljih smi- na ulaganja, prilagođena pojedinačnim potrebama regiona slova za postojeći status Crne Gore kao zemlje kandidata za i gradova. članstvo u EU-i je mogući pristup svim (5) komponentama IPA-a (Intsrumenta predpristupne pomoći). Tematski ciljevi Kohezione politike su sljedeći: • osnaženje istraživanja, tehnološkog napretka i ino- U ovom trenutku projekti pomoći iz Evropske unije podrža- vacija; vaju reformska nastojanja Crne Gore na njenom putu pre- • proširenje pristupačnosti, korišćenja i kvaliteta in- ma Eu-i. Finansijska sredstva podržavaju predmete / teme formacionih i komunikacionih tehnologija; kao što su borba protiv organizovanog kriminala i korupcije, • povećanje konkurentnosti malih i srednjih predu- ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 43

Otto Oberparleiter Head Of Regional Cluster Management Siemens Austria

AN INSIDE VIEW OF THE EU – FROM AN INTERNATIONAL COMPANY

RESUME area of energy, environment and agriculture and the harmonization of the Montenegrin legislation with EU Montenegro has made steady progress on key reforms ge- laws. Recent projects also provide key support in the ared towards integration into the European Union. Efforts political, economic and legal fields, which will enforce towards EU approximation remain the main external an- the Montenegrin capacity to assume obligations related chor for comprehensive reforms and progress on this front to the EU integration process. Support for environmental should buoy economic growth prospects in the medium reform, SMEs, the internal market, personal data term. protection, police, justice and civil society are all included. Having in mind the existing status of Montenegro in the EU integration process and the availability of IPA components The priorities for EU financial assistance in the national it seems interesting to share briefly our experience on four program are, among all, to prepare Montenegro for thematic objectives of the future EU Cohesion Policy. The the management of Structural Funds for the future EU intention hereby is to give a recommendation where the cohesion policy, namely the European Regional Fund appropriate preparation should be done to achieve the hig- and Cohesion Fund regarding the environmental and hest possible absorption of EU funds, once these funds will transport sectors and the European Social Fund through be available for your country. the institution building component. Siemens as an international company is active in around 190 countries. Siemens Austria has the responsibility for 19 2. EU COHESION POLICY assigned countries, the strong focus is on CEE countries. In general Siemens believes that an integrated approach is The Cohesion Policy is the main EU investment policy for the most appropriate way in order to achieve the overar- jobs and growth representing approximately one third ching targets of the European Union’s “2020 goals” as well of the EU budget e.g. once the EU’s 2014-2020 budget as a coherent and sustainable Cohesion Policy. is confirmed by the European Parliament and the EU member states, Cohesion Policy will invest 325 billion 1. INTRODUCTION Euros in Europe’s regions and cities to deliver the EU- wide goals of growth and jobs, as well as tackling climate One by one, the CEE countries are becoming members change and energy dependence. of the European Union, which makes them eligible for EU support and funding when it comes to building up Taking into account the national contribution of member transportation infrastructure, healthcare and public states, and the leverage effect of financial instruments, administration systems - all areas where Siemens can the overall impact is likely to be more than 500 billion offer interesting solutions. Euros. The reform of the Cohesion Policy will ensure maximum impact for the investments, adapted to Montenegro obtained formal status of an EU candidate individual needs of regions and cities. country and opened EU accession negotiations in June 2012. One of the practical implications for current EU- The thematic objectives of the Cohesion Policy are the candidate status of Montenegro is the possible access to following: all five components of IPA (Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance). • Strengthening research, technological development and innovation; At the moment the EU assistance projects support • Enhancing access to, and use and quality of, infor- Montenegro’s reform efforts on its path to the EU. mation and communication technologies; The funds support subjects/themes such as the fight • Enhancing the competitiveness of Small and Me- against organized crime and corruption, judicial reform, dium-Sized Enterprises (SME); the construction of Podgorica by-pass, projects in the • Supporting the shift towards a low-carbon econo- 44 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

zeća (SME); je imao oko 362.000 zaposlenih širom svijeta po osnovu • podrška prelasku na niskougljeničku privredu u tekućeg poslovanja, od kojih više od 180.000 zaposlenih u svim sektorima; 28 država članica Evropske unije. • unapređivanje prilagođavanja klimatskim promjenama, sprječavanja rizika, i rukovođenja; Siemens sprovodi projekte u Crnoj Gori već decenijama. • očuvanje, zaštita životne sredine, unaprijeđivanje Otvaranjem Predstavničke kancelarije 2000. godine, kom- efikasnosti resursa; panija je potvrdila važnost ovog dinamičnog tržišta. Danas • unaprijeđivanje održivog saobraćaja i uklanjanje Siemens Crna Gora ima status regionalne kompanije. uskih grla u ključno važnim mrežnim infrastruktu- rama; Najvažniji projekti koje je Siemens sproveo u Crnoj Gori u • unaprijeđivanje održivog, kvalitetnog zapošljava- proteklih nekoliko godina su modernizacija kontrolne opre- nja, podrška mobilnosti radne snage; me u termo-elektrani Pljevlja, izgradnja visokovoltažne • unaprijeđivanje socijalnog uključivanja, suzbijanje trafostanice od 110/10 kV, Podgorica 5, i trafostanice od siromaštva i svake vrste diskriminacije; 400/110/35 kV, Ribarevina. Siemens je takođe isporučio i • ulaganje u obrazovanje, kvalifikacije i cjeloživotno instalirao zaštitnu opremu u elektroenergetskom sistemu učenje; Crne Gore, uključujući prekidačku opremu. U toku je pro- • proširivanje institucionalnih kapaciteta javnih - or jekat izgradnje trafostanice u Kotoru, sa prvim gasom izolo- gana i zainteresovanih strana, efikasan javna upra- vanim sistemom u Crnoj Gori, snage od 110 kV. va. Cjelovita rješenja za hotele visoke klase i poslovne prosto- Evropska komisija je usvojila svoje zakonodavne prijedlo- re ima raspon od isporuke trafostanica do najmodernijih ge za postavljanje okvira Kohezionoj politici za period od sigurnosnih i komunikacionih sistema, što su izvrsne refe- 2014. do 2020. godine, na dan 06. oktobra 2011. godine. rence za učešće ove kompanije u projektima velikog obima u Crnoj Gori. Od kako je Evropska unija definisala dugoročne ciljeve za rast i otvaranje radnih mjesta (»Strategija Evropa 2020. «), Siemens je bio jedini dobavljač opreme za hotel Splendin, postoji potreba boljeg usklađivanja politike sa ovim ciljevi- jer je imao traženo stručno znanje za potrebe ispunjavanja ma za postizanje dogovorenih svrha u kontekstu zapošlja- krajnjih rokova i obezjeđivanja nivoa integracije za poslovanja, obrazovanja, siromaštva, inovacija, istraživanja i ra- vanje bez teškoća. Instalirali smo cijeli sistem za upravlja- zvoja (R&D) i klime (obnovljiva energija, energetska efika- nje hotelom, uključujući automatizaciju hotelskih soba za snost i emisije stakleničkih gasova). Ovaj proces je u toku. krajnji klimatizacioni komfor, sisteme za kontrolu pristupa i On će biti glavni investicioni instrument Evropske unije za sisteme upravljanja uslugama i recepcijom. ispunjenje ciljeva Strategije Evropa 2020. godine, a to su ostvarivanje rasta i otvaranje radnih mjesta, odlučno ba- Nakon sprovođenja složenog projekta koji je za sobom do- vljenje klimatskim promjenama i energetskom zavisnošću, nio instaliranje Siemens One Solution, kompanija se spre- i smanjenje siromaštva i socijalne isključenosti. ma da završi posao u Atlas Capital Centru, najluksuznijem poslovnom, trgovačkom i stambenom objektu u Crnoj Gori. 3. POGLED NA SIEMENS - GLOBALNO I LOKALNO U oblasti zdravstvene zaštite, Siemens Crna Gora sprovodi Prije predstavljanja priprema Siemens-a za predmete i prjekte velikog obima u Crnoj Gori od 2007. godine. Spro- pitanja koja je pokrenula Evropska komisija, želio bih da veli smo još dva velika projekta: 2008. godine instaliranje ukratko predstavim našu kompaniju, pri čemu ću pokušati opreme za onkologiju u Klinici za onkologiju u radiotera- da ne zadržim vašu pažnju previše na činjenicama i ciframa. piju, i, 2009. godine, dijagnostičku opremu za zdravstvene ustanove. Nakon ovoga, Siemens je postao strateški par- Siemens je svjetski centar u oblasti elektronike i elektoin- tner zdravstvenog sistema Crne Gore. ženjeringa, koji posluje u oblastima industrije, energije i zdravstvene zaštite i takođe obezbjeđuje rješenje za infra- Vrijedno je pomenuti da je kompanija koja stvara bu- strukturu, prvenstveno za gradska i velegradska područja. dućnost svojom inovativnom tehnologijom i rješenjima, Tokom preko 165 godina, Siemens predstavlja tehnološku kao što Siemens radi posljednjih 165 godina, u obavezi da izvrsnost, inovaciju, kvalitet, pouzdanost i međunarodnu doprinese zajedničkom dobru drušvta čiji je sastavni dio. prisutnost. Ova kompanija je jedna od najvećih svjetskih snabdjevača tehnologija za zaštitu životne sredine. 4. SIEMENS-ov POGLED NA NAČIN POSTIZANJA CILJE- VA STRATEGIJE EVROPA 2020. GODINA Tokom fiskalne 2013. godine, koja se završila 30. septembra 2013., prihod kompanije iz tekućih poslovanja je izno- U principu, Siemens vjeruje da jedan integrisani pristup sio 75,9 milijardi ukupno, sa 4,2 milijarde eura neto pri- jeste najprikladniji način postizanja sveukupnih ciljeva stra- hoda (dobiti). Na kraju septembra 2013. godine, Siemens tegije Evopske unije ’’do 2020. godine’’, kao i usklađene i ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 45

my in all sectors; • Promoting climate change adaptation, risk pre- The most important projects that Siemens implemented vention and management; in Montenegro in the past few years are modernizing • Preserving, protecting the environment, promo- the control equipment in the Pljevlja thermal power ting resource efficiency; plant, constructing a high voltage 110/10 kV substation, • Promoting sustainable transport and removing Podgorica 5, and the Ribarevine 400/110/35 kV bottlenecks in key network infrastructures; substation. Siemens also delivered and installed • Promoting sustainable, quality employment, su- protection equipment in the Montenegrin power system, pporting labor mobility; including the switching equipment. The ongoing project • Promoting social inclusion, combating poverty is construction of a substation in Kotor, with the first 110 and any discrimination; kilovolt kV gas insulated system in Montenegro. • Investing in education, skills and lifelong learning; • Enhancing institutional capacity of public authori- Comprehensive solutions for luxury hotels and business ties and stakeholders, efficient public administra- premises range from delivering a substation to the tion. latest security and communications systems which are excellent references for the company’s participation in The European Commission adopted its legislative large-scale projects in Montenegro. proposals to frame Cohesion Policy for 2014-2020 on 6 October 2011. Siemens was the only supplier of equipment to the Since the EU has defined new long-term objectives for Splendid Hotel, which had the required expertise to growth and jobs (“Europe 2020 strategy”), there is a need meet the set deadlines and ensure a level of integration to align the policy better to these goals for achieving that would facilitate smooth operations. We installed a the agreed targets on employment, education, poverty, complete hotel management system, including a room- innovation, research & development (R&D) and climate automation system for ultimate climate comfort, access (renewable energy, energy-efficiency and greenhouse control systems, and service and reception management gas emissions). This process is ongoing. It will be the systems. EU’s principle investment tool for delivering the Europe 2020 goals: creating growth and jobs, tackling climate Following the implementation of a complex project change and energy dependence, and reducing poverty which entailed installing the Siemens One Solution, the and social exclusion. company is about to complete work on the Atlas Capital Centre, the most luxurious business, commercial and 3. SIEMENS AT A GLANCE - GLOBALY AND LOCALLY residential facility in Montenegro.

Before presenting the Siemens preparation for the issues In Healthcare, Siemens Montenegro has been realizing and questions raised by the European Commission, I large-scale healthcare projects in Montenegro since would like to briefly present our company trying not to 2007. We implemented two more major projects the keep your attention too long on the facts and figures. installation of oncology equipment in the Oncology and Radio-Therapy Clinic in 2008 and health diagnostic Siemens is a global powerhouse in electronics and equipment in 2009. Following this, Siemens has become electrical engineering, operating in the fields of industry, a strategic partner to the Montenegrin healthcare energy and healthcare as well as providing infrastructure system. solutions, primarily for cities and metropolitan areas. For over 165 years, Siemens has stood for It is worth mentioning that a company which has been technological excellence, innovation, quality, reliability creating future with its innovative technology and and internationality. The company is one of the world’s solutions, as Siemens has been doing for the past 165 largest provider of environmental technologies. Around years, is obliged to contribute towards the common 40 % of its total revenue stems from green products and good of the society of which it is an integral part. solutions. 4. SIEMENS VIEW HOW TO ACHIEVE THE EU 2020 In Fiscal Year 2013, which ended on September 30, GOALS 2013, revenue from continuing operations totaled 75.9 billion Euros and income from continuing operations 4.2 In general Siemens believes that an integrated approach billion Euros. At the end of September 2013, Siemens is the most appropriate way in order to achieve the had around 362,000 employees worldwide on the basis overarching targets of the European Union’s “2020 goals” of continuing operations, of which more than 180,000 as well as a coherent and sustainable Cohesion Policy. employees within the 28 member-states of the European Union. Siemens’ opinion on issues and questions raised by the European Commission based on the objectives of the Siemens has been implementing projects in Montenegro Cohesion Policy will be focused on the following 4 issues: for decades. By opening a Representative Office in • Smart Cities 2000, the company has validated the importance of this • Clean Electrification of Society together with dynamic market. Today Siemens Montenegro has the Smart Grid status of a Regional Company. • Mobility 46 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

održive Kohezione politike. nisko-ugljeničku mobilnost na električni pogon (e-mobility) i energetsko rješenje. Ono obezbjeđuje zelenu energiju Mišljenje Siemens-a o predmetima i pitanjima koja je po- preko fotonaponske elektrane i kombinovane proizvodnje krenula Evropska komisija na osnovu ciljeva Kohezione po- toplote i energije koji daju 485 MWh i postižu smanjenje litike biće usredsređeno na sljedeća 4 pitanja: emisije ugljen-dioksida od oko 143 tone godišnje. • pametni gradovi • čista elektrifikacija društva, zajedno sa pametnim Električni automobil: Električni automobil skladišti lokalno gradovima proizvedenu zelenu energiju, koju je moguće koristiti za • mobilnost dnevne vožnje, bez emisija ugljen-dioksida ili buke. Parki- • zdravstvena zaštita rani električni automobili uključuju se na pametnu mrežu elektrosnabdijevanja preko stubova za napajenje sturjom Mora se reći da neke od projektnih oblasti nijesu prmjenji- (punjenje, p.p.), koji će u budućnosti biti zaštita koja se ve u Crnoj Gori u bliskoj budućnosti, ali izgledaju interesan- koristi za izjednačavanje strujnog prenapona i podnapona tne u širem kontekstu itegracije u Evropsku uniju. koji se dešavaju tokom proizvdnje energije.

4.1 Pametni gradovi Programi finansijske podrške širom Evrope za povećanje broja održivih, rentabilnih i integrisanih projekata koji mogu Gradski centri iznose 75% svjetske potrošnje energije i podstaći tržište za zelenu energiju i rješenja u saobraćaju. 80% emisija stakleničkih gasova proizvedenih ljudskom ak- tivnošću. Nivo urbanizacije u Evropi se povećava, i trenu- 4.2 Čista elektrifikacija društva i pametne mreže elektro- tnih 72% stanovništava su naseljeni u gradovima. snabdijevanja

Pametne zgrade: Zgrade su odgovorne za 40% potrošnje Elektrane sa kombinovanim ciklusima: U vrijeme sve veće energije i 36% emisija ugljen-dioksida u Evropskoj uniji, pri zabrinutosti u pogledu održivog i pouzdanog snabdijevanja čemu zgrade izgrađene prije 1980. godine iznose ako 80% električnom energijom, najsavremenije elektrane sa kom- ovih potrošnji. binovanim ciklusom (CCPP) predstavljaju pouzdano rješe- nje. Sa emisijom ugljen-dioksida od oko 330 g po kilovatsa- Značajne uštede energije (>20%) moguće je postići auto- tu (kWh), savremene elektrane sa kombinovanim ciklusom matizacijom zgrada, što znači korišćenjem umrežene au- su među onim svjetskim elektranama na fosilno gorivo tomatizacije objekta (prvenstveno grijanja, hlađenja, ven- koje su najviše po mjeri zaštite životne sredine i klime. U tilacije i osvjetljenja), a posebno u zgradama sa velikom prosjeku, elektrane širom svijeta emituju ugrubo 578 gra- fluktuacijom u kapacitetu korišćenja (kao što su zgrade ma ugljen-dioksida po kilovatsatu. administracije ili idustrijskih poslovanja). Kroz automatizaciju pametnih zgrada, one postaju aktivan U energetskim sistemima sa rastućim količinama energije dio pametne mreže. iz promjenjivih obnovljivih resursa, elektrane sa kombinovanim ciklusom, zbog svoje radne spremnosti i fleksibilno- ’’Potpuna’’ mobilnost: ’’Potpuna’’ mobilnost znači inteli- sti, mogu pouzdano nadoknaditi ova kolebanja. gentno umrežavanje šinskih, drumskih i vazdušnih saob- raćajnih tokova; integrisano planiranje i inicijativa za mreže → Ostaje važno da se obezbijedi finansiranje za izgradnju mobilnosti u gradovima su od presudnog značaja. elektrana sa kombinovanim ciklusom, posebno u Jugo-is- točnoj Evropi. Da bi se stanovnici podstakli da pređu na korišćenje javnog → Usredrediti finansiranje na zamjenu ili prepravku po- prevoza, od suštinske je važnosti obezbijediti im potrebne stojećih elektrana na ugalj – koje proizvode relativno visok informacije u pogledu promjene oblika prevoznih sred- nivo zagađenja (ugljen-dioksida po kWh) – da bi se izgradi- stava. le savremene elektrane sa kombinovanim ciklusom. Ciljni programi za vozače automobila da pređu na korišće- nje javnog prevoza. Vjetar kao pokretač rasta za obnovljive energije: Sve veće korišćenje snage vjetra smanjuje emisije ugljen-diokasida u Integrisani ’’projekti pametnih gradova’’. Širom Evrope Evropi, pomažući time postizanje srednje-ročnog cilja do- postoje primjeri urbanih inicijativa za povećanja energet- bijanja 20% energije u Evropi iz onbovljivih izvora energije ske efikasnosti i ograničavanja uticaja potrošnje energije. i pobojšavajući sigurnost snabdijevanja energijom. U da- Glavni problem za proizvođače i distributere struje je kako našnje vrijeme, priobalne vjetroelektrane imaju kapacitet integrisati veliki broj malih, lokalnih izvora energije u po- od do 1GW – postižući iste nivoe kao i veliki broj konven- stojeću mrežu elektrsnabdijevanja. Konkretno u vrijeme cionalnih električnih centrala. Najbolji način za postizanje kada se proizvodi više struje nego što je potrebno, skladi- cilja bio bi usklađene i tržišno zasnovane tarife za plaćanje štenje energije je glavna briga. Siemens-ov projekat Volt- domaćinstvima ili poslovanjima u Evropi - koji proizvode -Air je primjer projekta u Belgiji, koji ilustruje intergisanu sopstvenu struju korišćenjem metoda koje ne doprinose ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 47

• Healthcare 4.2. Clean Electrification of Society & Smart Grid It has to be said that some of the project areas are not applicable for Montenegro in the very near future, but Combined-cycle Power Plants: In times of growing seem interesting in the wider context of EU integration. concerns regarding sustainable and reliable power supply, state-of-the-art combined-cycle power plants

4.1. Smart Cities (CCPP) represent a reliable solution. With CO2 emissions of around 330 grams per kilowatt-hour (kWh), modern Urban centers account for 75 % of the global energy combined-cycle power plants are among the most consumption and 80 % of the greenhouse gas emissions environment- and climate-friendly fossil-fuelled plants generated by human activity. The level of urbanization in in the world. On average, power plants worldwide emit

Europe is increasing and currently 72 % of the populations roughly 578 grams of CO2 per kWh. are city-dwellers. In energy systems with increasing amounts of power from fluctuating renewable resources, CCPPs can Smart Buildings: Buildings are responsible for 40% of the reliably compensate these fluctuations due to their high energy consumption and 36% of the EU’s CO2 emissions, operational readiness and flexibility. where as buildings built before 1980 account for about 80% of these consumptions. It remains important to secure funding for the construction Substantial energy savings (> 20%) can be achieved by of combined-cycle power plants, particularly in Southern building automation, which means using networked and Eastern Europe. building automation (primarily heating, cooling, ventilation, and lighting), particularly in buildings Focus funding on replacing or retrofitting existing coal- with large fluctuations in capacity utilization (such as fired power plants – which produce a relatively high administrative buildings and industrial operations). level of pollutants (CO2 per kWh) – to construct modern Through smart building automation, buildings become combined-cycle power plants. an active part in the smart grid. Wind as growth driver for renewable energies: The

“Complete” Mobility: “Complete” mobility means the growing use of wind power reduces Europe’s CO2 intelligent networking of traffic flows on rail, road and emissions, helping to achieve the medium-term target of in the air; an integrated planning of and incentive for getting 20% of Europe’s energy from renewable sources mobility-networks in cities are crucial. and improving the security of energy supplies. Nowadays To encourage residents to switch to public transportation, offshore wind farms can have a capacity of up to 1 GW it is essential to provide them with the necessary – reaching the same levels as many conventional power information regarding the change between modes of stations. transportation. The best way to achieve the target would be coherent Targeted programs to get car drivers to switch to public and market based feed-in tariffs in Europe which transport. are predictable over the long term. Moreover the implementation and modernization of networks to Integrated “smart-cities projects”: All over Europe integrate renewable energy sources and to bring power there are examples of urban initiatives to increase from the most distant generating plants to the population energy efficiency and to limit the impacts of energy centers in Europe. consumption. The major challenge for electricity Onshore wind farms should primarily receive support producers and distributors is how to integrate the large in regions that can demonstrate appropriately high and amount of small, local energy sources into the existing sustained wind activity. Talking about wind park projects, electricity grid. Particularly in times of energy surplus the it is worth mentioning actual project Wind Park Krnovo storage of energy is a major concern. which is of similar nature. Siemens’ Volt-Air project is a show case project in Belgium to demonstrate an integrated low-carbon e-mobility and Push innovative technologies, such as battery storage energy solution. It provides green electricity through systems through investment incentives supporting the a photovoltaic park and combined heat and power efficient use of renewable energy. Currently the barriers generation which produce 485 MWh and leads to a CO2 for investments for such technologies are too high due to reduction of around 143 tons per year. the fact that the costs for these innovative technologies cannot be allocated to the network charges. The electric car: The electric car stores the locally generated green energy, which can be used for the daily Electricity is the only form of energy which makes car trips without CO2 emissions or noise. Parked electric renewable energy usable without any transformation cars are plugged into the smart grid via charging poles, losses. An alternative use for renewable energy should which in future form a buffer that is used to smooth out be taken into account: surplus renewable energy could peaks and dips in energy production. be used to support heating in times of energy exceeds on the demand side. Supportive funding schemes across the EU to multiply sustainable, profitable and integrated projects which can fo- HVDC-connections: The power transmission market is ster the market for green energy and transport solutions. facing three major challenges: 48 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

osiromašenju prirodnih resursa i proporcionalno količini ponenti: struje koju proizvedu - a koje je moguće predvidjetu tokom • infrastruktura inteligentne energije i prateći siste- dugoročnog perioda. Osim toga, i uvođenje i modernizacija mi kontrole (inteligencija mreže) mreža da bi se integrisali obnovljivi izvori energije i dovela • iteligentno obračunavanje potrošnje energije (pa- električna struja od najudaljenijih proizvodnih postrojenja metno mjerenje) do centara stanovanja u Evropi. • inteligentno upravljanje podacima (IT-a usluga), i • proizvodnja i čuvanje distiribuirane energije. Kopnene vjetroelektrane treba prvenstveno da imaju po- dršku u regionima koji su u mogućnosti da dokažu da po- 4.3 Mobilnost stoji prikladno visoka i održiva aktivnost vjetra. Kada se govori o projektima vjetroelektrana, vrijedno je napomenuti ’’Potpuna mobilnost’’: gradska: Na osnovu onog što smo aktuelni projekat vjetroelektrane na Krnovu koji je slične saznali tokom proteklih nekoliko dekada, sve veće proširi- prirode. vanje prisustva kombinovanih rješenja za mobilnost u gra- → Podstaći korišćenje inovativnih tehnologija, kao što su dovima – zasnovanih na privlačnom šinskom saobraćaju baterijski sistemi za skladištenje energije, putem investicio- – je najodrživiji oblik gradskog prevoza od koga sve zainte- nih inicijativa koje podržavaju efikasno korišćenje obnovlji- reseovane strane imaju koristi. ve energije. Trenutno su prepreke ulaganjima za potrebe Hibridni i elektro-autobusi: Potreba za mobilnošću u grad- ovakvih tehnologija prevelike zbog činjenice da troškove skim područjima vodi do značajnog povećanja saobraćaja ovih inovativnih tehnologija nije moguće rasporediti po u glavnim gradovima Evrope. Da bi se pozabavili izazovima mrežnim troškovima. koji se na to odnose, gradovi doživljavaju povećanu potra- → Struja je jedini oblik energije koji omogućava korišćenje žnju za inovativnim alternativama. obnovljive energije bez ikakvih transformacionih gubitaka. Alternativno korišćenje obnovljive energije treba uzeti u ’’Brzi’’: međugradski: Stalno proširivanje mreža brzih pru- obzri, t.j. višak obnovljive energije mogao bi se koristiti kao ga potrebno je slijediti kako je planirano, da bi se ponudila pomoć za grijanje, tokom perioda kada prevagne potražnja visokokvalitetna, održiva alternativa vazdušom putovanju. za energijom. Ovim se, takođe, unapređuju gradovi i regioni uz željeznič- ke pruge. HVDC priključci: Tržište prenosa struje suočava se sa tri → Ovo se posebno primjenjuje na povezivanje perifernih glavna izazova: gradova srednje veličine (u radijusu od 500 km) sa glavnim, • izgradnjom novih mreža za snabdijevanje, da bi se odnosno gradovima srednje veličine u nekoj drugoj zemlji. zadovoljila rastuća potražnja za strujom • modernizovanjem sve starijih mreža elektorsnab- 4.4 Zdravstvena zaštita dijevanja • efikasnim integrisanjem energije koja se proizvodi Očekuje se da će ljudi u Evropi živjeti duže. U vezi sa ovim iz obnovljivih izvora energije. produženjem životnog vijeka, broj slučajeva oboljenja koja Prenos visoko-voltažne direktne struje (HVDC) omogućava su povezana sa starošću, poput demencije, moždanog uda- prenos velikih količina struje sa 30 do 40% manje gubita- ra i drugih, nastaviće da raste i dovesti do viših rashoda za ka tokom prenosa nego uporedivi trofazni sistem prenosa zdravstvenu zaštitu. Uporedo, potražnja za visoko-kvalite- naizmjenične struje na udaljenostima višim od 1.000 kilo- tnim zdravstvenim uslugama postaće izvjesnija. Koheziona metara. politika je instrument za podizanje životnog standarda za → Podržati međunarodne HVDC priključke da bi se posve građane Evrope. većala sigurnost napajanja energijom širom Evrope. Proje- Pacijenti u Evropi sreću se sa značajno velikim razlikama kat sličnog tipa je HVDC između Crne Gore i Italije. u korišćenju zdravstvenih usluga, a široku pristupačnost → Distribucija hidroelektrične energije ili vjetroenergije moguće je obezbijediti ako je nacionalna infrastruktura (putem podmorskih kablova). zdravstvene zaštite solidna. Štaviše, u vremenima u kojima Da bi se povećala energetska efikasnost i na minimum sve- su kvlaitet medicinskog liječenja i istraživačke institucije još li gubici unutar distributivne mreže, potrebno je povećati uvijek različiti širom Evrope, od interesa je dalje ispitivati voltažu. Ova povećanja su tehnički i u praksi izvodljiva u patološki mehanizam nekih od najčešćih oboljenja kao što velikom broju postojećih distributivnih mreža. su, primjera radi, neurološki poremećaji.

Pametne mreže: Glavni pokretač ove vrste inteligentne Aktivno smo angažovani u borbi protiv najopasnijih obo- energije je stalno rastuća potražnja za strujom, u kombi- ljenja, kroz poboljšanje produktivnosti i kvaliteta u zdra- naciji sa ograničenjima današnjih već prerasporostranjenih vstvenoj zaštiti kao i kroz proširenje pristupa zdravstvenim mreža elektrosnabdijevanja. Presudno važne koristi pame- uslugama. tnih mreža obuhvataju sposobnost proširenja energetske efikasnosti unutar mreže i poboljšanje pouzdanosti i sigur- Borba protiv najopasnijih bolesti i promovisanje socijal- nosti lanca snabdijevanja energijom – preko sljedećih kom- nog uključivanja preko održivih proizvoda zdravstvene ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 49

• Developing new grids to meet the rising demand People in Europe are expected to live longer in the future. for electricity Linked to this increase in life-expectancy, the incidence • Modernizing aging power grids of age related diseases like dementia, stroke and others • Efficiently integrating power generated by will continue to increase, leading to higher healthcare renewable energy sources. expenditures. In parallel, the demand for high-quality High-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission enables health services will become more imminent. Cohesion large quantities of electricity to be transmitted with 30 Policy is instrumental in raising living standards for all to 40 % less transmission loss than a comparable three- European citizens. phase AC transmission connection over great distances of more than 1,000 kilometers. There is a considerable disparity for patients in Europe to profit from health services and a broad access can Support international HVDC-connections to increase only be ensured if the national healthcare infrastructure energy-security throughout the EU. The project of the is solid. Moreover, in times, where quality of medical similar type is HVDC cable Montenegro-Italy. treatment and research institutions are still very variable throughout Europe, it is of interest to further study in Distribution of hydroelectric power or wind energy (via detail pathomechanism of some of the most important submarine cables). diseases, e.g. neurological disorders.

To increase energy efficiency and minimize losses within We are actively involved in fighting the most threatening the distribution grid, the voltage level would have to diseases, improving productivity and quality in healthcare be raised. These elevations are technically feasible and as well as enhancing the access to health services. practicable for large parts of the existing distribution grid. Fighting the most threatening diseases and promoting social inclusion through sustainable healthcare Smart Grid: Main driver for this type of intelligent products: Significant reductions in healthcare budgets power grid is the constantly growing demand for due to austerity measures risk creating new inefficiencies, electricity combined with the limitations of today’s undermining access to and the quality of care, decreasing already overstretched power grids. The critical benefits health outcomes and ultimately jeopardizing the of a Smart Grid include the ability to enhance energy sustainability of the health system and patients rights. efficiency within the network, and improve the reliability Nevertheless, not all Europeans have the choice to get and security of the power supply chain – via the following state of the art diagnosis and treatment, when they components: enter hospitals in EU Member States. • Intelligent power grid infrastructure and the associated control systems (Grid Intelligence), Provide funding for innovative cost-efficient technologies • Intelligent billing of power consumption (Smart which enable tailored diagnostics and treatment of the Metering), most threatening diseases at a high quality level. This • Intelligent data management (Utility IT), and will lead to a reduction of healthcare inequalities by • Distributed power generation and storage reducing the healthcare spending used for acquisition of healthcare technology as well as in reducing the 4.3. Mobility socioeconomic burden of the disease caused from disease related disability. “Complete mobility”: Intra-city: Based on what we have learned over the past few decades, expanding intermodal Further invest in infrastructure that fosters a mobility solutions in the cities – based on attractive rail transformational change in the health system. traffic – is the most sustainable form of urban transport that benefits all stakeholders. Major research efforts are required in order to reduce Hybrid & Electro Buses: The need for mobility in urban the socioeconomic burden of areas is leading to a significant increase of traffic in age related diseases like dementias. Europe’s major cities. To tackle the related challenges, cities are experiencing an increasing demand for Innovative treatment concepts and accessible innovative alternatives. healthcare by infrastructure and eHealth concepts: Access to high quality of care is important in several “High-speed”: Inter-city: The continuous expansion of life-threatening diseases but is often reduced in remote high-speed rail networks should be pursued as planned areas leading to increased disease related mortality or to offer a high-quality, sustainable alternative to air disability. travel. This will also upgrade the cities and regions along the rail lines. 5. CONCLUSION  This applies particularly to connecting medium-sized peripheral cities (in a 500-km radius) with the capital Montenegro has undertaken a series of reforms to and/or medium-sized cities in another country. strengthen the business environment in recent years. However, there are still environmental and infrastructure 4.4. Healthcare needs, energy security and efficiency measures to be performed, to promote sustainable development and 50 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

zaštite: Značajno smanjenje budžeta za zdravstvenu zaštitu zbog teških uslova izazvanih državnim mjerama za smanjenje javnih rashoda rizikuju stvaranje dodatne neefikasno- sti, podrivajući pristup ovoj zaštiti i kvalitet iste, umanjujući dobre zdravstvene izglede i, konačno, ugrožavajući održi- vost zdravstvenog sistema i prava pacijenata. Pri svemu tome, nemaju svi Evropljani taj izbor da dobiju najsavremeniju dijagnostiku i liječenje u bolnicama u drža- vama članicama Evropske unije.

Obezbijediti novčana sredstva za inovativne ekonomične tehnologije, koje omogućavaju da dijagnostika i liječenje Dakle, jasno je vidljivo koliko su važna ova sredstva za sve- po mjeri za najopsanija oboljenja budu visokokvalitetni. ukupni razvoj država. Ovo dovodi do smanjenja nejednakosti u zdravstvenoj zaštiti, smanjenjem izdataka za zdravstvenu zaštitu za po- Međutim, koji su to izazovi za jednu kompaniju koja poku- trebe nabavke tehnologije za zdravstvenu zaštitu, kao i do šava da pristupi fondovima Evropske unije: smanjenja socioekonomskog opterećenja koje nastaje iz • razumijevanje procesa invalidnosti izazavanih oboljenjima. • postojanje inovativnih / interesantnih ideja za projekte Dalje ulagati u infrastrukturu koja podstiče transformativ- • pronalaženje partnera - istomišljenika ne promjene u sistemu zdravstva. Osim koncepata i rješenja koji su ovdje prikazani, Siemens Velika istraživačka nastojanja su neophodna da bi se je voljan, ako je potrebno, da podijeli iskustva u vezi po- smanjilo socioekonomsko opterećenje nastalo po osnovu sebnih projekata koji su prikladni za finansiranje iz Evrop- staračkih oboljenja kakva je demencija. ske unije.

Koncepti inovativnog liječenja i pristupačna zdravstvena LITERATURA zaštita putem infrastrukture i koncepata elektronskog zdravstva (eHealth): Pristup visokokvalitetnoj zaštiti je va- 1. The future programming period 2014-2020, žan kod nekoliko oboljenja koja su opasna po život, ali je če- (Buduće programiranje, za period 2014. – 2020.) sto smanjen u udaljenim područjima, što vodi do povećane http://www.programmemed.eu/en/the-programme/ stope mortaliteta zbog oboljenja ili do onvalidnosti. programming-2014-2020.html 2. Press Release: EU enlargement: priorities for 2014, 5. ZAKLJUČAK (Saopštenje za štampu: Proširenje Evropske unije: prioriteti za 2014.) http://www.delmne.ec.europa.eu/code/ Crna Gora je skorijih godina preduzela jednu seriju refor- navigate.php?Id=2616 mi da bi osnažila poslovno okruženje. Međutim, još uvijek 3. Europe 2020, Europe’s growth strategy, postoje potrebe u kontekstu zaštite životne sredine i in- (Evropa 2020. Strategija rasta Evrope) frastrukture i mjere sigurnosti snabdijevanja energijom i http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/pdf/europe_2020_ energetske efikasnosti, koje je potrebno sprovesti, da bi se explained.pdf unaprijedili razvoj i rast države. 4. A reformed Cohesion Policy for Europe, Iz grafikona u daljem tekstu, koji prikazuje važnost koju (Reformisana Koheziona politika za Evropu) fondovi Evropske unije daju javnim ulaganjima, a posebno http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/thefunds/funding/ onima u Jugo-istočnoj Evropi za period od 2010. do 2020. data/graphics/cohesionpolicy20142020_full_highres. godine, moguće je vidjeti da učešće Kohezione politike png Evropske unije i iznos domaćeg sufinansiranja u iznosu do 5. Montenegro, financial assistance, 90,00% ukupnih javnih ulaganja (države sa najvećim uče- (Crna Gora, finansijska pomoć) šćem su Slovačka, Mađarska i Bugarska). Primjera radi, Slo- http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/instruments/funding- venija je koristila fondove Evropske unije u iznosu od nekih -by-country/montenegro/index_en.htm 40,00% od javnog ulaganja, a Hrvatska , kao nova članica, 6. Siemens internal documents još uvijek nije prikazana. (Interna dokumenta kompanije Siemens) ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 51 growth of the country. • understanding of the process From the table showing EU funds’ importance for • having innovative/interesting ideas for programs public investments, particularly for Eastern & Southern • finding like minded partners Europe for the period 2010-2012, it is visible that the participation of EU Cohesion Policy and national co- Besides concepts and solutions presented here, Siemens financing amount up to 90% of total public investment is willing, if needed, to share experiences about specific (the countries with highest portion are Slovakia, Hungary projects convenient for EU financing. and Bulgaria). Slovenia, for example used EU funds for around 40% of public investment. Croatia, as a newcomer REFERENCES is not presented yet. 1. The future programming period 2014-2020, http://www.programmemed.eu/en/the-programme/ programming-2014-2020.html 2. Press Release: EU enlargement: priorities for 2014, http://www.delmne.ec.europa.eu/code/navigate. php?Id=2616 3. Europe 2020, Europe’s growth strategy, http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/pdf/europe_2020_ explained.pdf 4. A reformed Cohesion Policy for Europe, http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/thefunds/funding/ data/graphics/cohesionpolicy20142020_full_highres. So, it is clearly visible how important these funds are for png the overall development of the countries. 5. Montenegro, financial assistance, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/instruments/funding- But, what are the challenges for a company trying to by-country/montenegro/index_en.htm approach the EU funds: 6. Siemens internal documents 52 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE Ruined in their entire contents, material and spiritual, economic and cultural, most of the Balkan countries, especially Urušene u svom cjelokupnom sadržaju, materijalnom i countries from the ex-Yugoslavia, have entered the XXI century. duhovnom, ekonomskom i kulturnom, većina država Balkana, Incapable of understanding the symbolism and significance of a posebno države sa ex YU prostora, ušle su u XXI vijek. Nespo- the fall of the Berlin Wall, with no minimum realization that sobne da shvate simboliku i značaj pada Berlinskog zida, bez the existing social model depleted, with no new ideas, and the minimuma spoznaje da je postojeći društveni model potrošen, required capacities of political elites, pressed by huge prob- bez novih ideja i potrebnog kapaciteta političkih elita, pritis- lems, although pretty untimely, they still initiated changes- af nute ogromnim problemima, iako uglavnom neblagovremeno, firming the new policies, democratization of society, economic započele su promjene afirmišući nove politike, demokratizaciju reforms and the policy of cooperation and coexistence. društva, ekonomske reforme i politiku saradnje i suživota. Realizing the full squandering of society and its core values, Uvidjevši potpunu rastočenost društva i njegovih temeljnih driven by enthusiasm and a desire to develop and progress, the vrijednosti, podstaknute entuzijazmom i željom za razvojem European Union was recognized as a great idea, which at the i napretkom, Evropsku uniju su prepoznale kao veliku ideju, same time offers an alternative, exit, a new hope and a chance koja istovremeno nudi alternativu, izlaz, novu nadu i šansu da to start over. The desire of all the Balkan countries to join the krenu iz početka. Želja svih zemalja Balkana da postanu članice European Union was brought to life on the big international Evropske unije oživotvorena je na velikoj međunarodnoj sce- stage when it became mutual, when the European Union sent ni kada je postala obostrana, kada je Evropska unija poslala messages of support and encouragement, and thus gave to poruke podrške i podsticaja, i time procesima na Balkanu i the processes in the Balkans and Europe a whole new value samoj Evropi dala sasvim novu vrijednosnu dimenziju. dimension. Formalno pravno posmatrano, proširenje je birokratski proces From a formal-legal point of view, the enlargement is the bu- donošenja novih i usaglašavanja sa evropskim zakonodavst- reaucratic process of adopting new and harmonization of the vom postojećih sopstvenih propisa, dok suštinski ono predstav- existing regulations with the European legislation, while es- lja cjelovitu sadržajnu promjenu društva u svim njegovim seg- sentially it represents a complete meaningful change of the mentima, kao i činjenicu da je to put stabilnosti i prosperiteta society in all its segments, and the fact that this is the path to regiona Balkana u cjelini. stability and prosperity in the Balkan region as a whole. Perspektiva je, dakle, pred svima onima koji vjeruju u ideju Ev- The perspective is, therefore, in front of all those who believe ropske unije i sebe. Od sposobnosti adekvatnog suočavanja sa in the idea of the European Union and themselves. The future samim sobom i spremnosti na rješavanje sopstvenih slabosti progress and the speed of convergence with the European i unutrašnjih problema, te ispunjavanja postavljenih uslova Union of each Balkan country respectively will depend on the zavisiće dalji napredak i brzina približavanja Evropskoj uniji, ability to adequately cope with oneself and the readiness to re- svake zemlje Balkana pojedinačno. Očekivanja su velika, a put solve ones’ own weaknesses and internal problems and to ful- koji predstoji dug i težak. fil the set conditions. The expectations are high, and the road ahead is long and difficult. EU KAO ODREDIŠTE ZEMALJA BALKANA THE EU AS THE DESTINATION OF THE BALKAN COUNTRIES Panel II Pogled na EU sa balkana A view at the EU from the balkans

Aleksandar Vlahović Svetlana Cenić Predsjednik Saveza ekonomista Srbije Ekonomista iz Bosne i Hercegovine President of the Serbian Association of Economists Economist from Bosnia and Herzegovina

Gordana Đurović Predrag Ivanović Profesor Ekonomskog fakulteta Univerziteta Crne Gore Predsjednik Odbora direktora Luke Bar Professor at the Faculty of Economics President of the Board of Directors of the Port of Bar at the University of Montenegro 54 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

Prof. dr Gordana Đurović Profesor Ekonomskog fakulteta Univerziteta Crne Gore

Pogled na EU sa Balkana: izazovi pristupanja

REZIME lja u čijem fokusu su ekonomski, politički i bezbjednosni motivi integracija, a čiju okosnicu predstavlja Evropska Politika proširenja je jedna od najintenzivinijih i za mno- unija i njena politika proširenja. Svu složenost odnosa ge jedna od najuspješnijih politika Unije koja je do danas između evropskih država danas, kao i njihovo dalje pozi- izgradila razvijen nadnacionalni sistem evropskih država cioniranje u odnosu na ključne partnere, može se grafički koji obuhvata gotovo cijeli kontinent, bilo direktno kroz predstaviti na sljedećem prikazu. integraciju, bilo u veoma bliskim trgovinskim, ekonomskim i bezbjednosnim aspektima saradnje evropskih dr- Grafik 1. Proces evropskih integracija žava. Za zemlje našeg regiona, evropska integracija je Najčvršći oblik integracija, Evropska monetarna unija, ključno spoljnopolitičko opredjeljenje, kompatibilno sa ostalim. Evropska politika proširenja za region simbolizuje politiku reformi kroz pristupanje Uniji, ona je više od prostog kumuliranja ispunjenosti pojedinih uslova. Fokus politike proširenja u ovoj dekadi svakako će biti naze- mljama kadidatima i potencijalnim kandidatima za član- stvo u Uniji, koje se nalaze u tzv. “balkanskom prstenu”, okružene državama članicama. Polazeći od navedenog, u ovom radu daje se sažet prikaz ekonomske atraktivnosti integracija regiona, osnovna ekonomska slika zemalja regiona na putu ka EU, kao i ključni politički, institucionalni i ekonomski izazovi koji očekuju zemlje Zapadnog Balkana u narednom periodu. Na bazi sprovedenog istra- živanja, možemo zaključiti da magnetna privlačnost integracija ostaje, iako je zlatno dobra proširenja zamijenjeno umjerenim evrorealizmom, a evrointegracije postale ključna agenda demokratskih i ekonomskih reformi, koje smanjuju diskreciona prava izvršne vlasti. Politika evropskih integracija za naš region ostaje strateško spoljnopo- danas predstavlja 17 EU država članica, a od januara pri- litičko opredjeljenje koje će obilježiti drugu dekadu ovoga družuje se i Latvia (Letonija). Ekonomske integracije sežu vijeka, kao trasa koja nema realnu alteranativu. Ne zato i preko granica EU, kroz Evropski ekonomski prostor, te što je to najbolji put, već zato što, trenutno, nema boljeg. posebno bliske odnose sa Švajcarskom i Norveškom, koje A na taj put treba se dobro pripremiti za pregovore i ući su pristupile Šengenskom sporazumu, gdje su i Island i spreman. Brzina pristupa je bitna, ali nivo spremnosti je Lihtenštajn (de facto u Šengenu su i ostale tzv. mikro dr- još bitniji. A spremnost u ovom slučaju je dvodimenzio- žave unutar EU, koje nemaju posebne granice, ali zato nalna kategorija: za integraciju treba biti spremna i ze- imaju pravo koristiti valutu eurozone i proizvoditi kovani- mlja pristupnica i sama EU. ce eura, baš kao i članice Eurozone). Carinsku uniju simbolizuje blisko ekonomsko partnerstvo sa Turskom, kao Ključne riječi: Zapadni Balkan, EU, politički i ekonomski i više navedenih mikro država. Najšira ravan evropske izazovi, evropske ekonomske integracije. integracije je Savjet Evrope u čijem članstvu nisu Kosovo i Bjelorusija (koja jeste članica UN). Važna ekonomska in- 1. PROCES EVROPSKIH INTEGRACIJA: VIŠE OD POLITIKE tegracija je i naš sporazum o slobodnoj trgovini u regionu PROŠIRENJA EU – CEFTA, koja predstavlja svojevrsnu pripremu zemalja regiona za buduću konkurenciju na zajedničkom tržištu Evropska integracija predstavlja mnogostruko ispreple- EU poslije ostvarivanja punopravnog članstva. Navede- ten i međuzavisan proces povezivanja evropskih zema- no je, ukratko, slika evropske integracije danas, ali se tu ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 55

Professor Professor at the Faculty of Economics Gordana Đurović, Dr.sc.oec. at the University of Montenegro

View of the EU from the Balkans: Accession Challenges

RESUME 1. THE EUROPEAN INTEGRATION PROCESS: MORE THAN THE EU ENLARGEMENT POLICY The enlargement is one of the most intensive and, for the many, one of the most successful policies of the European integration stand for multiple intertwined Union, which has, so far, built a developed supranational and mutually dependant processes of linking European system of the European countries covering almost the countries focused on economic and security integration entire continent, either directly through the integration motives, the backbone of which is represented by the or through a very close trade, economic and security European Union and the EU Enlargement Policy. All the aspects of cooperation between European countries. complexity of the relations between today’s European For the countries of our region, European integration is countries and of their further positioning to key partners a key foreign policy priority, compatible with the other. can be presented graphically in the following graph. The EU enlargement policy for the Region symbolizes policy of reforms through the EU accession; it is more Graph #1: European integration process than a simple aggregation of the fulfillment of certain conditions. The focus of the enlargement policy in this decade will certainly be on the countries that are the candidates and potential candidates for EU membership located in the so-called “Balkans ring “, surrounded by the Member States. Following the above mentioned, this paper presents concise review of the economic attractiveness of the Region’s European integration, the basic economics picture of the Western Balkans countries on path towards the EU, as well as a key political, institutional and economic challenges that await the Western Balkans countries in the future. On the basis of the conducted research, we can conclude that the magnetic attraction of integration remains, although the golden era of enlargement is replaced with moderate eurorealism, and the European integration is essentially become a key agenda of democratic and economic reforms, which reduce the discretionary powers of the executive. Politics of the European Integration inour Region remains a key foreign policy priority that would The most solid form of integrations, namely the mark the second decade of this century, as the route that European Monetary Union, represents 17 EU member has no real alternative. Not because it’s the best way, states today, with Latvia that will be admitted in January. but because, for now, there is no better. On that way we Economic integrations go beyond the EU borders, i.e. should be well prepared for the accession negotiations through European Economic Area as well as through and enter into ready. The access speed is important, particularly close relations with Switzerland and Norway, but the level of preparedness is still more important. which acceded to the Schengen Area where Island and Willingness in this case is two-dimensional category: for Lichtenstein are as well (and also other European so the integration should be prepared both the acceding called microstates that do not have particular borders country and the EU. but have the right - as same as the Eurozone members do - to use the Eurozone currency and mint Euro coins Key words: Western Balkans, EU, political and economic are de facto in the Schengen Area). The Customs Union challenges, European economic integration. symbolizes close economic partnership with Turkey and 56 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

proces ne zaustavlja - politika proširenja ostaje konstanta no raširio u svakodnevnoj upotrebi, a zvanično je dobio zajedničkih evropskih politika i ključna osovina evropske status na samitu u Solunu, 2003. godine, kada su se kroz integracije i u narednoj deceniji. Solunsku agendu, definisale smjernice za novi talas proši- renja, za zemlje ovog regiona („Budućnost Zapadnog Bal- 2. POLITIKA PROŠIRENJA: FOKUS NA ZAPADNI BALKAN kana je u Evropskoj uniji“, naravno onda kada konkretna zemlja ispuni standarde). Jedna od najintenzivinijih i za mnoge jedna od najuspje- šnijih politika Unije je politika proširenja, koja je danas Grafik 2. Novembar 2013: preostali „balkanski pristen” ili izgradila razvijeni nadnacionalni sistem evropskih država „politika zaokruživanja” Unije na Balkanu koji obuhvata gotovo cijeli kontinent, bilo direktno kroz integraciju, bilo u veoma bliskim trgovinskim, ekonomskim i bezbjednosnim aspektima saradnje evropskih dr- žava. Proces proširenja, na bazi naučenih lekcija, i svoje nesporne atraktivnosti za one zemlje koje nisu u “klubu”, svakako će biti prepun izazova i u narednom periodu. U fokusu naše analize je geografski zaokružena grupa zemalja jednog dijela Balkanskog poluostrva „zapadno od Grčke, južno od Slovenije“, za koju se, postepeno, sa ši- reg konteksta zemalja Centralne i Istočne Evrope došlo do pojma „Zapadni Balkan“ (Western Balkans). Pojam „Jugoistočna Evropa“ je neutralniji odnosno manje politi- čan (i naravno širi, jer pored ex-Yu zemalja bez Slovenije, obuhvata i Rumuniju, Bugarsku, Moldaviju, kao i Grčku i Tursku), ali se izraz Zapadni Balkan postepeno prihva- tao u terminologiji integracija. Sam pojam kreiran je u drugoj polovini ’90-ih godina prošlog vijeka, a postepeno je uveden i u zvanične dokumente Unije. Podsjetimo se da se i odrednica Balkan (etimološki, stara planina), kroz vjekove, često koristila u kontekstu koji je prevazila- zio geografsko određivanje. Drugim riječima, često se, u evropskom kontekstu, izraz Balkan koristio u pežorativ- Zapadni Balkan postao je odrednica za grupu zemalja na- nom značenju, u smislu nasilja, etničkih i vjerskih sukoba šeg regiona koje nijesu članice, ali su izrazile spremnost (region je uvijek simbolizovao bezbjednosno trusno tle, i ušle u proces pridruživanja, odnosno pristupanja Uniji. a u novijoj istoriji, ta simbolika je potvrđena kroz raspad Geografski, ovaj region obuhvata zemlje zapadno od Grč- zemlje i građanski rat na prostorima bivše SFRJ). I ranije, ke, južno od Slovenije, dok ga na istoku graniče nove (bal- međutim, izraz Balkan se koristio sa primjesama emocija, kanske) članice EU, Rumunija i Bugarska. Pošto je u stvari koje variraju od proneutralne do uvredljive. Izraz “bal- sa svih strana okružen Unijom, možemo ga zvati i „bal- kanizacija” često se koristio u kontekstu predstavljanja kanski prsten“, pa je sasvim logično i prirodno da su se teritorije koju karakterišu konflikti i podjele [Todorova, zemlje regiona okrenule evropskoj integraciji kao svom 2009]. Zaustavljanjem ratnih sukoba i postepenim proce- ključnom spoljnopolitičkom prioritetu, koji simbolizuje som obnove i rekonstrukcije regiona, nastao je novi izraz mir, bezbjednost, ekonomski prosperitet i demokratske – Zapadni Balkan. Invencija imena Zapadni Balkan bila vrijednosti [Đurović, 2012]. Danas je ovaj prsten znatno je, međutim, praćena prethodno objašnjenim imidžom smanjen, što se može prikazati i grafički. Navedenih go- „Balkana”, pa je novi izraz bio svojevrstan post-Balkanski dina, SSP je stupio na snagu u Albaniji, Crnoj Gori, Ma- fenomen (sa jedne strane snovi, opsesije, mitovi i fanta- kedoniji i Srbiji, u BiH je potpisan, a na Kosovu su počeli zije Balkana, a sa druge strane definisana teritorija, nove pregovori o istom. države i prema njima postavljeni jasni politički zahtjevi). Zapadni Balkan postaje geopolitički regon i u dokumen- I pored dva ozbiljna “udara” u 2013. godini (odluke Islan- tima Unije još 1998. godine na Samitu u Beču, kao novi da da zamrzne pregovore u junu, i iznenadne i neočekiva- region, koji, kao takav, nije egzistirao ranije, tako da je ne odluke Ukrajine da otkaže svečano potpisivanje spo- to svojevrstan čin “invencije” Unije. Teritorija okružena razuma o slobodnoj trgovini sa EU sredinom novembra zemljama EU koja predstavlja novi tip polarizacije [Topu- ove godine i najavi okretanje Carinskoj uniji sa Rusijom, zovski, 2009]. Na svim sljedećim sastancima EU, u razli- koja ima ambicije da kreira Evroazijsku uniju u drugoj čitim formatima, kada su se definisali zaključci za zemlje polovini ove dekade), politika proširenja ima svoju dina- regiona, korišćen je ovaj termin, koji je 2000. godine od miku i ciljeve, a to je puna integracija regiona Zapadnog regionalnog pristupa postao poseban model integracije Balkana. Simbolično, politika proširenja postaje za naš – proces stabilizacije i pridruživanja. Termin se postepe- region – politika “zaokruživanja” jednog dijela Evrope, ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 57 with several mentioned microstates. The broadest forum Western Balkans was followed by previously explained of the European integration is the Council of Europe image of Balkan, so the new name was post-Balkan the membership of which does not comprise Kosovo phenomenon in itself (Balkan’s dreams, obsessions, and Belarus (that are members of the UN). A important myths and fantasies on the one hand and, on the other economic integration is our Free Trade Agreement, i.e. hand, the demarcated territory, new countries and to CEFTA relating to the region, with the integration that them posed clear political requirements). The Western stands for a specific preparation of the regional countries Balkans became a geopolitical region in the Union’s for the future competitiveness in the EU Common Market documents already in 1998, in the Vienna Summit, as - after gaining full membership status. The portrait of the a new region that, as such, had not existed earlier, so European integration today has been already described that it was the act of the Union’s invention of its own briefly, but the process does not stop there, i.e. the kind. It became by the EU countries surrounded territory Enlargement Policy remains constant common European that represented a new type of polarization [Topuzovski, policy and the key axis of the European integration in the 2009]. In all the following meetings of the EU, during approaching decade. defining conclusions for the regional countries, the said name was used in different formats, and, as of 2000, it 2. ENLARGEMENT POLICY: FOCUS ON THE WESTERN has developed from the regional approach to a special BALKANS integration model, i.e. stabilization and accession process. The notion had gradually been spreading into The enlargement is one of the most intensive and for everyday use, while officially it got its status in the the many one of the most successful policies of the Thessaloniki Summit in 2003 during defining - through Union, which has, so far, built a developed supranational the Thessaloniki Agenda - the guidelines for the new system of the European countries covering almost the enlargement cycle designed for the countries of this entire continent, either directly through the integration region (The Future of the Balkans is in the European or through a very close trade, economic and security Union; however, as soon as a country concerned has met aspects of cooperation between European countries. the standards). Enlargement process based on the lessons learned and its undisputable attractiveness to those countries that Graph # 2: November 2013: The remaining “Balkans are not “in the club” will by all means be more than Ring” or “The EU Political Encircling” within the Balkans full of challenges in the upcoming period. The focus of our analysis is the geographically encircled group of countries on one part of the Balkan Peninsula, i.e. “west of Greece, south of Slovenia” , for which the notion of the Western Balkans was arrived to gradually and from a broader context of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The notion ofSoutheast Europe is more neutral, i.e. it is less political (and broader, naturally, because - in addition to ex YU countries excluding Slovenia - it comprises also Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova and Greece and Turkey as well), but the notion of theWestern Balkans has been gradually adopted by integration terminology. The very notion was created in the second half of the 90s of the last century, and it has been gradually introduced into the official documents of the European Union. Let us remind ourselves that the determiner Balkan {etymology: The Balkan Mountains / The Balkan mountain range (Bulgarian and Montenegrin: Stara Planina, T.N.)}, throughout centuries, was frequently used to refer to the context beyond the geographic determination. In other words, in the European context, the name Balkan was frequently used with pejorative The Western Balkans has developed into the attribute meaning, i.e. in terms of violence, ethnic and religious given to the group of our regional countries that are not conflicts (the region had always been a symbol ofa the EU members, but expressed their readiness and has shaking security zone, and, in more recent history, that entered into the EU accession, i.e. integration process. In representation was reasserted by the collapse of and the geographical terms, this region comprises the countries civil war within the ex Yugoslavia regions). Even earlier, west of Greece and south of Slovenia, while new members however, the notion of Blakan had been used combined (from the Balkans) such as Romania and Bulgaria border with emotions ranging from proneutral to offensive. The it in the east. Since it is actually surrounded by the EU term balkanization frequently referred to representing on all sides, we can call it also the Balkans Ring, so it is the territories characterized by conflicts and separations entirely rational and natural that the regional countries [Todorova, 2009]. Upon bringing the wars to the end are dedicated to the European integration as to their key and through gradual process of the region renewal foreign policy priority that symbolizes peace, security, and reconstruction, a new name emerged, namely the economic prosperity and democratic values [Đurović, Western Balkans. However, the invention of the name 2012]. Nowadays, this Ring is significantly smaller, and 58 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

koji prirodno pripada velikoj evropskoj porodici naroda. 1% BDP-a (svega 0,9%, jer se radi o budućim neto prima- Konačno, važno je napomenuti u kontekstu ove analize, ocima pomoći iz budžeta EU, sa BDP/pc u paritetu kupov- da je Zapadni Balkan do 1. jula 2013. godine obuhvatao ne moći ispod 75%). Ekonomska atraktivnost WB 6 (bez Albaniju, Bosnu i Hercegovinu, Hrvatsku, Makedoniju Hrvatske) svodi se na svega 0,5% dodatog BDP-a iz 2012. (FYRoM), Crnu Goru, Srbiju i Kosovo. U drugoj polovini godine, dok je kupovna moć ovih zemalja ispod 50% EU 2013. Zapadni Balkan se značajno “smanjuje”, jer Hrvat- prosjeka (izražena u BDP/pc u paritetu kupovne moći). ska postaje punopravna članica Unije. Možemo zaključiti da se u isticanju značaja evrointegra- 3. ZAPADNI BALKAN I UNIJA: INTEGRACIONA ATRAK- cija regiona za Uniju, više u vidu imaju širi, politički i bez- TIVNOST REGIONA bjednosni interesi, nego konkretne ekonomske koristi. U prilog ovom zaključku je i činjenica da su tržišta zemalja Zapadni Balkan nije samo geografska odrednica, već ima regiona već značajno liberaizovana kroz Sporazume o i svoj geopolitički, bezbjednosni, ali i ekonomski aspekt, stabilizaciji i pridruživanju, te je tržište regiona za kompa- koji su veoma važni za dalji proces širenja Unije na Bal- nije iz Unije – gotovo u potpunosti otvoreno. kan. Regionalna slika Zapadnog Balkana predstavlja mo- zaik onih „koji proizvode probleme“ i relativno „dosa- Tabela 2. Dinamika otvaranja tržišta zemalja Zapadnog dnih“ zemalja, gdje se, međutim, uloge često smjenjuju. Balkana i integracioni gep (na sljedećoj strani) Danas, regionalna evropska integracija ima promjenljivu dinamiku, proces se odvija znantno sporije od očekivanja Tabela prikazuje tzv. integracioni gep i on postoji ako po- sa početka ovog milenijuma, bremenit je mnogim ogra- stoji vremenska razlika između godine pune primjene ničenjima koja su kompleksne političke i ekonomske pri- SSP-a i godine potpisivanja pristupnog ugovora o član- rode, sa skromnim pozitivnim efektom prelivanja (tzv. stvu u EU. Tabela prikazuje da se, jedino u slučaju Hrvat- negativni spillover još uvijek suvereno vlada u regionu, ske, planirana dinamika otvaranja tržišta, koja je navede- pogoršanje situacije u jednoj zemlji automatski se preliva na u Sporazumu o stabilizaciji i pridruživanju sa EU (od- i na sve druge zemlje, bilo da je riječ o bezbjednosnim, ši- nosno rok/godina do koga je procjenjuje da je moguće u rim političkim ili ekonomskim izazovima sa kojima se suo- potpunosti sprovesti sve odredbe Sporazuma) – pokla- čavaju svaka od zemalja pojedinačno). Drugim riječima, pa sa godinom u kojoj je potpisan Ugovor o pristupanju konkurencija u integracionoj brzini nije kreirala regional- Uniji. Naime SSP je potpisan 2001. godine, a stupio je na nu sinergiju kojom možemo biti zadovoljni. Stvarno una- snagu 2005. godine. U samom Sporazumu navedeno je pređenje dobrosusjedskih odnosa i otvorena i efikasna da je period pune implementacije SSP – šest godina od regionalna saradnja još uvijek nije na željenom nivou. dana stupanja na snagu, a to je 2011. godina. Te godine je i potpisan Ugovor o pristupanju, pa su se očekivanja o internoj spremnosti za članstvo u Uniji poklopila sa godinom okončanja pregovora. Za Makedoniju, ta godina je trebala biti 2014., jer je stavljen duži rok primjene SSP- -a u dijelu otvaranja tržišta i ispunjenja političkih kriterijuma pristupanja, a znamo da pregovori nisu ni počeli, pa je ovaj gep neminovan. Albanija u svom SSP-u takođe ima duže rokove otvaranja za jedan mali dio tržišta, pa integracioni gep, u ovom kontekstu, počinje tek od 2019. godine. Pošto u BiH još i nije stupio na snagu SSP, ovaj rok nije ni definisan, te nije ni počeo. U Srbiji, zbog problema sa stupanjem na snagu SSP-a (proces ratifikacije, Litvani- ja), koji je stupio na snagu tek septembra 2013. godine, integracioni gep počinje od 2019. godine. U Crnoj Gori, integracioni gep počinje u drugoj polovini 2015. godine.

4. ZAPADNI BALKAN: IZABRANI EKONOMSKI INDIKATO- RI Kao što se iz navedenog pregleda može vidjeti, ekonomska atraktivnost regiona je znatno manja, nego što je to Ekonomska slika zemalja Regiona u uslovima sporog eko- bio slučaj sa zemljama petog proširenja Unije. Po podaci- nomskog opravka, ukazuje na brojna razvojna ograniče- ma 2004. godine, 12 novih država članica donosilo je Uni- nja, koja ne zaobilaze ni državu koja je ostvarila puno- ji više od četvrtine stanovništva i petine teritorije, iako pravno članstvo u Uniji. Pristupanje Hrvatske pratile su svega 5,4% BDP-a proširene zajednice. Danas, 10 godina (i prate) intenzivne demokratske i ekonomske reforme, kasnije, 7 zemalja našeg regiona, hipotetički, donijeli bi ali direktni ekonomski benefiti ne mogu se osjetiti preko Uniji svega 4,5% stanovništva, 6,4% teritorije i manje od noći, s obzirom da je recesija prisutna od 2009 do 2013, ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 59 can be represented also graphically. In the foregoing year, challenges which each country faces individually). In the Stabilization and Accession Agreement entered into other words, competition in the integration run has not force in Albania, Montenegro, Macedonia and Serbia; it created a synergy that can please us. Real improvement was executed in Bosnia; its negotiations commenced in in good neighborly relations and transparent and efficient Kosovo. regional cooperation are not yet at desirable level.

Regardless of two serious attacks in 2013 (Island’s As it is obvious from the foregoing review, the region’s decision to freeze negotiations in June, and sudden and economic attractiveness is significantly lower than it was unexpected Ukraine’s decision to cancel the solemn in case of the countries of the Union’s fifth enlargement . signing of the Free Trade Agreement with the EU in the According to the data from 2004, 12 new member states mid November of the current year and to announce contributed to the Union more than one forth of the their turning to the Customs Union with Russia that has population and one fifth of the territory, despite only ambitions to create the Euro-Asian Union in the second 5.4 % GDP of the enlarged Community. Today, 10 years half of the current decade), the Enlargement Policy has later, 7 countries of our region, hypothetically, would stuck to the dynamic and goals that are the full integration contribute to the Union only 4.5% of population, 6.4% of of the Western Balkans region. Metaphorically said, the the territory and less than 1.00% BDP (only 0.9%, since Enlargement Policy has been developing, for our region, it is about the future net recipients of assistance from into the Policy of “Encircling” one part of the Europe, the EU Budget, with the GDP percentage at purchasing with that part belonging, by the nature of things, to the power parity below 75%). Economic attractiveness of the family of European people. Finally, it is important to Western Balkans 6 (without Croatia) has been reduced note, in terms of the present analysis, that the Western to only 0.5% added GDP from 2012, with the purchasing Balkans, as of July 1st 2013, has encompassed Albania, power of these countries below 50% of the EU average Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia (i.e. (expressed in GDP percentage at purchasing power FYRoM), Montenegro, Serbia and Kosovo. In the second parity). half of 2013, the Western Balkans has been reduced considerably, since Croatia became a full member of the We can conclude that in emphasizing the importance EU. of the European integration to the Union, more consideration is dedicated to broader political and 3. THE WESTERN BALKANS AND THE UNION: INTEGRA- security interests than to particular economic benefits. TION ATTRACTIVENESS OF THE REGION In favor of this conclusion, there is the fact that the regional countries respective markets have already The Western Balkans is not a geographical attribute only, been liberalized through Stabilization and Accession but it has also its geopolitical, security and economic Agreements, so the regional market has been almost aspects that are very important for a further Union’s open to the EU companies. enlargement process within the Balkans. Regional image of the Western Balkans represents the mosaic of those The Table on the next page displays so-called integration awkward and rather bothersome countries where, gap and it exists if there is a time difference between however, the roles are frequently rotated. Nowadays, the year of full enforcement of the SAA and the year the regional European integration has a variable of signing the Agreement on the Accession to the EU dynamic. Its process is taking place considerably slower Membership. The Table shows that only in the case of than it was expected originally at the beginning of the Croatia the planned market opening schedule stated millennium. It is encumbered by numerous restrictions under the Stabilization and Accession Agreement entered that are of complex political and economic characters, into with the EU (actually the deadline / year which was and it involves a modest effect of spilling over (so- projected as possible for the full enforcement of the called negative spillover is still the supreme ruler of the Agreement provisions) matches with the year in which region; any aggravation of situation in one country spills the Agreement on the Accession to the EU Membership automatically over into all other countries, whether was signed. Namely, the SAA had been signed in 2001 and it is about security, broader political or economical it entered into force in 2005. The very Agreement states that the period of the full implementation of the SAA was to be six years as of the day of entering into force, i.e. 2011. In that year the Agreement on the Accession was signed, so the expectations concerning the full internal readiness for the EU membership matched with the year of negotiation completion. For Macedonia, 2014 was projected to be that year, due to the extended deadline for the implementation of the SAA relating to the market opening and political criteria fulfilling, and we know that negotiations have not commenced yet – so this gap is inevitable. In their SAA, Albania was also given extended deadlines for opening of a small portion of the market, so the integration gap, in these terms, is to start no earlier than in 2019. Since in Bosnia and Herzegovina the SAA has not entered into force yet, this 60 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

koju obilježava pad potrošnje domaćinstava, kao i sma- Albanija je veoma upućena na tržište Eurozone, te i zavi- njenje FDI i izvoza. Problemi u oblasti nekonkurentnih in- sna od razvojnih performansi ključnih trgovinskih partne- dustrija, nefleksibilnog tržišta rada i velikog, ali nedovolj- ra kao što su Italija i Grčka. Posebno brine visok nivo loših no efikasnog javnog sektora su i dalje značajni. Međutim, kredita (25%), javni dug koji je prešao 60%, kao i izazovi EU člnastvo će omogućiti državi benefite od slobodnog fiskalne konsolidacije. U septembru 2012. Godine BiH je pristupa zajedničkom tržištu i značajnim sredstvima dogovorila Stand-by aranžmen sa IMF-om i već je spro- evropskih fondova, što treba da dovede do pozitivnog vedeno nekoliko misija. Međutim, kompleksna politička rasta ekonomije u 2014. godini [EBRD, 2013]. situacija i slab biznis ambijent i dalje destimulativno dje- luju na razvojnu perspektivu. Makedonija pokazuje neke Po ocjeni EBRD, ekonomije našeg regiona još uvijek indikatore oporavka u 2013. godini, gdje je rast BDP-a stagniraju ili bilježe manji rast. Domaća tražnja je niska ostvaren prvenstveno rastom investicija i djelimično ra- i investicioni tokovi su još uvijek znatno ispod onih pri- stom izvoza. Značajni napori učinjeni su na unapređe- je krize. 60% izvoza ide na EU tržište, koje je (još uvijek) nju biznis ambijenta i privlačenju SDI, pa se ove godine najveći investitor u regionu. Finansijski sektor je umiren, Makedonija pozicionirala na Doing bussines listi lakoće ali nivo “loših” kredita u mnogim zemljama i dalje raste poslovanja na zavidnom 35 mjestu (CG-44, KS-86, HR-89, i blizu je, ili prelazi, 20% ukupnih kredita. Mnoge zemlje AL-90, RS-93, BA-131) [World Bank, 2013]. Ekonomija u regionu suočavaju se sa ozbiljnim fiskalnim izazovima, Kosova ostvarila je najveći rast u regionu u 2012. godini, gdje smanjeni prihodi uslovljavaju oštre rezove u javnom ali ostaje najmanje razvijena zemlja regiona, sa rastućom sektoru. Pozitivnu stranu predstavlja postepeni oporavak nezaposlenošću i siromaštvom. Makroekonomski ambi- izvoza, podstaknut blagim popravljanjem ekonomskih jent je stabilan, praćen Stand-by aranžmanom IMF-a. performansi Eurozone i rastućim pristupom tržištima van EU. Inflacija je, generalno, pod kontrolom, kao ključni cilj U Crnoj Gori postepeno se podiže nivo ekonomske ak- centralnih banaka. Konačno, progres u dubljim struktur- tivnosti u 2013. godini, posebno oporavkom izvoza, ali nim reformama još uvijek nije značajan, iako se zemlje ne metalnog sektora, već proizvodnje i izvoza električ- suočavaju sa ograničenjima postojećeg ekonomskog am- ne energije, rastom sektora turizma i umjerenim opo- bijenta za oporavak i rast [EBRD, 2013]. ravkom prometa u maloprodaji. Ipak, spoljnotrgovinski ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 61

deadline was neither set nor started. In Serbia, due to National demand is low and investment flows are still difficulties with the SAA entering into force (due to the below the ones prior to the crisis. Sixty percent (60.00%) ratification process, Lithuania) that was taken place no of exports go to the EU market that is (still) the biggest sooner than in September 2013 , the integration gap is investor in the region. Financial sector has been calmed to start in 2019. In Montenegro, the integration gap is to down, but the level of “bad” loans in many countries has start in the second half of 2015. been constantly going up and it is near or exceeds 20.00% of the total loans. Many regional countries face serious 4. WESTERN BALKANS: SELECTED ECONOMIC fiscal challenges, with reduced revenues that induce INDICATORS sharp cuts in public sector. Positive side is represented by export recovery encouraged by a mild improvements The economic portrait of the regional countries - under in economic performances in the Eurozone and by the circumstances of slow economic recovery – points out increasing access to the markets outside the EU. Inflation to numerous development restrictions that do not pass is, in general, under control as it is a key goal of central by even a country that has attained the full membership banks. Finally, progress in deeper structural reforms is of the EU. Accession of Croatia was followed (and has still not so significant, despite countries face the existing been followed) by intensive democratic and economic economic ambience with barriers for recovery and reforms, but direct economic benefits cannot be felt growth [EBRD, 2013]. overnight taking into account that the recession was present from 2009 to 2013 and that it was marked by Albania is very oriented toward the Eurozone market both a drop in household consumption and a shrink in and dependant on the development performances FDI and exports. Noncompetitive industries, inflexible of key trade partners such as Italy and Greece. Of labor markets and large but inefficient public sector are particular concern is a high level of non-performing loans still facing considerable challenges. However, the EU (25.00%), public debt exceeding 60.00%, and challenges membership will ensure the state with benefits from the in fiscal consolidation. In September 2012, Bosnia and free access to the Common Market and with considerable Herzegovina agreed the Stand–By Arrangement with resources from the EU funds, which all should lead to MFI, and several missions have already followed so far. positive growth of economy in 2014 [EBRD, 2013]. However, complex political situation and poor business environment are still acting in a discouraging manner According to EBRD assessment, economies of our region upon the development prospective. Macedonia has are still significantly stagnant or they record slight growth. shown some indicators of recovery in 2013, with GDP 62 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

deficit je i dalje veoma visok (18,7%), najveći u regionu, za projekte energetike sa utvrđivanjem liste projekata od a fiskalna pozicija je oslabljena plaćanjem aktiviranih ga- interesa za Energetsku zajednicu, itd.). rancija KAP-a, što je značajno uticalo na rast nivoa zadu- ženosti poslednjih godina. Krediti blago rastu, a u njiho- Magnetna privlačnost integracija ostaje, iako je zlatno voj strukturi 17,45 je NPL. Konačno, projektovani snažan dobra proširenja zamijenjeno umjerenim (pragmatičnim) rast investicione aktivnosti u narednom srednjem roku, evrorealizmom, Politika evropskih integracija – za naš re- mogao bi djelovati kao stimulativni faktor rasta. Srbija gion, ostaje strateško spoljnopolitičko opredjeljenje koje se fokusira na oporavak rastom izvoza, što pozitivno uti- će obilježiti drugu dekadu ovoga vijeka, kao trasa koja če na realnu stopu rasta ukupne ekonomske aktivnosti. nema realnu alteranativu. Ne zato što je to najbolji put, Izvoz se snažno opravlja, posebno oporavkom automo- već zato što, trenutno, nema boljeg. A na taj put treba se bilske industrije, ali i dobrim uslovima za poljoprivredu. dobro pripremiti za pregovore i ući spreman. Međutim, Srbija se i dalje suočava sa ozbiljnim izazovima fiskalne konsolidacije (IMF je projektovao budžetski defi- Brzina pristupa je bitna, ali nivo spremnosti je još bitniji. cit između 7 do 8% BDP-a u 2013. godini i nivo javnog A spremnost u ovom slučaju je dvodimenzionalna kate- duga koji prelazi 60% i nastavlja da raste). NPL krediti su gorija – i zemlja regiona treba biti spremna za obaveze iz oko 20%, te predstavljaju značajan element ranjivosti za članstva, nadnacionalno makroekonomsko upravljanje, ekonomiju zemlje [ EBRD, 2013]. smanjenje diskrecionih nadležnosti vlade, podršku EU fondova, jačanje vladavine prava i konsolidaciju institu- 5. UMJESTO ZAKLJUČKA: KLJUČNI IZAZOVI INTEGRACIJA cija, dok, sa druge strane, i Unija treba da bude spremna ZAPADNOG BALKANA za nove države članice – konsolidovana, jasnih pravila i političkog i ekonomskog konsenzusa o jos jednoj (ili više) U Strategiji proširenja 2013-2014 [EC, Enlargement stra- država članica. tegy and main challenges, 2013] Komisija navodi da su ključni izazovi za Zapadni Balkan: ekonomsko upravljanje i konkurentnost, vladavina prava, funkcionisanje institucija koje garantuju demokratiju i prevazilaženje naslje- đa prošlosti (dalje jačanje dobrosusjedstva, sporazumi o granicama, ekonomska saradnja i zajednički projekti). Politički i institucionalni kriterijumi mogu se dalje speci- ficirati za zemlje regiona, ali ekonomski, veoma su slični, što se može vidjeti i na pregledu na sljedećoj strani.

Komisija će zemljama regiona pružati značajnu tehničku podršku za uvođenje modela ekonomskog upravljanja već u ovoj fazi integracija država kandidata za članstvo, a podržavaće i sve regionalne incijative (RCC za ekonomske i političke inicijative, WBIF za pripremu velikih infrastruk- turnih, bankabilnih projekata, TEN-T za transport, TEN-E ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 63 growth reached primarily through investments increase a moderate recovery in retail sales. Nevertheless, foreign and, partially, through export growth. Significant efforts trade deficit is still very high (18.7%), actually the highest have been made in improving the business environment in the region, with fiscal position undermined due to and attracting FDIs. Consequently, Macedonia’s this year Aluminum Plant’s debt as activated guarantee payments rank on the Ease of Doing Business List is the enviable that considerably induced the increase in indebtedness 35th place (with Montenegro ranking as 44th, Kosovo as in the previous years. Credits have been going slightly up 86th, Croatia as 89th, Albania as 90th, Republic of Serbia and their structure comprises 17.45% attributed to non- as 93rd, Bosnia as 131st) [World Bank, 2013]. Kosovo performing loans (NLPs). Finally, the projected strong economy attained the highest growth in the region in growth in investment activity in the coming middle-term 2012, but has remained the least developed regional could act as a stimulating factor of growth. Serbia is country with increasing unemployment and poverty. focused on the recovery through export expansion, which Macroeconomic environment is stable, followed by the has had positive effect on real growth rate of the overall Stand-By Arrangement with IMF. economic activity. Export has been recovering strongly, particularly through recovery of car industry and through In Montenegro, there has been gradual increase in favorable conditions for agriculture. However, Serbia has economic stability in 2013 particularly through the still been facing serious challenges in fiscal consolidation recovery of exports - not of metal sector , but of energy (IMF projected the Budget deficit to range between 7.00 generation and export , the growth in tourism sector and and 8.00% of the GDP in 2013 and the level of public

debt exceeding 60.00% with increasing tendency). Non- Accession speed is very important, but the readiness performing loans are around 20.00% and they present level is even more substantial. The readiness, in this case, a significant element of vulnerability of the country’s is two-dimensional category and any regional country economy [EBRD, 2013]. should be prepared for undertaking the membership- related obligations, supranational macroeconomic 5. INSTEAD OF CONCLUSION: KEY CHALLENGES FACED governance, reduction in government’s discretionary BY THE WESTERN BALKANS INTEGRATIONS competences, support from the EU funds, strengthening the rule of law, and consolidation of institutions, whereas, In the Enlargement Strategy 2013-2014 [EC, Enlargement on the other hand, also the Union should be ready to strategy and main challenges, 2013], the Commission new states, while being consolidated, with clear rules states that the key challenges faced by the Western and political and economic consensus concerning one Balkans countries are economic governance, rule of law, (or more) additional member states. functioning of democratic institutions and overcoming legacy of the past (further strengthening of good neighborly relations, agreements concerning borders, economic cooperation, and projects of joint interests). Political and institutional criteria can be further specified for the regional countries, and economic as well, since they are quite similar as can be seen in the review below.

The Commission will provide the regional countries with significant technical assistance for introducing the model for economic governance already during this stage of candidate countries integration and they will support all regional initiatives {Regional Cooperation Council for Economic and Political Initiatives (RCC), Western Balkans Investment Framework (WBIF) for developing large infrastructure bankable projects, TEN-T for transport, TEN-E for energy projects, with establishing a list of projects of the interest to Energy Community, etc.}.

Magnetic attractiveness of integrations remains, despite the golden era of enlargement has been replaced by a moderate (pragmatic) Eurorealism. The European Integrations Policy – for our region – has remained a strategic foreign policy commitment to mark the second decade of the current century as the route without an alternative - not because it is the best route, but because currently no better one exists. To go along the route, good preparations for negotiations should be undertaken and be ready to get on it. 64 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

LITERATURA:

1. DG ECOFIN (2013), Directorate General for Econo- 5. Eurostat, 2013, selected indicators (http://epp.euro- mic and Financial Affairs Candidate Countries Economic stat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/eurostat/home). Quarterly, Q3, November 2013: 4-7. (http://ec.europa. 6. Todorova Maria, Imagining the Balkans, Oxford Uni- eu/economy_finance/db_indicators/cpaceq/docu- versity Press, New York, 2009: 3 i 21. ments/cceq_2013_q3_en.pdf) 7. Topuzovski Tihomir, From the imagining of the Bal- 2. Đurović Gordana, Evropska unija i Crna Gora: politika kans to the invention of the Western Balkans, Reartiku- proširenja, Ekonomski fakultet, Podgorica, 2012: 319- lacija, No. 6, Ljubljana, 2009; (http://www.reartikulacija. 323. org/?p=67) 3. EBRD, Regional Economic Prospects in EBRD Countries 8. Word Bank, IFC, (2013) Doing bussines report 2014; of Operations, November 2013: 8-14. (http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/global-reports/ 4. European Commission (2013), Enlargement strategy doing-business-2014) and main challenges 2013-2013, COM (2013)700 final: 3-5. ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 65

REFERENCES:

1. DG ECOFIN (2013), Directorate General for 5. Eurostat, 2013, selected indicators (http://epp. Economic and Financial Affairs Candidate Countries eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/eurostat/ Economic Quarterly, Q3, November 2013: 4-7. (http:// home). ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/db_indicators/cpaceq/ 6. Todorova Maria, Imagining the Balkans, Oxford documents/cceq_2013_q3_en.pdf) University Press, New York, 2009: 3 i 21. 2. Đurović Gordana, European Union and Montenegro: 7. Topuzovski Tihomir, From the imagining of the Balkans the Enlargement Policy, Faculty of Economics, Podgorica, to the invention of the Western Balkans, Reartikulacija, 2012: 319-323. No. 6, Ljubljana, 2009; (http://www.reartikulacija. 3. EBRD, Regional Economic Prospects in EBRD Countries org/?p=67) of Operations, November 2013: 8-14. 8. World Bank, IFC, (2013) Doing business report 2014; 4. European Commission (2013), Enlargement strategy (http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/global-reports/ and main challenges 2013-2013, COM (2013)700 final: doing-business-2014) 3-5. 66 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

Prof. dr Predrag Ivanović Predsjednik Odbora direktora Luke Bar

PRILOG „EVROPSKOJ RUCI U RAZVOJU REGIONA“

REZIME sa očekivanjima i zahtjevima tržišta.

Posmatrajući razvoj kvaliteta poslovnog okruženja u re- Medjutim, kako je organizacija, kao složen sistem, dio još gionu, kroz opšte dimenzije modernizma (shvaćenog kao većeg i složenijeg sistema, na konkurentsku sposobnost uti- proces temeljne reforme političkog, pravnog i ukupnog če i interakcija kompanije sa činiocima tog šireg okruženja. socio-ekonomskog sistema) i modernizacije (u smislu rasta Na ovoj pretpostavci, Porter (1) je razvio poznati model kon- i razvoja nacionalnih ekonomija) i njihove interakcije, kroz kurentskih prednosti naroda (model počiva na interakciji »deduktivni lijevak», fokusira se važnost razvoja saobraćaj- organizacije sa: uslovima tražnje, uslovima faktora poslova- ne infrastrukture regiona, jedne od bazičnih potreba biznisa nja, razvijenosti povezanih djelatnosti, prikladnosti politike i dimenzije kokurentnosti regiona. vlada i same slučajnosti). Prema tome, konkurentnost organizacije zavisi i od konkurentnosti nacionalnog, odnosno Razvoj transportne infrastrukture, kao determinante razvoj- regionalnog razvojnog ambijenta. nog ambijenta, zahtijeva angažovanje «više ruku»: javnog sektora, privatnog sektora, inostranih investitora i sistema Osnovu nacionalnog razvojnog ambijenta čini: kvalitet evropskih finansijskih institucija. S obzirom na «produženu» ekonomije, stepen njene internacionalizacije i stabilnosti ekonomsku recesiju u regionu, budžetske deficite i relativno finansijskog sistema; razvijenost infrastrukture, osobito visoku zaduženost, te potrebu intenzivne reindustrijalizacije saobraćajne; razvijenost nauke i tehnologije; kvalitet ljud- regiona, veoma je bitan i pristup evropskim finansijskim in- skog resursa i menadžmenta u organizacijama; te kapacitet stitucijama. Koliko će biti snažno prisustvo «evropske ruke» i efikasnost državne administracije. Premda se posljednjih zavisi od «statusa» regionalnih saobraćajnica u razvojnim godina u Crnoj Gori (i čitavom regionu) poboljšava opšta strategijama Evrope. konkurentnost, ona je i dalje ključan limit razvoja osobito kada se, usljed nestašice domicilne akumulacije i dugog tra- Sljedstveno interesima regiona, ukazuje se na potrebu sup- janja recesije, razvoj temelji na prilivu stranih direktnih inve- stitucije postojećeg koncepta «koridora» u evropskom pri- sticija. Sljedstveno tome, u domenu unapredjenja kvaliteta stupu, širim i fleksibilnijim konceptom «transportnih aksi». poslovnog okruženja postoje brojni zadaci, koje na opštem Koncept «transportnih osovina» obezbjedjuje ravnopravniji nivou, možemo posmatrati kao dimenziju modernizma i i konkurentniji «status» nekih transportnih pravaca za koje modernizacije. su zainteresovane zemlje regiona. Kao primjer, navodi se transportni pravac od Bara prema Beogradu i dalje. Na kraju, pristup «deduktivnog lijevka» pokazuje stratešku važnost 1. MODERNIZAM I MODERNIZACIJA - DIMENZIJE PRO- ovog pitanja i za razvoj Luke – Bar, kao «pomorske kapije» SPERITETNOG RAZVOJNOG AMBIJENTA regiona i značajnog potencijala ekonomskog rasta i razvoja Crne Gore. Proces temeljne reforme političkog, pravnog i ukupnog socio-ekonomskog sistema Crne Gore i zemalja regiona, UVOD možemo posmatrati kao dimenziju modernizma. Kroz proces pridruživanja Evropskoj uniji intenzivno se dogradjuje U uslovima intenzivnih procesa globalizacije, presudnu ulo- implementiraje kopenhaških kriterijuma u domenu: stabil- gu u socio-ekonomskom razvoju države, organizacija i po- nosti demokratskih institucija, vladavine prava, poštovanja jedinaca imaju konkurentske sposobnosti. Konkurentsku ljudskih prava, sposobnosti preuzimanja obaveza, te usklad- sposobnost organizacije determinišu funkcionalne sposob- jivanja administrativnih, upravnih i pravosudnih struktura nosti, odnosno kvalitet ulazne logistike, transformacionog društva, kao i institucionalno uredjenje funkcionalne tržišne procesa i izlazne logistike, kao i upravljačke sposobnosti privrede. U ovoj dimenziji / dimenziji modernizma domi- koje su opredijeljene organizacionom kulturom, te kvalite- nantna je odgovornost javnog sektora. tom strategije, strukture i sistema. Sve te komponente se reflektuju na kvalitet ponude i stepen njene uskladjenosti Posmatrajući tako shvaćeni modernizam kao dimenziju ra- ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 67

President of the Board of Directors Professor Predrag Ivanović, PhD at Port of Bar

CONTRIBUTION TO THE »EUROPEAN HAND« IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGION

RESUME and individuals. Competitive skills of an organisation are determined by functional abilities, i.e. the quality of input Looking at the quality of business environment in the logistics, transformative processes and output logistics, region through general aspects of modernism (seen as a as well as management capabilities that are a result of process of thorough reform of political, legal and the whole organisational culture and quality of the strategy, structure socio-economic system) and modernisation (in the sense and system. All of these components are reflected in the of growth and development of national companies) and quality of what is being offered and in the degree of offer’s their interaction, it is through the “deductive funnel” that conformity with the expectations and demands of the the importance of the development of the regional traffic market. infrastructure - as one of the basic requirements for and an indicator of the regional business and competitiveness Nevertheless, since an organisation, it being a complex respectively - is focused on. system, is an integral part of a larger and even more complex system, competitive ability is also influenced Being the determining factor in the development by company’s interaction with entities of that broader environment, transport infrastructure development environment. Based on this presumption, Porter demands the involvement of “many hands”, such as public (1) developed his well-known model of competitive sector, private sector, foreign investors and the system of advantages of nations (this model relies on interaction of European financial institutions. Taking into account the an organisation with: conditions of demand, conditions “prolonged” economic recession in the region, budget of business factors, development level of interconnected deficits and relatively high levels of indebtedness, as well activities, adequacy of government policies and pure as the need for intensive reindustrialisation of the region, chance). According to that, competitiveness of an access to European financial institutions is very important organisation depends also on competitiveness of national, as well. How strong the presence of the “European hand” as well as regional development environment. is going to be depends on the “status” of the regional roads in the development strategies of Europe. The foundations of the national development environment are made of: quality of the economy, degree In accordance with the interests of the region, the Europe’s of its internationalisation and stability of the financial approach has highlighted the need for substitution of the system; development of infrastructure, especially existing concept of “corridors” and its replacement with transport infrastructure; development of science and a broader and more flexible concept of “transport axes”. technology; quality of human resources and management The concept of “transport axes” ensures more equal in organisations and; capacities and efficiency of state and more competitive “status” of some transport routes administration. Although in Montenegro (and the region in which the countries from the region are interested . as a whole) general competitiveness has been improving Transport route from Bar to Belgrade and further on shall in the last few years, it is still one of principal limitations be used as an example. Eventually, the “deductive funnel” for development, especially when, due to the lack of approach shows the strategic importance of this issue for domicile accumulations and a prolonged recession, the development of the Port of Bar as well, as a “naval development is primarily founded on the influx of direct gateway” of the region and an important potential for foreign investments. Based on the aforementioned, there economic growth and development of Montenegro. are numerous tasks in the domain of improvement of quality of business environment, which we can observe INTRODUCTION on a general level as an aspect of modernism and modernisation. In the environment of the intensive globalisation processes, competitive skills have a principal role in the 1. MODERNISM AND MODERNISATION – ASPECTS OF A socio-economic development of the state, organisations PROSPEROUS DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT 68 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

zvojnog ambijenta, javni sektor mora intenzivno unapredji- tpostavke i sistem vrijednosti, koje se teško mijenjaju, a na vati kvalitet u domenu: kvaliteta upotrebe javnih sredstava, njima se temelje norme ponašanja. Kulturna matrica je de- poštovanja ugovora i dostupnosti imovine, dokidanja mono- terminanta modernizma. polskih i oligopolskih pozicija u nekim sektorima, povećanja fleksibilnosti tržišta rada, dokidanja sive ekonomije i pojava Radi ilustracije kompatibilnosti modernizma i modernizaci- korupcije i sl. Posebno je bitna brzina odlučivanja državne je navodimo interesantne nalaze statističke studije Prževor- administracije i kvalitet rada pravosudnih organa u smislu skog i Limongija koji su obuhvatili sve zemlje (135 država) u nepristrasnosti, brzine donošenja rješenja i efikasnosti izvr- periodu 1950-1990. godina i izračunali (USD iz 2000.god.): šnog postupka. Nadalje, modernizam pretpostavlja i razvoj a) da je demokratski režim u zemljama sa 1.500 USD po sta- savremenog sistema obrazovanja usmjerenog ka razvoju novniku imao prosječan vijek trajanja samo osam godina; b) funkcionalnih znanja, koja povećavaju fleksibilnost ljudskog sa dohodkom izmedju 1.500 i 3.000 USD, demokratija «živi» resursa. Svakako, modernizam pretpostavlja i razvoj nauke i prosječno osamnaest godina; c) sa dohodkom preko 6.000 tehnologije, transfer naprednih tehnologija iz inostranstva i USD, demokratija je veoma izdržljiva. Naime, vjerovatnoća stvaranja kulture inovacija i preduzetničkog ponašanja. propasti demokratije na ovom nivou dostignutog ekonomskog razvoja je 1:500. Dakle, istraživanje pokazuje se da će U dimenziji modernizma i privredni subjekti, dakako, mo- tranzicija ka demokratiji, sa nivom GDP-a po stanovniku od raju preuzeti svoj dio odgovornosti. Primjerom navodimo: 3-6.000 USD, biti vjerovatno uspješna (2). odgovornost privrednih subjekata u domenu usvajanja medjunarodnih standarda svojstvenih pojedinim djelatno- Važno je naglasiti da je riječ samo o GDP-u koji nije rezultat stima, razvoj sposobnosti medjusobne koperacije, jasno prodaje izdašnih prirodnih resursa, nego je rezultat realnog profilisanje poslovnih strategija, razvoj organizacionih kul- ekonomskog razvoja. Prema tome, diskrepanca moderniz- tura i organizacionih struktura, kao i razvoj inovativnosti i ma i modernizacije stvara «zamrznuti konflikt», koji će se unapredjivanja tehnološke osnove poslovanja. daljom dinamikom društvenog sistema «otvoriti» i riješiti ili unapredjivanjem demokratskog sistema ili njegovim doki- Ispunjavanje zahtjeva završne etape pridruživanja Evrop- danjem. Možemo dodati, da ishod «zamrznutog konflikta» skog uniji, kroz proces pregovaranja, intenzivira dogradnju ili brzina uspješne tranzicije zavisi od stadijuma u razvoju sa- dimenzije modernizma, kroz sistem razudjenih serija in- vremene kulturne matrice jednog društva. strukcija Evropske unije i «domaćih zadataka» javnog sektora i ostalih subjekata društva. No, održivost modernizma Naime, i paradigma «dijalektičkog materijalizma» je pre- pretpostavlja i dinamičan ekonomski razvoj. Ekonomski ra- poznala važnost interakcije modernizma («produkcionog zvoj i njegove socijalne benefite možemo posmatrati kao odnosa») i modernizacije («proizvodnih snaga»), ali je ugra- dimenziju modernizacije. dila i pogrešnu premisu socijalnog determinizma, tj. stav da je novo stanje društvenog sistema uvijek progresivnije od Modernizacija, svaćena u smislu rasta i razvoja nacionalnih starog stanja i time neopravdano isključila uticaj kulturne ekonomija i stepena njene internacionalizacije, te razvije- matrice. nost infrastrukture, u smislu kvaliteta servisa bazičnih potreba biznisa, je bitna odrednica razvojnog ambijenta. U di- Interakciju dimenzija modernizma, modernizacije i dosti- menziji modernizacije potrebno je «više ruku». Te «ruke» su gnutog stadijuma u razvoju kulturne matrice, možemo vid- javni sektor, osobito privatni sektor i inostrane kompanije, jeti u aktulnim dešavanjima u zemaljama arapskog svijeta.1). te njihova medjusobna kooperativnost. Naime, javni sektor Aktuelan «odmznuti koflikt», na primjer, u Egiptu, pokazuje svojim aktivnostima kreira «brend» nacionalnog razvojnog potrebu snažne podrške vanjskog faktora u interakciji di- ambijenta, dok mu privatni sektor i inostrani investitori daju menzija: modernizma, modernizacije i potrebe rasta kvali- realan ekonomski sadržaj. S obzirom na oskudnog domicil- teta «prosjeka» kulturne matrice, kako bi se stvorile osnove ne akumulacije u regionu, ključan je ambijent privlačnosti razvoja demokratskog društva. Razvijeni svijet tu podršku za inostrane investitore. Svakako, simbioza javnog i priva- mora tumačiti kao «investiciju», a ne kao nametnuti «tro- tnog sektora i inostranih investitora pretpostavlja uvažava- šak», jer je i sama globalizacija «sistemski» pristup stvar- nje i kompromis različitih interesa. nosti i budućnosti. Kratkoročni interesni pristup, prirodno zasnovan na svojinskom odnosu, može rezultirati strategij- Modernizam i modernizaciju možemo posmatratei kao skom miopijom2). «dvije strane iste medalje», odnosno kao komplementarne 1 Previranja u nekim arapskim zemljama, upravo, pokazuju nesklad procese koji se samopodstiču. Dakle, modernizma, odnosno razvoja modernizacije i nedostatnosti modernizma. Taj «zamrznuti koflikt» se održivog razvoja demokratskih institucija i demokratskog odmrzava «arapskim proljećem». Medjutim, na ishod utiče i kulturna matrica, jer demokratski sistem kreira raspored moću u društvu saklasno kvalitetu socijalnog odnosa nema bez modernizacije, tj. ekonom- «prosjeka» kulturne matrice. Očegledno u nekim zemlja «prosjek» kulturne skog razvoja i njegovih benefita. Modernizacija, odnosno matrice predstavlja problem, odnosno kritični faktor demokratske tranzicije. ekonomski razvoj predstavlja ključni instrument mijenjanja Zato je potrebna «ruke sa strane», posebno u dimenziji modernizacije kao fak- tradicionalnih kulturnih matrica, tj «načina razmišljanja». tora promjena kulturne matrice. Zapadni Balkan se dramatično suočio devedesetih godina sa neskladom ove tri dimenzije socio-ekonomskog progresa. U sadržaju kulturne matrice posebno su bitne bazične pre- 2 Iskustvo globalne recesije razotkriva mogućnost nastanka «strate- ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 69

The process of thorough reform of political, legal and the then especially the private sector and foreign companies, whole socio-economic system of Montenegro and other and their mutual cooperation. Namely, public sector with countries of the region can be observed as an aspect its activities creates a “brand” for national development of modernism. Through the process of accession to the environment, whole private sector and foreign investors European Union, implementation of the Copenhagen provide a real economic content to it. Having in mind Criteria has been intensively enhanced in the domain of: the scarcity of domicile accumulations in the region, the stability of democratic institutions, rule of law, respect key is in creating an attractive environment for foreign of human rights, ability to assume responsibilities investors. Of course, symbiosis of public and private sector and harmonisation of administrative, managing and and foreign investors entails respect and compromise on judicial structures of the society, as well as institutional diverse interests. arrangement of functional market economy. Responsibility of the public sector is dominant in this aspect – aspect of Modernism and modernisation can be observed as “two modernism. sides of the same coin”, i.e. as complementary processes that are stimulating each other. Hence, there isno By observing modernism interpreted in that manner, as modernism or sustainable development of democratic an aspect of development environment, the public sector institutions and democratic social relationships without has to improve intensively the quality in the domain of: modernisation, i.e. without economic development quality of utilisation of public funds, respect for contracts and benefits it brings. Modernisation and economic and the availability of property, the abolition of monopoly development represent key instruments for changing and oligopoly positions in some sectors, increasing the traditional cultural matrices, i.e. “the way of thinking”. flexibility of labour markets, bringing an end tothe Within the context of cultural matrix, basic presumptions grey economy and the appearance of corruption, etc. and system of values are especially relevant, since they Particularly important is the speed of decision-making of are hard to change and actually are the foundations for the state administration and the quality of work of judicial the norms of behaviour. Cultural matrix is a determinant bodies in terms of impartiality, swift decision making and of modernism. efficiency of the enforcement proceedings. Furthermore, modernism also entails the development of contemporary In order to illustrate compatibilities in modernism and system of education that is focused on the development modernisation, we shall list some interesting findings of of functional knowledge and skills, which increase the a statistical study made by A. Przeworski and F. Limongi, flexibility of human resources. Surely, modernism also which included all the states existing at the time (135 of entails the development of science and technology, them) over the period 1950-1990 and calculated (using transfer of advanced technologies from abroad and the value of the US dollar in the year 2000) that: 1) creation of culture of innovations and entrepreneurial democratic regime in countries with 1500 USD per capita behaviour. had an average life span of only eight years; b) in those with an average income between 1500 and 3000 USD, In the realm of modernism economic entities, of course, democracy “lived” on average eighteen years; c) in those must take their share of responsibility. Here are some with average income over 6000 USD democracy proved to examples: responsibility of economic entities in the be very resilient. Namely, the odds for failure of democracy domain of adoption of international standards relevant at this level of achieved economic development was to individual businesses, development of the ability for 1:500. Therefore, this study shows that the transition to mutual cooperation, clear profiling of business strategies, democracy, with a per capita GDP between 3000 and 6000 development of organisational cultures and organisational USD, shall probably be successful (2). structures, as well as the development of innovativeness and enhancement of technological foundations of It is important to highlight that they have taken into business. account only the GDP which was not a result of sale of extensive natural resources, but a result of real economic Fulfilment of the requirements of the final phase of EU development. Therefore, the discrepancy of modernism accession, through the negotiation process, intensifies the and modernisation creates a “frozen conflict”, which enhancement of the aspect of modernism, through the can “open up” and be solved through further dynamic system of diffused sets of European Union’s instructions of social system or through enhancement of the system and “home works” for the public sector and other entities of democracy or its abatement. We may add that the of the society. Nevertheless, sustainability of modernism outcome of the “frozen conflict” or the speed of successful also entails dynamic economic development. Economic transition depend on the stadium of development of development and its social benefits can be observed as an contemporary cultural matrix of a society. aspect of modernisation. Namely, the paradigm of “dialectic materialism” has also Modernisation, in the sense of growth and development of recognised the importance of interaction of modernism national economies and degree of its internationalisation, (“production relationship”) and modernisation as well as the development level of infrastructure, in (“production forces”), but it also incorporated a wrong the sense of quality of services for businesses’ basic premise of social determinism, i.e. the view that the new needs, is an important determinant for the development state of the social system is always more progressive than environment. “Several hands” are needed in the aspect the old state and thus unduly excluded the impact of the of modernisation. These “hands” are the public sector, cultural matrix. 70 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

Shodno rečenom, jasno je da održiv razvoj modernizma, Mapa trasa panevropskih koridora jasno pokazuje «nepo- shvaćen kao «mreža domaćih zadataka» zasnovana na in- krivenost» prostora Crne Gore i nekih drugih djelova re- strukcijama Evropske unije u domenu razvoja demokratskih giona, te Luka – Bar i kapitalne saobraćajne trase nemaju institucija i demokratskog socijalnog odnosa, pretpostavlja željeni status. Sljedstveno tome, sredinom 2010. godine dinamičanu modernizaciju, tj. ekonomski razvoj, koji će ge- pokrenuta je inicijativa za definisanje i uključivanje upa- nerisati i realnu modernizaciju kulturne matrice, kao «ve- nevropsku mrežu transportnog koridora 4B (Bukurešt-Be- zivnog tkiva» demokratskog društva. Dakle, i u dimenziji ograd-Bar-Bari), kao jedanaestog koridora panevropske ekonomskog razvoja našeg regiona Evropska unija je jedna mreže ili, pak, kao kraka postojećih koridora. To je interes ne od potrebnih «ruku». Naravno, Unija ima i nudi čitavi niz in- samo Crne Gore, nego i Srbije, Rumunije i Italije, s obzirom strumenata podrške ekonomskom razvoju zemalja regiona. da u zapadnom dijelu Rumunije ekzistira oko 60. 000 predu- Medjutim, aktuelno stanje produžene recesije, izraženih zeća iz Italije. Takav interes su predstavnici vlada navedenih budžetskih deficita, visoke realne zaduženosti, nestašice država artikulisali i na Medjunarodnoj konferenciji u Baru domicilne akumulacije, devastirane industrije i sl., što su 2010. godine (3). atributi regiona, otvara pitanje i dovoljnosti snage «evropske ruke». Svakako, treba razumjeti da i Unija ima čitavi niz Sa aspakta interesa Crne Gore, ovaj koridor bi obezbijedio svojih ograničenja. znatno povoljnije uslove za finansiranje izgradnje dionica auto-puta Bar – Beograd, te posebno povoljnije uslove za Snažnija «evropska ruka» potrebna je regionu, prvenstve- imperativnu rekonstrukciju pruge Bar – Beograd. Predme- no, u domenu razvoja saobraćajne infrastrukture, kao jedne tne saobraćajnice su ključne determinante ekonomske va- od bazičnih odrednica razvojnog ambijenta. Ova odrednica lorizacije potencijala Luke Bar i razvoja tzv. kratkih pomor- razvojnog miljea regiona, upravo zahtijeva «više ruku» (jav- skih veza sa Italijom, južnim i istočnim Mediteranom, kao i nog sektora, privatnog sektora, medjunarodnih investitora ekonomskog razvoja gravitacionog prostora. i sistema evropskih finansijskih organizacija). Koliko će biti snažno prisustvo «evropske ruke» u razvoju mreže regional- Poznato je da su ekonomska aktivnost i robni tokovi u direk- nih saobraćajnica zavisi od njihovog «statusa» u razvojnim tnoj zavisnosti sa stepenom razvijenosti transportne infra- strategijama Evrope. Upravo, u domenu «statusa» tran- strukture i logističkih sistemima. Dakle, razvoj transportnog sportnih pravaca postoji prostor ravnopravnijeg tretmana koridora pretpostavlja prisustvo odredjenih gravitirajućih nekih prostora regiona.3) Riječju, u domenu statusa saob- robnih tokova i ekonomske aktivnosti, ali i transportni kori- raćajnica potreban je širi i fleksibilniji, tj konkurentniji (čitaj dor ne može privući robne tokove, ako nije modernizovana pravedniji), pristup Evropske unije. saobraćajna infrasturktura i razvijeni moderni logistički sistemi. Sljedstveno tome, u «pogledu regiona prema Evropskoj uniji», fokusirajmo pitanje tzv. koridora «4B», kao primjer Prema podacima pomorskih istraživačkih centara (na pri- potrebe angažovanja «više ruku» u razvoju realnog sadržaja mjer «Ocean Shipping Consultans»), kontejnerski prevoz procesa modernizacije našeg regiona. ima veoma dinamične stope rasta. U dugom roku, 1980- 2008. godina, trgovina robom u kontejnerima rasla je po 2. «STATUS» REGIONALNE TRANSPORTNE MREŽE – FAK- stopi od 8,5% godišnje. Medjutim, luke koje gravitiraju kori- TOR IMPERATIVNE MODERNIZACIJE doru «4B» ostvarile su svega 0,5% (oko 2,5 mil. TEU) učešća u ukupnom kontejnerskom pretovaru u 2008. godini, što Kao što je poznato, na panevropskim konferencimama o «zorno» ilustruje njihovu nedovoljnu iskorišćenost. saobraćaju definisano je deset saobraćajnih koridora koji povezuju zemlje centralne, istočne i jugoistočne Evrope, Bez obzira što je globalna recesija imala negativne implika- sa svrhom integrisanja sa Transevropskom transportnom cije na transport i dalje se očekuju visoke stope rasta kontej- mrežom (TEN-T) Evropske unije. Sljedstveno tome, status nerskog transporta na globalnom nivou. Intenzivni procesi «panevropskog koridora» obezbjedjuje prioritet i olakšano kontejnerizacije transporta afirmisali su i značaj mediteran- finansiranja saobraćajnica u dugom roku. Dakle, «status» je skih luka, s obzirom na pojavu efekta zakrčenja u sjever- veoma bitan da bi se dao realan sadržaj i izvršila moderniza- noevropskim lukama. Shodno tome, na Mediteranu su se cija transportne mreže. intenzivno razvijali hab-centri (poput: Djoja Tauro, Malta, Taranto, Pirej, Port Said, Haifa) i luke «kapije» za prekrcaj ške miopije», uzrokovane interesnim spontanitetom. Naime, globalnoj recesiji uvozno-izvoznih kontejnera. Praksa pokazuje, da se negativ- prethodila je serija ograničenih i regionalnih kriza (na primjer, štedno-kreditna ni efekti zakrčenja luka počinju javljati na 70% stepena isko- kriza 1989. god.; kriza u istočnoj Aziji 1997. godine). riščenosti, te se realno očekuje rast značaja jadranskih luka. 3 U istorijskom nasledju Crne Gore, možemo vidjeti primjer važnosti «statusa». Naime, bokeljska obalna naselja su prije nekoliko vijekova od Vene- Stepen iskorišćenosti tri najveće sjevernojadranske luke cije tražila status «pomorske opštine». Taj status, kao pravo na prekomorsku (Kopar, Trst, Rijeka) prije globalne recesije procijenjen je na trgovinu, bio je ključni faktor razvoja baroknih gadova i gradića, čijoj se ljepoti oko 60%, dok su se očekivane stope rasta do 2015. godi- i raskošu i danas divimo. ne procijenjivane na preko 15%. Sljedstveno tome, tržišno ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 71

Interaction of aspects of modernism, modernisation and treatment of certain areas in the region.3) In a word, in achieved stadium in the development of cultural matrix the domain of traffic arteries’ status, a broader and more can be seen in current events occurring in the countries flexible, i.e. more competitive (meaning fairer) approach of the Arab world1). The current “unfrozen conflict”, for of the European Union is required. example in Egypt, shows the need for strong support of external factors in interaction of aspects: modernism, According to the aforementioned, “in view of region and modernisation and the need for increase of quality of the European Union”, we shall focus on the issue of the so- the “average” in the cultural matrix, in order to create called “corridor 4B”, as an example of the need to involve the foundations for the development of a democratic “more hands” in the development of real content for the society. Developed world must see this support as an process of modernisation of our region. “investment”, not as an imposed “expense”, because globalisation itself is a “systemic” approach to reality and 2. “STATUS” OF THE REGIONAL TRANSPORT NETWORK the future. Short-term interest-based approach, naturally – A FACTOR IN THE IMPERATIVE MODERNISATION founded on property relations, can result in a strategic short-sightedness2). As it is well known, 10 traffic corridors were defined at the Pan-European conferences on transport, connecting the According to that, it is clear that a sustainable development countries of central, eastern and southeast Europe, with of modernism, in the sense of a “network of home works” the purpose of integration with the European Union’s based on European Union’s instructions in the domain of Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T). In accordance development of democratic institutions and democratic with that, the status of the “Pan-European Corridor” social relations, presupposes dynamic modernisation, as ensures the priority and facilitates financing of traffic well as economic development, which shall also generate a arteries in the long term. Therefore, the “status” is very real modernisation of the cultural matrix, like “connective important in order to provide real content and perform tissue” of a democratic society. Therefore, even from the the modernisation of the transport network. point of view of economic development of our region, the European Union is one of the required “hands”. Of course, Map of routes of Pan-European corridors clearly shows the Union has and does offer a whole set of instruments “lack of coverage” on the Montenegrin territory and for support to economic development of the countries in some other parts of the region, thus the Port of Bar from this region. Nevertheless, current situation with and the capital traffic routes do not have the required prolonged recession, pronounced budget deficits, high status. Based on that, an initiative was launched in mid- levels of real indebtedness, scarce domicile accumulation, 2010 to define and include the transport corridor 4B in devastated industry and so on, which are characteristics the Pan-European network (Bucharest – Belgrade- Bar for the whole region, raises the question of adequacy of – Bari), as the eleventh corridor of the Pan-European strength of the “European hand”. Most definitely it should network or as a branch of one of the existing corridors. be taken into account that even the Union has a whole set That was of interest not only to Montenegro, but also of limitations of its own. Serbia, Romania and Italy, having in mind that there are about 60.000 enterprises from Italy operating in the A stronger “European hand” is needed in the region, first western part of Romania. Government representatives of of all in the domain of development of transport structure, the aforementioned countries have also confirmed their it being one of the essential parameters of development interest at the international conference held in 2010 in Bar environment. This parameter of development environment (3). in the region actually requires “several hands” (public sector, private sector, international investors and the From the point of view of Montenegro’s interest, this system of European financial organisations). How strong corridor would ensure significantly better conditions for the presence of the “European hand” is going to be in the financing the construction of the Bar – Belgrade highway, development of the network of regional traffic arteries and significantly better conditions for the imperative depends on their “status” in European development reconstruction of Bar – Belgrade railway. These traffic strategies. Actually, it is in the domain of “status” of routes are key determinants of economic valorisation transport routes where there is a space for a more equal of Port of Bar’s potential and the development of the so-called shortsea connections with Italy, southern 1 Turmoil in certain Arab countries actually shows the discrepancy be- and eastern Mediterranean, as well as the economic tween the development of modernisation and insufficiencies of modernism. This development of the gravitational area. “frozen conflict” got unfrozen by the “Arab Spring”. Nevertheless, outcome was also influenced by the cultural matrix, because democratic system creates a division of It is known that economic activities and commodity flows power in a society in accordance with the quality of the “average” in the cultural matrix. Obviously, in some countries the “average” in the cultural matrix presents a are directly dependent on the degree of development of problem, or actually a critical factor in a democratic transition. This is why a “help- transport infrastructure and logistics systems. Therefore, ing hand” is required, especially from the aspect of modernisation as a factor of the development of transport corridor entails the change of cultural matrix. During the 1990s, Western Balkans were dramatically faced with the disaccord of these three aspects of socio-economic progress. 3 We can see an example for the importance of the “status” in the 2 The experience of global recession has revealed the possibility of historic heritage of Montenegro. Namely, the coastal settlements in the Ko- occurrence of “strategic short-sightedness”, caused by interest-based spon- tor Bay area requested from Venice several centuries ago for the status of taneity. Namely, the global recession was preceded by a series of limited and “maritime municipalities”. This status, giving its holder the right to organise regional crisis (for example, the savings and loan crisis in 1989, crisis in East maritime trade, was the key development factor for baroque towns and vil- Asia in 1997, etc.) lages, the beauty and splendour of which we admire even today. 72 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

učešće južnojadranskih luka (Bar, Ploče, Drač) procijenjeno tora, naglašavaju potrebu privatni investitori, posebno ino- je na 30% ukupnog jadranskog pretovara kontejnera - oko strani, kroz modele javno-privatnog partnerstva, odnosno 350.000 TEU godišnje (4). Prema tome, iako su izražene Evropske unije i njenih finansijskih organizacija. negativne posljedice globalne recesije i recesije regiona jugoistoka Evrope sa «produženim trajanjem», jasno je da 3. NOVI KONCEPT «EVROPSKE RUKE» U RAZVOJU SAO- južnojadranske luke imaju značajan potencijal rasta u kon- BRAĆAJNE INFRASTRUKTURE KAO FAKTOR RAZVOJA tejnerskom pretovaru. REGIONA

Nadalje, strategijski pravac ekonomskog razvoja regiona ju- Artikulisani zahtjevi «zainteresovanih strana» nijesu rezul- goistoka Evrope je, svakako, dinamična reindustrijalizacija, tirali zvaničnim tretmanom pravca «4B» kao jedanaestog s obzirom da su dramatični politički procesi na zapadnom koridora pan-evropske mreže koridora, jer postoje inicijati- Balkanu i procesi «puzajuće» ekonomske tranzicije deva- ve da se kreirana nova orijentacija Evrope. Naime, koncept stirali industrijsku osnovu. Reidustrijalizacija će se -pozitiv koridora je uzak i nefleksibilan koncept, koji daje stanovitu no odraziti, ne samo na kontejnerski transport, nego i na prednost već «ozvaničenim» saobraćajnicama, u odnosu pretovar rasutih tereta i tečnih energenata, posebno preko na druge saobraćajnice u kontaktnom prostoru. Korisno je južnojadranskih luka (Ploče i Bar). Kao primjer, navodimo napomenuti da ovakav uzak koncept može biti i osnov stva- uvozno-izvozni pretovar ruda preko Bara za potrebe fabri- ranja neprincipijelnih koalicija investitora, izvodjača radova ka Kosova i Srbije. Posebno naglašavamo da Luka-Bar, po i ostalih «zaiteresovanih strana», što «raubuje» načela kon- svojim prirodnim karakteristikama kao što su geo-prometni kurentnosti (princip modernizma). položaj i dubina gaza, ima izražen potencijal i za razvoj pretovara i lagera tečnih energenata. Shodno tome, artikulisan je interes i potreba da se koncept «pan-evropskih saobraćajnih koridora», substituiše koncep- Izrazit potencijal je dinamičan rast ro-ro transporta preko tom »transportnih osovina». Koncept «transportnih oso- jadranskih luka. Inače, trgovina «od vrata do vrata» u Me- vina» prostora susjedstva Evropske unije, kompatibilan sa diteranu ima snažan ro-ro elemenat, usljed kratkih relacija «aksama» zemalja EU, znači da «osovina» zahvata širi pro- mnogih ruta i potrebe prevoza automobila, prikolica i pu- stor, pa sve gravitacione saobraćajnice dobijaju ravnopravan tnika. Na Jadranu su osobito značajni terminali za pretovar status. Koncept «transportnih osovina» otvara mogućnost automobila u Kopru i od 2000. godine u Molfakoneu, koji za snažnije i konkurentnije prisustvo potrebne «evropske su povezani sa evropskom logističkom mrežom. Od 2012. ruke» u modernizaciji regionalne saobraćajne mreže kao godine, sa proizvodnjom fabrike automobila u Kragujevcu faktora razvojnog ambijenta. Primjerom navodimo da se (FIAT-SRBIJA) intenzivno se razvija (nakon trideset godina) i sada luke Ploče i Drač nalaze na mreži pan-evropskih korido- terminal za pretovar automobila u Baru. Primjerom navodi- ra, ali ne i Luka Bar i čitav prostor Crne Gore. Koncept tran- mo da je za nešto više od godinu dana pretovareno 100.000 sportnih osovina, kao širi prostorni zahvat, «prekriva» i Luka automobila u Baru, što jasno ukazuje na pozitivne efekte Bar i Crnu Goru. Kroz ovaj koncept mogu se zadovoljiti već procesa reindustrijalizacije regiona. artikulisani interese i ostalih zaintersovanih država na ranije predloženom koridoru «4B». Možemo zaključiti da trendovi razvoja transporta u prostoru Mediterana i Jadrana, postojeći robni potencijali, te poseb- Medjutim, koliko nam je poznatio, supstitucija «koridora» no imperativni procesi reidustrijalizacije regiona jugoistoka sa «transportnim osama» još uvijek nije ozvaničena i nema Evrope, zahtijevaju znatno kvalitetniju regionalnu «savla- «institucionalizovanu snagu». Snaga institucionalizovanog danost prostora» i modernizaciju transporta (za Crnu Goru «statusa» i njegova ekonomska vrijednost, obavezuje javni posebno interesantne transportne osovine «4B» i jadran- sektor da u partnerskom odnosu sa Evropskom unijom, u sko-jonske osovine), u smislu brzine i sigurnosti, tj. kvaliteta izgradivanju kompatibilnih dimenzija modernizma i moder- usluge i adekvatnog uticaja na prirodnu i kulturnu okolinu. nizacije regiona, obezbijedi usvajanje koncepta «transpor- Riječju, predmetnu transportnu osovinu «4B» treba moder- tnih osovina». To je obaveza javnog sektora, jer kao što je nizovati u skladu sa dramatičnim tehničko-tehnološkim i in- rečeno, javni sektor «širi razvojni ambijent». U komponen- formatičkim promjenama transportne mreže Evrope. ti infrastrukture, kao bazične potrebe biznisa, javni sektor kroz partnerstvo sa privatnim i stranim investitorima, stva- Zemlje regiona su, razumljivo, prepoznale važnost ove tran- ra i realan sadržaj razvojnog ambijenta. Značajan doprinos sportne osovine, kroz svoje strategije razvoja saobraćaja, realnom sadržaju razvojnog ambijenta, Evropska unija daje kao komponente razvojnog ambijenta nacionalnih ekono- kroz vrijednost «statusa». mija i integralno ekonomije regiona. Posljednih godina imamo najavljene snažne napore javnog sektora u konkretnim Ako fokus pristupa razvoja regiona «izoštrimo» do mikro aktivnostima na modernizaciji ovog transportnog pravca. nivoa, možemo vidjeti stratešku važnost ovog pitanja za ra- No, ponavljamo da djejstvo faktora globalne i regionalne zvoj, na primjer, luke u Baru, kao jedne od «kapija» regiona. recesije, budžetski deficiti i stepeni zaduženosti nacionalnih Luka u Baru je značajan resurs ekonomskog razvoja, poseb- ekonomija, objektivno ograničivaju mogućnosti javnog sek- no Crne Gore, ali i čitavog gravitacionog prostora, jer je po- ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 73 presence of certain gravitating commodity flows and Also, “door to door” trading in the Mediterranean has economic activities, but a transport corridor cannot a strong ro-ro element, due to short distances of many attract commodity flows if the traffic infrastructure is routes and the need for transportation of cars, trailers not modernised and modern logistics systems are not and passengers. On the Adriatic coast are particularly developed. important transshipment terminals for cars in Koper and, since 2000, in Molfacone, which are associated with According to the data of naval research centres (for European logistics network. Since 2012, simultaneously example “Ocean Shipping Consultants”), container with increase of production of cars in the car factory in transport has highly dynamic growth rates. Over a long Kragujevac (FIAT – SERBIA), the terminal for transshipment period of time, between 1980 and 2008, our trade in of cars in Bar is being intensively developed (after thirty container goods has been growing at an average annual years). For example, during a little bit over a year 100,000 rate of 8.5%. Still, the ports that gravitate to corridor “4B” cars were transshipped in Bar, which clearly shows the have only about 0.5% share (around 2.5 million TEU) in positive effects of the process of reindustrialisation of the the total container transshipment of containers in 2008, region. which markedly illustrates their lack of utilisation. We can conclude that the trends of growth of transport Notwithstanding that the global recession had negative in the Mediterranean and Adriatic region, existing implications on transport, high growth rates of container commodity capcities and especially imperative processes transport are still expected at the global level. Intensive of reindustrialisation of the region of Southeast Europe processes of containerisation of transport have affirmed require a much better regional “spatial management” the importance of Mediterranean ports, having in mind and modernisation of transport (transport axis “4B” the effect of congestion in the North European ports. and Adriatic-Ionic axis are especially interesting for Based on that, several hub-centres (like Gioia Tauro, Montenegro), primarily in the sense of speed and security, Malta, Taranto, Piraeus, Port Said, and Haifa) were being as well as quality of service and adequate influence on the intensely developed, as well as “gateway” ports for the environment and cultural surroundings. In a nutshell, the handling of import-export containers. The practice shows aforementioned transport axis “4B” should be modernised that negative effects of port congestion start appearing at in accordance with the dramatic technical, technological 70% of their utilisation, so the increase in importance of and information technology changes in the Europe’s Adriatic coasts can be realistically expected. transport network.

Degree of utilisation of the three largest North Adriatic Countries of the region understandably recognised the ports (Kopar, Trieste and Rijeka) before the global recession importance of this transport axis, through their traffic was estimated at 60%, while expected growth rates until development strategies, as components of development 2015 were estimated at 15% annually. Based on that, environment of their national economies and integrally the market share of South Adriatic ports (Bar, Ploče and the economy of the region as a whole. In the last few years Durres) was estimated at 30% of the total transshipment we have had announcements of public sector’s strong of containers in the Adriatic – approximately 350.000 TEUs efforts concerning concrete activities on modernisation of annually (4). Thus, although there are clear and visible this traffic route. Still, we must reiterate that the effects of negative consequences of the global recession and the global and regional recession factors, budget deficits and recession with the “prolonged duration” of the Southeast levels of indebtedness of national economies objectively Europe region, it is clear that South Adriatic ports limit the possibilities of the public sector, highlighting the have a significant potential for growth when container need for private investors, especially foreign ones, through transshipment is in question. models of public-private partnerships, as well as for the European Union and its financial organisations. Moreover, strategic direction of economic development of the Southeast Europe region is most certainly a dynamic 3. THE NEW CONCEPT OF “EUROPEAN HAND” IN THE reindustrialisation, due to the fact that dramatic political DEVELOPMENT OF TRAFFIC INFRASTRUCTURE AS A processes in the Western Balkans and processes of a FACTOR FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGION “crawling” economic transition devastated its industrial foundations. Reindustrialisation shall reflect positively not Articulated demands of the “interested parties” did only on the container transport, but on transshipment of not result in an official treatment of the route “4B” as bulk cargoes and liquid fuels as well, especially through the eleventh corridor of the Pan-European network South Adriatic ports (Ploče and Bar). As an example, we of corridors, because there are initiatives to create a can provide the export-import transshipment of ore new orientation of Europe. Specifically, the concept through Bar, for factories in Kosovo and Serbia. We would of a corridor itself is a narrow and rigid concept, which like to especially highlight the fact that the Port of Bar, provides significant advantage to the routes that were according to its natural characteristics, like geo-traffic already “made official” compared to other routes in the position and wading depth, has an obvious potential for contact area. It is useful to mention that such a narrow the development of both transshipment and stocking of concept can become the basis for creation of unprincipled liquid fuels. coalitions of investors, contractors and other “interested parties”, thus abusing the principles of competitiveness An exceptional potential is also the dynamic growth of (the principle of modernism). ro-ro (Roll-on/roll-off) transport through Adriatic ports. 74 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

znato da luke imaju visok multiplikativan efekat na graviti- je saobraćajne infrastrukture regiona. To je posebno važno rajući prostor. To je prepoznala i Evropska unija, te je preko za prostor Crne Gore i za ekonomsku valorizaciju potencijala ranije Agencije za rekonstrukciju, pružila «ruku» podrške u Luke-Bar. ekspertskom definisanju strategije transformacije i razvoja Luke-Bar, po tzv. lend-lord modelu (5). Povoljniji i ravnopravan tretman saobraćajnih pravaca regiona u evropskim strategijama, stvara uslove izdašnijeg pri- Sama tranzicija, kao dramatična faza svake transformacije, sustva evropskih finansijskih institucija u realiziji izgradnje izvedena je 2009. godine i imala je vidljive pozitivne efekte i rekonstrukcije kapitalnih saobraćajnica, koje su snažne kod novodefinisanih operatera luke u Baru, u smislu razvoja deteminate modernizacije regiona, a bez modernizacije, novih poslova, poboljšavanja kvaliteta interne ekonomije i shvaćene kao determinante razvojnog ambijenta, nema ni privatizacije dijela operatera. Naravno, predstoje i dalji za- željenog tempa napretka u modernizmu, koji se kroz proces daci u optimizaciji operaterskih organizacija i unapredjiva- pridruživanja Evropskoj uniji stimuliše i razvija. Modernizam nja strateškog i operativnog lučkog menadžmenta ove luke. i modernizacija su kompatibilne dimenzije, odnosno dimenzije u medjusobnoj interakciji. Medjutim, kritičan faktor ekonomske valorizacije Luke i razvoja njenih multiplikativnih efekata je, upravo, kvalitet sa- IZVORI: obraćajne infrastrukture i tehničko-tehnološka modernizacija transportne mreže sa gravitacionom prostorom. Posto- 1. Porter M.: The Competitive Advantage of Nations, Ma- jeći kvalitet trasportne veze Luke i gravitacionog prostora je cmillan Press, 1990; presudan limit rasta i razvoja. U tom smislu, posebno treba 2. A. Przeworski, F. Limongi: «Modernization: Theories and fokusirati željeznički transport. Na primjer, željeznička pru- Facts», World Politics, Volume 49, No. 2 – 1997. (navedeno ga Bar – Beograd, ima dominantno «lučki» atribut. U njoj prema: F. Zakarija: Budućnost slobode, str.64-65, Dan-Graf, su «zamrznute» velike ekonomske vrijednosti nekadašnjih Beograd, 2004.); investicionih napora, uz sadašnji nizak nivo funkcionalnosti. 3. Medjunarodna konferencija: «Strateški razvoj saobraćaj- Shodno tome, njena rekonstrukcija i modernizacija je impe- nog koridora: Bukurešt-Beograd-Bar-Bari», Zbornik radova, rativ racionalnog pristupa. Bar, 2010.; 4. Indecon consulting: Port of Bar - Development Strategy, ZAKLJUČAK 2007. 5. Indecon consulting: Port of Bar – Program of the Recon- Inicirana substitucija koncepta «transportnih koridora», fle- struction, 2007. ksibilnijim konceptom «transportnih osovina», obezbjedjuje ravnopravan i povoljniji «status» izgradnje i rekonstrukci- ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 75

Consequently, there is an articulated interest and a need still some tasks ahead when speaking about optimisation that the concept of “Pan-European traffic corridors” of operator organisation and improvement of strategic should be replaced with the concept of “transport axes”. and operative port management of this port. The concept of “transport axes” used in the European Union’s neighbouring countries is compatible with the Still, a critical factor of the economic valorisation of the EU countries’ “axes”, meaning that “axes” encompasses a Port and of development of its multiplicative effect is larger area, so all gravitational routes get equal status. The actually the quality of traffic infrastructure and technical concept of “transport axes” opens up the possibility for a and technological modernisation of the transport network stronger and more competitive presence of the required with the gravitational area. The existing level of quality of “European hand” in the modernisation of the regional transport links between the Port and the gravitational area traffic network as a factor relevant for development is the principal limiting factor of growth and development. environment. We can use the Ports of Ploče and Durres In that sense, a special focus on railway transport is as an example, since they are now part of the network of required. For example, the railway Bar – Belgrade has a Pan-European corridors, but the Port of Bar and the whole dominantly “port-like” character. In it are “frozen” huge territory of Montenegro is not. The concept of transport economic values of previous investment efforts, if you have axes, as a broader spatial intervention, is “covering” both in mind the current low level of functionality. Accordingly, the Port of Bar and the whole of Montenegro. Through its reconstruction and modernisation is an imperative of a this concept the already articulated interests of other rational approach. interested countries relevant to the previously proposed corridor “4B” could also be fulfilled. CONCLUSION

Still, as far as we are aware, the replacement of “corridors” The initiated replacement of the concept of “transport with “transport axes” has not yet been made official and corridors” with a more flexible concept of “transport does not possess the “institutional strength” yet. The power axes” ensures an equal and more favourable “status” for of institutionalised “status” and its economic value obliges construction and reconstruction of the traffic infrastructure the public sector that, in partnership with the European of the region. This is of particular importance to the Union and by working on constructing compatible aspects territory of Montenegro and to the economic valorisation of modernism and modernisation of the region, it ensures of Port of Bar’s capacities. the adoption of the concept of “transport axes”. This is an obligation of the public sector, because, as was previously A more favourable and more equal treatment of traffic stated, public sector should “expand the development routes of the region in the European strategies create environment”. In the infrastructure component, it being the conditions for more extensive presence of European the basic need of businesses, public sector also creates financial institutions in accomplishing the construction real content for development environment through and reconstruction of capital transport facilities, which are partnerships with private and foreign investors. European powerful determinants of modernisation of the region; Union is providing an important contribution to real and without modernisation, interpreted as a determinant content of development environment through the value of the development environment, it will not be possible to of the “status”. achieve the desired pace of progress in modernism that is being stimulated and developed through the process If we “sharpen up” the focus of the approach to the of accession to the European Union. Modernism and development of the region to a micro level, we might see modernisation are compatible aspects, i.e. aspects in the strategic relevance of this issue for the development mutual interaction. of, for example, the Port of Bar, as one of the “gateways” of the region. The Port of Bar is a significant resource of RESOURCES: economic development, especially of Montenegro, but also of the whole gravitational area, because it is well 1. Porter M.: The Competitive Advantage of Nations, known that ports have a high multiplying effect on the Macmillan Press, 1990; gravitating areas. This has been recognised by the European 2. A. Przeworski, F. Limongi: «Modernization: Theories Union as well, so through the Agency for Reconstruction and Facts», World Politics, Volume 49, No. 2 – 1997. it previously provided a helping “hand” to support the [Quoted from: F. Zakarija: The Future of Freedom, pp.64- expert definition of the strategy for the transformation 65, Dan-Graf, Belgrade, 2004] and development of the Port of Bar, according to the so- 3. International Conference: Strategic Development called land-lord model (5). of Transport Corridor Bucharest-Belgrade-Bar-Bari, Conference proceedings, Bar, 2010 The transition itself, as the most dramatic phase of 4. Indecon consulting: Port of Bar - Development Strategy, any transformation, was performed in 2009 and it had 2007. visible positive effects among newly-defined operators 5. Indecon consulting: Port of Bar – Program of the in the Port of Bar, in the sense of development of new Reconstruction, 2007. activities, improvement of quality of internal economy and privatisation of some operators. Naturally, there are 76 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

When you begin your studies, they say, knowledge is power; Kada započnete svoje obrazovanje, kažu vam, znanje je moć; When you enroll in a school that you prefer, they tell you, the Kada se upišete u školu koju volite i želite, kažu vam, mladi su young people are the future of any country; budućnost svake zemlje; When you are unable to enroll in a school you prefer, they tell Kada se ne možete upisati u školu koju želite, kažu vam, mladi you, the young people are the future of any country; su budućnost svake zemlje; When there is no school you want to attend at all, they tell you, Kada uopšte nema škole koju želite pohađati, kažu vam, mladi the young people are the future of any country; su budućnost svake zemlje; When you achieve a brilliant success in a school you attended, Kada briljantno završite školu koju ste pohađali, kažu vam, they tell you, the young people are the future of any country; mladi su budućnost svake zemlje; When brilliantly/summa cum laude/ you defend your Masters Kada briljantno (summa cum laude) magistrirate i doktorirate degree and a PhD in prestigious schools in the country or abroad, na prestižnim školama u zemlji ili inostranstvu, kažu vam, mla- they tell you, the young people are the future of any country; di su budućnost svake zemlje; When with a university degree in your hands, great knowledge Kada sa diplomom u ruci, sjajnim znanjima i vještinama obi- and skills you start camping on doorsteps of various companies jate pragove raznih kompanija i državnih ustanova, ili šaljete and government agencies, or you send your CV for hundred svoj CV po stotinu puta na stotine adresa, tražeći bezuspješno times to hundred addresses, looking for a job unsuccessfully for posao godinama, kažu vam, mladi su budućnost svake zemlje; years, they tell you, the young people are the future of any coun- Kada tražite par eura od roditelja da izađete sa društvom na try; piće, odete u bioskop, pozorište ili kupite knjigu, kažu vam, When you ask for a couple of Euros from your parents to go out mladi su budućnost svake zemlje; with friends for a drink, go to the cinema, theatre or buy a book, Kada konačno iscpljeni i nemoćni da bilo što učinite za sebe, they tell you, the young people are the future of any country; napustite svoj dom, porodicu i svoju zemlju, kažu vam, mladi When finally exhausted and unable to do anything for - your su budućnost svake zemlje; self, you leave your home, family and country, they tell you, the Kada, naravno, prepušteni sami sebi, naoružani entuzijazmom, young people are the future of any country; ambicijama, znanjem i snažnom voljom da uspijete, u toj nekoj When, of course, you are left to yourself, armed with enthusi- stranoj zemlji, u nemilosrdnoj ogromnoj konkurenciji dođete na asm, ambition, knowledge and a strong will to succeed, in some vrh, do vas u početku polako, a onda svom silinom, kažu vam, foreign country, and in a relentless huge competition you reach pa to je naš momak/djevojka, sjećam ga/je se još kao malog/e the top, first slowly, then with a full force, they tell you, that’s our i uvijek se nekako odvajao/la, znao sam da će postići nešto ve- boy/girl, I remember him/ her as a child and he/she has some- liko u životu, no nije dobro što nije ovdje ostao/la, govorio sam how always differed, I knew he/she would achieve something ja, mladi su budućnost svake zemlje; great in life, but it is not a good thing that they did not stay here, A sve i ne mora da bude baš ovako, jer, tamo gdje je znanje I told you, the young people are the future of any country; istinska moć i vrijednost, i gdje postoji svijest o tome, mladi su But it does not have to be like this, because, where knowledge budućnost svoje zemlje. is a true power and value, and where there is awareness, the young people are the future of their own country. Panel III MLADI KAO BUDUĆNOST ZEMALJA BALKANA THE YOUNG AS THE FUTURE OF the balkan countries

Saša Popović Ivan Vukčević Profesor Ekonomskog fakulteta Univerziteta Crne Gore Student Pravnog fakulteta Univerziteta Crne Gore Professor at the Faculty of Economics Student at the Law Faculty at the University of Montenegro at the University of Montenegro

Mirjana Radović Marković Mladen Grgić Profesor na Institutu ekonomskih nauka i Saradnik na Evropskom institutu za Fakultetu za PEP u Beogradu azijske studije u Briselu Professor at the Institute of Economic Sciences and Associate at the European Institute for BEE Faculty in Belgrade Asian Studies in Brussels

Guoda Lomanaite Martin Ćalasan Potpredsjednik Foruma mladih Evrope Saradnik na Elektrotehničkom fakultetu Vice President of the European Youth Forum Univerziteta Crne Gore Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering at the University of Montenegro 78 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

Profesor na Institutu ekonomskih Prof. dr Mirjana Radović-Marković nauka i Fakultetu za PEP u Beogradu

UTICAJ PREDUZETNIČKOG OBRAZOVANJA NA POVEĆANJE KOMPETENCIJA I SMANJENJA NEZAPOSLENOSTI MLADE RADNE SNAGE U ZEMLJAMA ZAPADNOG BALKANA

REZIME ne isključenosti mlade radne snage.

Cilj ovog rada je da se ukaže na kauzalitet izmedju obra- Ključne reči: preduzetničko obrazovanje, mladi, nezapo- zovanja ,zaposlenosti i preduzetničkih inicijativa mladih. slenost, zemlje zapadnog Balkana. Koliko je ovo trojstvo od značaja kao i uspostavljanje njihove dobre koordinacije i usaglašenosti ,govori i činjenica 1. UVOD da nedavno objavljena Strategija razvoja EU do 2020. za prioritetne ciljeve stavlja reformu obrazovnog sistema i Zapošljavanje ,preduzetništvo i obrazovanje predstavlja- insistira na „novim znanjima za nova zanimanja“ ,una- ju važno trojstvo.Izmedju njih postoji kauzalitet ,koji se predjenju privatnog preduzetništva i rešavanju visoke ogleda u činjenici da je privatno preduzetništvo genera- nezaposlenosti,koja pogadja veliki broj zemalja u okviru tor kreiranja novih poslova i zapošljavanja ,dok kroz pre- Evropske unije i šire. Shodno tome ,autorka objašnjava duzetničko obrazovanje se razvijaju preduzetničke kom- da u najrazvijenijim zemljama u kojima postoji niža sto- petencije koje treba da biznis ideje pretvore u realnost pa nezaposlenosti mladih ,postoji tesnija povezanost iz- i preduzetničke aktivnosti učine uspešnijim.Medjutim, medju obrazovnih institucija sa poslovnim okruženjem. pokazalo se da u mnogim zemljama ne postoji dobra Tome je u najvećoj meri doprinelo tradicionalno dobro usaglašenost izmedju kompetencija mlade radne snage strukovno obrazovanje,koje je pomoglo da se i u uslovi- i potreba na tržištu rada, što je jedan od uzroka njihove ma ekonomske krize i umerenog privrednog rasta smanji velike stope nezaposlenosti. Pored toga ,postoje i drugi stopa nezaposlenosti mladih,kao i svih ostalih kategorija uzroci visoke nezaposlenosti mladih,kao što su: nedosta- nezaposlenih lica.Za razliku od ovih zemalja ,zemlje za- tak informacija u vezi mogućnosti sticanja odgovarajućih padnog Balkana karakteriše visoka stopa nezaposlenosti veština, nedostatak radnog iskustva i ograničene mo- mladih kao rezultanta ,pre svega,nedovoljne povezanosti gućnosti za dobijanje posla u skladu sa planiranom kari- obrazovnih i naučnih institucija sa zahtevima privrede.Po jerom. U skladu s tim, Međunarodna organizacija rada je mišljenju autorke ovoga rada ,preduzetničko obrazova- upozorila da je prošle godine globalna situacija u vezi vi- nje mora da bude važna komponenta ekonomske stra- soke nezaposlenosti mladih bila “alarmantna”, sa malom tegije, koja je usmerena na podsticanje otvaranja novih verovatnoćom da će se uskoro poboljšati [1] . Ova tvr- radnih mesta i smanjenja visoke stope nezaposlenosti . dnja može se potkrepiti činjenicom da je stopa nezapo- U daljoj analizi problema nezaposlenosti mladih , izdva- slenosti u celoj eurozoni dostigla 11,7% i 10,7% u EU-27 u ja se nepovoljno okruženje za razvoj privatnog sektora i 2012 [2]. Podaci EU govore da oko 7,5 milona Evropljana, samozapošljavanja mlade radne snage.Autorka izdvaja i uzrasta od 15-24 godine nisu u radnom odnosu, niti su veliku ekonomsku i finansijsku krizu,ali je stavlja na prvo uključeni u proces obrazovanja. Nezaposlenost mladih u mesto po uticajnosti na visoku stopu nezaposlenosti mla- Evropskoj uniji iznosio je 23,6 posto u januaru 2013., što dih u regionu .Manji značaj joj daje zbog činjenice da se je dvostruko više nego kod odraslih osoba [25]. Drugim zemlje zapadnog Balkana već više decenija teško nose sa rečima, jedan od pet mladih Evropljana na tržištu rada visokom stopom nezaposlenosti mladih ,tj. i pre početka ne mogu da nadjui posao [26]. U Grčkoj i Španiji je taj ekonomske krize krajem 2008. U skladu sa svojim razma- odnos još mnogo gori ,tj. jedan od dvoje mladih ljudi u tranjima ,autorka zaključuje da zemlje zapadnog Balkana ove dve zemlje je bez posla. U poslednje četiri godine, treba da se usredsrede na reformu obrazovne politike i ukupna stopa zaposlenosti mladih pala je tri puta, isto da poboljšaju poslovni ambijent koji bi olakšao ulaganja koliko i za odrasle. U tom kontekstu, neke procene po- u državama regije, kako bi one mogle sa većim uspehom kazuju da će stopa nezaposlenosti u eurozoni i dalje rasti da rešavaju problem dugotrajne nezaposlenosti i socijal- sa 11,7 posto (prema najnovijim raspoloživim podacima) ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 79

Professor at the Institute of Economic Sciences and BEE Mirjana Radović-Marković, Dr. sc. oec. Faculty in Belgrade

EFFECTS OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION ON COMPETITIVENESS IMPROVEMENT AND POVERTY REDUCTION IN YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE WESTERN BALKAN COUNTRIES

RESUME 2008. According to her considerations, the author con- cludes that the Western Balkan countries should focus on The aim of the present paper is to highlight the causal education policy reform and on improving business en- links between education, employment and youth entre- vironment to facilitate investments in the regional coun- preneurial initiatives. The extent to which this trinity and tries in order to make it possible for them to have more establishing good coordination and conformity between success in solving the problem of long-lasting unemploy- them are of importance is demonstrated also by the fact ment and social exclusion of the youth labor force. that the Europe 2020, i.e. the EU’s Growth Strategy was published recently. The said Europe 2020 – Europe’s Key words: entrepreneurship education, the youth, un- Growth Strategy puts forward education system reform employment, the Western Balkan countries as priority goal and insists on acquiring „new knowledge in new vocations“ , enhancing private entrepreneur- 1. INTRODUCTION ship and solving high unemployment rates that affects a large number of states within the European Union and Employment, entrepreneurship and education stand as broader. Consequently, the author is explaining that in important trinity. There are causal links between them, highly developed countries with lower youth unemploy- such causality being mirrored in the fact that private en- ment rates closer link between educational institutions trepreneurship is the generator of new jobs creation, and business environment exists. That was largely con- whereas entrepreneurship education offers the forum tributed by traditionally good vocational education that for improving entrepreneurial competences that should has assisted - in circumstances of economic collapse and make business ideas true and entrepreneurial activities moderate economic growth - the youth unemployment more successful. However, it has appeared that in numer- and all the other categories of unemployment rates be ous countries there is no good conformity of youth labor reduced. Unlike those countries, the Western Balkan force’s competences with labor market demands, which countries are characterized by high youth unemployment is one of the causes of the considerable youth unemploy- rate as a consequence, primarily, of inadequate correla- ment rate. Besides, there are other causes of high youth tion between education and scientific institutions and unemployment rates, such as lack of pieces of information the economy’s demands / needs. In the opinion of the relating to acquiring appropriate skills; lack of working ex- author of this paper, entrepreneurship education must perience; and limited opportunities to get employment be an important component of economy strategy dedi- according to career plan. Accordingly, the International cated to encouraging new job creations and high unem- Labor Organization has warned that last year the global ployment rate reducing. In a further analysis of the youth situation in relation to youth unemployment was “alarm- unemployment challenge, unfavorable environment for ing” , with little likelihood of getting the situation better private sector development and the youth labor force soon [1] . The said assertion can be supported by the fact self-employment are sorted out. The author is sorting that the unemployment rate reached 11.7% and 10.7% in out also the severe economic and financial crisis, -put the whole Eurozone and in the EU-27 respectively in 2012 ting it as the first ranked factor inducing high youth un- [2]. The data from the EU say that some 7.5 million Euro- employment rate in the region. The author attributes it peans aged 15 to 24 were neither been in employment less importance due to the fact that the Western Balkan nor in education. Youth unemployment rate in the Euro- countries have already been endeavoring for several de- pean Union was 23.6 percent in January 2013, which was cades to solve high youth unemployment rates, i.e. they twice as high as the adult one [25]. In other words, one did that even prior to the economic collapse of the late out of five young Europeans on the labor market cannot 80 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

na 12,5 posto do početka 2014 [3]. Prema istom izvoru, zimljivi pojedinci koji će postati preduzetnici ili će se ba- najniže stope nezaposlenosti bile su zabeležene u Au- viti istraživanjima u ovoj oblasti i tako doprineti održivom striji (4,3%), Nemačkoj i Luksemburgu (obe 5,3%) i Ho- ekonomskom razvoju.Inače, obrazovanje u domenu pre- landiji (5,8%), a najviša u Grčkoj (26,8% u 2012) i Španiji duzetništva se generalno odnosi na programe koji pro- (26,1%). movišu preduzetništvo kao opciju u izboru karijere i vrše edukaciju za sticanje veština i znanja za osnivanje i razvoj Prosek nezaposlenosti na nivou zemalja zapadnog Bal- biznisa [10],[12].Osim toga ,mnoga istraživanja su poka- kana iznosio je oko 22,8 procenata u četvrtom kvartalu zala da studenti koji su izučavali preduzetništvo tokom 2012., što je dvostruko više od proseka od 11,2 procenta studija kao glavni predmet ,u velikoj meri su birali zani- za zemlje EU11 [4].Naime,iako je na Zapadnom Balkanu manje preduzetnika i pokretali su vlastite biznise. To su došlo do izvesnog oporavka i privrednog rasta u prvih činili mnogo češće nego oni studenti ,koji nisu bili poseb- šest meseci 2013., to se još nije odrazilo na smanjenje no usmereni na studiranje preduzetništva .Medjutim,sve visoke stope nezaposlenosti. To potvrdjuje da su uslo- se češće može naiči u literaturi na mišljenja da preduze- vi na tržištu rada i dalje teški na Zapadnom Balkanu [5] tništvo ne treba izučavati samo u okviru visokoškolskog .Medjutim,kriza visoke nezaposlenosti mladih nije samo obrazovanja,već da ono mora biti zastupljeno na svim zahvatila većinu zemalja Evrope i zemlje zapadnog Bal- nivoima procesa edukacije [13].Ukazujući na visoki zna- kana ,već se ovaj problem širi i u mnoge druge regije čaj preduzetništva u sastavu obrazovanja ,.Zioło [14] je sveta na šta ukazuju podaci da je oko 35 % ili 75 mili- istaknuo da je za oblikovanje preduzetničkih stavova po- ona mladih nezaposleno u svetu [1] .Osim toga ,prema trebno pored izučavanja preduzetništva na svim nivoima procenama Medjunarodne organizacije rada, nezaposle- institucionalnog obrazovanja i, nakon toga ,nastaviti sa ni mladi čine oko 40 odsto ukupne globalne nezaposle- usavršavanjem u ovoj oblasti u procesu stručnog i profe- nosti. Shodno ovim pokazateljima, nezaposlenost treba sionalnog osposobljavanja tokom čitavog razdoblja čove- smatrati ne samo nacionalnim i regionalnim,već i global- kovog delovanja na tržištu rada. Potreba za uvodjenjem nim problemom.Imajući u vidu ovu činjenicu ,kao i da preduzetničkog obrazovanja je od posebnog značaja za se BRJ Makedonija ,Srbija ,Bosna i Hercegovina i Albanija mlade, koji tek ulaze na tržište rada. Ona je pored istra- nalaze medju deset zemalja u svetu sa najvećom stopom živanja Ziola ,bila predmet analize i velikog broja drugih nezaposlenih mladih lica [27],cilj ovog rada je da ispita autora [15],[16],[17],[18],[19],[20] ,[21] .Po preporuci karakteristike i uzroke ovako visoke nezaposlenosti u ze- Evropske komisije ,neophodno je preduzetničke progra- mljama zapadnog Balkana, kao i da analizira mogućnosti me uključiti ne samo u ekonomske škole i fakultete ,već i implementacije dobre prakse zemalja koje su rešile ovaj na one tehničkog profila kao važan sastavni deo njihovih problem.Pri tome,imali smo u vidu da zbog specifičnosti kurikuluma .Oni treba da omoguće razvoj preduzetničkih regiona ,ne mogu se direktno iskoristiti sve mere koje su kompetencija ,koje moraju da se prilagodjavaju moder- koristile Austrija ,Nemačka ili Finska koje imaju punu za- nim privredama baziranim na znanju i novim izazovima poslenost , ali zato one mogu da pomognu da se bolje na tržištu rada.Tu se spontano postavlja jedno od važnih odrede smernice efikasnije politike zapošljavanja u regi- pitanja ,tj.koja su to znaja i veštine koje treba obezbediti onu.Pored pozitivnih praktičnih iskustava,u radu je kori- studentima tokom procesa formalne i neformalne edu- šćena i najnovija literatura,koja je problemu zapošljava- kacije? U ovom pogledu u literaturi se može naiči na veli- nja pristupala sa različitih aspekata i kao takva može u ki broj različitih mišljenja. Jedno od takvih mišljenja , koje velikoj meri da bude dobra platforma za nalaženje novih su prezentovali naučnici McMullan i Long [9],zalaže se da rešenja u ovom domenu .Takodje , poslužila su nam i is- se u obrazovne preduzetničke programe uvrste metode traživanja za davanje preporuka ,koja su uradjena ciljano za podsticanje kreativnog mišljenja, sposobnosti prego- za potrebe ovoga rada. varanja, razvoj novih proizvoda i liderstvo .Preduzetnički programi takodje treba da ponude znanja za detektova- 2. PREGLED LITERATURE nje i ispitivanje poslovnih mogućnosti ,kao i njihovo in- korporiranje u dugoročne biznis planove [10],[11]. Osim Ranija istraživanja pokazuju da identifikovanje i negova- toga , programi treba da imaju multidisciplinarni i pro- nje preduzetničkih kompetencija kroz proces obrazova- cesno orijentisani pristup ,tj.novi obrazovni programi za nja može u velikoj meri da doprinese dugoročnim eko- preduzetnike moraju se bazirati na razmeni dobre prakse nomskim benefitima [6],[7],[8].Pre svega ,podrška pre- preko studija i umrežavanja strateških partnera (istrazi- duzetničkim aktivnostima preko preduzetničkog obrazo- vača, preduzetnika, finansijera, kreatora politike,i drugih) vanja može da doprinese povećanju broja novih firmi i [24].Sva ova objedinjena mišljenja impliciraju potrebu za smanjenju nivoa nezaposlenosti ,ali i smanjivanju greša- reformom obrazovnog sistema i stvaranje nove kreativ- ka u poslovanju firmi koje već egzistiraju. Preduzetničko ne obrazovne strategije ,koja će podsticati individual- obrazovanje može takodje da bude važna komponenta nost pojedinca,omogućiti mu slobodu mišljenja i razvoj ekonomske strategije ,koja je usmerena na podsticanje kreativnosti i staviti je u funkciju poslovnog okruženja i otvaranja novih radnih mesta [9].Takodje,ono ima pose- njegovih zahteva [38]. ban značaj u pripremi mladih da budu odgovorni i predu- ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 81 find a job. In Greece and Spain, that ration is even worse, tribute to new companies number be larger and unem- i.e. one out of two young persons in these two countries ployment rate be lower, and mistakes in doing business by is without a job. Over the preceding four years, the to- already existing companies be reduced as well. Entrepre- tal youth employment rate has dropped four times, as neurship education can also be an important component same as the adult one. In terms of that, some estimations of an economic strategy that is dedicated to encouraging have shown that unemployment rate in the Eurozone will new job creations [9]. Besides, it has specific significance continue to go up, from 11.7 percent (according to the in preparing the young to assume accountability and be- most recent available data) to 12.5 percent as of the early come venturous individuals who will either be entrepre- 2014. [3]. According to the same source, the lowest un- neurs or engage themselves in researches in this domain employment rates were recorded in Austria (4.3%), then and, thereby, contribute to sustainable economic growth. in Germany and Luxembourg (5.3% respectively) and in Anyway, entrepreneurship education refers generally to the Netherlands (5.8%), with the highest unemployment the programs promoting entrepreneurship to be opted for rate in Greece (26.8% in 2012) and Spain (26.1%). in choosing the career development and higher education for acquiring skills and knowledge to serve a business set- The average unemployment rate at the level of the West- ting up and development [10], [12]. Additionally, numer- ern Balkan countries was around 22.8 percent in the ous researches have shown that students that had ma- fourth quarter of 2012, which was double as compared jored in entrepreneurship during their studies opted for with the average equaling to 11.2 percent in the countries entrepreneurial occupations and set up their own busi- of the EU 11 [4]. Namely, although the Western Balkans nesses thereafter [13]. Drawing attention to a high impor- experienced certain recovery and economic growth dur- tance of entrepreneurship within education system, Zioło ing the first six months in 2013, it has not yet mirrored [14] emphasized that forming entrepreneurial attitudes in a reduction of the high unemployment rate. That con- requires – in addition to entrepreneurship studying at all firms the conditions prevailing within the Western Bal- levels of institutional education - also to keep on develop- kans’ labor market are still bad. [5] However, high youth ing through the processes of vocational and professional unemployment crisis has not embraced only the majority training over the entire on-the-labor market acting. A of the European and the Western Balkans countries, but need to introduce entrepreneurship education is of par- this problem is spreading over numerous other world re- ticular importance to the young that are to enter the labor gions – this being indicated by the data that some 35.00% market. In addition to researches undertaken by Ziolo, it or 75 million young persons in the world are unemployed was the subject matter of analyses done also by a large [1]. Besides, according to the estimations of the -Inter number of other authors [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], national labor Organization, unemployed young persons [21]. As the European Commission recommended, it is re- make some 40 percent of the total global unemployment. quired to include entrepreneurship subjects in not only According to the said parameters, unemployment should schools and faculties of economics, but also in those of be deemed not only as national and regional, but also as technical profiles, as a significant component part of their global challenge. Having in mind this fact and that Former respective curricula. They should ensure the development Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, Bosnia and Her- of entrepreneurial competences that, in turn, must adjust zegovina are among ten world countries with the highest both to contemporary economies rooted in knowledge youth unemployment rate [27], the aim of the present and to new challenges within the labor market. One out of paper is to study features and causes of such high unem- important questions is spontaneously posed there, name- ployment in the Western Balkan countries and to analyze ly what knowledge and skills students should necessarily possibilities of introducing the good practices from the be provided with during formal and informal education countries that have overcome this problem. At the same processes? In terms of this question, references comprise time, we have had in mind that due to the regional speci- a large number of different opinions. One out of such ficities, not all the measures employed by Austria, Germa- opinions was presented by scientists such as McMullan ny or Finland - which have full employment at stage - can and Long [9] and it advocates for introducing into entre- be directly undertaken, but they can assist better deciding preneurship education curricula the methods of encour- on the guidelines for attaining the regional employment aging creative thinking, negotiation skills, new products policy effectiveness. Besides positive practical experience, development and leadership. Entrepreneurship education this paper used also the most recent references that had curricula should also offer knowledge for detecting and approached to the unemployment issue from a variety testing business opportunities, as well as their incorpo- of aspects and, as such, to a large extent it can be a good rating in long-term business plans [10], [11]. Additionally, platform for finding new solutions to this issue. Further- the curricula should comprise multidisciplinary and pro- more, researches that had been undertaken as targeted cess oriented approach, i.e. new education program for ones for the purposes of this paper and design for giving entrepreneurs must be based on exchange of god prac- recommendation, also served us for this paper. tices through studying and networking strategic partners (researches, entrepreneurs, financiers, policy makers and 2. REVIEW OF REFERENCES alike) [24]. The foregoing consolidated opinions imply a need for education system reform and developing a new Earlier researches have shown that identifying and cher- creative education strategy that will encourage the partic- ishing entrepreneurial competences through education ularity of individual, provide him/her with the freedom of process can largely contribute to long-term economic opinion, and creativity development to be put in opera- benefits [6], [7], [8]. First of all, support to entrepreneur- tion for business environment and its requirements [38]. ial activities through entrepreneurship education can con- 82 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

3. KARAKTERISTIKE NEZAPOSLENOSTI MLADIH U ZE- MLJAMA ZAPADNOG BALKANA 4. POLITIKA ZAPOŠLJAVANJA MLADIH: MOGUĆNOSTI IMPLEMENTACIJE DOBRE PRAKSE ZEMALJA EU NA ZE- U prvoj polovini 2013. godine , bez posla je bilo 2,5 milio- MLJE ZAPADNOG BALKANA na ljudi na zapadnom Balkanu [22] .U regiji, najvišu stopu nezaposlenosti mladih imala je Hrvatska (55,4%) u drugoj Postoji veliki jaz između zemalja s najvišom i najnižom polovini 2013.Iza nje se sada nalaze Bosna i Hercegovina stopom nezaposlenih mladih ljudi u okviru EU-28. Ta je i BJR Makedonija sa stopom nezaposlenosti mladih od 53 razlika od gotovo 50 odsto među državama članicama odsto, zatim slede Srbija sa 51,2 odsto i Crna Gora sa 43 s najnižom i najvišom stopom nezaposlenosti mladih – ,7 odsto [23] (Grafikon 1). Nemačke ( 7,7 % u septembru 2013 ) i Grčke (57,3 % u julu 2013).Grčku slede Španija ( 56,5 % ) , Hrvatska ( 52,8 % ) , Kipar( 43,9 % ) , Italija ( 40,4 % ) i Portugal ( 36,9 % ) [29] . Na osnovu ovih podataka ,postavlja se pitanje kako su pojedine zemlje uspešno zaposlile mladu radnu snagu, dok drugi to ne mogu? Objašnjenje se ,pre svega ,može nači u dualnom sistemu obuke.Naime, studenti istovremeno obezbedjuju akademsko obrazovanje uz sticanje radnog iskustva, a ne pohađaju samo nastavu kao u mnogim drugim zemljama. Prednosti ovog sitema obrazovanja uključuju dovođenje kandidata bliže tržištu rada , čime se obezbedjuje da kvalifikacije budu u skladu sa postojećim poslovnim okruženjem. Dualni sistem obrazovanja takođe omogućuje poslodavcima da prove- du više vremena s potencijalnim zaposlenima ,kako bi se Navešćemo najvažnije karakteristike i prioritete kod za- dobio uvid u njihove sposobnosti i znanja, što smanjuje pošljavanja u regionu [28]: rizik za poslodavce da donose loše kadrovske odluke. • Za mnoga nezaposlena lica u regionu je karakte- ristično da više žele da rade u neformalnom sek- „Evropa mora hitno da rešava nezaposlenost mla- toru i da primaju pomoć za nezaposlene ,nego da dih , kako bi se spasle cele generacije mladih koje se se zaposle u formalnom sektoru privredjivanja; boje da neće naći posao „, izjasnili su se predstavnici • Zaposleni preferiraju da rade u javnim preduzeći- francuske,italijanske i nemačke vlada sredinom ove godi- ma bez obzira što su tu zarade manje ,s obzirom ne [34].Tom prilikom su predložene mešovite mere, uklju- da imaju redovnost i sigurnost plata; čujući pružanje pomoći malim fabrikama i jačanju nauke • Kod zapošljavanja,poslodavci preferiraju osobe i obrazovanja.U skladu s ovim opredelenjem , Evropska s odgovarajućim radnim iskustvom i diskrimini- komisija je predložila program pod nazivom “ Ulaganje u šu starije radnike ,žene,mlade i osobe sa nižim mladost:Omladinske garancije“. Program Omladinske ga- kvalifikacijama;. rancije ima za cilj da ponudi kvalitetan posao ili nastavak • Relativno visoki troškovi rada smanjili su poten- školovanja svim mladim do 25 godina starosti u okviru cijalnu potražnju za radnom snagom; EU, u roku od četiri meseca posle završetka formalnog • Mala mobilnost radne snage ; obrazovanja ili nakon gubitka posla [29] . Ovaj Program • Neadekvatne sankcije za poslodavce ,koji zapo- je usvojen aprila 2013. od strane Saveta ministara EU 22 šljavaju radnike na „crno“ i ne plaćaju za njih do- na predlog Komisije EU.Njega moraju da uvedu sve ze- prinose1. mlje članice EU u cilju rešavanja nezaposlenosti mladih. On podrazumeva brzu reformu obrazovnog sistema koji Treba posebno naglasiti da se visoka nezaposlenost (po- će biti više usmeren, nego do sada ,na praktična znanja red mnogobrojnih uzroka) ,ne može dugovati na prvom [26]. Program je zasnovan na iskustvima Austrije i Fin- mestu uticaju velike ekonomske krize ,s obzirom da su se ske ,koje su pokazale da je ulaganje u mlade ljude veo- sve zemlje zapadnog Balkana suočavale sa velikom neza- ma isplatljivo.Na primer,primena ovog Programa u Fin- poslenošću mnogo pre njenog izbijanja. Naime, ekonomskoj je znatno smanjila nezaposlenost medju mladima i ska kriza je samo pogoršala ovaj problem. Taj trend se i u periodu od tri meseca zbrinula 83.5% lica tako što su dalje nastavlja , iako su mnoge zemlje iz regiona najavile dobila željeni posao ,oslužila pripravnički staž ili su uklju- skorašnji izlazak iz recesije.Međutim, mišljenja smo da čena u neki od programa obuke [26]. Za neke zemlje EU bez rasta stope zaposlenosti , ne može se smatrati izgle- ,sprovodjenje Programa iziskuje strukturne reforme.Na dnim izlazak iz recesije zemalja zapadnog Balkana. primer,javne službe za zapošljavanje moraju da budu u 1 Napomena autora: Rad “na crno” obuhvata zaposlene u neregis- stanju da daju mladim nezaposlenim licima odgovarajući trovanoj firmi, zaposlene u registrovanoj firmi, ali bez formalnog ugovora o savet za posao i usmere ih na obrazovne programe ,koji radu i bez socijalnog i penzionog osiguranja, i neplaćene pomažuće članove domaćinstva. su za njih najrelevantniji.U tom smislu neophodan je dija- ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 83

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF YOUTH UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE 4. YOUTH EMPLOYMENT POLICY: POSSIBILITIES OF IM- WESTERN BALKAN COUNTRIES PLEMENTING GOOD PRACTICES OF THE EU COUNTRIES IN THE Western Balkan countries The first half of 2013 was marked by 2.5 million unemployed persons within the Western Balkans [22] . The There is a large gap between the countries with the highest highest (55.4 percent) youth unemployment rate in the and the ones with the lowest youth unemployment rates region was faced by Croatia in the second half of 2013. within the EU-28. The discrepancy is almost 50 percent Now, it is followed by Bosnia and Herzegovina and the between the member countries with the highest and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia with youth un- lowest youth unemployment rates respectively, specifical- employment rate equaling to 53 percent each, followed ly Germany (.7 % in September 2013 ) and Greece (57.3 % by Serbia with the rate equaling to 51.2 percent and in July 2013). Greece is follow by Spain ( 56.5 % ) , Croatia Montenegro with the rate equaling to 43.7 percent [23] ( 52.8 % ) , Cyprus ( 43.9 % ) , Italy ( 40.4 % ) and Portugal (Graph No. 1). ( 36.9 % ) [29] . Based on the foregoing data, a question is posed of how certain countries have succeeded to employ youth labor force, whereas other have not? An ex- planation can be found, primarily, in dual training system. Namely, students of the former countries go for academic education simultaneously to working, i.e. gaining working experience, meaning that they are not engaged only in attending lectures as students in the latter countries do. Advantages of such an education system involve bringing candidates closer to the labor market and, thereby, ensuring the qualifications are in conformity with the existing business environment. The dual education system makes it possible for employers to take more time with prob- able employees and get an insight in their capacities and knowledge, which all reduces the employer’s risk to make Now, we will list the most significant characteristics of and poor human resources-related decisions. priorities relating to employment in the region [28]: • in the region, it is typical of many unemployed per- „Europe must urgently tackle youth unemployment, urg- sons that they prefer working with informal sector ing action to rescue an entire generation who fear they and receiving doles than working with formal sector will not find jobs“ the French, Germanand Italian Govern- of economy; ments’ representatives made statement in the middle of • employed persons prefer working with public enter- the current year. [34]. On that occasion, suggested were prises regardless of lower salaries there, taking into heterogeneous measures, including also the ones to de- account the salaries are regular and guaranteed; liver assistance to small factories and to strengthen sci- • in recruiting, employers prefer persons with an ence and education. In line with the said commitment, adequate working experience, but discriminate ol- the European Commission recommended the Program: der persons, women, the young and persons with Investing for Youth: The Youth Guarantee. The The Youth lower qualifications;. Guarantee Program is aimed at offering appropriate jobs • rather high cost of labor; or continuation of education to all the young up to the • limited mobility of labor force; age of 25, within the EU, in four-month time as of the • inadequate sanctions imposed to employers recruit- completion of their formal education or job loss [29]. The ing labor force for “moonlighting” and do not pay Youth Guarantee Recommendation was adopted in April their mandatory contributions1. 2013 by the Council of Ministers of the EU 22, upon the proposal by the EU Commission. It must be introduced by Particular stress should be given to the fact that high un- all member countries of the EU with the aim of solving employment (in addition to numerous causes) can not youth unemployment. It connotes fast reform of educa- be due primarily to economic collapse, having in mind tion system to generate the system be more than it has that all the Western Balkan countries used to face high used to be so far oriented to practical skills. [26]. The Pro- unemployment rates even prior to the outbreak thereof. gram is based on the experience of Austria and Finland Namely, the economic collapse has just aggravated this that have demonstrated that investing in young people is problem. The trend has been ongoing, despite many re- very profitable. For example, application of the Program gional countries announced their soon going out of the in Finland resulted in considerable reduction in unem- recession. However, our opinion is that without employ- ployment amongst young people, with 83.5% successfully ment rate raise, likelihood for the Western Balkans coun- allocated a job, traineeship or apprenticeship within three tries to leave behind the recession is impossible. months of registering [26]. For many member countries of the EU , the implementation of the Program will require structural reforms. For example, public employment services must be able to ensure individual young people 1 Author’s note: “Moonlighting” refers to the employees of an receive appropriate advice on job, education and train- unregistered and registered company, without a formal employment contract ing opportunities most relevant to their own situation. In and payment of mandatory social and pension insurance, as well as not paid supporting household members. terms of that, a dialogue between trade unions, unions of 84 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

log izmedju sindikata ,udruženja poslodavaca,obrazovnih zaposle radnika koji nema radno iskustvo .Ina- institucija i vlasti ,kako bi se obezbedila struktura i vrsta če, Nemačka je problem nezaposlenosti mladih edukacije od praktične koristi. Međunarodna organizaci- uspela da reši usvajanjem sistema dualnog tre- ja rada procenjuje da će realizacija ovog Programa ko- ninga. Bez dualnog sitema obrazovanja ,stopa štati zemlje članice oko 21 milijarde € godišnje.Značajnu nezaposlenosti mladih bila bi slična u - Nemač finansijsku podršku Programu obezbedio je Evropski so- koj kao i u Francuskoj ili Italiji.Iz tih razloga , u cijalni fond (ESF) [1]. Nemačkoj regulisano tržište rada se nalazi u te- snoj simbiozi sa dualnim obrazovnim sistemom. U svom nedavnom izveštaju o globalnim trendovima za- Medjutim, postoji mišljenje da nije samo dualni pošljavanja ,Medjunarodna organizacija rada [1] , navo- sistem obuke doprineo rešavanju problema za- di pet ključnih područja delovanja politike zapošljavanja pošljavanja u Nemačkoj.To se objašnjava i činje- mladih: nicom da je radna snaga podcenjena za 10% u 1. Uticaj na povećanje agregatne potražnje ipo- Nemačkoj , dok je u Grčkoj precenjena za više od boljšanja pristupa finansijama ; 30% ( kada su zarade u pitanju)[32] . 2. Obuku za lakše premošćavanje prelaska iz procesa školovanja u proces rada, kako bi se sma- Iskustva Austrije i Nemačke su teško primenjiva na zemlje njile neuskladjenosti na tržištu rada; poput Grčke ,Španije ili zemlje zapadnog Balkana, koje su 3. Delovanje u cilju zapošljavanja mladih, koji su u u velikoj meri pogodjene ekonomskom krizom. Uprkos najnepovoljnijem položaju; tome, mogu se izvuči neke pozitivne pouke iz njihovih 4. Pružanje pomoći mladima kod pokretanja pre- rezultata .Pre svega ,treba uzeti u obzir da su u Austriji i duzetničkih poslova i kod samozapošljavanja; Nemačkoj nastavni planovi i programi relevantni i usklad- 5. Zaštita prava radnika u skladu sa međunaro- jeni sa potrebama tržišta rada.Pore toga,obezbedjene su dnim standardima rada ,kako bi se osiguralo da različite mere i usmerene na one grupe ,koje su najviše mladi ljudi dobijaju jednak tretman u svim ze- ugrožene. Takodje, ključni faktori uspeha sistema obuke mljama; u ovim zemljama u potpunosti odgovaraju standardima 6. Usredsredjivanje na mala i srednja preduzeća , ,koje je postavila Medjunarodna organizacija rada .Nai- koja su ključna tačka za ulazak na tržište rada za me, prema Medjunarodnoj organizaciji rada [1] ,treba većinu nezaposlenih lica. provesti 3-4 godine obuke na poslu ,koristeći radno me- Države članice koje imaju najvišu stopu nezaposlenosti sto kao ključni resurs za učenje 4 dana nedeljno u firmi mladih moraće da krenu sa sprovodjenjem ovog Pro- i 1 dan nedeljno u strukovnoj školi.Ova obuka je u funk- grama do kraja 2013. godine,a one druge najkasnije do ciji potreba preduzeća.Takodje , ona je uskladjena i prati proleća 2014 [35]. nastavne planove i programe u strukovnim školama ,koji vode do diplome .Osim toga ,treba spomenuti i nisku po- 4.1. Primeri dobre prakse: Austrija i Nemačka četnu platu od nekih 12 - 46% od prosečne plate kvalifi- kovanog osoblja u istoj struci .Tako je pripravnička plata • Austrija ima najnižu stopu nezaposlenosti u Evro- tokom prve godine treninga iznosila € 300-800, dok je pi od 4 odsto i samo 2,5 % fakultetski obrazovanih treće godine bila od € 550 do 1600. Slične plate su i u su bez posla[32] .Nemačka je odmah iza Austrije Švajcarskoj i Nemačkoj za početnike [30][31]. po najnižoj stopi nezaposlenosti od 5,7%.Čak i u najgoroj godini recesije od 2008-9 u Nemačkoj i 4.2. Politika zapošljavanja mladih u zemljama Zapadnog Austriji , bio je minimalni porast nezaposlenosti Balkana: mere i preporuke (0,3% i 1% respektivno) [32]. U austrijskom slu- čaju mlada nezaposlena lica koja su uključena u Uspešne mere ekonomske politike treba da kombinuju programe obuke ,nisu ubrojena kao nezaposle- zahteve ponude i tražnje za radnom snagom i u skladu na lica ,što nije slučaj sa drugim zemljama.Ako bi sa tim da motivišu i osposobljavaju za rad nezaposlene se i oni uzeli u obzir ,stopa nezaposlenosti mladih osobe .Motivacione mere uključuju informacije, saveto- bi bila nešto veća , tj.za uzrast 15-24 bi porasla sa vanje i usmeravanje, edukacijske mere podrške za samo- 7,3% (nacionalni slika) na 9,3% [33].Takodje ,pre- zapošljavanje , i druge oblike aktivacionih mera na tržištu ma istraživanjima Schweighofera [33] oko 15,5% rada . Prava i odgovornosti lica koja traže posao jasno su su nezaposlena lica izmedju 50 i 59 godina ,što definisani.Njihovo nepridržavanje dovodi do smanjivanja je duplo više od prosečne stope nezaposlenosti novčane pomoći nezaposlenima i brisanja iz registra.Ta- u Austriji. kav sistem „ štapa i šargarepe“ ,pokazao se uspešnim • Nemačka ima izrazito regulisano tržište rada , što u mnogim zemljama EU.Medjutim ,u zemljama zapa- znači da fabrike nisu u mogućnosti da lako otpu- dnog Balkana se bitno razlikuju uslovi na tržištu rada. ste svoje zaposlene To takodje govori da je teže Naime,zajednička karakteristika tržišta rada u zemljama za mlade ljude da pronadju posao, s obzirom da zapadnog Balkana je visoka neformalna zaposlenost su poslodavci manje spremni da reskiraju i da .Stoga ,mere na strani ponude i potražnje radne snage ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 85 employers, education instituion and the power is required ing. Without a system of dual training, Germany’s so as to ensure structure and education of practical ben- youth unemployment rate would be similar to the efit. The International Labour Organisation has estimated one of France or Italy. Due to those reasons, the the cost of setting up Youth Guarantees as €21 billion per regulated German labor market is in close cou- year. Significant financial support to the Program has ple with the system of dual education. However, been provided by the European Social Fund (ESF) [1]. there is an opinion that not only such system of dual training was what contributed to solving em- In their recent report on Global Employment Trends, the ployment-related problems in Germany. That is International Labor Organization [1] lists five key areas of explained by the fact that labor force in Germany youth employment policy acting, as follows: is roughly 10% undervalued and Greeks and Ital- 1. stimulating aggregate demand increase and im- ians are more than 30% overpaid ( when it comes proving access to finance ; to earnings) [32] . 2. training for building bridges between education and the world of work, in order to reduce incon- Experience of Austria and Germany are hardly applicable sistencies within the labor market; to those countries like Greece, Spain or the Western Bal- 3. acting with the aim of providing jobs to young kan countries that have been affected to a large extent people in most unfavorable situation; by the economic crisis. Nevertheless, some positive mes- 4. providing assistance to young people by support- sages can be taken out from their outcomes. Primarily, ing entrepreneurship and self-employment; Austrian and Germany curricula are relevant to and in 5. protecting the rights of laborers in line with the conformity with the labor market demands. Beforehand, international labor standards, in order to ensure a variety of measure were provided for and dedicated to that young people in all countries receive equal the most vulnerable groups. Besides, the key factors of treatment; the training system success in the two countries were en- 6. focusing on small- and medium-size enterprises tirely in conformity with the standards prescribed by the that are the key point for majority of unemployed International Labor Organization. To be exact, according persons when entering the labor market. to the International Labor Organization [1] , it is required to take 3 – 4 years of on-the-job training, taking advantage The member countries with the highest youth unemploy- of the job as the key resource for in-company learning 4 ment rates will have to start implementing the program days and 1-day learning in a vocational school in a week. by the late 2013, with the other ones will have to start it This kind of training is in the function of enterprises. Be- by the spring of 2014 [35]. sides, it has been in conformity with and follows the curricula of vocational schools, and leads to the secondary 4.1. Examples of good practice: Austria and Germany school graduation as well. Additionally, it is required to mention also the low starting salary amounting to some • Austria is with the lowest unemployment rate in 12 – 46% of the average salary paid to qualified staff in Europe, amounting to 4 percent, and with only the same vocation/profession. Thus, the trainee salary 2.5% of university graduates out of works [32] . during the first year of training amounted to € 300-800, Germany is immediately behind Austria, by the whereas in the third year it was € 550 – 1,600. Similar lowest unemployment rate that is 5.7%. Even salaries are paid also in Switzerland and Germany to the during the worst recession year as of 2008-9 in beginners [30][31]. Germany and Austria, unemployment increase has been the lowest (0.3% and 1% respectively) 4.2. Youth employment policy in the Western Balkan [32]. In case of Austria, young unemployed peo- countries: measures and recommendations ple involved in training programs have not been counted as unemployed persons, which was not Successful economic policies should combine require- the case in other countries. If they were taken ments posed by the labor force demand and supply, and, into consideration as well, youth unemployment in line with that, motivate and train unemployed persons rate would be somewhat higher, i.e. for persons for work. Incentive measures include informing, advising aged 15 to 24 it would increase from 7.3% (na- and guiding, educational measures to support self-em- tional observation) to 9.3% [33]. Besides, accord- ployment, and other forms of incentive measures avail- ing to the researches done by Schweighofera [33], able within the labor market. The rights and responsibili- some 15.5% are unemployed persons aged 50 to ties required by job positions are clearly defined. Failure 59, which is more than double than the average to abide by them leads to reducing money benefits paid unemployment rate in Austria. to unemployed persons and to deregistering them from • Germany has the labor market distinctively regu- the registers. Such “carrot and stick” approach has ap- lated, meaning that factories are not in a posi- peared to be successful in many countries of the EU. How- tion to dismiss their employees. That also speaks ever, in the Western Balkans countries, conditions within about more difficulties for the young people to the labor market differ. To be precise here, the common find jobs, taking into account that employers are characteristic of the labor markets in the Western Balkan less ready to risk and to recruit a worker who is countries is a high informal employment rate. Therefore, without working experience. Anyway, Germany the measures on the labor force supply and demand side succeeded to solve the problem of youth unem- should be for increasing employment rate and salary as- ployment by adopting the system of dual train- surance, which is of paramount importance not only for 86 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

,trebalo bi da povećaju stope zaposlenosti i sigurnost za- razvoja preduzetničke kulture medju mladima rada ,što je izuzetno važno ne samo za ekonomski razvoj regiona,već i za ostvarivanje ciljeva socijalne inkluzije 5. ZAKLJUČAK nezaposlenih lica i onih koji rade u neformalnom sektoru privredjivanja. Faktori koji utiču na tražnju za radnom Ogromne strukturne promene na tržištu rada u zemljama snagom i samim tim na efikasnost politike aktivacije ne- zapadnog Balkana, koje su nastale kao rezultat procesa zaposlenih lica obuhvataju ukupnu cenu rada ,pravne i tranzicije zajedno sa tromim i nereformisanim obrazov- administrativne procedure za zapošljavanje ,moguće nim sistemom,uticali su na veliki raskorak izmedju ponu- sankcije za neregularne prakse zapošljavanja i druge de i tražnje za radnom snagom.Da bi se smanjio ovaj jaz [28]. Osim toga, postoji potreba da se odredi ‘profil’ ljudi ,neophodan je dobar obrazovni sistem i pružanje mo- koji su registrovani kao nezaposleni. Profiliranje struk- gućnosti za celoživotno učenje .Oni su od vitalnog zna- ture nezaposlenih lica pomaže kod dijagnostifikovanja čaja za dugoročni privredni razvoj, a time i za smanjenje pojedinačne nezaposlenosti i proceni rizik od dugoročne nezaposlenosti. To podrazumeva reformisanje obrazov- nezaposlenosti,i u skladu s tim ponudi pomoć [37]. Tre- nog sistema uz korišćenje primera dobre prakse neke od nutno, samo Hrvatska i Crna Gora prave razliku između zemalja ,koje smo analizirali u ovom radu. Posebno je onih lica ,koja imaju potrebne veštine i znanja kako bi se od važnosti kod rešavanja nezaposlenosti mladih da se odmah mogla da uključe u potragu za poslom u skladu preduzimaju stalno mere i paralelno vode na tri fronta : sa njihovim profesionalnim planom. preko aktivnih programa za mlade –sistema praktičnog rada – kroz edukaciju na strukovnim školama i fakulte- S obzirom da iskustva razvijenih ekonomija ukazuju na tima – i preko tercijarnog strukovnog obrazovanja (viso- značaj preduzetništva u procesu smanjivanja nezaposle- kim i stručnim školama) . Po mišljenju nekih naučnika ,to nosti , uradili smo istraživanje s ciljem da utvrdimo koliko su ujedno i ključni faktori uspeha u rešavanju problema su mladi ljudi uopšte zainteresovani da osnivaju svoje nezaposlenosti mladih [36].Osim toga ,neophodno je firme i samozapošljavaju se. Istraživanje smo radili na otkloniti i visok stepen korupcije u obrazovanju ,koji ka- uzorku od 150 mladih ljudi između 20 i 30 godina sta- rakteriše gotovo sve zemlje u regionu.Stoga , države re- rosti, koji su u najvećem broju (80%) studenti završnih giona moraju da se uključe u sistemsko razračunavanje godina visokih poslovnih škola. Istraživanje u kome je sa problemom korupcije.Diplome koje za pokriće nemaju učestvovao gotovo podjednak broj ispitanika muškog i znanje ,one direktno mogu da doprinesu daljem rastu ženskog pola (51% i 49% respektivno), rađeno je u Srbiji. nezaposlenosti .Uklanjanjem postojećih prepreka i po- Ispitanici su odgovarali na deset pitanja[13].Pomenuto boljšanjem poslovnog ambijenta , značajno bi se dopri- istraživanje je pokazalo da mladi ispoljavaju interesova- nelo rastu zapošljavanja i otvaranju novih radnih mesta , nje za samozapošljavanje i uplovljavanje u preduzetničke što bi dalo šansu i mladim nezaposlenim osobama da se vode ( 43 % ispitanika se izjasnilo da želi da pokrene vla- socijalno uključe .To sve iziskuje brze reforme ,koje treba stiti biznis). Naši ispitanici su na pitanje ,“Šta je od presu- da prati politička volja i podrška civilnog društva.Naime , dnog značaja za postizanje poslovnog uspeha preduze- reformama treba pristupiti bez odlaganja i uprkos krizi . tnika“ u najvećem broju (47%) odgovorili da znanje ima Upravo , kriza najbolje može i da se pobedi novim inicija- najvažniju ulogu.Takođe,čak 80% ispitanika ovo mišlje- tivama i aktivnom ekonomskom politikom zapošljavanja i nje potvrđuje odgovorom da je formalno preduzetničko tako amortizuju socijalne i ekonomske posledice po mla- obrazovanje neophodno za podsticanje preduzetničkih de, koji predstavljaju jednu od socijalno najugroženijih sposobnosti učenika i studenata ,ali da nema adekva- kategorija stanovništva . tnih takvih programa. To ide u prilog našem mišljenju da preduzetnički programi treba da se uvedu na svim nivo- LITERATURA ima edukacije učenika (od osnovnog do univerzitetskog obrazovanja). Pri tome treba imati u vidu da kreativne 1. ILO (2012), Global Employment Trends for Youth, Ge- sposobnosti poseduje svaki pojedinac, ali u kom stepenu neva.Na internetu: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/ će se ovi potencijali razviti umnogome zavisi od stepena public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/ njihovog podsticanja. Naime, obrazovanje u ovom pogle- wcms du ima krucijalnu ulogu i od njega u mnogome zavisi da 2. Eurostat (2013),Youth in EU, http://ec.europa.eu/ li će se školovati “pasivni reproduktivci” ili “aktivni kre- youth/policy/eu-youth-strategy_en.htm ativci”. Naime,pomenuto i slična istraživanja zaključuju 3. Casert ,R. and Melvin,D. (2013), Unemployment risks da obuka u domenu preduzetništva i sticanje praktičnih creating new divide in Europe ,Associated Press , Janua- znanja direktno imaju uticaj na preduzetničke kompe- ry 8, 2013. Na internetu: http://www.boston.com/news/ tencije.Shodno tome,ova saznanja mogu da budu veoma world/europe/2013/01/08/unemployment-risks-crea- podsticajna za obrazovne institucije da investiraju u ove ting-new-divide-europe/nCH79RPYULkmgxZrJqe7LN/ programe i vrše obuku na svim nivoima obrazovanja ,po- story.html čevši još od najranijeg uzrasta dece.Na duži rok to može 4. World Bank-Montenegro (2013), Izvještaj Svjet- da ima vrlo pozitivne efekte na ekonomski razvoj,preko ske banke za dugoročni ekonomski oporavak Crne ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 87 economic development but for attaining the goals of 5. CONCLUSION the social inclusion of unemployed persons and of those working with informal sector of economy as well. Factors Huge transition-induced changes within the Western Bal- that affect the labor force demand and, in so doing, ef- kan countries’ labor markets hand in hand with inefficient ficient policy of activating unemployed persons include and non-reformed education system have entailed a large the overall wage rate, legal and administrative procedure discrepancy between labor force supply and demand. costs incurred during recruitment process, possible fines In order to reduce the said gap, it is necessary to have imposed due to irregular employment practices and alike well designed education system and provided opportuni- [28]. Besides, there is a need to determine the ‘profile’ ties for lifelong learning. They are of crucial importance of persons registered as unemployed. Profiling the struc- for long-term economic development and, thereby, for ture of unemployed persons helps diagnosing individual unemployment rate reduction. That implies education unemployed persons and assessing the risk of long-term reforming with using lessons learned from the practice unemployment, whereas, in line with all of that, also as- of one of the countries that we have analyzed under the sistance offering [37]. Currently, only Croatia and Monte- present paper. Of particular importance to solving youth negro make difference between the persons that have the unemployment issue is to undertake ongoing measures at required skills and knowledge to be immediately involved three levels in parallel, i.e. via active programs designed in seeking a job that matches with their career plans. for the young - the system of practical work – and via education in vocational schools and faculties and via tertiary Taking into account that the experience of developed vocational education (higher and vocational schools) too. economies indicates the importance of entrepreneur- As some authors believe, those are - at the same time - ship to the process of unemployment reduction, we did a the key factors of success in solving youth unemployment research aimed at finding out to which extent the young issue [36]. Besides, it is required to eliminate also a high people are interested in setting up their own companies level of corruption in education, which is typical of almost and undertaking self-employment. The research was all the regional countries. Therefore, the regional coun- done on the sample of 150 young persons aged 20 to 30, tries must engage themselves in systematic fight with who were mainly (80) students of the final years of higher problems posed by corruption. Diplomas not supported business schools. The research, which was taken part by by knowledge are capable of directly contributing to fur- almost equal number of male and female respondents thering the unemployment. Elimination of the existing (51% and 49% respectively), was undertaken in Serbia. barriers and improving the business environment would The respondents gave answers to ten questions [13]. The considerably contribute to employment rise and new job foregoing research has shown that the young people ex- positions creation, which would in turn give an opportu- press their interests in self-employment and in sailing into nity also to young unemployed people to have their social entrepreneurial waters ( 43 % of the respondents stated inclusion. All that requires fast reforms that should be fol- that they would like to start up their own business). To lowed by political will and civil society support. Namely, he question: “What is of crucial importance to attaining reforms should be approached to without a delay and re- entrepreneurial business succeeds“, the majority (47%) of gardless of the crisis. To be exact, the crisis can be over- our respondents answered that knowledge took the prior- come by new initiatives and an active economic employ- ity importance. In addition, even 80% of the respondents ment policy and thereby mitigate social and economic confirmed this opinion by the answer that formal entre- adversities to the young people that are one of the most preneurship education was required to encourage entre- vulnerable categories of population. preneurial competences of pupils and students, but there were not appropriate curricula for the purpose. That is REFERENCES what is in favor of our opinion that entrepreneurship curriculum should be introduced at all levels of education 1. ILO (2012), Global Employment Trends for Youth, Ge- - starting from the elementary and going to the univer- neva.Na internetu: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/ sity education. At the same time, it should be taken into public/---dgreports/---dcomm/documents/publication/ account that creative capacities are in every individual, wcms but the degree to which those potentials will be devel- 2. 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World Bank-Montenegro (2013), Izvještaj Svjet- can indeed inspire educational institutions to invest in the ske banke za dugoročni ekonomski oporavak Crne said curricula and undertake training at all levels of edu- Gore,Podgorica cation, starting from the earliest age of children . In the 5. EurActiv ,(2012). Balkan napredovao sa reformom sek- long-term sense, that can also make positive effects on tora malih preduzeća .Na internetu : http://www.eurac- economic development, via youth entrepreneurial culture tiv.rs/eu-i-zapadni-balkan/4910-zapadni-balkan-napre- development. dovao-u-reformi-sektora-malih-preduzea- 6. McClelland, D. C. & Winter, D.G. (1969), Motivating 88 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

Gore,Podgorica 20. Juchnowicz M., 2007. Polityka edukacyjna wobec po- 5. EurActiv ,(2012). Balkan napredovao sa reformom sek- trzeb rynku pracy [in:] Kształtowanie postaw przedsiębi- tora malih preduzeća .Na internetu : http://www.eurac- orczych a edukacja ekonomiczna, eds. P. Wachowiak, M. tiv.rs/eu-i-zapadni-balkan/4910-zapadni-balkan-napre- Dabrowski, B. Majewski, Fundacja Promocji i Akredytacji dovao-u-reformi-sektora-malih-preduzea- Kierunków Ekonomicznych, Warszawa, 40-46. 6. McClelland, D. C. & Winter, D.G. (1969), Motivating 21. Kuratko D. F., 2005, The Emergence of Entreprene- Economic Achievement. New York: the Free Press. urship Education: Development, Trends, and Challenges 7. Hatten, T. & Ruhland (1995). Student attitudes toward Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 29 (5), 577–598. entrepreneurship as affected by participation in an SBI 22. Bez posla 2,5 miliona ljudi na zapadnom Balkanu program. Journal of Education for Business, 7(4), 224- (2013) ,Centar za nove inicijative ,Sarajevo.Na internetu 227. http://www.noveinicijative.org/bez-posla-25-miliona- 8. Hansemark, O. (1998). The effects of an entrepreneur- -ljudi-na-zapadnom-balkanu/ ship programme on need for achievement and locus of 23. The International Monetary Fund (2013), No. 13/02, control of reinforcement. International Journal of Entre- 11 January 2013. preneurship Behaviour and Research,4(1), 28-50. 24. Radovic-Markovic, M. et. al. (2012), Nove obrazovne 9. McMullan, W.E., Long, W.A., & Graham, J.B. (1986). strategije nasuprot tradicionalnim metodama, Internati- Entrepreneurship education in the nineties.Journal of onal Review No.1-2,2012. Fakultet za poslovnu ekonomi- Business Venturing, 2(3), 261-275. ju i preduzetništvo ,Beograd. 10. Vesper, K.H., & McMullan, W.E. (1988), En- 25. European Comission (2013) , Youth employment. trepreneurship: Today courses, tomorrow Na internetu : http://ec.europa.eu/social/main. degrees?,Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice. jsp?catId=1036&langId=en 11. Plaschka, G.R. & Welsch, H.P. (1990). Emerging struc- 26. European Commission (2013 a) , EU measures to tac- tures in entrepreneurship education:Curricular designs kle youth unemployment, - MEMO/13/968 08/11/2013. and strategies, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Na internetu : http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_ 14(3), 55-71. MEMO-13-968_en.htm 12. Bechard, .P. & Tolouse, J.M. 1998. Validation of a di- 27. IndexMundi,(2012), Unemployment, youth ages dactic model for the analysis of training objectives in en- 15-24.Na internetu: http://www.indexmundi.com/g/r. trepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing13. aspx?v=2229 13. Radovic-Markovic, M. (2012) Corruption in Educati- 28. Crnkovic-Pozaic ,S .and Feiler , L .(2011),Activating on: A Major Issue, Op-ed.Journal No. 2, the World Aca- the unemployed optimising activation policiesin the We- demy of Art and Science, July, 2012.). On the Internet: stern Balkans and Turkey,ETF,Brisel http://www.worldacademy.org/content/corruption- 29. Eugene Eteris, Dealing with youth unemployment: EU -education-major-issue measures, Copenhagen, 12.11.2013.Na internetu: http:// 14. Zioło Z., 2006. Rola przedsiębiorczości w podnoszeniu www.baltic-course.com/eng/analytics/?doc=83486 konkurencyjności społeczeństwa i gospodarki. Przedsię- 30. Ryan, Paul, Wagner, Karin, Teuber, Silvia, Backes-Gell- biorczość - Edukacja, 2, 10-17. ner, Uschi (2010), Trainee Pay in Britain, Germany and 15. Berger S., Canning R., Dolan M., Kurek S., Pilz M., Switzerland: Markets and Institutions, in SKOPE Research Rachwał T., 2012. Curriculum-making in pre-vocational Paper No 96, July 2010. education in the lower secondary school: A regional 31. Steedman, Hilary (2010), The State of Apprenticeship comparative analysis within Europe, Journal of Curricu- in 2010, A Report for the Apprenticeship Ambassadors lum Studies, 44 (5), 679-701. Network, LSE. 16. Cieślik J, 2007. Kształcenie w zakresie przedsiębior- 32. Traynor,I. (2012), Spain looks to Vienna and Berlin for czości na poziomie akademickim, [in:] Kształtowanie po- answers to jobs crisis,The Guardian.Na internetu : http:// staw przedsiębiorczych a edukacja ekonomiczna, eds. P. www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/30/europa- Wachowiak, M. Dabrowski, B. Majewski, Fundacja Pro- -jobs-crisis-spain-austria-germany mocji i Akredytacji Kierunków Ekonomicznych, Warsza- 33. Schweighofer,J. (2013), Why Is Youth Unemplo- wa, 71-80. yment So Low In Austria? A Critical Assessment,Social 17. Jankowska B., Pietrzykowski M., 2012. Postawy pro- Europe Journal.Na internetu: http://www.social-europe. przedsiębiorcze studentów a profil kształcenia - Polska eu/2013/04/why-is-youth-unemployment-so-low-in-au- na tle innych krajów, Przegląd Organizacji, 8, 28-32. stria-a-critical-assessment/ 18. Jankowska B., Pietrzykowski M., 2013, Pro-entrepre- 34. European countries vow to tackle youth neurial attitudes of students in relation to their educa- unemployment,Reuters,Pariz ,30.maj 2013. http://www. tional profile: Poland against the background of other hurriyetdailynews.com/european-countries-vow-to-tac- countries. Interdisciplinary Studies Journal, 2 (4), 83-102. kle-youth-unemployment.aspx?pageID=238&nID=4782 19. Juchnowicz M., 2005. Uwagi dotyczące realizacji 5&NewsCatID=347 przedmiotu podstawy przedsiębiorczości. Przedsiębior- 35. World Bank (2013) ,Live Q&A - Tackling Unemplo- czość - Edukacja, 1, 189-193. yment in South Eastern Europe, 25 juli ,2013.Na inter- ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 89

Economic Achievement. New York: the Free Press. urship Education: Development, Trends, and Challenges 7. Hatten, T. & Ruhland (1995). Student attitudes toward Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 29 (5), 577–598. entrepreneurship as affected by participation in an SBI 22. Bez posla 2,5 miliona ljudi na zapadnom Balkanu program. Journal of Education for Business, 7(4), 224- (2013) ,Centar za nove inicijative ,Sarajevo.Na internetu 227. http://www.noveinicijative.org/bez-posla-25-miliona- 8. Hansemark, O. (1998). The effects of an entrepreneur- -ljudi-na-zapadnom-balkanu/ ship programme on need for achievement and locus of 23. The International Monetary Fund (2013), No. 13/02, control of reinforcement. International Journal of Entre- 11 January 2013. preneurship Behaviour and Research,4(1), 28-50. 24. Radovic-Markovic, M. et. al. (2012), Nove obrazovne 9. McMullan, W.E., Long, W.A., & Graham, J.B. (1986). strategije nasuprot tradicionalnim metodama, Internati- Entrepreneurship education in the nineties.Journal of onal Review No.1-2,2012. Fakultet za poslovnu ekonomi- Business Venturing, 2(3), 261-275. ju i preduzetništvo ,Beograd. 10. Vesper, K.H., & McMullan, W.E. (1988), Entreprene- 25. European Comission (2013) , Youth employment. urship: Today courses, tomorrow degrees? Entreprene- Na internetu : http://ec.europa.eu/social/main. urship Theory & Practice. jsp?catId=1036&langId=en 11. Plaschka, G.R. & Welsch, H.P. (1990). Emerging struc- 26. European Commission (2013 a) , EU measures to tac- tures in entrepreneurship education:Curricular designs kle youth unemployment, - MEMO/13/968 08/11/2013. and strategies, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Na internetu : http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_ 14(3), 55-71. MEMO-13-968_en.htm 12. Bechard, .P. & Tolouse, J.M. 1998. Validation of a di- 27. IndexMundi,(2012), Unemployment, youth ages dactic model for the analysis of training objectives in en- 15-24.Na internetu: http://www.indexmundi.com/g/r. trepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing13. aspx?v=2229 13. Radovic-Markovic, M. (2012) Corruption in Educati- 28. Crnkovic-Pozaic ,S .and Feiler , L .(2011),Activating on: A Major Issue, Op-ed.Journal No. 2, the World Aca- the unemployed optimising activation policiesin the We- demy of Art and Science, July, 2012.). On the Internet: stern Balkans and Turkey,ETF,Brisel http://www.worldacademy.org/content/corruption- 29. Eugene Eteris, Dealing with youth unemployment: EU -education-major-issue measures, Copenhagen, 12.11.2013.Na internetu: http:// 14. Zioło Z., 2006. Rola przedsiębiorczości w podnoszeniu www.baltic-course.com/eng/analytics/?doc=83486 konkurencyjności społeczeństwa i gospodarki. Przedsię- 30. Ryan, Paul, Wagner, Karin, Teuber, Silvia, Backes-Gell- biorczość - Edukacja, 2, 10-17. ner, Uschi (2010), Trainee Pay in Britain, Germany and 15. Berger S., Canning R., Dolan M., Kurek S., Pilz M., Switzerland: Markets and Institutions, in SKOPE Research Rachwał T., 2012. Curriculum-making in pre-vocational Paper No 96, July 2010. education in the lower secondary school: A regional 31. Steedman, Hilary (2010), The State of Apprenticeship comparative analysis within Europe, Journal of Curricu- in 2010, A Report for the Apprenticeship Ambassadors lum Studies, 44 (5), 679-701. Network, LSE. 16. Cieślik J, 2007. Kształcenie w zakresie przedsiębior- 32. Traynor,I. (2012), Spain looks to Vienna and Berlin for czości na poziomie akademickim, [in:] Kształtowanie po- answers to jobs crisis,The Guardian.Na internetu : http:// staw przedsiębiorczych a edukacja ekonomiczna, eds. P. www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/30/europa- Wachowiak, M. Dabrowski, B. Majewski, Fundacja Pro- -jobs-crisis-spain-austria-germany mocji i Akredytacji Kierunków Ekonomicznych, Warsza- 33. Schweighofer,J. (2013), Why Is Youth Unemplo- wa, 71-80. yment So Low In Austria? A Critical Assessment,Social 17. Jankowska B., Pietrzykowski M., 2012. Postawy pro- Europe Journal.Na internetu: http://www.social-europe. przedsiębiorcze studentów a profil kształcenia - Polska eu/2013/04/why-is-youth-unemployment-so-low-in-au- na tle innych krajów, Przegląd Organizacji, 8, 28-32. stria-a-critical-assessment/ 18. Jankowska B., Pietrzykowski M., 2013, Pro-entrepre- 34. European countries vow to tackle youth neurial attitudes of students in relation to their educa- unemployment,Reuters,Pariz ,30.maj 2013. http://www. tional profile: Poland against the background of other hurriyetdailynews.com/european-countries-vow-to-tac- countries. Interdisciplinary Studies Journal, 2 (4), 83-102. kle-youth-unemployment.aspx?pageID=238&nID=4782 19. Juchnowicz M., 2005. Uwagi dotyczące realizacji 5&NewsCatID=347 przedmiotu podstawy przedsiębiorczości. Przedsiębior- 35. World Bank (2013) ,Live Q&A - Tackling Unemplo- czość - Edukacja, 1, 189-193. yment in South Eastern Europe, 25 juli ,2013.Na inter- 20. Juchnowicz M., 2007. Polityka edukacyjna wobec po- netu:. http://live.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/ar- trzeb rynku pracy [in:] Kształtowanie postaw przedsiębi- chive/en/tackling-unemployment-south-eastern-europe orczych a edukacja ekonomiczna, eds. P. Wachowiak, M. 36. Lassnigg, L. (2013), Austria´s Success on the Youth Dabrowski, B. Majewski, Fundacja Promocji i Akredytacji Labour Market – not Systemic but Voluntaristic, www. Kierunków Ekonomicznych, Warszawa, 40-46. equi.at 21. Kuratko D. F., 2005, The Emergence of Entreprene- 37. Weber, T.(2011), Profiling systems for effective labour 90 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

netu:. http://live.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/ar- eu/social/main.jsp?langId=en&catId=105&newsId=1025 chive/en/tackling-unemployment-south-eastern-europe &furtherNews=yes 36. Lassnigg, L. (2013), Austria´s Success on the Youth 38. Radovic Markovic,M.(2012), A New Model of Educa- Labour Market – not Systemic but Voluntaristic, www. tion : Development of Individuality through the Freedom equi.at of Learning. Eruditio, issue I, Part 3,World Academy of 37. Weber, T.(2011), Profiling systems for effective labour Arts and Science, United States market integration, Thematic synthesis paper for the Eu- ropean Commission Mutual Learning Programme of Pu- blic Employment Services,DG Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion, May 2011. Na internetu :http://ec.europa. ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 91 market integration, Thematic synthesis paper for the Eu- 38. Radovic Markovic,M.(2012), A New Model of Educa- ropean Commission Mutual Learning Programme of Pu- tion : Development of Individuality through the Freedom blic Employment Services,DG Employment, Social Affairs of Learning. Eruditio, issue I, Part 3,World Academy of and Inclusion, May 2011. Na internetu :http://ec.europa. Arts and Science, United States eu/social/main.jsp?langId=en&catId=105&newsId=1025 &furtherNews=yes 92 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

Mladen Grgić Saradnik na Evropskom institutu za azijske studije u Briselu

Zapošljavanje u državnoj administraciji: lekcije iz istorije Kine

Autor je osnovne studije završio na Fakultetu političkih zemljama koje su u tranziciji i koje su imale turbulentan nauka u Bariju. Kao stipendista italijanske vlade, upisu- prelaz sa jednog u drugi sistem (odnosno, iz jednopartij- je specijalističke studije u Bolonji, nakon kojih završava ske vladavine u parlamentarnu demokratiju i iz socijali- master studije na Katoličkom univerzitetu Svetog srca u stičkog privređivanja u kapitalizam) i nisu uspijele u po- Milanu. Profesionalno iskustvo stiče u međunarodnim or- tpunosti da reformišu administraciju koja, kako se često ganizacijama (OEBS, UNHCR, Vijeće Evrope) i privatnim čini, i dalje funkcioniše po starim principima i uz veliki kompanijama. Doktorant je na Fakultetu političkih nauka uticaj politike. u Podgorici, saradnik na Evropskom institutu za azijske Sistem prijemnihispita,kao metod za biranje najboljeg ka- studije u Briselu i direktor kompanije ITI Computers. Kao dra u državnoj upravi, nije karakterističan samo za kine- stipendista kineske vlade, proveo je godinu kao viši istra- sku administraciju u periodu od sedmog do početka 20. živač na univerzitetu Siamen u Kini. Učesnik je brojnih vijeka. Naprotiv, taj metod se koristio i koristiu mnogim konferencija i autor više članaka iz oblasti međunarodnih drugim državama, pogotovo na Zapadu. Ovdje se kine- odnosa, s fokusom na kinesku spoljnu politiku. ski model navodi kao primijer jer se pretpostavlja da je to prvi takav sistem poznat svjetskoj istoriji. Teng [1943, UVOD str. 267] citira odlomak iz djela Sun Jat Sena,Ustav pet snaga,u kojem „otac nacije“ navodi sljedeće: Dok je Evropa duboko tonula u „mračno doba“, karakte- risano potpunom ekonomskom i kulturološkom stagnaci- „Danas,među zapadnim nacijama, prijemni ispiti za dr- jom, čestim ratovima, širenjem kuge i velikog siromaštva, žavnu administraciju uglavnom kopiraju engleski model. imperijalna Kina je pod dinastijamaSui (581–618) i Tang Međutim, ako odemo dublje u istoriju, uvidjećemo da je (618-907) uvela sistem prijemnih ispita za rad u držav- engleski sistem preuzet od Kine. Imamo dobre razloge da noj administraciji. Po mišljenju jednog od najuticajnijih vjerujemo da je kineski sistem prijemnih ispita najstariji i aziologa,Džona Kinga Ferbanka[1987, st. 27], ovaj izum najsofisticiraniji sistem u svijetu.“2 vrijedan je koliko i uvođenje predstavničke vlade. Sistem prijemnih ispita ostavio je snažan utisak na Sun Sistem koji je,uz manje prekide,u Kini trajao 1300 godina, Jat Sena, ali će biti ukinut 1905. godine. Nakontoga, usli- imao je za cilj stvaranje efikasne administracije čiji će za- jedio je odlazak posljednje dinastije i stvaranje kineske posleni biti samo oni koji su ispunili stroge kriterijume is- republike. Jat Sen, prvi kineski predsjednik, zalagaće se pita.Odabirani su, dakle, samo najsposobniji za odgovo- za ponovno uvođenje sistema prijemnih ispita, međutim, ran posao državne administracije. Takođe, kako je sistem do potpunog povratka ovog izuma antičke Kine nikada bio zasnovan na principu meritokratije, prema kome je neće doći. svakom kandidatu (u teoriji)1pružena jednaka šansa, trebalo je da prkosi monopolizaciji administracije od strane IDEJA SISTEMA PRIJEMNIH ISPITA određenih elita. Poenta ovog teksta jeste predstavljanje ideje sistema pri- Džastin Kroužer,u tekstu „Unikatni eksperiment“ iz 2002. jemnih ispita kao efikasne metode za depolitizaciju ide- godine, pominje dio knjige SamersetaMoma[Maugham, klijentelizaciju administracije i stvaranje sistema koji se 1925, str. 153]u kojem jedan kineski filozof (kako sam zasniva na meritokratiji i koji svim mladim ljudima treba kaže „posljednji predstavnik stare Kine“) sistem prije- da omogući jednake šanse za dobijanje državnog posla. mnih ispitasmatraza „eksperiment jedinstven u svjetskoj Dobro je poznato da državna administracija igra ključnu 2 U tekstu „Chinese Influence on The Western Examination System: ulogu u reformisanjujedne države i stvaranju ambijenta I Introduction“, Ssu-yü Têng istražuje eventualno postojanje sličnog sistema u koji omogućava ekonomski razvoj i sveobuhvatni napre- Rimskoj republici, Mesopotamiji, drevnom Egiptu, antičkoj Grčkoj itd, i dolazi dak društva. Takve je temelje posebno važno graditi u do zaključka da je kineski sistem prvi te vrste u istoriji. Kako sam autor zaklju- čuje [Têng, 1943, str. 270]: „Izgleda, dakle, da nema dileme da kompetitivni 1 Podaci pokazuju da su predstavnici nižih slojeva društva, i pored sistem prijemnih ispita, oralnih i pisanih, korišten u školama i za zapošljavanje uvođenja sistema prijemnih ispita,veoma rijetko uspijevali da zauzmu mjesto u državnoj administraciji, nije izmišljen na zapadu, već u Kini i najvjerovatnije u državnoj administraciji (Elman, 2009, st. 405) je isključivo kineskog porijekla“. ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 93

Mladen Grgić Associate at the European Institute for Asian Studies in Brussels

Employment with the state administration: Lessons from China

The author completed his basic studies at the Faculty of istration, as well as of creating the system rooted in meri- Political Science in Bari, as a scholar of the Italian Gov- tocracy and offering the young people equal chances for ernment; enrolled at the specialist studies in Bologna; attaining a job position with the state administration. thereafter he earned his Master Degree at the Catholic It is well known that the state administration plays key University of the Sacred Heart in Milan. He has gained role in reforming the state and creating an ambience that his professional experience in international organizations ensures economic development and comprehensive so- (such as OSCE, UNHCR, and Council of Europe) and pri- cial prosperity. It is particularly important to create such vate companies. He earned his Doctoral Degree at the foundations in the countries that are in transition and Faculty of Political Sciences in Podgorica; he is an associ- that have had turbulent transit from one to another sys- ate to the European Institute of Asian Studies in Brussels tem (i.e. from one-party rule to parliamentary democ- and the CEO of ITI Computers. As a scholar of the Chinese racy, or from socialistic economy to capitalism) and have Government, he has spent one year as a senior research- not succeeded completely in reforming the administra- er at Xiamen University in China. He has participated in tion that, as it is frequently the case, is still functioning numerous conferences and is the author of a large num- on old principles and under great political influence. ber of articles concerning international relations with Over the period ranging from the 7th to the early 20th cen- the focus on Chinese foreign policy. tury, the entry-level examination system as a method of recruiting the best human resources for the state admin- INTRODUCTION istration was not a characteristics of Chinese administration only. On the contrary. The method used to be em- While Europe was sinking deeply down into the “dark ployed by numerous other states, while particularly in era” characterized by the complete economic and cul- the West. That is where the Chinese model was referred tural stagnation, frequent wars, plague spreads, and im- to as the model, since it was assumed that it had been mense poverty, imperial China ruled by the Sui Dynasty the first system of that kind known to the world history. (581-618) and the Tang Dynasty (618-907) introduced Teng [1043, p. 267] quotes the fragment from the Five- the system of entry-level examinations for the service Power Constitution by Sun Yat-sen, in which “The Father with the state administration. According to an opinion of of the Nation” said the following: one of the most prominent historian of Asia, John King “Nowadays western nations copy the entry-level exami- Fairbank [1987, p. 27] , this invention is worth equally as nation model - while mainly the English one - for the state introducing representative government. administration service. However if we go further back to The system that lasted, with short interruptions, for history, we will realize that the English system was taken 1,300 years in China had been aimed at creating efficient over from China. We have good reasons to believe that administration and employing only those individuals the Chinese entry-level examination system is the oldest with the strict examination criteria met. Selected were, and most sophisticated one in the world.”2 therefore, only the ones most competent to perform re- Entry-level examination system had left a strong im- sponsible duties with the state administration. Besides, pression on Sun Yat-sen, but it was abandoned in 1905. since the system had been grounded in meritocracy phi- Thereafter, the last Dynasty leaved and the Chinese Re- losophy - according to which each candidate (in theory)1 public was established. Sun Yat-sen, the first Chinese was offered the same opportunity - it was required to re- President, advocated for the reintroduction of theentry- sist the administration monopolization by certain elites. 2 In the text titles “Chinese Influence on The Western Examination The point of this text is to introduce the idea of entry- System: I Introduction“, Ssu-yü Têng had researched possible existence of level examination system as an effective method of de- similar system in the Roman Republic, Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, Ancient politicizing of and eliminating clientilism from the admin- Greece, etc. and he came to a conclusion that the Chinese system had been the first of the sort in history. As the author himself concluded [Têng, 1943, 1 Data has shown that representatives of lower classes of the p. 270]: “it seems, therefore, that there is no dilemma that the competitive society, regardless of the introduction of entry-level examination system, had entry-level examination system, both oral and written, used in schools and rarely managed to take a position with the state administration (Elman, 2009, for the employment with the state administration had not been invented in p. 405) the West but in China, and it is most likely it’s exclusively of Chinese origin”. 94 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

istoriji“, čiji je cilj bio da velikom državom (Kinom) vlada jeku, 200 znakova. Pripremljen i u lijepom pisanju, odno- „mudrost“ (eng.: wisdom), umjesto sile. Upravo je to srž sno kaligrafiji, mogao je da se prijavi za ispit u okrugu ideje koju bespogovorno možemo svrstati u red najvećih koji se održavao u dvije od tri godine. U pet dana dugom kineskih dostignuća, poput kompasa, papira, presa za ispitivanju, bili bi eliminisani svi nesposobni da uče. Zatim štampanje i baruta. Izabrati najmudrije u društvu pu- bi se nastavilo sa tri dana dugim ispitom na nivou prefek- tem kompleksnog sistema ispitivanja najbolji je put do ture, koji ga dovodi do četvorodnevnog kvalifikacionog efikasne administracije, a predstavlja i najpravedniji na- ispita. Sva ispitivanja su pratila stroga pravila: garanti i čin zapošljavanja. Samim tim, kroz jasan uređen sistem, učitelji su morali biti prisutni da podrže svakog kandida- mladima je obezbijeđena šansa, bez obzira na njihovu ta, njegov identitet je detaljno utvrđivan, bio je temeljno etničku, vjersku, političku ili društvenu određenost.Hai- pretresan, njegovi testovi su bili označeni samo brojem feng piše [2006, st. 302]: „bio je pravičan sistem jer su njegovog sjedišta, svaki njegov pokret je bio praćen. Bilo ispiti, za obične ljude, bili put do privilegovanog života“. mu je dozvoljeno da ode u toalet samo jednom dnevno... Svako je imao jednake šanse i sve je zavisilo od pojedin- U međuvremenu, ispitivači su bili držani pod striktnom ca. Naravno, ne treba misliti da u tom sistemu nije bilo kontrolom danima, dok rezultati ne bi bili gotovi. Svečana problema, a ne može se tvrditi ni da su svi imali iste šanse paljba i povorke su označavale početak ceremonije, ban- za uspjeh (primjera radi, ženama nije bilo omogućeno da keti su je završavali, dok su počasti čekale one uspješne. polažu ispit – posljedica specifičnog društvenog uređenja Nakon svega, dobili bi kvalifikaciju licensiranih i mogli su toga doba. Sistem je doprinio snaženju ugleda admini- da konkurišu za pravi ispitni sistem.“ stracije, koja je privlačila najveće talente u zemlji jer je [Ferbank, 1987, st: 28] radno mjesto u državnom aparatu predstavljalo potvrdu nečijeg uzvišenog položaja u društvu,a takav status bio je Prethodno navedeni redovi, koje je iznio Ferbank, najbo- posljedica superiornog obrazovanja. lje opisuju i približavaju čitaocu ozbiljnost i pažnju koju Naravno, uvođenje sistema prijemnih ispita nije se de- je sistem prijemnih ispita zahtijevao u tadašnjoj Kini. silo iznenada, niti na brzinu. Još tada je u Kini postoja- Takođe, iz istih možemo shvatiti sam način ispitivanja i la duga birokratska tradicija, čiji je kontinuitet još tada koliko je zaista kreator htio da sve protekne tako da se brojao dva miliona godina. Kako podsjeća Ferbank [1987, na kraju vrjednuju nečiji rezultati kao posljedica znanja str. 27], dok je Rim koristio privatne građaneza ubiran- (čista meritokratija), i kako bi se eventualne zloupotrebe je poreza ili vođenje državnih poslova, dinastija Han je svele na minimum. imala razvijenu državnu administraciju. Takođe, u istom razdoblju(za vrijeme dinastije Han) dolazi do uvođenja Ovakav model odabira kadrova, državnu administraciju prvih oblika sistema prijemnih ispita, koji će biti kombi- učinio je profesionalnom i nezavisnom od toga ko vodi novani sa zapošljavanjem po preporuci i poslije utvrđiva- državu. Stoga, ne treba da čudi što su i vladari iz dinastije nja moralne izvrsnosti kandidata. Karl Fridrih August Gu- Čing iz Mančurije prepoznali imperijalni sistem prijemnih claf [1838, str. 325] piše da je biranje državnih službenika ispita kao najbolji način vladavine, koji im je omogućavao putem javnih prijemnih ispita još jedna „sjajna“ instituci- da mobilišu najspremnije među etničkim Kinezima da ja dinastije Han.Ipak, pretpostavlja se da je prije sedmog vode državu kojom je vladala dinastija koja nije pripadala vijeka i uvođenja pomenutog sistema, glavni način ulaska tom podneblju. u političku i društvenu elitu bio preko „mehanizma zva- ničnih preporuka i rodbinskih veza“[Elman, 1991, str. 9], Sistem prijemnih ispita će kasnije početi da se uvodi i u što najbolje govori o tome koliko je sistem bio inovativan Evropi. Prva primjena počinje u visokim školama (najv- za to doba. jerovatnije u Bolonji), a uglavnom se radi o usmenim testovima. Tek kasnije i u manjem obimu, u 18. vijeku, Težnja da se državom vlada oslanjajući se na znanje, ko- odnosno, konačno, u 19. vijeku sistem prijemnog ispiti- rijene nalazi u Konfučijevoj filozofiji koja naglašava po- vanja počinje da se primjenjuje u Evropi i to u pismenom trebu učenja i moralnog uzdizanja, koji su praktično dio obliku. Kada je riječ o prijemnim ispitima za državnu ad- istog procesa[Lai, 2008, str.5]. Učena osoba bi trebalo da ministraciju, Francuska je uvodi 1791. godine (prva revo- ima i visoke morale standarde, pretpostavlja se, te je sa- lucija), Njemačka negdje oko 1800. godine, a Engleska u mim tim i spremna da vodi narod (odnosno, državu). 1870. godini [Têng, 1943].

„Da bi se spremio za ispitivanje, kineski će dječak početi da Još od 16. vijeka, s povećanjem broja misionara koji pu- uči sa sedam godina da bi poslije šest godina uspio da na- tuju u Kinu i pišu tekstove u kojima pominju sistem pri- uči Četiri knjige i Pet klasika3, što je ukupno činilo 431000 jemnih ispita, u Evropi se javnost i intelektualna elita znakova. Da bi razvio radni vokabular od, otprilike, 8000 upoznaje sa istim, a ne fali ni onih koji kroz razne radove do 12000 znakova, dnevno je morao da memoriše,u pros- pokušavaju da promovišu takav sistem i u Evropi [Têng, 1943]. Gonzales de Mendoza oduševljen je kineskim sis- 3 Četiri knjige su tekstovi koji predstavljaju suštinske vrijednosti kofučijaniz- temom, pa u svom radu po povratku iz Kine, sredinom 16. ma, a izbor je sačinio Džu Si za vrijeme dinastije Song. Pet klasikasu djelo nastalo prije vremena dinastije Čin i predstavljaju tradicionalni konfučianizam. vijeka, piše [citiraoTêng, 1943, str. 277]: „ovim moćnim ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 95 level examination system; however, the full return of the sumed - and therewith also ready to lead the nation (i.e. Chinese ancient invention was never taken place. the state). “With the aim of getting ready to sit for the exams, a Chi- THE IDEA OF ENTRY-LEVEL EXAMINATIONS nese boy would start learning at the age of seven in order to have, after six-year, the Four Books and Five Clas- In his text titled “The Unique Experiment” from 2002, sics3 and 431,000 total signs learned. In order to develop Justin Krauser mentioned a segment of the book by working vocabulary of approximately 8,000 to 12,000 Somerset Maugham [1925, p. 153], in which a Chinese signs, such boy had had to memorize 200 signs on av- philosopher (as the author himself said “the last repre- erage on daily basis. Prepared also in nice handwriting, sentative of the Old China”) deemed entry-level exami- namely in calligraphy, the boy was allowed to register nation system “the experiment unique in the world his- for the county- level exam held every two or three years. tory” the aim of which was to have “wisdom” to rule the During five-day long examination, all incapable learners great state (China) instead of force. Exactly that is the were eliminated. Thereafter, prefecture-level three-day core of the idea that we can classify without questioning long examination would take place, leading to the quali- into the group of the biggest Chinese achievements such fication examination. All the examinations were subject as compass, paper, printing press and gunpowder. To se- to strict rules, namely guarantors and teachers had to be lect wisest ones in the society by complex examination present to support each candidate; the candidates’ iden- system is the best way to effective administration, and tities would be verified and they would be searched for it represents also the most equitable recruiting method. hidden materials; their tests would be marked only by Thereby, through clearly regulated system, the young their respective seats’ numbers; each movement of the were ensured a chance regardless of their ethnic, reli- exam-takers would be monitored. Tthey were allowed to gious, political or social affiliations. Haifeng wrote [2006, go to the toilet only once daily… Meanwhile, examiners p.302]: “the system was equitable since examinations, would be kept under strict control for days until evalu- for ordinary people, were the road to a privileged life”. ations were complete. Solemn salvos and processions Everybody had equal chances and everything depended used to mark the ceremony commencement, with ban- on the individual. Naturally, it should not be taken that quets closing it and honors waiting for those successful the system did not face challenges and neither it is pos- ones. After that all, they would be awarded the qualifi- sible to assert that everybody had the equal chances cation of certified ones and they could compete for the (for example, women were not provided with a chance qualifying examination system.” of sitting for the examination – it was due to a specific [Fairbank, 1987, p. 28] social system of that time). The system contributed to The foregoing lines written by Fairbank are the best de- strengthening the reputation of the state administra- scription of and they are introducing readers to the se- tion that attracted the greatest talents from the country riousness and care that the entry-level examination sys- since a post in the state apparatus was the recognition of tem required in the then China. Besides, from the lines somebody’s distinguished status in the society, with such we can understand the very method of examining and status as the result of the superior education. how far the creator’s intention went to make everything Naturally, introducing entry-level examination system regular to have both evaluations be the factual result of took place neither suddenly nor in a rush. Even at that somebody’s knowledge (definite meritocracy) and pos- time, China had had a long bureaucratic tradition of sible malpractices be reduced to the minimum. two million years standing even then. As reminded by Such a model of recruiting human resources made the Fairbank [1987, p. 27], while Rome had employed pri- state administration professional and independent from vate citizens to collect taxes or to administer state du- the country’s ruler. Therefore, it is not a surprise that rul- ties, the Han Dynasty had had the state administration ers from the Qing Dynasty in Manchuria acknowledged already developed. Besides, in the same period of time the entry-level examination system as the best method (in the Han Dynasty time), introduction of the first forms of ruling, the one that ensured recruiting most prepared of entry-level examination systems had taken place, from among ethnic Chinese to govern the country ruled which was thereafter combined with recruitment on by the Dynasty that did not belong to that region. the recommendations despite of the established moral Introducing entry-level examination system started also excellence of candidates. Karl Friedrich August Gützlaff in Europe later on. The first forum for it was in schools of (anglicized as Charles Gutzlaff) [1838, p. 325] wrote that higher education (most probably in Bologna), and mainly selecting civil servants by means of public entry-level exit was about oral tests. Only later and to a less degree, in aminations had been an another “great” institution of the 18th century, i.e. in the 19th century eventually, that the Han Dynasty. Nevertheless, it is assumed that prior the application of entry-level examining started in Eu- to the 7th century and introduction of the said system, rope, while in the written form. When it comes to entry- the major method of entering a political and social elite level examinations designed for the state administration had been through “mechanism of official recommenda- job positions, they were introduced in France in 1791 tions and family relations” [Elman, 1991, p. 9], which all (the French Revolution), in Germany sometime around indicates how innovative the system was at that time. 1800 and in England in 1870 [Têng, 1943]. The aspiration to rule the state through relying on knowl- Already as of the 16th century, due to an increasing num- edge finds its roots in Confucius’ philosophy that stress- ber of missioners traveling to China and writing texts es the need for learning and moral ascension that are both actually a part of the same process [Lai, 2008, p. 3 The Four Books are the texts illustrating the core values of Confu- cianism, selected by Zhu Xi in the time of Song Dynasty. The Five Classics are 5]. A scholar should be of high moral standards - it is as- five pre-Qin books that form part of the traditional Confucianism. 96 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

kraljevstvom je bolje upravljano i vladano nego ijednim cionalnu, vjersku, političku ili bilo koju drugu pripadnost“. do danas poznatim u svijetu“. Njegove impresije izreče- ne su nakon detaljnog opisa sistema prijemnih ispita. Čak Provjera kandidata je utvrđena Pravilima za provjeru je i Monsteskjea i Voltera zaintrigiralo kinesko uređenje, sposobnosti kandidata za rad u organima državne upra- pa posljednji piše „naši misionari nam govore da ta ve- vekoji ima za cilj obezbjeđivanje „efikasnog, kvalitetnog, lika imperija ima vladu vrijednu divljenja...“[citiraoTêng, politički neutralnog i profesionalnog obavljanja poslova“. 1943, str. 281], dok je Fransoa Kenepoželio da isti sistem Ipak, čini se da to nije slučaj. sprovede i u Evropi. Naime, zakoni i pravilnici propisuju obaveznost ispitiva- Su Ju Teng je u članku,objavljenom 1943. godine „Kine- nja kandidata, ali ostavljaju previše slobode u načinu od- ski uticaj na zapadni sistem prijemnih ispita“, pokušao vijanja samog procesa. Tako se nudi mogućnost usmenog da istraži uticaj kineskog imperijalnog sistema ispita na i pismenog ispitivanja (pismeno u slučaju više kandida- Evropu, odnosno, na kasniju pojavu sličnih sistema u ta, iako se ne precizira koji je to broj, a postavlja se kao evropskim državama. Nakon sveobuhvatne analize do- preduslov za usmeni dio ispitivanja) pred komisijom, u stupne literature, autor zaključuje da postoji dovoljno kojoj osim predstavnika Uprave za kadrove sjede i pred- dokaza da se može tvrditi da je sistem prijemnih ispi- stavnici, odnosno starješina organa u kojem se zasniva ta, primjenjivan u Engleskoj u 19. vijeku, izvorno kine- radni odnos. Dalje, pismeni dio testa sačinjava Uprava ski, odnosno,navodeći nesporne sličnosti između dva za kadrove uz posebni dio koji se sastoji od pitanja ve- sistema,da su njegovi tvorci bili inspirisani kineskim im- zanih za poslove organa u kojem se zasniva radni odnos perijalnim sistemom prijemnih ispita. Zato ne čudi što i koji sastavlja starješina tog organa. Inače, pisani testovi je, nakon što su njegovo uvođenje predložili u Engleskoj, se mijenjaju od oglasa do oglasa, te kandidatima niko ne sistem često kritikovan kao nešto što je uvezeno iz Kine, garantuje da će imati test iste težine ili pod istim uslovi- paje samim tim i nepogodno za englesku realnost. U sva- ma. Takođe, čest je slučaj da isti kandidat, vremenom, kom slučaju, Engleska je u 19. vijeku uvela ovaj sistem, napredujući u službi, polaže isti test za različito rangirane koji je još ranije korišten u čuvenoj engleskoj Istočno-in- funkcije. dijskoj kompaniji. Ono što ostavlja i najviše prostora za zapošljavanje onih PROCES ZAPOŠLJAVANJA U CRNOJ GORI koji su „podobni“, a ne najspremniji jeste činjenica da za- dnju riječ ima upravo starješina određenog organa. Radi Sistem prijemnih ispita za rad u državnoj administraciji se, prije svega, o subjektivnoj odluci. To, naravno, nije postoji i u Crnoj Gori - naravno, u drugačijem obliku. tipično za Crnu Goru, već je slučaj i sa nekim drugim ze- Jedan od uslova za rad u državnoj administraciji je i di- maljama koje karakteriše razvijeniiji demokratski sistem. ploma o položenom tkz. državnom ispitukoji se sastoji od Ipak, kod nas, u dominantno klijentelističkom i partito- polaganja više predmeta koji se smatraju važni za rad u kratskom društvu,takav način predstavlja veliki problem. državnoj administraciji. Nekada je moguće ispit položiti U privatnim intervjuima sa mladim ljudima zaposlenim u i u roku od godinu dana od stupanja na poziciju, što ga državnoj službi, autoru je potvrđeno da obrazovanje nije ne čini klasičnim prijemnim ispitom. Takođe, ne radi se visoko kotirano prilikom zapošljavanja, a da je sam test o komplikovanom testu tako da ne predstavlja problem tek formalnost u slučaju da je kandidat sebi obezbijedio kandidatima, već formalnost. „vezu“. Prijemno ispitivanje, usmeno i pismeno se sprovodi tokom procesa zapošljavanja i regulisano je zakonom (Za- Nacrtaj gladnom tortu, da mu zadovoljiš glad, glasi ki- kon o državnim službenicima i namještenicima) koji pro- neska poslovica koja najbolje opisuje propisane norme pisuje način na koji se zapošljava kadar u državnoj službi. za zapošljavanje u crnogorskoj državnoj administraciji. Sam proces polazi od objavljivanja javnog konkursa, za- Naime, čini se da procedure i pravila (često prateći neke tim slijedi ispitivanje (usmeno ili pismeno, ili oba) kandi- evropske standarde) predstavljaju samo formu kako bi se data, nakon čega svaki kandidat biva rangiran na osnovu zadovoljili kriterijumi, dok sistem sam po sebi nudi mno- bodova koje dobije tokom ispitivanja i na osnovu njegove go prostora za manipulaciju. biografije, da bi se na kraju starješina organa u kojem se zasniva radni odnos odlučio, u idealnom slučaju,za naj- U najavljenim reformama može se uočiti tendencija da boljeg. U svom zvaničnom saopštenju, Uprava za kadro- se proces sve više prebacuje na Upravu za kadrove, kako ve (18/02/2013) navodi da: bi se isključila politička manipulacija u procesu zapošlja- vanja. To može biti rješenje samo u slučaju u kojem bi i „ovako postavljen postupak provjere sposobnosti... pred- sama Uprava bila oslobođena političkog uticaja i dobila stavlja jasan pokazatelj da je cjelokupan postupak, od drugačije zakonsko uređenje, kao i sami proces zapošlja- javnog oglašavanja pa do konačnog izbora, zasnovan vanja. na principima kojima se garantuje jednaka dostupnost, jednaki uslovi za sve kandidate, bez obzira na njihovu na- Pravni okviri se mogu mijenjati i zakoni se mogu prila- ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 97 mentioning entry-level examination system , European head of the authority with which employment is to com- public and intellectual elite got acquainted with it, while mence decides on, ideally, the best candidate. In their of- there was not a few number of those attempting to pro- ficial communication, Human Resources Administration mote - via their respective papers - such system in Eu- (February 18th 2013) stated that: rope as well [Têng, 1943]. Juan González de Mendoza “such a set procedure of competences testing … reflects was delighted at the Chinese system and , in his paper a clear indication of the overall procedure - starting from written after his return from China in the mid ofthe the public announcing and reaching to the final selection 16th century, he wrote [quoted by Têng, 1943, p. 277]: - as grounded in principles guaranteeing the equal ac- “this powerful Kingdom has been governed and ruled cessibility and requirements to all candidates, regardless so far better than any other known to the world.” These of their national, religious or any other affiliation.” his words were expressed after a detailed description of Testing the candidates’ competences has been provid- entry-level examination system. Even Montesquieu and ed for under The Rules on Testing the Competences of Voltaire were intrigued by the Chinese system, so the lat- Candidates for the State Administration Service, which is ter wrote the following: “our missioners talk us about the aimed at ensuring “an efficient, high-quality, politically fact that such a great Empire has the government worth neutral and professional discharge of duties.” Neverthe- admiring…” [quoted by Têng, 1943, p. 281], while Fran- less, it seems that it is not the case. çois Quesnay wished to implement the same system in Namely, laws and rule books prescribes obligatoriness of Europe. candidates testing, but leave too much freedom as re- In his article written in 1943 and titled Chinese Influ- gards selecting the method fit for the very process. Thus, ence on the Western Examination System,Su Yu Teng at- opting is offered for oral and written testing (with writ- tempted to study the Chinese imperial examination sys- ten testing where there is a larger number of candidates tem’s effects on Europe, namely on the later appearance - despite no number is specified - and posing the require- of similar systems in European countries. After a compre- ment to sit for the oral part of examining) before a board hensive analysis of the available references, the author that comprises, in addition to the representatives of The concluded that there were sufficient evidence to make Human Resources Administration, also the representa- it possible for asserting the original Chinese entry-level tives, i.e. the heads of authorities with which- employ examination system had been in application in England ments are to be. Furthermore, the written part of testing in the 19th century, i.e. by referring to undisputable simi- is developed by Human Resources Administration and larities between the two systems, the author stated that is accompanied by a separate part that comprises ques- the creators thereof had been inspired by the Chinese tions relating to the operations and that is developed by imperial entrance-level examination system. Therefore the head of the authority with which an employment is it is not a wonder at all that, after the introduction there- to be. Anyway, the written tests varies from announce- of had been suggested to England, the system used to be ment to announcement, so candidate cannot be guaran- frequently exposed to criticizing as something that had teed they are going to sit for the same complexity tests been imported from China and therefore not suitable for or under the same conditions. Besides, it is frequent the England reality. Anyway, in the 19th century, England that one and the same candidate, as the time passes by introduced the system that had been used even earlier in and he/she has advanced in the profession, sits for the a famous English Eastern Indian company. same examination for differently ranked functions. What leaves the largest space for employing the ones MONTENEGRIN EMPLOYMENT PROCESS who are “eligible” and not most competent is the fact tat the final decision is exactly on the head of particu- Entry-level examination system for the state administra- lar authority. It is primarily about a subjective decision. tion service exists also in Montenegro – naturally, in a Naturally, that is not typical of Montenegro only, but is different format. taking place also in some other countries characterized One of the requirements to get into service with the by more developed democracy systems. Nevertheless, state administration is to have certificate of the passed here, in dominantly clientelistic and patriotic society, so-called state examination that comprises sitting for such occurrence posed a huge challenge. In private in- several examinations in the subjects considered relevant terviews with the young already employed with the state to the state administration service. Sometimes it is pos- administration, the author was given the affirmation of sible to sit for the exam within one-year time as of as- knowledge being not highly valuated during employ- suming a job position, which makes the exam not so ment process and that the test is just a pretend formality standard entry-level examination. Besides, it is not about if a candidate has ensured a “link”. a complex test, so, to candidates, it is not a challenge Draw a cake to satisfy one’s hunger is a Chinese saying but formality. that gives the best description of the prescribed norms Entry-level oral and written examining is held during refor employment in Montenegro state administration. cruiting process and it is regulated by the law (namely by Namely, it has appeared (based on frequent reading The Law on Civil Servants and State Employees) prescrib- some European standards) that the procedures and rules ing the method followed in employing human resources represent just a pretend formality to satisfy criteria, while with the state administration. The very process starts the system itself offers a large space for manipulations. from announcing vacancies, followed by (oral or written It is possible to notice, in the announced reforms, the or both) examining of candidates and, thereafter, each tendency of an increasing transferring the employment candidate is ranked based on the score attained during process to Human Resources Administration, so as to ex- the examining and on his/her biography. In the end, the clude political manipulations during it. That can be a so- 98 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

gođavati nekim boljim standardima, ili, kako je to slučaj stracije je i taj što istu ne prati kvalitet. Naime, zbog ne- sa svim sektorima,uvođenjemevropskih standarda.Ono dostatka jasnog i transparentnog procesa zapošljavanja, što je teže mijenjati, i što predstavlja veliki problem, jeste ili izbjegavanja istog, u državnoj administraciji posao nisu crnogorska kultura koja ne poznaje meritokratiju i u kojo- dobijali oni koji su svojim kvalitetom ispunjavali uslove, jpreovladavaju rodbinske veze i klijentelizam (pojava koja već oni koji su bili u prednosti iz nekih drugih razloga. se često spočitava od strane međunarodnih institutcija). Samim tim, i struktura kadra u državnoj administraciji se Naravno, savršen sistem ne postoji, ali sistem koji daje čini nespremnom da ispuni izazove sa kojima se suočava malo prostora manipulaciji utiče i na to da se vremenom društvo u tranziciji. Tromost i neefikasnost su riječi koji- promijene i navike i kulturološke devijacije. Država tre- ma se najčešće opisuje državna administracija. ba dati primjer, jer kako je i sam Konfučije smatrao„za državu, da pruža dobar primjer, važnije je od bilo kojeg Uz sve te probleme, treba dodati da zaposleni nisu rav- zakona“. nopravno raspoređeni, pa u nekim sektorima postoji manjak kadra, dok ga je u drugim previše. GLOMAZNA I NEEFIKASNA ADMINISTRACIJA Potreba za efikasnijim i manjim državnim aparatom Veliki broj zaposlenih, na mjestima za koje plate i dopri- je prepoznata od strane većine subjekata u državi, pa nose plaća država,ozbiljan je problem mnogih zemalja u i od same Vlade. To je potvrđeno i na okruglom stolu Evropi i šire. Na Balkanu, gdje se većina država još suoča- na kojem se raspravljalo o reformi javne uprave[MUP, va sa dugom i teškom tranzicijom, nedovoljnim razvojem 27/11/2013]: ekonomije, sporim ekonomskim rastom i lošem standar- du građana, ovaj problem postaje još veći. Sa njim se suo- „Reforma državne uprave u Crnoj Gori je jedna od kruci- čava većina bivših jugoslovenskih država, koje ne samo jalnih tema za dalji društveni razvoj Crne Gore, a u nare- da nisu smanjile obim javnog sektora, već su ga u posle- dnom periodu će se obezbijediti kontinuitet u reformskim dnjoj deceniji još ipovećale. Jedan od najvećih razloga je nastojanjima da se sistem državne uprave učini efikasnim svakako političke prirode – težilo se zapošljavanju ljudi i profesionalnim” lojalnihpartiji koja je na vlasti, zapošljavanju uoči izbora, zapošljavanju koje je posljedica izbornih obećanja. Zapo- Na istom skupu je, osim profesionalizacije, najavljeno i šljavanje u javnom sektoru zamaskiralo je neke realne drastično smanjenje državne administracije u godinama ekonomske probleme, a prije svega pojavu visoke stope pred nama. Interesantno je da sa jedne strane imamo nezaposlenosti koja je bila neminovna u ekonomijama Upravu za kadrove koja se bave zapošljavanjem u držav- koje su prošle traumu prelaska sa socijalističkog načina noj upravi, au kojoj tvrde da se sve odvija po pravilima privređivanja na liberal-kapitalizam, u kojem bi trebalo koja obezbjeđuju kvalitetan kadar kroz jedan transparen- da dominiraju privatnekompanije kod kojih tržište i profit tan proces, dok sa druge strane Vlada naglašava potrebu diktiraju volumen zapošljavanja. za velikim promjenama, profesionalizacijom, smanjenjem broja zaposlenih i većom efikasnošću. Države, da bi smanjile nekontrolisan porast nezaposlenosti, nekada su bile primorane da ljude raspoređuju Reforme u sektoru se često najavljuju, kao i promjene ili po državnim i lokalnim službama ili, u krajnjem slučaju, uvođenje novih procedura zapošljavanja, koje bi garanto- u državnim firmama. Posljedice takvog djelovanja su da- vale transparentnost i meritokratiju. Ipak, uz sve promje- nas katastrofalne. Za zarade i razne druge troškove koje ne, zloupotrebe ostaju moguće i teško rješive, sve dok uplaćuju zaposlenima u javnom sektoru, države troše sistem ne doživi suštinsku i potpunu promjenu. veliki dio budžeta na uštrb strateških investiranja koja bi stvorila ambijent povoljan za razvoj privatnog sektora - Takođe, rješavanje problema viška zaposlenih u admini- koji bi, opet, mogao da absorbuje radnu snagu i utiče na straciji stvoriće nove probleme, prije svih - problem ne- smanjenje nezaposlenosti. zaposlenosti. Činjenica da veliki broj ljudi radi u javnom sektoru, i da bi velika većina mladih željela da radi u is- A Crna Gora nije izuzetak, pokazuju podaci Monstata. tom, nije posljedica samo različitih socio-kulturoloških UDržavnoj upravi i odbrani zaposleno je 19861, kojima faktora karakterističnih za region. Ako ne glavni, onda je- treba dodati još 13101 na radu u obrazovanju, 10869 u dan od važnijih razloga jeste nedostatak radnih mjesta u Zdravstvenoj i socijalnoj zaštiti, itd. Ova radna mjesta ka- privatnom sektoru. Odnosno, nedostatak odgovarajućih rakteriše stabilnost (ugovor na neodređeno), prosječna mjesta za veliki broj visokoobrazovanih mladih ljudi. Sma- ili nadprosječna primanja i ostale beneficije karakteristič- njenjem državne administracije neće se smanjiti i broj ne za rad u javnom sektoru. Nije teško zaključiti da u ze- onih koji žele da rade u istoj. Imajući u vidu nerazvijeni mljama sa nerazvijenim privatnim sektorom, stabilnost i privatni sektor, nastavak privatizacije državnih preduzeća redovna primanja imaju još veću vrijednost. kojidonosi nova otpuštanja, kao i razvoj sektora (kao što su trgovina i turizam) sa malim prosječnim zaradama, uz Osim velikih izdataka države, problem glomazne admini- nepovoljne kredite za pokretanje privatnog biznisa, mo- ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 99 lution only if the very Human Resources Administration attributed to the giant administration is also in the fact and the process of employment alone are both free from that it is not in company with efficiency. Namely, either the political influence and get a different legal regulation. due to the lack of clear and transparent employment Legal frameworks can be changed by means of and laws process or due to avoiding it, the public administration can be adjusted to some better standards or - such as job positions have not been assigned to those who met the case in this sector - through bringing in the European the competences-related requirements but to those that Standards. What is more difficult to change and what had advantages due to some different reasons. Thereby, poses huge challenge is Montenegrin culture that does also the structure of the state administration’s human not recognize meritocracy and in which kinships and resources seems to be unready to cope with challenges clientelism (the manifestations frequently objected to faced by a society in transition. Inactivity and inefficiency by international institutions) are prevailing. Naturally, a are the words that most frequently describe the state perfect system does not exist, but a system with limited administration. space for manipulations induces also gradual changes in Along with all the foregoing, it should add that these habits and cultural deviations. The government should employees have not been evenly distributed, so in some give an example, since Confucius himself had deemed sectors human resources are short while in other sectors that “for a state, demonstrating a good model of behav- they exceed the needs. ior is more important than laws.” The need for an efficient and smaller state apparatus was already acknowledged by the majority of entities huge BUT INEFFICIENT ADMINISTRATION in the state, so did by the Government too. That was confirmed also during the Round Table on the theme of A huge number of persons employed at job positions for Public Administration Reform [Ministry of the Interior, which the government pays salaries and contributions is November 27th 2013]: faced as a serious challenge in Europe and broader. In the “The state administration reform is one of the crucial Balkans, with the majority of countries still facing long matters intended for a further social development in and difficult transitions, insufficiently developed econo- Montenegro, so, in the upcoming period, the continuity mies, slow economic growth and poor standard of living in the reform efforts to make the state administration of citizens, this challenge is even bigger. It is faced by the system more effective and professional will be ensured.” majority of ex Yugoslavia countries that not only have The same gathering voiced, besides professionalism, also reduced their public sectors but have augmented them drastic cut in the state administration volume to take for the last decade. One of the major reasons is surely place in the upcoming years. It is interesting that, on the of political nature – it has been tended to employ per- one hand, there is the Human Resources Administration sons loyal to the ruling political party; employments in that is dealing with the employments with the state ad- the eve of elections; employments as a consequence of ministration and that asserts everything is according to election promises. Employments with public sector have the rules providing competent human resources through masked specific real economic problems, while primar- one transparent process, while, on the other hand, the ily the high unemployment rate that has been inevitable need is stressed to undertake considerable changes, en- in economies that went through the transition from the sure professionalism, reduce the number of employees socialist economy to liberal capitalism in which private and have higher competence level. companies pursuing employments dictated by markets Reforms of the sector are frequently announced, as well and generated profits should dominate. as changes in or the introduction of new employment In order to reduce uncontrolled unemployment rate procedures to make certain transparency and meritoc- increase, countries were sometimes forced to deploy racy. Despite all the changes, abuses remain possible and employees to the state and local services or, eventu- hard to solve all until the system does face the core and ally, to the state owned enterprises. Consequences of full transformation. such practice are catastrophic nowadays. Salaries/wages Besides, solving problems of redundancy in administra- and a variety of other benefits paid to public sector em- tion will entail new problems, while primarily the unem- ployees spend a large portion of national budget to the ployment one. The fact is that a large number of per- detriment of strategic investments that would create an sons serve with public sector and that the majority of ambience favorable for the development of private sec- the young wishes to work there is not only due to a tor that could, in turn, absorb labor force and induce variety of social and cultural factors prevailing within the decrease in unemployment. region. If not the main, then one of the more significant According to the Monstat data, Montenegro is not an reasons is the lack of job positions in private sector. In exception at all. The state administration and national other words, it is the shortage of appropriate job posi- defense employ 19,861 persons to which 13,101 persons tions for a large number of the young with higher educa- employed in education, 10,869 persons employed in tion qualifications. Reducing the number of employees health and social protection, and alike should be added. with the state administration will not diminish also the These job positions are characterized by stability (full- number of those wishing to work with it. Having in mind time employment contracts), average or above average underdeveloped private sector, resuming state-owned income and other benefits that are typical of public sec- enterprises privatization that entails new redundancies, tor service. It is not difficult to conclude that in countries as well as the development of the sectors (such as retail with the underdeveloped private sector, the stability and trade and tourism) with low average salaries, accompa- regular payments are of higher value. nied by unfavorable credit schemes for setting up private Besides high budget-funded expenditures, a problem businesses, we can expect huge number of persons with 100 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

žemo očekivati da će veliki broj visokoškolaca i dalje težiti nju moralnih normi u tranzicionom društvu. Tek sa ad- ka radnom mjestu u državnom sektoru. Takav je slučaj ministracijom koja čini da država funkcioniše u svakom bio tokom vladinog programa stručnog osposobljavanja trenutku, politika može da se razvija u demokratskom mladih visokoškolaca u 2013. godini, kada se gotovo dvi- smjeru, a politička previranja i borba za vlast koje se je trećine od ukupnog broja prijavljenih oprijedijelilo za rješavaju putem raspisivanja izbora, postaju tek supro- rad u državnoj službi. Takođe, neka istraživanja međuna- stavljanje različitih ideja u utakmici u kojoj pobjednik ne rodnih organizacija, kao što je UNDP, pokazuju da bi ve- uzima sve, niti poraženi gubi sve. Samo u tim okolnosti- liki dio radne snage najradije radio u državnom sektoru, ma građani su u stanju da izaberu vlast uzimajući u obzir makar i s manjom mjesečnom zaradom. konkretne parametre i mijenjajući partiju onda kada ne zadovolji njihova očekivanja. Možemo biti sigurni da će kontinuitet ovog tenda opstati, Profesionalna administracija ne podrazumijeva postoja- ali i da će s optimizacijom kadra rasti broj kandidata za nje demokratije po automatizmu, ali bespogovorno pod- manji broj mjesta u državnoj administraciji. Svakako, ta- stiče povjerenje u demokratski sistem i doprinosi pošto- kva situacija pogoduje stvaranju rizika od manipulacije u vanju i ugledu demokratskih institucija. zapošljavanju, podsticanju zapošljavanja koje ne poštuje princip meritokratije. Zbog toga, uvođenje kompetitiv- LITERATURA nog sistema prijemnih ispita predstavlja najbolji način da se mladim visokoškolcima ponudi transparentan i predvi- 1. Ferevik, T. (2012). Središnje kraljevstvo, putovanje u div sistem, koji bi vrijednovao samo znanje, a koji će po- istoriju Kine. Novi Sad: Izdavačka knjižarnica Zorana Sto- sljedično obezbijediti kvalitetan kadar za državnu upravu janovića Sremski Karlovci. čiji poslovi,na putu pridruživanja Evropskoj uniji, postaju 2. Weerdt, H. D. (2006). Changing Minds through Exami- sve zahtjevniji. Takođe, takav kadar može sjutra dobro nations: Examination Critics in Late Imperial China. Jour- predstavljati državu u institucijama Evropske unije. nal of the American Oriental Society, 126 (3). 3. Cooke, F. L. (2003). Seven reforms in five decades, ci- ZAKLJUČAK vil service reform and its human resource implications in China. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 8 (3), 380- Opisujući razdoblje tokom kojega su se dinastije u Kini 404. tako brzo smjenjivale- da se i stanovništvo znalo zapitati 4. Crozier, J. (2002). A unique experiment. China in Focus, ko vlada carstvom (906-970, razdoblje poznato kao peri- Summer (12). od pet dinastija) - Turbjern Ferevik [2012, str. 210] piše: 5. Elman, B. A. (1991). Political, Social, and Cultural Re- production via Civil Service Examinations in Late Imperial „Čak i kada su se smjenjivali ministri i carevi, činovnički China. The Journal of Asian Studies, 50 (1), 7-28. aparat ostajao je na svom mjestu. Čak i u najteža vreme- 6. Fairbank, J. K. (1986). The Great Chinese Revolution na, on je uspijevao da vadi kestenje iz vatre i da održava 1800-1985. New York: Harper & Row. društvo u životu. Sastojao se od ljudi koji su svoje položa- 7. Gützlaff, K. F. (1838). China Opened (Vol. II). London: je dobili na osnovu svojih kvalifikacija, a ne u nasljeđe.“ Smith, Elder & Co. 8. Haifeng, L. (2006). Rehabilitation of the imperial exa- Ovim redovima, norveški istoričar slikovito dočarava ko- mination system. Frontiers of Education in China, 1 (2), liko je za jednu državu važno imati profesionalnu admini- 300-315. straciju, koja je jedan od njenih nosećih stubova. Takva 9. Lai, K. L. (2008). An introduction to Chinese philosophy. administracija, sačinjena od ljudi koji su došli do položaja New York: Cambridge University Press. zahvaljujući svojoj sposobnosti, osigurava autoritet insti- 10. Maugham, S. (1922). On a Chinese Screen. London: tucija, stvarajući povjerenje kod građana. Heinemann. 11. Têng, S.-y. (1943). Chinese Influence on The Western Upravo je stvaranje takvih institucija ključ za oblikovanje Examination System: I. Introduction. arvard Journal of sredine koja će pogodovati razvoju raznih privrednih gra- Asiatic Studies, 7 (4), 267-312. na, unaprijeđenju obrazovanja na svim nivoima i stvara- ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 101 higher education qualifications to still tend to be in job an environment that is going to be favorable for a variety positions with public sector. That was the case also dur- of economy branches development, education system ing implementing the Government’s 2013 Professional improvement at all levels and creating moral norms in a Competence Training Program for the young holders of society in transition. No earlier than with an administra- higher education degrees, when almost 2/3 out of the tion making it possible for the state be functional at any total number of registered trainees opted for the state moment a politics with democratic spirit can emerge, administration. Besides, some researches done by inter- with political turbulences and competing for the rule national organizations, such as UNDP, have shown that through calling for elections appearing just as opposing a large portion of the labor force prefer service with the arguments put forward on different ideas in the game in state sector, even though monthly salaries are lower. which neither the winner takes it all nor the looser loses We can be sure that the permanence of the trend will everything. Only under such circumstances, citizens are continue, and that optimizing human resources will en- capable both of electing the rule based on particular pa- tail an increased number of candidates opting for fewer rameters and of changing one party in any case it has not job positions with the state administration. Anyhow, satisfied their expectations. such a situation is favorable for creating risks of manipu- A efficient administration does not connote the existence lations during employment process and encouraging the of democracy by automatism, yet it unquestioningly en- employments not respecting meritocracy principle. Due courages confidence in democratic system and contrib- to that, introducing a competitive entry-level system is utes to the respect for and the reputation of democratic the best way to offer the young holders of higher educa- institutions. tion degrees a transparent and predictable system that would valuate only knowledge and, consequently, gen- REFERENCES: erate more competent human resources for the state administration service where more and more demand- 1. Ferevik, T. (2012). Središnje kraljevstvo, putovanje ing duties have to be discharged as advancing in the ac- u istoriju Kine. Novi Sad: Izdavačka knjižarnica Zorana cession process toward the European Union. Besides, Stojanovića Sremski Karlovci. such human resources may represent our country in the 2. Weerdt, H. D. (2006). Changing Minds through Exami- European Union institutions tomorrow. nations: Examination Critics in Late Imperial China. Jour- nal of the American Oriental Society, 126 (3). CONCLUSION 3. Cooke, F. L. (2003). Seven reforms in five decades, civil service reform and its human resource implications in Through describing the era during which Dynasties in China. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 8 (3), 380-404. China had been taking the rule over that fast that the 4. Crozier, J. (2002). A unique experiment. China in Focus, population used to ask themselves who had ruled the Summer (12). Empire (906-970, the era known as the History of the 5. Elman, B. A. (1991). Political, Social, and Cultural Re- Five Dynasties), Turbjern Ferevik [2012, p. 210] wrote: production via Civil Service Examinations in Late Imperial „Even though ministers and emperors were revolving, China. The Journal of Asian Studies, 50 (1), 7-28. the clerical apparatus remained in its place. Even dur- 6. Fairbank, J. K. (1986). The Great Chinese Revolution ing the severest hardships, it managed to pull the chest- 1800-1985. New York: Harper & Row. nuts out of the fire and to maintain the society keep on 7. Gützlaff, K. F. (1838). China Opened (Vol. II). London: living. It comprised persons who had attained their job Smith, Elder & Co. positions based on their respective qualifications, and 8. Haifeng, L. (2006). Rehabilitation of the imperial ex- net on legacy”. amination system. Frontiers of Education in China, 1 (2), By the foregoing lines, the Norway author gave a pictur- 300-315. esque portrait of how much it is important to a coun- 9. Lai, K. L. (2008). An introduction to Chinese philosophy. try to have competent state administration that is one New York: Cambridge University Press. of the country’s pillars. Such administration comprising 10. Maugham, S. (1922). On a Chinese Screen. London: persons that have attained their job positions thanks to Heinemann. their competences ensures the authoritative institu- 11. Têng, S.-y. (1943). Chinese Influence on The Western tions, creating thereby the citizens’ confidence in them. Examination System: I. Introduction. arvard Journal of Exactly creating such institutions is the key to designing Asiatic Studies, 7 (4), 267-312. 102 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

mr Martin Ćalasan Saradnik na Elektrotehničkom fakultetu Univerziteta Crne Gore

ZBOG ČEGA MLADI U CRNOJ GORI TREBA DA VIDe BUDUĆNOST U RAZVOJU ENERGETIKE?

REZIME -ekonomski razvoj Crne Gore sa druge strane. Revitaliza- cijom i izgradnjom novih energetskih postrojenja stvo- Značaj energije u bilo kom obliku jeste i biće od velike riće se nova radna mjesta, angažovati domaća operativa važnosti za razvoj čitavog društva nevezano za vremen- (radna snaga) i industrija. Ukoliko energetika bude stabi- ski period u kome živimo. Crna Gora je sektor energetike lan, moderan i kvalitetno organizovan sektor, dobrobit za označila kao glavnu granu privrede u budućnosti, pa ra- čitavu privredu će biti veoma vidljiv. zvoj energetskog sektora, zajedno sa razvojem turizma i poljoprivrede, predstavlja ključni pravac budućeg razvoja U ovom radu, u drugom poglavlju, dat je pregled (ne) crnogorskog društva. U ovom radu pokušano je da se od- iskorišćenog energetskog potencijala Crne Gore (prije govori na pitanje zašto mladi u Crnoj Gori treba da vide svega izvora električne energije). Nakon toga, u trećem svoju budućnost u razvoju energetike. poglavlju navedeni su planovi za izgradnju najznačajnijih energetskih objekata u Crnoj Gori. U četvrtom poglavlju 1. UVOD navešće se konkretan primjer kako planovi u energetskom sektoru utiču na povećanje broja studenata koji Sposobnost samostalnog zadovoljavanja energetskih po- žele studirati studije Energetike [8], kao i to kako razvoj treba predstavlja strateško pitanje budućnosti i pitanje energetike iziskuje školovanje kadrova različitih profila. opstanka svake zemlje. Najzastupljeniji i najčešće kori- Na kraju, u formi zaključka, daće se kratak osvrt na cje- šćeni oblik energije jeste električna energija. Ona ujedno lokupan rad. i predstavlja „workhorse“ savremene industrije. Savre- mene industrije, kao i transportni sistemi, komunikacije, 2. (NE)ISKORIŠĆENI ENERGETSKI POTENCIJAL CRNE sve električne instalacije sa jedne strane i sve vrste usluga GORE sa druge strane, suštinski zavise od proizvodnje, prenosa, distribucije i upotrebe električne energije. I danas, kao i Voda je trenutno najveći obnovljivi izvor električne ener- proteklih decenija, potrošnja električne energije po glavi gije i u svjetskim razmjerama učestvuje sa preko 15%. U stanovnika bila je pokazatelj životnog standarda. Crnoj Gori taj odnos je veći i kreće se do oko 60%, jer u Energetska kriza kao i uticaj proizvodnje i potrošnje ele- našem elektroenergetskom sistemu imamo dvije velike ktrične energije na okolinu stvaraju potrebu da se dalji hidroelektrane (HE), sedam malih hidroelektrana (mHE), industrijski razvoj dovede na nivo koji je po svom obimu a samo jednu termoelektranu (TE) [9-12]. i formi ekološki prihvatljiv i čist. Čistiji načini prozvodnje električne energije uključuju obnovljive - alternativne iz- Crna Gora raspolaže HE potencijalom koji po indeksu ISP vore energije, dok koncept ekološki prihvatljivog razvoja (Indeks Strateškog Prioriteta) spada u sam svjetski vrh zahtijeva smanjenje gubitaka električne energije (npr. [11, 12]. U Tabeli I dat je teorijski hidroenergetski po- korišćenje uređaja energetske elektronike, primjena ra- tencijal i iskorišćeni hidropotencijal Crne Gore. Procjena čunara i savremenih upravljačkih algoritama...) [1]. iznosa tehnički iskoristivog potencijala glavnih vodo- tokova u prirodnom pravcu oticanja kreće se u rasponu U predhodnih nekoliko godina država Crna Gora je sektor od 5400 do 6300GWh (zavisno od varijanti korišćenja energetike označila kao ključnu privrednu granu na kojoj voda), s tim da je oko 1700GWh već u eksploataciji bi se temeljio dalji razvoj crnogorskog društva. Po strate- u do sada izgrađenim hidroelektranama (HE Perućica giji razvoja energetike do 2030. godine, koji je usvojen na i HE Piva). Ukupni teorijski i tehnički potencijal voda u Vladi, energetika predstavlja najvažniji zamajac ekonom- Crnoj Gori dat je u Tabeli II. skog i društvenog razvoja Crne Gore [2-7]. Po ovoj strategiji razvoj energetskog sektora dovešće do strukturnih Kao što je već navedeno, u našem energetskom sistemu promjena u razvoju energetske infrastrukture, što će funkcionišu dvije hidroelektrane – Piva (sa instalisanom imati značajan pozitivan uticaj na kvalitet snabdijevanja snagom od 342MW – 762GWh) i Perućica (sa instalisa- potrošača energijom, sa jedne strane, i na ukupni makro- nom snagom od 285MW - 903-950GWh), kao i sedam ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 103

Teaching Assistant at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering Martin Ćalasan, MA at the University of Montenegro

WHY SHOULD THE YOUNG PEOPLE IN MONTENEGRO SEE THE FUTURE IN THE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT?

RESUME growth of Montenegro [2-7]. According to this strategy, the development of the energy sector will lead to struc- The importance of energy in any of its forms is and will tural changes in the development of energy infrastruc- be of paramount significance for the development of the ture, which will result in a significant positive influence whole society, irrespectively of the times in which we live. both on the quality of energy supply for the customers, Montenegro has marked the enegry sector as crucial for and the overall macroeconomic development of Mon- the future economy, and, hence, its development, along tenegro. Revitalization and development of new power with the development of tourism and agriculture, is the plants will open new posts, employ local operational key direction for the future development of the Montene- manpower and industry. If this sector becomes stable, grin society. This paper attempts to answer the question modern and well-organized, it will bring benefits to why the young people of Montenegro should see their whole economy. future in the energy development. The second chapter of this paper gives an overview of (un)used energy potential of Montenegro (primarily in 1. INTRODUCTION terms of electrical energy sources). After that, the third chapter outlines the plans for the construction of the The capacity to meet the energy needs independently most important energy facilities in Montenegro. The is a strategic question regarding the future and devel- fourth chapter covers a specific example that shows the opment of every country. Electrical energy is the most influence of plans in the energy sector on the increase widely spread and used form of energy. It is also the in the number of students who wish to enroll in the En- workhorse of the modern industry. Modern industries, ergy Studies program [8], and the need for education of as well as the transport systems, communications, and professionals in various fields. Finally, in the form of a all electrical installations from one side, and different conclusion, we give a brief review of the whole paper. types of services from the other, essentially depend on the production, transmission, distribution and use of 2. (UN)USED ENERGY POTENTIAL IN MONTENEGRO electrical energy. Even today, as it has been the case in the previous decades, the consumption of electrical en- Water is currently the biggest renewable source for elec- ergy per capita was an indicator of the standard of living. trical energy and in global terms, with its share of more than 15%. This ratio is higher in Montenegro, ca. 60%, Energy crisis, as well as the influence of production and since we have two large hydropower plants (HPP), seven consumption on the environment, create the need to small hydropower plants (sHPP), and only one thermal take further industrial development to the level which power plant (TPP) in our electric power system [9 - 12]. would be ecologically acceptable and clean in terms of the volume and form. The cleaner ways of electrical en- The HPP potential of Montenegro, according to the ISP ergy production include renewable (alternative) energy (Index of Strategic Priority), is among the very world top sources, whereas the concept of ecologically acceptable [11, 12]. Table I shows the theoretical as well as the used development requires reduction in the loss of electrical hydropower potential of Montenegro. The estimation of energy (e.g. the use of power electronics, computers and the amount of technically usable potential of the main modern control algorithms...) [1]. watercourses in the natural flow direction is within the span from 5400 to 6300 GWh (depending on the ways In recent years, Montenegro has marked the energy of using the water), of which 1700GWh is already being sector as the crucial one in the economy on which the exploited in the extant HPPs (HPP Perućica and Piva). The future development of Montenegrin society would be overall theoretical and technical water potential of Mon- based. According to the Energy Development Strategy tenegro is given in Table II. by 2030, which was adopted by the Government, energy is the most important trigger for economic and social As already indicated, there are two HPPs in our electric 104 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

3. PLANOVI ZA ISKORIŠĆAVANJE ENERGETSKOG POTEN- CIJALA CRNE GORE

Čovječanstvo će u bliskoj budućnosti morati pronaći ekološki prihvatljivije izvore energije kojima će pokrivati svoje energetske potrebe. Trenutno se kao ekološki pri- hvatljivo rješenje, pored HE, nude drugi obnovljivi izvori energije, ali ipak nije realno očekivati da će se ti izvori energije dovoljno razviti i komercijalizovati da u nekoj većoj mjeri zadovolje rastuće energetske potrebe čov- ječanstva. Međutim, udio obnovljivih izvora energije u ukupnom udjelu korišćenja energije se mora povećava- ti jer se zalihe neobnovljivih izvora energije konstantno smanjuju. Sa druge strane, u svijetu postoji bojazan od gradnje nuklearnih elektrana (NE), zbog prošlih dešava- nja (NE Černobil - Ukarajina), ali i ovih trenutnih, koji još uvijek nijesu sanirani (NE u Japanu).

Što se tiče Crne Gore, Ministarstvo ekonomije sprovodi brojne podsticajne mjere za realizaciju energetske efika- malih hidroelektrana: Glava Zete, Slap Zete, Rijeka Mu- snosti i korišćenja obnovljivih izvora energije (projekat šovića, Šavnik, Rijeka Crnojevića, Podgor i Lijeva Rijeka elektrifikacije katuna – npr. Opština Danilovgrad, proje- (njihova ukupna instalisana snaga iznosi 9,025MW, a go- kat “Energy Wood” i slično) [2, 13]. dišnja proizvodnja do oko 17.5 do 21GWh). Elektroprivreda Crne Gore konstantno vrši ispitivanja i Poslije hidropotencijala, ugalj je drugi najznačajniji iz- analizu povećanja snage postojećih elektrana. Tako se u vor energije u Crnoj Gori. Najznačajnija nalazišta uglja HE Perućica planira povećanje proizvodnje nakon revita- pozicionirana su u Pljevaljskom području (Pljevaljski ba- lizacije i ugradnje osmog agregata za oko 20GWh, dok bi sen, Ljuće-Šumanski basen i basen Maoče) i Beranskom se revitalizacijom HE Piva (prije svega čišćenjem korita) području (baseni Polica, Petnjik i Zagorje). Procijenjene povećala proizvodnje za oko 38GWh. Isto tako, planira ukupne rezerve uglja u svim basenima su oko 200 milio- se povećanje snage mHE Slap Zete sa 1.2MW na 3.2MW, na tona [10]. (godišnja proizvodnja sa sadašnjih 3.5GWh na 14.8GWh), mHE Glava Zete snaga bi ostala 5MW a proizvodnja bi se U elektroenergetskom sistemu Crne Gore funkcioniše Ter- povećala sa 12GWh na 15GWh, dok bi u se preostalih 5 moelektrana Pljevlja čija je instalisana snaga 218.5MW. mHE snaga povećala sa 2.5MW na 3.2MW a proizvodnja Za elektroenergetski sistem Crne Gore, čijem stabilnom sa 5.5GWh na 7.8GWh [11]. radu u znatnoj mjeri doprinosi, Termoelektrana „Pljevlja” predstavlja baznu elektranu koja najveći značaj ima u po- Nacrtom strategije razvoja energetike definisana su glav- krivanju konstantnog dijagrama opterećenja. na strateška opredjeljenja i projekti, među kojima naj- značajnije mjesto pripada projektima izgradnje HE na Prema zvaničnim podacima Crna Gora ne raspolaže sa Morači, HE Komarnica, TE Pljevlja II i Maoče [3-6]. rezervama nafte i prirodnog gasa, mada su u planu is- traživanja crnogorskog podmorja. Prema istraživanju iz Na osnovu pripremnih istraživanja i aktivnosti do sada, 2007. godine ukupan bruto kapacitet vjetroelektana koji identifikovane velike HE koje su pogodne za moguću iz- može biti instalisan na teritoriji Crne Gore iznosi pribli- gradnju poslije 2020. godine su: HE Koštanica, HE Buk žno 400MW. Najatraktivnije lokacije za izgradnju vje- Bijela, HE Ljutica, HE Kruševo, HE Boka, HE na Morači, troparkova su Krnovo (opština Nikšić) i Možur (opština Limu, Ćehotini... Zbog Deklaracije o Tari iz 2004. godine Ulcinj), na kojima su započete određene instalacione ak- i međudržavnih dogovora o korišćenju hidropotencijala, tivnosti. Što se tiče solarne energije, teorijski potencijal Crna Gora za postizanja nacionalnog cilja korišćenja ob- sunčevog zračenja u Crnoj Gori se procijenjuje na oko novljivih izvora energije ima prilično ograničen broj opci- 20 PWh/god. Procjena vrijednosti potencijala biomase ja za valorizaciju hidropotencijala [11]. (260-411GWh-ogrevna drva), biomase iz poljoprivrede (492-667GWhGWh; energetski usjevi) i biomase iz otpa- Najznačajniji planovi razvoja energetskog sektora su: da (197-280GWh) ima značajne varijacije i nemogućnost  Projekat izgradnje HE na Morači tačnog proračuna [3-4, 9]. Prva varijanta: gradnja četiri elektrane HE Andrijevo, HE Raslovići, HE Milunovići i HE Zlatica, ukupne instalisane snage 238 MW i procijenjene prosječne godišnje proi- ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 105

offered as an acceptable solution, but, still, it is not realistic to expect that they will be developed and commercialized sufficiently enough to meet the ever-increasing energy demands of mankind to a greater extent. However, the share of renewables in the overall share of energy consumption has to increase since the supplies of non-renewable energy sources are constantly decreasing. On the other hand, there is a fear in the world of constructing nuclear power plants (NPP) due to the past events (the Chernobyl NPP in Ukraine) and the current ones which still haven’t been re- mediated (the NPP in Japan).

As for Montenegro, the Ministry of Economy is taking numerous measures to encourage the implementation of energy efficiency and use of renewable energy sources (the project of electrification of summer pasture lands – e.g. the municipality of Danilovgrad, Energy Wood project, etc.) [2, 13].

Electric Power Company of Montenegro constantly exam- power system – Piva (with the installed capacity of 342MW ines and analyzes the increase in capacity of the existing – 762GWh) and Perućica (with the installed capacity of power plants. Thus, it is planned to increase the produc- 285MW – 903-950GWh), as well as seven sHPPs: Glava tion by 20GWh in HPP Perućica after the revitalization pro- Zete, Slap Zete, Rijeka Mušovića, Šavnik, Rijeka Crnojevića, cess and installment of the eighth aggregate, whereas the Podgor and Lijeva Rijeka (their overall installed capacity is revitalization of HPP Piva (primarily by cleaning the water 9,025 MW, and annual production from ca. 17.5 to 21GWh). bed), would increase the production by 38GWh. Likewise, it is planned the increase of capacity of sHPP Slap Zete from After the hydropower potential, coal is the second most im- 1.2MW to 3.2MW (annual production from current 3.5GWh portant energy source in Montenegro. The most significant to 14.8GWh), the capacity of sHPP Glava Zete would remain coal mines are located within the region of Pljevlja (Pljev- at 5MW but the production would increase from 12GWh lja basin, Ljuće-Šumani basin, and Maoč basin) and Berane to 15GWh, while the capacity of the remaining five sHPP (Polica, Petnjik and Zagorje basin). The estimated overall would increase from 2.5MW to 3.2MW, and production coal reserves in all basins are ca. 200 million tons [10]. from 5.5GWh to 7.8GWh [11].

TPP Pljevlja operates within the electric power system of The draft of the Energy Development Strategy defines ma- Montenegro with the installed capacity of 218.5MW. This jor strategic orientations and projects, among which the TPP presents the base power plant for the electric power highest importance is given to the projects of the construc- system of Montenegro as it contributes significantly to the tion of the HPP on the rivers Morača, and Komarnica, TPP stability of operations and, most importantly, covers the Pljevlja II and Maoče [3 - 6]. constant load diagram. The completed surveys and activities have identified large According to the official data, Montenegro does not have HPP that could potentially be constructed after 2020: HPP oil and natural gas reserves, though research of the Mon- Koštanica, HPP Buk Bijela, HPP Ljutica, HPP Kruševo, HPP tenegrin sea bed is planned. A study from 2007 shows that Boka, HPPs on the rivers Morača, Lim, Ćehotina, etc. Due to the overall gross capacity of the wind power plants that Tara Declaration from 2004 and international agreements can be installed within the territory of Montenegro is ca. on the use of hydropower potential, Montenegro has a 400MW. The most attractive locations for the construction rather limited number of options for valorizing hydropower of wind parks are Krnovo (the municipality of Nikšić) and potential to meet the national goal of using renewable en- Možur (the municipality of Ulcinj) on which certain install- ergy sources [11]. ment activities have already started. As for the solar energy, theoretical potential of solar radiation in Montenegro is The most important plans for the development of energy estimated to be ca. 20 PWh/yr. The estimated value of po- sector are the following: tential biomass (260-411GWh – firewood), biomass from  HPP Morača Construction Project agriculture (492-677GWh – energy crops), and waste bio- First option:construction of four HPPs: Andrijevo, Raslovići, mass (197-280 GWh) has significant variations and it is not Milunovići, and Zlatica, with the overall installed capacity possible to have an accurate estimate [3-4, 9]. of 238MW and estimated average annual production 694 GWh. 3. PLANS FOR USING THE ENERGY POTENTIAL OF MON- Second option: diverting of 22.2 m3/s of water from the Tara TENEGRO river to Morača, which would result in the power plant capacity of 552MW, and the annual production in 1332GWh. In the future, mankind will have to find ecologically accept- As the studies show, the influence on the river Drina would able energy sources which will meet our needs. Currently, be ca. 5%. apart from the HPPs, other renewable energy sources are  HPP Komarnica Construction Project 106 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

zvodnje 694GWh. Druga varijanta: Prevođenje 22,2 m3/s vode iz Tare u Mo- raču, pri čemu bi snaga elektrana bila 552MW, a godišnja proizvodnja 1332GWh. Po ispitivanjima, uticaj na Drinu bi iznosio oko 5%.  Projekat izgradnja HE na Komarnici Crna Gora je razvila tehničko rješenje za korišćenje hidropotencijala rijeke Komarnice, koji predviđa izgradnju velike HE ukupne instalisane snage od 168 MW i očekivane godišnje proizvodnje od 232 GWh.  Projekat izgradnja HE na Ćehotini Prva varijanta: predviđa izgradnju HE Mekote i HE Gradac – tehnički potencijal: 136 GWh. Druga varijanta: predviđa izgradnju HE Gradac i HE Mi- lovci – tehnički potencijal: 222-218GWh.Druga varijanta nije vezana samo na teritoriju Crne Gore, pa zbog toga postoji potreba o postizanju dogovora o podjeli potencijala Ćehotine sa Republikom Srpskom.  HE Kruševo (Piva) i HE Boka (Trebišnjica) Goru značajnom energetskom-tranzitnom rutom. Ove dvije varijante su takođe mogući kandidati za izgradnju. Međutim, njihov razvoj je povezan sa posebnim Opšte gledano, Crna Gora je država koja nije iskoristila problemima koji se odnose na realizaciju (prostorni/uti- ni polovinu energetskih potencijala, posebno u hidroe- caj na životnu sredinu u BiH i podjela hidropotencijala nergiji, ali i u korišćenju novih energija - sunca, vjetra i Bilećkog jezera i HE Kruševo) koje je potrebno rješiti sa biomase. Svi ti resursi i Crne Gore i drugih zemalja re- susjednim zemljama. giona dobijaju na atraktivnosti sa realizacijom investicije Prema strategiji razvoja eneregetike, posebna pažnja se interkonektivnog kabla između Crne Gore i Italije. posvećuje i razvoju mHE. Do sada je potpisan veći broj ugovora o koncesijama (Tabela III), dok je u toku tender 4. UTICAJ RAZVOJA SEKTORA ENERGETIKE NA BROJ za davanje koncesija za izgradnju mHE na 9 vodotoka. STUDENTA KOJI UPISUJU STUDIJE ENERGETIKE Osim korišćenja hidropotencijala, strategijom razvoja energetike planira se i izgradnja II bloka TE Pljevlja i kori- Kao što je već naglašeno, država Crna Gora je sektor šćenje basena Maoče: energetike označila kao ključnu privrednu granu na kojoj  Projekat izgradnje TE Pljevlja II će se temeljiti dalji razvoj crnogorskog društva i uopšte Na osnovu idejnog projekta snaga II bloka TE Pljevlja bi makroekonomska politika. Zbog toga se gotovo svako- bila 220 MW. Prema istraživanju smatra se da oko Plje- dnevno sa svim medijima može čuti o raznim projektima valja postoje dovoljne količine uglja (najudaljeniji je novi iz oblasti energetike, koji su započeli, ili koji treba da za- kop Otilovići), dok bi se njegovom realizacijom riješio i počnu, svoju realizaciju. problem toplifikacije Pljevalja.  Projekat Maoče Upravo ta činjenica utiče na mlade ljude da se oni sve Projekat Maoče ima za cilj valorizaciju najznačajnijeg i više okreću studijama Energetike, konkretno na Elektro- najvećeg do sada otkrivenog prirodnog mineralnog bo- tehničkom fakultetu u Podgorici. Naime, na Elektroteh- gatstva Crne Gore. Nacrtom strategije razvoja energetike ničkom fakultetu u Podgorici, osnovanom 1965. godine, Crne Gore do 2030. godine predviđene su dvije varijante od osnivanja do novembra 2013. godine ukupno je diplo- TE Maoče - izgradnja jednog bloka snage 350MW, odno- mirao 1061 student na odsjeku Energetika i automatika sno dva bloka ukupne snage 500MW (2x250 MW). Na (EA), i 1154 studenta na odsjeku Elektronika, telekomuni- osnovu postojeće dokumentacije procijenjeno je da uku- kacije i računari (ETR) (Tabela IV). Međutim, nakon otva- pne geološke rezerve uglja u ležištu Maoče iznose 123,3 ranja studija ETR (osmadesetih godina) uglavnom su bolji miliona tona mrkolignitnog uglja, odnosno eksploatacio- studenti (studenti sa boljim uspjehom iz srednje škole) ne rezerve 112,9 miliona tona. upisivali odsjek ETR. Međutim, situacija je počela zna- čajnije da se mijenja u toku nekoliko posljednjih godina. Osim gradnje novih energetskih objekata, dogovoreno je Naime, posljednje nekolike godine značajno bolji učenici da se između Crne Gore i Italije postavi podmorski kabal, iz srednje škole su počeli da upisuju odsjek Energetike, kapaciteta 1.000MW, koji će Crnu Goru učiniti važnim što se najbolje može vidjeti na osnovu broja studenta koji čvorištem regiona sa snažnom prenosnom mrežom. Ta- su imali diplomu Luča u toku osnovnog i srednjoškolskog kođe, u toku je priprema za izgradnju 400kV dalekovo- obrazovanja (Tabele V i VI). U Tabeli VII prikazan je broj da Tivat-Pljevlja, kojim će se ojačati dalekovodna mreža studenta koji je diplomirao na odsjeku EA u posljednjih Crne Gore. Izgradnja podmorskog kabla učiniće Crnu nekoliko godina. Uočava se konstantan rast broja stude- ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 107

Montenegro has developed a technical solution for using basin are 123.3 million tons of brown-lignite coal, i.e. the hydropower potential of the river Komarnica, which envis- reserves for exploitation of 112.9 million tons. ages the construction of a large HPP with the overall installed capacity of 168MW and expected annual production Apart from the construction of new energy facilities, it has of 232 GWh. been agreed to set a submarine cable between Montene-  HPP Ćehotina Construction Project gro and Italy with the capacity of 1,000MW, which will make First option: Envisages the construction HPP Mekote and Montenegro an important regional junction with a power- Gradac – technical potential: 136GWh. ful transmission network. Furthermore, it is currently being Second option: Envisages the construction of HPP Gradac worked on the preparations for the construction of 400kV and Milovci – technical potential: 222-218 GWh. Since this Tivat-Pljevlja transmission line, which will strengthen the option is not limited to the territory of Montenegro, there is transmission line network of Montenegro. With the con- the need to reach an agreement on the division of potential struction of the submarine cable, Montenegro will become of the river Ćehotina with the Republic of Srpska. an important energetic transit route.  HPP Kruševo (Piva) and HPP Boka (Trebišnjica) Construction Project Generally speaking, Montenegro is a country which has not These are also two potential construction candidates. How- used even half of its energy potentials, especially in terms ever, their development is connected to specific issues relat- of hydropower, but also in exploitation of new energies – ed to the realization (space/influence on the environment solar, wind, and biomass. All these resources of Montene- in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the division of hydropower gro and other regional countries become more attractive potential of Bileća lake and HPP Kruševo) which need to be with the realization of investments in interconnective cable settled with the neighboring countries. between Montenegro and Italy. According to the Energy Development Strategy, special attention is dedicated to the development of sHPPs. So far, 4. THE INFLUENCE OF DEVELOPMENTS IN THE ENERGY quite a number of concession agreements have been signed SECTOR ON THE NUMBER OF STUDENTS ENROLLING IN (Table III), while bidding for concessions is under process for THE ENERGY STUDIES PROGRAMMES the construction of sHPPs on nine watercourses. Apart from using the hydropower potential, the Energy De- As already indicated, Montenegro has marked the energy velopment Strategy envisages the construction of the sec- sector as the crucial one in the economy on which the fu- ond block of TPP Pljevlja and exploitation of Maoče basin: ture development of Montenegrin society and the overall  TPP Pljevlja II Construction Project macroeconomic policy would be based. For this reason, the Based on the preliminary design, the capacity of the second reports about the projects in the energy sector that have block of Pljevlja TPP would be 220MW. The studies show started, or will soon start, their realization can be heard that there is a sufficient quantity of coal in this region (the from the media almost on a daily basis. furthest is the Otilovići Pit), while its realization would also This very fact is the reason why more and more young peo- solve the problem of the heating system of Pljevlja. ple enroll in the Energy Studies, specifically at the Faculty of  Maoče Project Electrical Engineering in Podgorica. Namely, at this faculty in Maoče project has as its goal to valorize the most significant Podgorica, from the year in which it was established, 1965, and, so far, the largest discovered natural, mineral resource until November 2013, the overall number of graduates of Montenegro. The draft of the Energy Development Strat- was 1061 at the Power Systems and Control Department egy of Montenegro by 2030 envisages two options for the (PSC), and 1154 at the Electronics, Telecommunications and TPP Maoče – construction of one block with the capacity of Computer Engineering Department (ETC) (Table IV). How- 350MW, i.e. two blocks with the overall capacity of 500MW ever, after opening the ETC (during the 1980s) mostly the (2x250 MW). Based on the existing documentation, it is es- more successful students (those with higher success scores timated that the overall geological coal reserves in Maoče from high school) enrolled in this department. This situation, nevertheless, has begun to change significantly during the recent years. Namely, students with significantly higher score index from high schools started to enroll in the PSC department during the last couple of years, which can best be seen from the number of students with the Luča diploma obtained after finishing the elementary and secondary school (Table V and VI). The Table VII shows the number of students graduated from the PSC department in the last couple of years. A constant increase in the number of students graduating from this department is evident [8]. The graphic representation of the number of enrolled students during the last couple of years in the PSC and ETC department at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering in Podgorica is shown in Figure 1.

During the course of studies, the PSC department of the Faculty of Electrical Engineering educates electrical engineers who acquire general knowledge in electrical engineering as well as practical know-how and skills in the field 108 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

nata koji završavaju studije Energetike [8]. Grafički prikaz broja upisanih studenata u posljednjih nekoliko godina na odsjeku EA i ETR na Elektrotehničkom fakultetu u Pod- gorici prikazan je na Slici 1.

U proteklim godinama problem zagađenja okoline i nedostatak energije povećali su interes za energetiku i sa njene druge projekcije – ekologije [5, 14]. Samim tim planiranje, izgradnja i funkcionisanje nekog energetskog objekta mora da zadovoljava i ekološke standarde i normative. Tu se prije svega misli na devastaciju životne sredine, migracije životinja i ljudi, promjenu prostornih planova i slično, kao i na zaštitu ljudi i životinja od nejoni- zujućeg zračenja (boravak ljudi i životinja u okolini energetskih objekata) [14].

Prema tome, i na osnovu ove priče, može se zaključiti da izgradnja, planiranje i upravljanje bilo kojim energetskim objektom mora okupiti veliki broj ljudi različitih struka. Znači, razvoj energetskog sektora ne može se zasnivati samo na stručnjacima iz oblasti energetike, već i na svim drugim kadrovima koji indirektno ili direktno imaju veze Odsjek za Energetiku i automatiku ETF-a, obrazuje ele- sa energetikom, pri čemu svi od nje imaju benefite. ktroinženjere koji u toku studija stiču opšta znanja iz elektrotehnike kao i praktična znanja i vještine iz oblasti ZAKLJUČAK energetike, ali i iz drugih srodnih disciplina. Inženjerska znanja u polju proizvodnje, prenosa, distribucije, konver- Za energetski sektor Crne Gore se može reći da je “obeća- zije i potrošnje električne energije su sve potrebnija, što na zemlja” – toliko prostora, neotkrivenog i slobodnog. zahteva sve veći broj dobro obučenih inženjera energeti- Sa druge strane, razvoj energetskog sektora omogućava ke. U zapadnom svijetu, potražnja za inženjerima ener- širinu i kreativnost, ali i brojne mogućnosti i obaveze za getike je značajno uvećana već duži niz godina, dok se ljude različitih struka. u poslednje vreme ovakav trend uočava i u našoj zemlji. U ovom radu dat je pregled hidro,termo i obnovljivog energetskog potencijala Crne Gore. Napravljen je pregled Energetika je jedna od najstabilnijih privrednih grana trenutnog stanja i planovi definisani strategijom razvoja koja iz decenije u deceniju zapošljava veliki broj elektro- energetike do 2030. godine. Poseban akcenat u radu dat inženjera, pružajući im stručne i naučne izazove, šansu za je analizi broja studenata koji upisuju studije Energetike uspešnu karijeru i veoma dobro plaćen posao. Međutim, na Elektrotehničkom fakultetu u Podgorici. Jasno je po- rad u bilo kojoj energetskoj kompaniji ne mogu da oba- kazano da podizanje svijesti u oblasti značaja energetike vljaju samo elektroinženjeri. Za uspješno funkcionisanje utiče na to da sve veći broj mladih ljudi u Crnoj Gori biva pojedinih sektora energetskih kompanija potrebna su i zainteresovan za pomenute studije. zanimanja drugih profila – ekonomije, prava, menadž- menta i slično. ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 109

surroundings of the energy facilities) [14]. Hence, based on what has been said, it can be concluded that the construction, planning and management of any energy facility calls for gathering a large number of people of various professions. Thus, the development of the enrgy sector cannot be based on the work of the experts from the energy field, rather on the work of all the other professionals who either indirectly or directly are related to the energy sector and benefit from it.

CONCLUSION

The energy sector of Montenegro could be labelled as the ”Promised land“ – with so much undiscovered and free space. From the other hand, the development of the energy sector provides space and creativity, as well as numerous possibilities and obligations for experts in different profes- and other related disciplines. The engineering knowledge sions. within the field of production, transmission, distribution, conversion and consumption of electrical energy are ever- This paper has given an overview of hydro, thermal, and so needed, which calls for a greater number of well-trained renewable energy potential of Montenegro. We have out- electrical engineers. In the western world, the demand for lined the current state of affairs and the plans defined by the the specialists in this field increased significantly during the Energy Development Strategy by 2030. Special reference in last couple of years, while, recently, this trend has been evi- this paper has been made to the number of students who dent in our country as well. enroll in the Energy Studies at the Faculty of Electrical En- gineering in Podgorica. It has clearly been shown that the The energy sector is one of the most stable branches of raise of awareness about the importance of energy encour- economy which has been employing a large number of ages an increasing number of young people in Montenegro electrical engineers for decades, providing them with pro- to become interested for the mentioned studies. fessional and scientific challenges, chance for a successful career, and a well-paid job. However, the work in any energy company cannot be done by the electrical engineers alone. For a successful functioning of certain sectors of these companies, other professional profiles are required, as well – those in the field of economics, law, management, and alike.

During the recent years, the issue of enviromental pollution and lack of energy has increased the interest for energy and its other projections – ecology [5, 14]. This means that planning, construction and functioning of any energy facility has to meet the ecological standards and norms. First of all, this refers to the devastation of the environment, animal and human migrations, change in spacial plans and alike, as well as to the protection of humans and animals from the non- ionizing radiation (the stay of people and animals within the 110 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

LITERATURA 7. Strategija razvoja energetike Crne Gore do 2025. godine, Bijela knjiga, Podgorica, decembar 2007. godine 1. Energetska politika Crne Gore oslanjajući se na lekcije 8. Strategija razvoja energetike Crne Gore do 2025. go- za oblikovanje održive budućnosti, Finalni izvještaj, de- dine, Knjiga D, Plan razvoja elektroenergetskog sistema cembar 2011. godine http://www.mek.gov.me/ministar- Republike Crne Gore (master plan), Institut za istraživa- stvo nja u energetici, ekologiji i tehnologiji, Energetski institut 2. Strategija razvoja energetike Crne Gore do 2030. godi- Hrvoje Požar, LJubljana, februar 2006 ne (Zelena knjiga – nacrt) 9. M. Ostojić, “Importance of water in terms of ener- 3. Energetska politika Crne Gore do 2030. godine, Mini- gy – Hydropower of Montenegro,” Svjetski dani nauke – starstvo ekonomije Crne Gore, Podgorica, februar 2011. Ministarstvo nauke Crne Gore u saradnji s UNESCO-om, godine Podgorica, novembar, 2013. godine. 4. Informacija o aktivnostima na pripremi Strategije ra- 10. U. Karadžić, R. Vukadinović, “Hidropotencijal Crne zvoja energetike Crne Gore do 2030. godine sa Strate- Gore – stanje, perspective iskorišćenja i zakonodavni škom procjenom uticaja na životnu sredinu okvir”, Energija, Ekonomija, Ekologija, Broj 1-2, pp. 157- 5. Informacija o aktivnostima na projektima valorizacije 161, mart, 2013. godine http://www.oie-res.me/ postojećih energetskih potencijala http://www.privre- 11. M. Ostojić, M. Ćalasan, B. Novosel, “Elektromagne- dnakomora.me/saopstenja/nacrt-strategije-razvoja- tno zračenje dalekovoda i trafostanica”, Časopis Pogled - -energetike-do-2030 Inženjerska komora Crne Gore, ISSN 2336-9175, jul 2013, 6. Podaci iz Studentske službe Elektrotehničkog fakulteta pp. 50-56. u Podgorici ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 111

REFERENCES White Paper, Podgorica, December 2007. 8. Energy Development Strategy of Montenegro by 2025, 1. The Energy Policy of Montenegro: Drawing on the Les- Book D, Plan for Electric Power System Development of sons to Shape a Sustainable Fututre, Final Report, Decem- Montenegro (Master Plan), Institute for Research in Energy, ber 2011. http://www.mek.gov.me/ministarstvo Ecology and Technology, Energy Institute “Hrvoje Požar”, 2. Energy Development Strategy of Montenegro by 2030 Ljubljana, February 2006. (Green Paper – Draft) 9. M. Ostojić, “Importance of Water in Terms of Energy – 3. The Energy Policy of Montenegro by 2030, Ministry of Hydropower of Montenegro,” World Science Day, Ministry Economy of Montenegro, Podgorica, February 2011. of Science of Montenegro in collaboration with UNESCO, 4. Information on the activities of preparing Energy Devel- Podgorica, November, 2013. opment Strategy by 2030 with the Strategic Environmental 10. U. Karadžić, R. Vukadinović, “Hydropower Potential of Impact Assessment Montenegro – Current state, Perspectives of Exploitation 5. Information on the activities related to the projects of and Legal Framework”, Energija, Ekonomija, Ekologija, Issue valorization of the current energy potentials http://www. 1-2, pp. 157-161, March, 2013. http://www.oie-res.me/ privrednakomora.me/saopstenja/nacrt-strategije-razvoja- 11. M. Ostojić, M. Ćalasan, B. Novosel, “Electromagnetic energetike-do-2030 Radiation of Transmission Lines and Substations”, Journal 6. Data obtained from the Office of the Registrar at the Fac- “Pogled” – Chamber of Engineering of Montenegro, ISSN ulty of Electrical Engineering in Podgorica. 2336-9175, July 2013, pp. 50-56. 7. Energy Development Strategy of Montenegro by 2025, 112 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

Ivan Vukčević Student Pravnog fakulteta Univerziteta Crne Gore

MLADI U CRNOJ GORI I REGIONU

Hvala vam za priliku da govorim o mladima u Crnoj Gori, jim se da je taj omjer prisutan i u drugim oblastima. njihovim problemima i načinima da se ti problemi riješe. Treće. Mladi su, kao i cijelo naše društvo duboko podije- Govoriću i o mladima u regionu jer napredak naših drža- ljeni. Umjesto da učimo na greškama starijih, mi ih pona- va u svim starosnim strukturama i oblastima nije moguć vljamo. U našem društvu, kao i među mladima ne postoji bez uspješne regionalne saradnje. Ta uspješna regional- podjela samo po jednom osnovu. Mi se dijelimo i regiona saradnja predstavlja mnogo više od slova na papiru nalno, i vjerski, i nacionalno, i politički. ili riječi zvaničnika o tome kako su bilateralni odnosi na visokom nivou. Kada kažem regionalno mislim na podjelu našeg društva na ljude koji žive na sjeveru, u centralnom dijelu i na jugu. Da bi postupno stigli do onoga što se zove kontinuirani Kao da nijesmo dovoljno mali, pa smo našli za shodno da napredak mladih, moramo se osvrnuti i na ono što mladi se podijelimo na još manje djelove što nas može učiniti rade i na ono što im sistem nudi. Zbog toga ću ja svoj jedino slabijim nego što jesmo. Iz tog razloga, svako od govor podijeliti na dva dijela. U prvom ću govoriti o mla- nas treba da voli svaki kamen ove gorde ljepotice. Dije- dima, a u drugom o sistemu. Konkretnije, predmet prvog limo se i vjerski. Ni većina naroda, ni duhovni poglavari, dijela biće samokritika, a drugog kritika. Da sve to ne bi ne shvataju suštinu vjerovanja, jer ono ne podrazumijeva bili opisi stanja, daću i neke predloge, jer, slika društava u sukobe, već razumijevanje. Kada je riječ o nacionalnim regionu je različita, ali vjerujem da su nam problemi isti podjelama, kada se predstavljate u Crnoj Gori, uz ime, i da u cilju njihovog rješavanja moramo uspostaviti dija- nekima je važna i nacionalnost. Crnogorac, Srbin, Bo- log, razmjenjivati iskustva kako bi našli načine i rješavali šnjak, Musliman, Hrvat ili Albanac? To je važno. O patrio- probleme. Ako tako budemo radili bićemo bliži evrop- tizmu, o tome koliko poštujemo sopstvenu državu, koliko skim vrijednostima i bićemo međusobno bliži. radimo za nju - ni pomena. A trebalo bi, jer, nije patriotizam kada glasno uzvikujete ime svoje zemlje, s jedne Ja tvrdim da mladi ljudi u mojoj državi treba da se mije- strane, a još manje kada ne poštujete državne simbole, s njaju. Pitate: zašto? druge strane. Patriotizam je kada u svakom trenutku raz- mišljamo kako možemo svojim radom da pomognemo Prvo. Slobodno vrijeme. Mladi u Crnoj Gori mnogo vole zemlji koju volimo. Na kraju, podjele koje su danas najvi- rituale u baštama kafića uz rješavanje globalnih tema. še promovisane su političke. Izgleda da je od važnosti da Govore u brojkama. Postavljaju pitanja:”Koliko je potro- li smo dio vladajuće koalicije ili opozicije. Od toga često šio/la te noći”, “Koliko koštaju ta kola, taj telefon?”. A o zavisi i naša promocija, napredovanje. Moramo priznati izložbama, predstavama i knjigama skoro ni riječi! Kao da - mi smo partitokratsko društvo i zato mladi teško uspi- je to nešto sporedno i nevažno, nešto što nije nužno za jevaju da budu vjesnici promjena, graditelji neke nove napredak kako mladih, tako i cijele zemlje. Tužno je što budućnosti, rušitelji starih, neispravnih stavova, oni sv- se slobodno vrijeme troši na besomučne sjedjeljke i što jesno prihvataju pogrešna shvatanja starijih, bez želje da se ne shvata da je racionalno iskorišteno vrijeme uslov za ih promijene. Ideja o građanskom društvu, društvu bez stvaranje uspješnog čovjeka. podjela, za mlade je samo ustavna norma, a ne cilj za koji se stalno treba boriti. Drugo. Mladi ne rade na sebi onda kada to od njih niko ne traži. Uzimam za primjer Škole retorike na FDES-u. Kada Govoreći o mladima, istakao sam da treba da se mi- bi pitali bivše polaznike za ocjenu ove škole, svaki će vam jenjaju, da put kojim idu nije dobar. Ipak, za napredak reći da je mnogo naučio i napredovao u govorništvu, što mladih, još važniji od njih je sistem. Sistem koji treba da mogu potvrditi i ličnim primjerom. Ja vas pitam:Koliko im ponudi obrazovanje, posao, jednake šanse. Sistemi polaznika ima Škola retorike u ovoj generaciji? Odgovor u zemljama regiona ne podstiču mlade da rade, već ih je 26. A broj studenata se u našoj zemlji je oko 30 000. sopstvenom politikom demotivišu. Da je tako, pokazaću Uzimajući u obzir ove podatke sasvim je jasno da je broj argumentima. 26 poraz kako naših studenata, tako i cijelog društva. Bo- ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 113

Ivan Vukčević Student at theLaw Faculty at University of Montenegro

The Young in Montenegro and in the Region

Thank you for the opportunity to talk about the young the Faculty of State and European Studies (FDES). If you people in Montenegro, their problems and the ways to asked former students about their opinion of the school, solve these problems. I will also talk about the young in each and every one would say that they learned a lot, the region, because the progress of our countries in all and advanced their rhetoric skills, which I could support age structures and areas is not possible without the suc- with my own example. I would like now to ask you how cessful regional cooperation. Such regional cooperation many attendants are there in the School this year. The presents much more than words on the paper or speech- answer is 26 only. Well, the number of students in our es of the officials discussing about the bilateral relations country is around 30,000! This information taken into ac- at a high level. count, it is clear that this number presents the failure of both the students and the entire society. I am afraid that In order to get to something that is called continuous this ration is present in other areas as well. progress of the young, we should take look at what the young people do and is offered to them by the system. Thirdly, the population of young people is divided, as Therefore, I will divide my speech into two parts. In the well as our society. Instead of learning on the mistakes first part, I will talk about the young, and in the second of previous generations, we repeat them. Our society, as one, I will refer to the system. More specifically, the sub- well as the young people, is divided on the regional, reli- jects of the first and the second part will be self-criticism gious, ethnic and political grounds. and criticism respectively. Not to make it all just the description of the situation, I will give some suggestions, When I mention regional division, I mean people who because the picture of the society in the region is taken live in the north, in the central and in the southern part differently, but I believe that the problems are similar of the country. As if our country is not small enough so and that in order to solve them we need to establish the we deem necessary to get it divided into even smaller dialogue, exchange the experience in order to find ways parts, which only makes us weaker than we are. Exactly and solve the problems. In such a way, we will be closer for our proud beautiful country being small, each of us to the European values and we will be closer to each should love every stone of it. We are also divided on the other. religions grounds. The majority of the population and the spiritual leaders do not understand the essence of I suggest that the young people in my country should religion and that it does not imply conflicts, but under- change. If you ask me why, then: standing. When it comes to ethnic division, whenever you introduce yourself in Montenegro, in addition to the First to mention the free time. The young in Montene- name, some people consider your ethnic background as gro are fond of the rituals in the outdoor cafes, where very important. Montenegrin, Serb, Bosnian, Muslim, they enjoy themselves and solve global issues. They talk Croat or Albanian? That is what matters. The issue of pa- about numbers. They ask questions: “How much did he/ triotism, the fact how much we respect our country and she spend during that evening”, “How much does a car, how much we work for it get no mention. They should, or a telephone cost?” They almost never mention exhibi- because it is not patriotism when you loudly call out the tions, performances or books!, as if it is something irrel- name of your country on the one hand, and do not re- evant or not important, or something that is not needed spect the state symbols on the other hand. Patriotism is for the advancement of both the young and the whole if ,in every moment of our life, we think in which way we country. The sad thing is that they spend their time on can help the country we love. Finally, political divisions pointless sitting, and that they do not understand that are the most pronounced ones today . It seems to be im- rationally spent time is the prerequisite for creation of a portant whether you belong to the ruling coalition or to successful person. the opposition. Very often, it influences our promotion and progress. We have to admit that we are partytocrat- Secondly, the young do not improve their skills if they ic society and that is why the young cannot herald the are not required. Take, for example, School of Rhetoric at changes and be the creators of the future, destroyers of 114 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

Prvo. Obrazovni sistem, kao što znamo, obrazovni sistem društvu. Brojka nezaposlenosti raste, a obrazovni nivo je je važan temelj svake države. Bez njega, nema ni kvalite- sve viši. Akcije volontiranja pripravnika su na određeno tnih kadrova u zdravstvu, upravi, biznisu i svim drugim vrijeme dobre, ali kratkoročne i nedovoljne. Treba nam oblastima koje su neophodne za razvoj države. Na kojem zaposlenje u privredi koja je zdrava, kroz strana ulaganja su stupnju razvijenosti obrazovni sistemi u Hrvatskoj, Sr- i u okviru zajedničkih projekata u regionu i zajedničkih biji, BiH, Makedoniji, Sloveniji i Crnoj Gori? Na niskom. nastupa na Trećim tržištima. U protivnom, prihodi će biti Kako ću ovo dokazati? Opštepoznatom činjenicom koja manji, a budžet sve ranjiviji. glasi da među prvih 400 univerziteta na svijetu nema ni- jednog sa naših prostora. Ovaj je podatak poražavajući Da moja priča ne bi bila opis trenutnog stanja, daću i kon- za prostore koji su dali velike umove kao što su Tesla, An- kretne predloge da se postojeće stanje poboljša. Tražim drić, Njegoš, Krleža i drugi. Zbog ovog podatka ljudi napu- od vas, starijih i odgovornijih, da osmislite zajedničke štaju zemlju u potrazi za boljim. Ne zato što ne vole svoju projekte kojima ćete otvoriti nova radna mjesta, da ob- zemlju, već zato što im ona nije dala dovoljno prostora novite privredne veze koje smo ranije imali i učinite ih još da se ostvare i pokažu šta mogu. No, nameće se još va- jačim. To će biti najbolja potvrda saradnje i prevencija su- žnije pitanje, kakvi mladi ljudi odlaze? Odgovor je: naj- koba koji su se dogodili 90- ih godina. Samo ekonomskim bolji. Kao što reče Balašević: “Bajke da na kraju najbolji razvojem možemo da zamijenimo “višak istorije” koji do- ostaju kod razumnih ne prolaze”. Iz tog razloga, neopho- kazujem činjenicom da smo moj đed, otac, stariji brat i dno je poboljšati kvalitet nastavnog kadra, učiniti plan i ja rođeni u četiri različite države. Ja sam rođen 1994. kad program rada boljim i uskladiti ga sa našim potrebama. je nestajala bivša država i nedavno sam postao punolje- Ne forsirati Bolonju i prolaznost po svaku cijenu ako ni- tan. Vjerujem da punoljetstvo u odnosima između država jesu potkrijepljeni znanjem. Učešće visokoobrazovanih regiona moraju opravdati stariji zvanicnici svojom zrelo- od 30%- 40% u ukupnom broju stanovnika neće značiti šću i stabilnošću. Vjerujem da punoljetstvo po godinama ništa ako te diplome ne oslikavaju znanje. Isto tako, ne mora opravdati i moja generacija, i to mukotrpnim ra- možemo se dičiti inflacijom magistara ili doktora nauka. dom, pružanjem ruke jedni drugima i korišćenjem svake Naprotiv, stotine njih na zavodu za zapošljavanje su mje- šanse za saradnju koju sistem pruži. Jedino zajedničkim ra našeg neuspjeha u planiranju. naporima starijih i iskusnijih, s jedne strane, i mlađih, koji su najveća snaga jedne države, s druge strane, možemo Drugo. Zapošljavanje, kao gorući problem mladih. Ne ostvariti uspješnu regionalnu saradnju i na taj način do- studiramo valjda da bi poboljšali kvalifikacionu struk- prinijeti razvoju svake od zemalja pojedinačno. turu butika, već da bi ostvarili sebe i tako dali doprinos ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 115 the old, defective attitudes. The consciously accept the be proud of the inflation of masters and doctors of sci- misconceptions of the older generations, without any ence. On the contrary, hundreds of them registered with desire to change them. The idea of the civil society, a the Employment Agency is the indicator of our failure in society without divisions for the young is just a constitu- planning. tional norm; it is not the objective to fight for. Secondly, employment as the burning problem of the Speaking of young people, I have mentioned that they young generation. I do not think we study in order to im- should change and that the way they follow is not a good prove the knowledge structure of boutiques, but in order one. However, what is needed for the progress of young to realize our ambitions and in this way to contribute to people and what is even more important is the system the society. The unemployment rate rises while the level itself. The system that should provide education, jobs of education is getting higher. Trainees’ volunteering is a and equal opportunities. The systems in the countries good thing for a definite period, but it is a short-term and of the region do not encourage the young to work, but insufficient solution. We need jobs in a sound economy,, demotivate them with their own policies. I will support it through foreign investments and within joint regional through arguments. projects and joint presence at the third markets. Other- wise, the income will be lower, and the budget all the Firstly, as we all know, the educational system is an im- more vulnerable. portant basis of any state. Without a good educational system, we can not have high-quality professionals in Not to make this speech just a description of the - cur health care, administration, business and all other fields rent situation, I will provide particular proposals how to that are necessary for the development of the country. improve the existing situation. I demand you the seniors What is the development level of educational systems and more responsible ones, to come up with the com- in Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, mon projects that will create new jobs, to resume eco- Slovenia and Montenegro? Very low. How shall I support nomic relations that we used to have and to make them the statement? With the well-known fact that among even stronger. That will be the best proof of cooperation first 400 universities in the world there is not any from and prevention of conflicts similar to those that took the region. This data is embarrasing for the countries place in the 90-s. Only with the economic development which gave to the mankind such great minds as Tesla, can we replace the “excess of history”, which I am illus- Andric, Njegos, Krleza and others. This is the reason why trating with the fact that my grandfather, father, older people leave the country in search of better fortune. Not brother and I were born in four different countries. I was because they do not love their country, but because it did born in 1994, when the former country was disappearing not give them enough chances to realize their potential. and I have recently reached the full age. I believe that However, there is even more important question, what the full age in the relations between the countries of this kinds of young people leave the country? The answer is: region should be proved by the maturity and stability of the best. As Balasevic says: “The fairy tales saying that, in older officials. I also believe that my generation should the end, the best people stay do not work with the intel- prove that they are of full age by their engagement in ligent people”. For this reason, it is necessary to improve hard work, giving a hand to each other and taking ev- the competences of teachers, enhance the curricula, and ery cooperation opportunity offered by the system. Only bring them in line with our needs. We should not “push” through taking advantage of the joint efforts of the elder Bologna and exam pass rate by all means if they are not and more experienced, on the one hand, and the young- substantiated by knowledge. The share of 30% - 40% of er ones as being the biggest strength of the state, on the highly educated people in the total number of popula- other hand, can we achieve a successful regional coop- tion does not mean anything if the diplomas are not ac- eration and thus contribute to the development of each companied by knowledge. At the same time, we can not country separately. 116 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE SPECIJALNI GOST SPECIAL GUEST STJEPAN MESIĆ Bivši Predsjednik Republike Hrvatske Former President of Republic of Croatia

Stjepan Mesić Bivši Predsjednik Republike Hrvatske Former President of Republic of Croatia 118 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

Stjepan Mesić Bivši Predsjednik Republike Hrvatske

Pogled na europsku uniju s Balkana

Uvaženi gosti i uzvanici, pitanje nije li političko ujedinjavanje Europe plemenit gospođe i gospodo, i svake hvale vrijedan cilj, dok je njezino monetarno ujedinjavanje bilo preuranjeno. Kažem: o svemu se može raspravljati, pa i o tome. Baš kao i o tome, po- Rado prihvaćam svaku priliku da iznesem svoje viđe- stoji li zaista zamor od proširivanja, ili je to tek prazna nje odnosa regije u kojoj smo smješteni – jugoistočne politička floskula. Europe – prema ujedinjenoj Europi i vrijednostima te Europe u pogledu ljudskih prava, pravednosti, demo- Ponovit ću još jednom: mi trebamo Europu, ali i Eu- kracije, javne politike kao i svih pitanja koja se tiču su- ropa treba nas. A ujedinjena Europa neće biti doista života ljudi. ujedinjena bez zemalja svojega jugoistoka. To je nešto, što Europa ne smije zaboraviti. Stoga sam se opredijelio za to da i danas ovdje s vama podijelim neka svoja razmišljanja na tu temu. Prije Naravno, regija ne očekuje prilikom svojega ulaska u svega želio bih se koncentrirati na pitanje kako vidim Uniju nikakav popust, nikakve povlastice. zemlje regije na njihovome putu prema Uniji, jesu li Europska unija danas je najelitniji gospodarsko-politič- one na tome putu rivali ili saveznici, ili možda i jedno, ki klub koji ima svoje standarde i pravila, svoja civiliza- i drugo. cijska dostignuća kojih se svi trebaju pridržavati.

Počet ću s konstatacijom u koju duboko vjerujem. Eu- Dapače, moramo biti svjesni toga da su u međuvreme- ropsko je ujedinjavanje milenijski pothvat, a ujedinje- nu neki kriteriji i pooštreni, da se od nas traži u nekim na Europa nije samo naša želja, nego i naša sudbina. segmentima i više, no što se tražilo od zemalja koje su To je osnova mojega razmišljanja. se pridruživale Uniji proteklih godina. Hrvatska je to No, ići ću i dalje. Evropsko ujedinjavanje ne može biti iskusila na „vlastitoj koži“. završeno, ako ne obuhvati i zemlje jugoistoka Evrope, i to sve njih. Kažem: svjesni smo toga i ne možemo poricati Uniji pravo određivanja kriterija za članstvo, mada postoja- Nema nikakve logike, ni političke, ni ekonomske, da nje dvostrukih mjerila ne bi bilo dobro za vjerodostoj- se proces evropskoga ujedinjavanje koji je tako daleko nost Unije, niti bi pomoglo stupnju podrške za ulazak odmakao, na bilo kojem stupnju odjednom zaustavlja i u Uniju građana zemalja – pretendenata na članstvo. da se njegovi protagonisti zadovolje s time da su nešto započeli, ali da to nisu bili sposobni završiti. Siguran A sada riječ – dvije o nama, o zemljama regije. Što smo sam da većina relevantnih političkih čimbenika u Euro- mi jedni drugima na našemu evropskome putu? pi to zna. Ako neki u ovome trenutku možda i ne znaju, siguran sam da će kad-tad shvatiti. Jesmo li rivali, jesmo li čak protivnici, jesmo li saveznici, ili tek suputnici? Govorim to itekako svjestan problema u kojima se naš- la Europska unija. Moj je odgovor jasan: mi jesmo, mi možemo biti i mi moramo biti samo i isključivo saveznici. Za mene tu Previše je investirano, u svakome pogledu, u projekt nikakve dileme nema, niti je može biti. evropskoga ujedinjavanja, a da bi bilo tko smio preuzeti rizik njegovoga dovođenje u pitanje. Zaustavljanje Smatram, naime, da bismo se, i to svi, mada svaki svo- proširivanja bilo bi jednako dovođenju u pitanje cijelo- jom brzinom i u skladu sa svojim postignućima, trebali ga projekta i njegovoga koncepta. Uniji pridružiti što prije i što brže.

Pri čemu su sva pitanja otvorena za raspravu – pa čak i Znači: svaka će zemlja biti primljena onda, kada zado- ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 119

Stjepan Mesić Former President of the Republic of Croatia

View of the European Union from the Balkans

Distinguished guests and guests of honor, the enlargement would be equal to questioning both ladies and gentleman, the whole project and the project concept.

I am always keen to accept an opportunity to express Simultaneously, all the matters stand open for discus- my observation of relations between the region we sion - even the one of whether the political integra- live in, namely Southeast Europe, and the integrated tion of Europe is a generous and highly commendable Europe and Europe’s values such as those concerning goal, while the monetary integration was too early. I human rights, equity, democracy, public policy and all am saying actually that everything is debatable, and matters touching the co-existence of people. event that too. Exactly as it is the case with that, whether there is enlargement fatigue taking place, or Therefore, I have opted for sharing with you - here it also is an empty political phrase. and today - some of my deliberations on the topic. First of all, I wish to focus on the matter of how I see I will repeat once again: we need Europe and the Eu- the regional countries on their road to the European rope needs us likewise. Moreover, the integrated Eu- Union and whether, on their way thereto, they are ri- rope will not be integrated indeed without the south- vals or allies, or maybe both. eastern countries. That is something that Europe must not forget. I am going to start with a conclusion that I firmly believe in. The European integration is a millennium Naturally, when joining the Union, the region does project, and the integrated Europe is not only our not expect ether any exceptions or any preferences. wish but also it is our destiny. That is the foundation of my deliberation. Nowadays, the European Union is the most exclusive economic and political club following their standards However, I am going to proceed even further. The and rules and their civilization accomplishments with European integration cannot be completed if it does which everybody must comply. not embrace also the Southeast European countries, namely all of them. Yet, we have to be aware of the fact that some criteria have been tightened meanwhile, that we are re- There is no logic, either political or economic, that the quired to do - in some segments - even more than process of the European integration - which has got other countries that have joined the European Union as far as it is -stops suddenly at any level and that in previous years so far were required to do. Croatia its protagonists are satisfied with something that they experienced that „personally“. commenced but they have not been able to complete. I am sure that the majority of relevant European po- I am actually saying that we are aware of that and we litical factors know that. However, if some of them do cannot deny the Union’s right to set criteria for the not know that at the moment, I am certain they will membership, although the existence of double stan- realize that sooner or later. dards would make neither any good to the Union’s credibility, nor any help to the level of the EU acces- I am telling this being indeed to a great degree aware sion support provided to the citizens of the countries of the problems in the middle of which the European pretending to be member ones. Union found themselves. Now, a couple of words about us, actually about the To many investments have been made - in all respects regional countries. What are we to each other on our - in the European integration project to find anybody European road? daring to undertake a risk of challenging it. Stopping 120 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

volji postavljene kriterije, kada ispuni propisane stan- trebi suočavanja s istinom o prošlosti, s punom isti- darde. nom, ma kakva ona bila i usprkos tome što je to suoča- vanje nerijetko i bolno. Ulazeći kratko u vrlo blizu povijest, moram reći kako je Isto tako inzistirao sam i na borbi protiv povijesnog tokom naših pristupnih pregovora s Unijom i u Hrvat- revizionizma kakav je bio i još je i danas na djelu u skoj bilo pojedinaca i minornih skupina koji su poku- državama naše regije. Jedno su ekscesi neofašista i šavale uvjeriti najprije sebe, a potom i cijeli svijet da neonacista. Njih ima posvuda. I tako dugo dok ih drža- Hrvatska ne pripada regiji i da mi sa zemljama regije va sankcionira, mi nismo izašli iz okvira normale. No, nemamo ama baš ništa zajedničkoga. Neistina i glu- kada država počne takve ekscese tolerirati, vrijeme je post je i jedno, i drugo. da se zvoni na uzbunu. Jer, koketiranjem s takvim po- javama ne stječe se evropska legitimacija. Mi smo tu – gdje jesmo i naši su susjedi tu, pri čemu ne mislim samo na one neposredne. To je naprosto či- Moram otvoreno reći da hrvatska država koja je u svo- njenica. jem Ustavu zapisala antifašizam kao jedan od svojih temelja, nije u pravome trenutku dovoljno odlučno Baš kao što je i činjenica da zemlje regije povezuje reagirala, kada su civilizacijske vrijednosti antifašizma gotovo sedam desetljeća zajedničke povijesti u 20. bile ugrožene. stoljeću, kao i dugotrajne veze koje su uspostavljane i njegovane usprkos pripadnosti različitim civilizacij- Usprkos nedavnoj nesretnoj prošlosti nema osnova da skim krugovima. Danas, povezuju nas naše evropske se dovodi u pitanje mogućnost, ni utemeljenost du- ambicije i aspiracije. Naglašavam ovo: povezuju nas, goročne i konstruktivne suradnje u regiji. Upravo su- jer znam kako neki tvrde da su zemlje regije u ostva- protno. Zemlje regije upućene su jedna na drugu – iz rivanju tih ambicija protivnici. To odlučno odbacujem. mnogo razloga koje sada ovdje neću šire obrazlagati. Kao protivnici mi bismo jedni druge usporavali, ometa- li i sprečavali, a to nikome ne bi koristilo. Osnovno je shvatiti, da što bolje i više surađujemo bit ćemo poželjnije članice Europske unije. Kao saveznici mi se možemo uzajamno pomagati, raz- Mi moramo surađivati, mi moramo biti saveznici, uspr- mjenjivati iskustva i spoznaje. kos povremenim negativnim iskustvima iz prošlosti. Mi možemo samo zajedno, dakle u suradnji, napredo- Na zemljama je regije da se spreme i pripreme, a na vati brže i uspješnije prema članstvu u Europskoj uniji. Evropi je da to prepozna i vrednuje. I samo u suradnji možemo Europi dati onaj doprinos što ga ona od nas s pravom očekuje. Na nama je isto tako da strpljivo, ali i odlučno raz- građujemo tkivo nacionalističke uskogrudnosti, povi- Bit ćemo dio napora da cijela Europa postane, bez bri- jesnih mitova, te starih, kao i novovjekih predrasuda sanja nacionalnih posebnosti, bez negiranja današnjih uvjetovanih politikom i dnevnim političkim potreba- država, jedan jedinstveni prostor na kojemu će vrije- ma. diti ista regulativa i u kojemu će svaki narod živjeti u ukupnosti svojega kulturnog korpusa. Na Evropi je da nam u tome pomaže - upozoravajući, kritizirajući, pa ponekada čak i uvjetujući. Uspostavit ćemo skladno jedinstvo različitosti u kojemu će zapravo svaka nacija biti manjina i u kojemu će Činjenica je da živimo u postkonfliktnom društvu, po- današnje nacionalne manjine napokon postati ono što slije ratova za koje ključnu odgovornost snosi Slobo- bi i trebale biti – mostovi spajanja i povezivanja. Je li dan Milošević i njegov režim. to utopija? Siguran sam da nije.

No, činjenica je: da su zločini počinjeni na svim stra- U povijesti je bilo više pokušaja ujedinjavanja Euro- nama. Zločine su počinili konkretni ljudi pa se krivnja pe, ali kroz osvajanja, silom i u interesu onoga ili onih mora individualizirati. Samo individualizacija krivnje koji su silom raspolagali. Europska unija prvi je projekt oslobađa kolektivitete odgovornosti. evropskoga ujedinjavanja koji se ostvaruje na osnovi interesa svih koji u njemu sudjeluju i na osnovi demo- Narodi nisu krivi i ne mogu biti krivi. Pojedinci i skupi- kratski izražene volje većine u državama sudionicima. ne – mogu i jesu. To ga čini tako jedinstvenim i tako dragocjenim.

S time se moramo suočiti, to moramo prihvatiti, ako A ono što ga čini tako potrebnim, pa i nezaobilaznim, želimo surađivati na našem evropskome putu. to je činjenica da će samo ujedinjena Europa moći biti pravi i punopravni partner Sjedinjenim Američkim Dr- Ne bez razloga uporno sam godinama inzistirao na po- žavama danas, a Rusiji, Kini, Indiji, Brazilu i drugim ve- ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 121

Whether we are rivals; whether we are even oppo- on all sides. The crimes were committed by particular nents; whether we are either allies, or we are just fel- persons, so the guilt must be individualized. However low travelers only? again, the individualization of guilt releases from col- lective responsibility. My answer is clear: we are, we can be and we must be allies only and exclusively. For me, there is no a Nations are not guilty and may no be guilty. Individu- dilemma in this, neither can it be. als and groups could be and they are guilty.

My opinion, namely, is that we - all of us, while each That is what we must face, that is what we must ac- of us at and in harmony with our own paces and accept if we wish to cooperate while traveling along our complishments respectively – should join the Union road to Europe. as fast and as soon as possible. Not without a reason and for years I have used to Meaning that each country will be admitted at a time urge the need of facing the truth about the past, i.e. it has both fulfilled the required criteria and met the the whole truth regardless of what it was and despite prescribed standards. such facing is sometimes painful.

If we go, for a short, back to our very recent history, Likewise, I have urged also the need to fight against we have to say that during our accession negotiations historical revisionism that used to be and it is still with the Union there were, even in Croatia, individu- active in our regional countries. One side of the coin als and minor groups attempting to convince them- are the outrages of neo-fascists and neo-nacists. They selves first and than the whole world that Croatia did are everywhere. As long as the government sanctions not belong to the region and that we did not have them, we are not out of the normal course. However, anything at all in common with the regional countries. as soon as the government starts tolerating such out- Both are the untruth and the nonsense. rages, it is the time to sound alarm bells. This because flirting with such occurrences does not acquire We are here - where we are – and our neighbors are the European legitimacy. here; and I do not refer only to the immediate ones. It is simply a fact. I have to say frankly that the Croatian State - with the Exactly as it is a fact that the regional countries are Constitution comprising the inscribed antifascism as tied by almost seven decades of shared history during one of the fundamental principle - did not react deci- the 20th century, and the long-lasting relations that sively enough and at the right time when civilization were established and cherished despite the affilia- values of antifascism were endangered. tion with different civilization circles. Nowadays, we are related to each other by our European ambitions Even with recent miserable past, there is no ground and aspirations. I am stressing that we are related to to question either the possibility or the reasonable each other, because I know that the few assert that foundation for long-lasting and constructive coopera- the regional countries are opponents in accomplish- tion in the region. Quite the contrary. The regional ing the said ambitions. I refuse decisively to acknowl- countries are related to each other due to numerous edge that. As opponents, we would slow down, hin- reasons that I will not explain in details now. der and prevent each other, which would be of good to nobody. The essence is to understand that as better and more we cooperate, more desirable as the EU member As allies, we can assist each other, exchange experi- states we will be. ence and knowledge. We must cooperate; we must be allies, despite occa- It is up to the regional countries to be willing and sional negative experience in the past. Only if we are get ready, and not to Europe to recognize and assess together, meaning if we cooperate, we can progress them. faster and more successfully to the EU membership. It is only through cooperation that we can give Europe It is up to us also to disintegrate patiently, but deci- the contribution that Europe is entitled to expect us sively , the tissue of nationalistic narrow-mindedness, to give. historical myths and fears, as well as new-age preju- dices induced by politics and daily political needs. We are going to be a part of endeavors to make whole Europe become - without abandoning our national It is up to Europe to assist us, through reminding and features, without denying the existing countries – one criticizing us and, sometimes, through posing require- and single space within which the same regulations ments to us. will be applicable and within which each nation will live inside their respective cultural corpus totalities. It is a fact that we live in the post-conflict society, after experiencing wars for which the key accountability We are going to establish a harmonized diversity is on Slobodan Milošević and his regime. union within which actually each nation will be minor- ity and within which the current national minorities However ,a fact is also that crimes were committed will finally become what they would and should be, 122 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

likim akterima međunarodne scene – sutra. Naime, u Uniji sve će zemlje otvoriti svoje granice pa će pripadnici svakog naroda bez obzira s koje strane Zemlje regije, zemlje jugoistočne Europe u tome pro- granice bili, živjeti u svom ukupnom kulturnom korpu- jektu moraju sudjelovati - ako im je stalo do toga da su. osiguraju vlastitu budućnost. A tu će budućnost moći osigurati samo u uzajamnoj suradnji, samo kao save- Zato i kažem: na putu prema Evropskoj uniji zemlje re- znici. gije moraju se ponašati i djelovati kao saveznici, čak neovisno o tome sviđa li se to njima, ili ne. One moraju Europska unija je milenijski projekt koji ekonomski biti saveznici, ako su odlučile – a jesu - svoje sutra gra- osnažuje sve zemlje članice, što je vrlo važno za sve, ali diti u ujedinjenoj Europi. od posebne je važnosti što udružena Europa isključuje rat kao političko sredstvo. Hvala! ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 123 i.e. they will become bridges that joint and connect. they can ensure only through mutual cooperation Is it a utopia? I am sure it is not. and only as allies.

Over the history, several attempt to integrate Europe The European Union is the millennium project that took place, but through conquering, by force and in strengthens economically all members states, which the interest of the one or of the ones that used the is of paramount importance to the all, with particular force. The European Union is the first project of the importance belonging to the fact that integrated Eu- European integration that is both implemented based rope excludes warfare as an instrument of the politics. on the interests of the all that take part in it and grounded in democratically expressed will of the ma- Namely, inside the Union, all countries will open their jority in the participating countries. That makes the respective borders so the members of each nation – project be that unique and that valuable. regardless on which side of the borders they are – will live inside their respective cultural corpus totalities. What makes it that necessary, and even unavoidable, is the fact that only integrated Europe could be the Therefore, I am saying: on the road toward the Euro- right counterpart to the United States of America to- pean Union, the regional countries must behave and day, and to Russia, China, India, Brasil and to other big act as allies regardless of whether they like it or not. actors on the international scene tomorrow. They must be allies if they decided – and they have already – to build their future within the integrated The regional countries, i.e. the Southeast Europe Europe. countries must take part in the Project if it is important to them to ensure their own future. That future Thank you! 124 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

Zašto je u svjetskim diskursima Balkan stereotipiziran? Zašto Why is the Balkans stereotyped in global discourses? Why is the je pojam Balkan sinonim za ekonomsku nerazvijenost, nerad, term Balkan synonymous with the economic underdevelopment, nasilje, nered, podvale, podmićivanje, neefikasnost, primi- idleness, violence, disorder, deceits, bribery, inefficiency, primi- tivizam i zaostalost? Da li je, kako neki tvrde, poslije raspada tivism and backwardness? Is a disdain for the Balkans, as some Jugoslavije, jedna od rijetkih stvari koja je ostala zajednička claim, after the breakup of Yugoslavia, one of the few things that državama nastalim na njenom tlu, bio prezir prema Balkanu? remained common for the states born on its land? Was it the Da li je on žrtva neopravdane i nepravedne široke generalizaci- victim of unjustified and unfair broad generalization? je? Certainly, the conflicts in the region, their cruelty and conse- Svakako da su sukobi na ovim prostorima, njihova surovost i quences, in the historical existence of the Balkans, traumatized posledice, u istorijskom trajanju Balkana, traumatizovali kako their own people and the world public, and the responsibility for sopstvene narode tako i svjetsku javnost, i odgovornosti za sve all that is not missing and no one will abolish anyone from it. to ne nedostaje i niko nikoga od nje neće abolirati. The Balkan countries have the potential for development and co- Balkanske države imaju potencijal razvoja i saradnje u svim operation in all fields, starting from science and culture to poli- oblastima, počev od nauke i kulture do politike i ekonomije. tics and economics. They have the ability to identify the fields of Imaju sposobnost prepoznavanja polja svojih vrlina i mana, their strengths and weaknesses, and the possibility to affirm the i mogućnost afirmacije istovjetnosti ali i čitavog spektra identity and the entire spectrum of diversities as special values različitosti kao posebne vrijednosti zajedničkog života odnosno of co-existence. The multi-ethnicity, multi-culturalism and multi- suživota. Multietničnost, multikulturalnost i multikonfesional- confessionallity, perceived as an advantage and opportunity, nost shvaćeni kao prednost i šansa, uz svijest o neophodnosti with an awareness of the necessity of cooperation, will trans- saradnje, pojedinačni interes o ekonomskom prosperitetu form the individual interest of economic prosperity into the com- pretočiće u zajednicki interes opšteg dobra. mon interest of the common good. Prostor postoji. Nove ideje su uvijek podsticajne. Uslov je da su The space exists. New ideas are always stimulating. The condi- neke važne lekcije iz prošlosti naučene. tion is that some important lessons from the past were learnt. ekonomija zemalja regiona regional economy Panel IV kako osnažiti postojeće veze zemalja balkana How to strengthen the existing ties of the Balkan countries

Stanko Zloković Radoje Žugić Predsjednik Odbora direktora Jadranskog Ministar finansija u Vladi Crne Gore brodogradilišta Bijela Minister of Finance in the Government of Montenegro President of the Board of Directors of the Adriatic Shipyard Bijela

Igor Lukšić Milan Lakićević Potpredsjednik i Ministar vanjskih poslova i Direktor Poreske uprave Crne Gore evropskih integracija u Vladi Crne Gore Director of the Department of Vice President and Minister of Foreign Affairs and Public Revenues of Montenegro European Integration in the Government of Montenegro

Ivan Simič Direktor Poreske uprave Republike Srbije i Predsjednik Evropske organizacije poreskih uprava IOTA Director of the Tax Administration of the Republic of Serbia and President of IOTA 126 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

Potpredsjednik i Ministar vanjskih poslova i Dr Igor Lukšić evropskih integracija u Vladi Crne Gore

Ekonomija Crne Gore – Saradnjom do prosperiteta

Dozvolite mi najprije da vas sve pozdravim i zahvalim sve resurse kojima raspolažemo. Privrednoj komori na pozivu da učestvujem na jednom ovakvom panelu, kao i da čestitam na jako dobro orga- Kada govorimo o potrebi dalje saradnje zemalja regiona nizovanoj Konferenciji i vjerujem jako dobro tempiranoj, ili ovih šest zemalja koje još nijesu u EU, a sve su istakle s obzirom na sve izazove pred kojima se nalaze zemlje za ambiciju da budu članice EU, tada treba da postavi- regiona. Posebno bih pohvalio odabir teme konferencije. mo, čini mi se, tri pitanja. Jedno je: zašto, mada vjerujem da je na to pitanje najlakše odgovoriti, potrebno je Nikad ne možete reći da je dovoljno saradnje i zajedničk- pojasniti šta to nije i, svakako, naglasiti šta to jeste da bi og rada, regionalne saradnje, povezivanja, traženja odgo- do kraja imali puno razumijevanje ili da bi do kraja mogli vora kako na najbolji mogući, najefikasniji, najefektivniji definisati kvalitetan pristup saradnji u budućem periodu. način odgovoriti na izazove koji se postavljaju pred svaku To, naravno, ne znači da u prethodnom periodu nijesmo pojedinačnu zemlju, u ovom slučaju Crnu Goru i njeno imali saradnju. Mislim da jesmo, ali mi se čini da je ak- neposredno susjedstvo. U tom kontekstu, vjerujem da tuelni trenutak takav da treba svi na kreativan način da živimo u vremenu u kojem svaku temu o kojoj govorimo doprinesemo takvom cilju. Posmatrajući zemlje Zapa- možemo povezati sa ekonomskim pitanjima, ekonom- dnog Balkana, koje još nijesu u EU, a na nivou su tržišta skim problemima. od recimo 20 miliona eura, to je manje od rumunskog tr- žišta ili polovina poljskog tržišta, tako da je samo po sebi Dakle, nadam se da smo u periodu kada smo za sobom neophodno raditi na dizajniranju različitih mehanizama ostavili kao društvo, rekao bih, neke strateške dileme, saradnje i krajnje pragmatično pristupiti suočavanju sa mislim da je danas tih strateških dilema jako malo i da takvim jednim izazovom. Mislim da je lajtmotiv ove kon- ih uopšte više nema i da sve ono što radimo kroz dnevni ferencije dobar odgovor na pitanje: zašto regionalna sa- angažman, odnosno kroz sprovođenje jedne srednjoroč- radnja? Mislim da je potreba za uočavanjem trenutka u no-dugoročne vizije ima osnovni cilj, a to je poboljšanje kojem u narednih sedam – osam godina najmanje neće životnog standarda, stvaranje uslova da svako ko čini doći do daljeg proširenja EU naglašava potrebu da taj pe- naše društvo zaista bude zadovoljan ili percipira da po- riod iskoristimo na najbolji mogući način. Svaka od zema- stoje šanse koje odgovaraju njegovom profilu, koje može lja ima svoj individualni pristup, ima svoj put. Crna Gora iskoristiti. Vjerujem da je obaveza svih nas koji se bavimo će otvoriti poglavlja 23 i 24, suočavajući se na taj način javnim poslom da dnevno pokušamo angažovati resurse sa ključnim izazovima koje evropski standardi postavlja- kako bi te obaveze shvatili na taj način i kako bi takav am- ju pred nas, a to je izgradnja vladavine prava. Srbija će bijent iznova kreirali i takvom ambijentu davali impulse. otpočeti pregovore krajem idućeg mjeseca ili najkasnije u januaru, Albanija će dobiti status kandidata. Vjerujem, Kad govorimo o temi izlaganja ili preciznije onom što takođe, da druge zemlje regiona traže način kako da ubr- bi trebalo da bude moj doprinos, onda pod daljom in- zaju svoj evropski put, tako da bez obzira što svaka ze- tegracijom, ipak, vidim samo napore zemalja regiona mlja u regionu ima svoj individualni put, te probleme sa da se priključe EU odnosno NATO. Naravno, one zemlje kojima se suočava. Ono što treba razumjeti jeste da je koje su to profilisale kao svoj strateški cilj. Radije bih u najmanje sedam ili osam godina pred nama do narednog tom kontekstu govorio o nečemu što mislim da treba da proširenja i taj period treba, čini mi se, najracionalnije budu mehanizmi dalje regionalne saradnje kako bi iskori- moguće iskoristiti. Šta ovo nije? Ovo, svakako, nije obna- stili sve resurse i potencijale koje ovaj region ima. Zaista vljanje nekih državotvornih struktura iz ranijeg perioda, vjerujem da ovaj region, kao dio Evrope, ima ogromnu niti je to želja niti ima za tim potrebe. razvojnu mogućnost i vjerujem da je u narednom periodu potencijalni rast ovog regiona definitivno najveći u Kada sam naglasio da ovo svoje učešće u panelu vidim Evropi. U tom smislu, potrebno je definisati mehanizme kao doprinos produbljivanju ideja o regionalnoj saradnji, ili iskoristiti mehanizme konsultacija i koordinacija kada namjerno sam to postavio nasuprot onome što može biti su određene politike u pitanju, da bi zaista valorizovali izvedenica iz naslova dalje integracije. Dalja integracija ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 127

Vice President and Minister of Foreign Affairs and Igor Lukšić, PhD European Integration in theGovernment of Montenegro

Montenegrin Economy – Cooperating to Prosperity

First of all, let me greet all of you and express my grati- tential for growth of this region is definitely the highest tude to the Chamber of Economy for their invitation to in Europe. In that respect, there is a need to define the participate at this panel. I would also like to congratulate mechanisms or use consultations and coordination re- you on a very well organised conference and also a very garding some policies in order to make the best use of well-timed one, given all the challanges that the coun- all our resources. tries in the region face. I would especially like to compli- ment you on the selection of the topic of the conference. When we speak about the need for futrther cooperation among the countries in the region or these six coun- You can never say that there has been enough coopera- tries which are not in the EU yet, and they all accented tion, joint activities, regional cooperation, searching for their ambition to become EU members, it seems to me, answers how to in the best, most efficient and most -ef we need to ask three questions. One is: why, although fective way respond to challanges which are set before I believe this question is the easiest one to answer. It is each particular country, in this case before Montenegro important to clarify what it is and, of course, what it is and its immediate surrounding. In that context, we be- not, in order to have a full understanding by the end or lieve that we live in the time in which each topic we are to be able to define a good quality cooperation in the talking about may be related to economic issues, eco- future period. This, of course, does not mean that we nomic problems. did not have cooperation in the past period. I think we did but it seems to me that the current moment is such Therefore, I hope that we are now in the period when, I that we need to provide contribution to this objective. would say, we have left behind some strategic dilemmas Taking into consideration the West Balkans countries, as a society. I would say that there are very few strategic which have not yet joined the EU, and on the level of dilemmas now or none at all, and that everything that the market of say 20 million EUR, this is less than the we are doing on a daily basis, i.e. through the implemen- Romanian market or half of the Polish market. Therefore, tation of a middle-long term vision has one basic objec- it is necessary to work on the design of different mecha- tive. And this objective is the improvement of thelife nisms of cooperation and take a highly pragmatic atti- standard, creation of conditions that each member of tude in facing such a challenge. I think that the leitmotive our society should really be satisfied with and that he/ of this conference gives a good answer to the question: she may see his/her chances and use them according to why regional cooperation? I think that the need to iden- his/her profile. I believe that all of us who work in the tify the right moment when in the next seven-eight years public sector should try to engage resources on a daily there are the least chances that there will not be further basis in order to understand these obligations in this way enlargement of the EU, emphasizes the need to use that and keep creating such an environment and giving im- period the best we can. Each of these countries has its pulses to such an environment. individual strategy, its way. Montenegro will open chap- ters 23 and 24, thus facing the key challanges that the When speaking about the topic of the conference or, to EU standards set before us, and that is the establishment be more precise, my contribution to it, then under fur- of the rule of law. Serbia shall start negotiations at the ther integration I see only the efforts of the countries beginning of the next month or in January at the latest. from the region to join the EU or NATO. Of course, I Albania shall receive the candidacy status. I believe that mean those countries which have opted for it as their other countries in the region as well are searching ways strategic objective. In that context, I would rather speak to accelerate their access to the EU. However, regardless of something I think should be the mechanisms of fur- of the fact that each country has its individual path, the ther regional cooperation in order to use all resources probles they face are the same. What needs to be un- and potentials that this region has. I really believe that derstood is that there are at least seven or eight years this region, as a part of Europe, has a great development ahead of us until the next enlargement and that period, potential and I believe that in the next period the po- it seems to me, needs to be used most rationally. What 128 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

treba da bude prema NATO i EU, a kako mi sebi treba da jako puno govori i mislim intuitivno da možemo veoma postavimo pitanje i mi možemo ubrzati evropsku integra- brzo doći do toga šta su ključni infrastrukturni projekti. ciju kada su ove zemlje u pitanju. Poljska. Češka, Slovač- Mi, u tom smislu, govorimo i o pruzi Bar- Beograd sa da- ka, Mađarska, početkom 90-tih, suočavajući se sa sličnim ljim nastavkom prema Budimpešti, spajamo na neki na- pitanjm tada su oformile jednu asocijaciju - Višegradsku čin Italiju sa Mađarskom. Govorimo i o auto-puti prema četvorku koja je imala svoje razne periode prethodnih Srbiji, govorimo o Jadransko – jonskom auto putu, koji dvadesetak godina, periode intenzivnije saradnje, peri- u suštini ima cilj da spoji dvije zemlje EU kroz BIH, Crnu ode manje intenzivne saradnje, tako da je suština da to Goru, Albaniju prema Grčkoj, govorimo o novoj pruzi od treba da zavisi od apetita zemalja u regionu, ali sam sigu- Pljevalja, prema Beranama, prema Prištini, odnosno pre- ran da postoji minimum nekih zajedničkih interesa. ma Makedoniji, opet spajamo tri zemlje. Govorimo i o koridoru 5 C od Luke Ploče prema Hrvatskoj i Mađarskoj, Da postoji prostor da u okviru već postojećih inicijativa, govorimo i o auto-putu od Beograda prema Prištini, od- ne kreirajući paralelne, ne duplirajući, ne praveći sekre- nosno prema Tirani. Dakle, mislim da je jako važno da, tarijate, birokratske institucije, to nam ne treba, jer već definišući nekih desetak projekata, pa dajući prioritet imamo proces saradnje u jugoistočnoj Evropi, već imamo nekim putnim odnosno željezničkim projektima da zaista Regionalni savjet za saradnju sa sjedištem u Sarajevu, jednom u našem regionu prvo dogovorimo šta je to, a već imamo dovoljno formi koje možemo iskoristiti. Ali, drugo što je jako važno nastupamo zrelo i pragmatično suština je kako da se nešto što se već dešava, nešto što prema svim onim potencijalnim finansijerima tih proje- već živi, nešto što vi kao privrednici najbolje osjećate, kata. nešto što su ministri nauke skoro, rekao bih, pečatirali, nešto što će narednih dana biti tema ministara koji će Dakle, sasvim logično je da je prva adresa povezivanja se baviti životnom sredinom, pokazuje da potreba defi- Evropska unija, povezivanje različitih zemalja EU. Bez nisanja mehanizama saradnje, kako bi što bolje iskoristi- ulaganja u infrastrukturu, to je aksiom, nema u suštini li resurse. Itekako postoji i ona nije supstituisana našim ekonomskog rasta, a bez ekonomskog rasta i integracio- individualnim putem prema članstvu u EU. Zato, to ne na agenda će biti teže dostižna, teže ostariva, ali i interes treba doživljavati kao bilo kakvu podjelu regiona ne tre- drugih djelova svijeta – Kine, koji je manifestovan prije ba doživljavati kao prvu, drugu ligu, ne treba doživljavati neki dan, sa željom da učestvuje u infrastrukturnim pro- kao neku novu tvrdu strukturu, već treba doživljavati kao jektima regiona je, takođe, adresa sa kojom treba razgo- mehanizam koji bi u raznim resorima trebao da pomogne varati. Svakako, smo mnogo ozbiljniji i efikasniji ukoliko da ubrzamo naše evropske ambicije. identifikujući desetak projekata zajednički nastupamo, pa iako su to zajedniči tenderi, zajedničke procedure, te Nedavno smo imali prilike da prisustvujemo i Vlada Crne inovativni mehanizmi koje bi mi, kroz zapadno balkanski Gore je to, takođe, odobrila i saglasila se sa dokumen- investicioni okvir, ako govorimo o EU, mogli nametnuti tom Strategijom razvoja JIE do 2020. Jugoistočna Evropa i tada vjerujem da ćemo mnogo odgovornije i ozbiljnije za svoju radnu definiciju ima ovih šest zemalja plus Hrvat- izgledati. ska. Hrvatska je najskorije ušla u EU i čija će iskustva će biti, da kažem, najsličnija onome što je naš integracioni Druga ravan našeg interesovanja je poslovni ambijent u put i, u tom smislu, to treba da bude jedan most kada je regionu. Dakle, daleko od toga da možemo reći da je po- zapadni Balkan u pitanju. Simbolično, prije deset godina voljan poslovni ambijent u našim zemljama. Mislim da Solunska agenda je definisana i ona je otvorila evropsku odgovornost svih vlada pojedinačno treba da bude kako perspektivu zemljama regiona. Tada je to bilo zapadni u daljem unapređivanju poslovnog ambijenta, smanjiva- Balkan - sedam plus nula, danas je zapadni Balkan šest njem barijera, poboljšanjem međusobne komunikacije, plus jedan, a nadam se za koju godinu će biti zapadni Bal- koja se ne ogleda samo kroz transport itd. Razgovarajući kan nula plus sedam, pa makar to u međuvremenu bilo skoro sa ljudima iz skandinavskog područja, oni sami koji pet plus dva ili četiri plus tri ili koja god vrsta računice, ali kao zajedničko tržište funkcionišu već skoro nekoliko de- suština je da sve zemlje nađu svoje mjesto u EU. Dakle cenija ili pedesetak godina, kažu da još nijesu otkloni- Strategija 2020 Jugoistočnoj Evropi se u suštini tiče naših li sve barijere biznisa. Onda možete misliti koliko posla zemalja, drugo, ona proizilazi iz Strategije Evropa 2020, pred našim zemljama stoji da bi smo do kraja mogli uči- ona, takođe, treba da bude kompatibilna sa strategjama niti kompatibilnim pojedine resurse. U tom smislu, iden- za makroregione, jadransko jonski i podunavski region. tifikovali smo, takođe, i nekoliko predloga. Da bi se ca- Dakle, sve to treba da bude međusobno kompatibilno i rinske procedure mogle dalje unaprijediti, recimo, usta- sve treba da vodi iskorišćavanju potencijala kojima ra- novljavanjem mehanizma prethodne najave carinskom spolažemo u našem regionu, sa misijom da povećamo organu značajno bi učinili propulzivnijim protokom roba. BDP, te zaposlenost mladih ljudi. Takođe, bi mogli raditi na zajedničkom ukidanju roming tarifa.Vjerujem da to ne bi sa oduševljenjem prihvatile U tom smislu, kroz ovu potrebu dalje saradnje identifiko- telekomunikacione kompanije, ali sam siguran da bi bi- vali smo tri oblasti. Jedna je infrastruktura, dakle o njoj se znis i građani imali mnogo uštede na godišnjem nivou, a ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 129 this is not? This, certainly, is not the reconstruction of regional potentials with a mission to increase GDP and some state structures from the earlier period, neither is the employment rate of young people. there any need for it. In that respect, through this need for further coopera- When I emphasized that I see my participation in the tion we have identified three areas. One is the infrastruc- panel as a contribution to the deepening of the idea on ture. It is very much spoken of and it is my intuition that regional cooperation, I deliberately set it like that as op- we can make a very fast conclusion about what should posed to that which can be deduced from the title of fur- be our key infrastructure projects. In that respect, we ther integration. Further integration needs to be towards are talking about the railway Bar – Belgrade with the NATO and the EU and by the way we set this issue, we extension towards Budapest. This way we connect Italy may accelerate the EU integration of our countries. At with Hungary. We are talking about the highway towards the beginning of the nineties, Poland, the Czech Repub- Serbia. We are talking about Adriatic – Ionian highway, lic, Slovakia, Hungary established an association – the which aim is to connect two EU countries through Bosnia Visegrad Four, which passed through different periods in and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania towards Greece. the past twenty years, periods of more and less intensive We are talking about the new railroad from Pljevlja to- cooperation. Therefore, the essence is that it depends wards Berane, towards Pristina, i.e. towards Macedonia on the appetites of the regional countries. However, I – again we connect three countries. We are also talking am sure that there is a minimum of some joint interests. about the corridor 5 C from the Port Ploce towards Croa- Yes, there is space in the already existing initiatives, so tia and Hungary, and of the highway Belgrade – Pristina we do not need to create parallel ones. There is no need – Tirana. Therefore, I think that it is very important to for duplicating, establishing secretariats, bureaucratic in- define cca ten projects and to give priority to some, i.e. stitutions. We don’t need that because we already have railroad projects and to first really make an agreement cooperation process in the south-east Europe and we al- within the region what it is and then, what is very impor- ready have the Regional Council for Cooperation with a tant, to take a mature and pragmatic stance towards all seat in Sarajevo. We already have enough forms that we those potential financiers of those projects. may use. However, the essence is that something that is already happening, something that is alive, something Therefore, it is logical that the first address we need to that you as businessmen feel best, something that the link to is the European Union. Without the investments ministers of science have already stamped, I would say, in the infrastructure, there is no economic growth and something that the ministers of the environmental pro- that is an axiom. And without the economic growth, the tection will deal with, indicate that there is a need to de- integration agenda shall be more difficult to access and fine mechanisms of cooperation in order to make best achieve. The interest of some other parts of the world, use of the resources. And this need has not been substi- China, which was expressed several days ago as a wish to tuted by our individual road to the EU membership. That participate in infrastructure projects in the region, also is why this should not be understood as a kind of divided needs to be addressed. For sure, we will look much more region, as the first, second league, nor as some new hard serious and efficient if we jointly identify 10 projects and structure. Instead, it should be understood as a mecha- act together. Although these would be joint tenders, nism which should help in different areas to accelerate joint procedures and innovative mechanisms which we our European ambitions. could put forward through the Western Balkan investment framework, if we are talking about the EU, I still We have recently had an opportunity to attend and the believe that it would give us a more responsible and seri- Government of Montenegro has also approved it and ous image. consented to the document SEE Development Strat- egy until 2020. As its working definition South-East Eu- The second topic of our interest is the business climate in rope has these six countries plus Croatia. Croatia has the region. Therefore, speaking of business climate, our entered the EU very recently, and its experiences shall countries can be considered far from favourable. Howev- be most similar to our integration path. In that respect, er, I believe that each government should be responsible this should be a bridge when it comes to the western for the improvement of the business climate, reduction Balkans. Symbolically, the agenda of Thessaloniki was of barriers, improvement of mutual communication, defined ten years ago and it opened the perspective to which is not reflected through transport only, etc. I have the regional countries. At that time it was the Western recently held a conversation with the people from Scan- Balkans – seven plus zero, today it is the Western Balkans dinavia and they have told me that although they have – six plus one. And I hope that in several years, it will been functioning as a joint market for several decades or be the Western Balkans – zero plus seven even if in the some fifty years, they have not managed to eliminate all meantime it is going to be five plus two or four plus three business barriers. You can only imagine then how much or any other type of the calculation. The essence is that work lies ahead of our countries so that some of our re- all countries in the region should find their place in the sources could become compatible. In that respect, we EU. Therefore, SEE Development Strategy 2020 mainly have identified several suggestions, as well. In order to concerns our countries and it comes from the Strategy further improve customs procedures, we would need to Europe 2020. In addition, it should be compatible with establish the mechanism of timely announcement be- the strategies for macroregions, the Adriatic, Ionian and fore the customs office, which would make the flow of the Danube region. Therefore, all this needs to be mu- goods much more propulsive. In addition, we could work tually compatible and it should lead to the use ofour on the joint elimination of roaming tariffs. I believe that 130 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

taj novac bi mogli iskoristiti produktivnije i ulagati umje- jemo kako bi unaprijedili vladavinu prava, primjenu za- sto u tekuće u kapitalno ulaganje, što podstiče investicije. kona. Problemi korupcije su, ipak, vezani za pojedinač- ne sisteme i teško je tu, iako je naravno moguće, imati Zatim, govorimo o potrebi da se dogovorimo u regionu o efektivne regionalne mehanizme. Ali kada je u pitanju ulaganju naših zajedničkih resursa u izgradnju kapaciteta organizovani kriminal, moguće je. Jer organizovani krimi- različitih laboratorija. Zašto bi svaka zemlja pojedinačno nal djeluje mimo granica nacionalne države, on djeluje ulagala u različite laboratorije koje predstavljaju evropski regionalno, kanali komunikacije su jako intenzivni i u tom standard. Zašto ne bi u regionu mogli podijeliti to, a onda kontekstu je potrebno dodatno raditi na uspostavljanju i ne samo smanjivati pojedinačno naše troškove našoj pri- efektnoj komunikaciji kako bismo ovom izazovu kroz da- vredi i vladama nego IPA sredstva usmjeriti u jednom ko- lje pristupanje EU adekvatno odgovorili. Dakle, kroz pri- ordinisanom pristupu za tako nešto. mjenu standarda vladavine prava, takođe, uz ekonomske slobode podstičemo ekonomski rast. Tu je ambicija da u oblasti obrazovanja podstaknemo Uvjeren sam da je u narednom periodu u tom kontekstu mobilnost mladih kroz npr. multilateralno priznavanje puno uraditi i ,nadam se, da na jedan krajnje pragmati- diploma licenciranih univerziteta. U našem regionu ne- čan način možemo pristupiti uspostavljanju mehanizama zaposlenost mladih je jako visoka i treba da tragamo konsultacije i koordinacije, jer ono što nas očekuje u go- za mehanizmima kako da podstaknemo komunikaciju dinama koje slijede je grčevita borba za investitore. Grče- otvaranja novih radnih šansi. To su sve vrlo pragmatič- vita borba za obnavljanje i jačanje konkurentnosti našeg ni i praktični predlozi koji postoje, moguće je još mnogo regiona. Samo tako, u cjelini posmatrano, možemo biti toga u toj oblasti uraditi kako bi naš sistem do kraja bio uspješni u onome što je cilj, a to je da podstaknemo eko- efektivan. nomski rast, a iz ekonomskog rasta i rasta zaposlenosti I treće, je potreba da u našem regionu dodatno sarađu- mnogo toga dobrog proizilazi. ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 131 telecommunication companies would not be happy with in the region in order to improve the rule of law, the im- this but I am sure that business and citizens would save plementation of the law. Still, the problems of corruption a lot on an annual level and use the saved money more are linked to specific systems and it is difficult, although productively. Instead in the short-term investments, they it is possible of course, to have effective regional mecha- would invest in capital investments. nisms. However, when organized crime is in question, it is possible, because organized crime does not recog- Next, we are talking about the need to make an agree- nize national borders, it is regional, the communications ment on a regional level to invest joint resources in build- channels are very intensive and in that context it is nec- ing capacities of different laboratories. Why have sepa- essary to invest additional efforts in the establishment rate investments in different laboratories in line with the and effective communication and thus provide adequate EU standard? Instead, why not share it regionally and not response to this challenge in the process of our access- only reduce costs of our economies and governments ing the EU. Therefore, with the implementation of the but also take a coordinate action and direct IPA funds for rule of law, with the economic freedom, we boost the this cause? economic growth.

When it comes to the education issue, there is an ambi- I am convinced that we can do a lot in that context in tion to boost the mobility of young people through mul- the next period and I hope that we may take a highly tilateral nostrification of diplomas from licensed univer- pragmatic method to establish the consultations and co- sities. In our region the unemployment of youth is very ordination mechanisms because what stands before us high and we need to search for the mechanisms how to in the coming years is a fierce struggle for investors, a instigate communication of opening new job opportuni- fierce struggle for strengthening the competitiveness of ties. These are all very pragmatic existing proposals. It is our region. Only in this way, taken as a whole, can we possible to do many things in this area so that our system achieve our objectives and that is to boost the economic can become more effective. growth and the economic growth and increased employment result in many good things. And the third is the need to have additional cooperation 132 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

Dr Radoje Žugić Ministar finansija u Vladi Crne Gore Prof. dr Milan Lakićević Direktor Poreske uprave Crne Gore

STABILNOST BANKARSKOG I FINANSIJSKOG SISTEMA

REZIME crnogorske ekonomije.

Finansijska stabilnost je osnovni preduslov razvoja svake Održive javne finansije i stabilan bankarski sistem jesu ne- ekonomije. Za njeno ostvarenje, u našim uslovima, neopho- ophodni, ali ne i dovoljni uslovi za dinamičniji ekonomski dna su tri ključna preduslova, i to: održivost fiskalnog siste- rast i razvoj. Kada je u pitanju podsticanje privrednog rasta, ma, bankarska stabilnost i kontinuitet u unapređenju konku- mjere usmjerene na unapređenje konkurentnosti privrede rentnosti ekonomije. Ovo podrazumijeva vođenje opreznih nemaju alternativu iako i bankarski sektor i poreska politika politika i adekvatno upravljanje rizicima i neizvjesnostima, snažno utiču na nivo konkurentnosti. U tom smislu, u vođe- u smislu identifikovanja i minimiziranja najznačajnijih rizika nju ekonomske politike mora se posebna pažnja posvetiti ja- i obezbjeđivanja vitalnosti sistema kada se pojave krizne si- čanju produktivnosti i opšte konkurentnosti, jer jedino dobro tuacije. usmjerene politike unapređenja nacionalne konkurentnosti i konkurentnosti na mikro nivou mogu osigurati željeni put ka Jasno je da su, u uslovima eurizovane i male ekonomije, kao dinamičnijem razvoju i ukupnom društvenom blagostanju. što je crnogorska, instrumenti za prilagođavanje i raspoloži- va sredstva u velikoj mjeri ograničeni. Stoga fiskalna politika 1. UVOD ima pretežni mandat za kontraciklično prilagođavanje ekonomskim prilikama. Uvažavajući ovu činjenicu, Crna Gora, U nekoliko posljednjih godina zabilježeno je pogoršanje sa izuzetnim stepenom opreza i odgovornosti, vodi fiskalnu osnovnih indikatora fiskalne stabilnosti, a to su bužetski de- politiku, čiji je osnovni cilj uravnoteženje javnih finansija, od- ficit i nivo javnog duga. Zbog dostignutih limita ovih indika- nosno poboljšanje fiskalnih indikatora koji su u proteklih par tora, u predstojećem periodu postoji prisustvo određenih godina, usljed dejstva krize, pogoršani. Trajno ozdravljenje rizika koji jasno upućuju na neophodnost dodatnog opreza javnih finansija može biti postignuto prvenstveno usposta- u vođenju politike zaduživanja i ukupne fiskalne politike. vljanjem balansa javne potrošnje. Bez budžetske ravnoteže1 Istovremeno, takva situacija potvrđuje punu opravdanost produbljuju se svi strukturni problemi i slabi izgled snažnijeg Vladinih mjera fiskalnog prilagođavanja i značaj realizacije rasta, uz jačanje recesionih pritisaka. U tom smislu, ravno- planova vezanih za srednjoročnu konsolidaciju. teža budžeta nije sama sebi cilj, već njeno dostizanje treba da doprinese ekonomskoj ravnoteži, povećanju zaposlenosti Osim konsolidacije javnih finansija, za uspostavljanje fiskal- i uravnoteženju platnog bilansa. ne, makroekonomske i finansijske stabilnosti i održivosti na dugi rok, jedini realan model smanjenja deficita i, njime ge- Uz fiskalnu održivost, zdravlje bankarskog sistema je drugi nerisanog, javnog duga je podsticanje stvaranja nove vrije- preduslov za uspostavljanje i održavanje finansijske stabil- dnosti. Stoga je ekonomska politika Vlade Crne Gore, osim nosti. Stoga banke moraju nastaviti sa iščišćavanjem bi- prioritetnog stabilizovanja javnih finansija, usmjerena na lansa2, dok pravilna politika izdvajanja rezervacija ostaje implementaciju mjera koje treba da doprinesu dinamizira- nezaobilazna kod upravljanja kreditnim rizikom. Još uvijek nju rasta BDP-a. U tom smislu, neophodno je obezbijediti je izražen visok udio kredita koji kasne u otplati što predsta- kontinuitet u sprovođenju važnih strukturnih i reformi una- vlja rizik bankarskog sektora, ali indirektno, i fiskalni rizik. U prijeđenja poslovnog okruženja. tom pravcu je pokrenuta realizacija projekta pod nazivom „Podgorički pristup“, koji ima za cilj da, kroz neophodno una- pređivanje kvaliteta kreditnih portfolija banaka, omogući 2. STABILNOST BANKARSKOG I FINANSIJSKOG SISTEMA revitalizaciju bankarskog kreditiranja produktivnih sektora 1 Deficit u budžetu povećava nivo javnog duga, čime se ograničava 2.1. Eurizacija Crne Gore kao temelj stabilnosti – sužava prostor za poreske podsticaje razvoju i rješavanju strukturnih problema. Od kraja devedesetih, Vlada Crne Gore je tražila načine za 2 Smanjivanje loše aktive – loših kredita u bankarskom sekoru ne znači da je problem loših kredita riješean. Oni su ostali u kompanijama i u monetarno osamostaljenje, prije svega zbog nemogućnosti faktoringu u vlasništvu banaka, koje nijesu u režimu supervizije Centralne uticanja na monetarnu politiku, koja je zloupotrebljavana banke Crne Gore. Ova slabost se mora rješavati u najkraćem roku. ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 133

Radoje Žugić, Dr. sc. oec. Minister of Finance in the Government of Montenegro Director of the Department of Professor Milan Lakićević, Dr. sc. oec. Public Revenues of Montenegro

STABILITY OF BANKING AND FINANCIAL SYSTEM

RESUME ing sector or, indirectly, a fiscal risk as well. In the light of that, the implementation of the Project titled Podgorica Ap- Financial stability is the basic precondition for each economy proach, aimed at ensuring - through necessary improving development. To accomplish it under circumstances prevail- banks’ credit portfolio quality – the revitalization of banks’ ing here, there is a need to have three prerequisites fulfilled, lending to productive sectors of the economy of Montene- as follows: sustainability of fiscal system, banking stability, gro. and continuity in improving the economy competitiveness. This means that prudent policies and an adequate risk and Sustainable public revenues and expenditures and banking contingencies management are to be followed in terms of sector stability are required, but they are not at the same identifying and minimizing the most considerable risks and time adequate prerequisites for a dynamic growth and de- ensuring the vitality of the system when a crisis circumstanc- velopment. When it comes to encouraging the growth of es emerge. economy, measures dedicated to improving competitiveness thereof do not have an alternative although both strong It is clear that, under the circumstances in an euroized and banking sector and fiscal policy effect strongly the competi- small economy - such as the Montenegrin one is - instru- tiveness level. In terms of that, in pursuing economic policy ments for the adjustment and available funds are limited for special attention has to be paid to strengthening productivity the most part. Therefore, fiscal policy’s prevailing mandate and general competitiveness, since only well designed poli- is to pursue countercyclical adjustments to economic circum- cies for improving national competitiveness and micro level stances. Having in mind this fact, while with an extreme cau- competitiveness are capable of ensuring desired avenue to- tion and responsibility, Montenegro pursues fiscal policy the ward a dynamic development and overall social prosperity. major aim of which is to balance public revenues and public expenditures and/or to improve fiscal indicators that, for a 1. INTRODUCTION couple of years so far and due to the crisis effects, have been aggravated. Lasting recovery of public revenues and expen- For several years so far, we have been recording the aggrava- ditures could be attained primarily through bringing public tion of basic fiscal stability indicators. They are the Budget consumption balance in place. Without the Budget balance1, deficit and public debt level. Due to getting as far as to the all structural challenges are deepened and prospects of a limits of these indicators, the upcoming period will face the stronger growth are weakened. In terms of that, the Budget reality of certain risks involving obviously the necessity to balance is not a goal per se, but attaining it should contribute be more cautious in pursuing both indebtedness policy and to economy equilibrium, higher employment rate and stabi- overall fiscal policy. Simultaneously, such situation confirms lizing the balance of payments. the full reasonableness of the measures of fiscal adjustments made by the Government and the importance of the Besides fiscal sustainability, sane banking system stands as implementation of plans associated with mid-term consoli- the second precondition for bringing about and maintain- dation. ing financial stability. Therefore, banks should continue with cleansing the balance2, while a suitable policy of allocation Besides the consolidation of public revenues and expendi- to provisions has remained unavoidable when it comes to tures for bringing about fiscal, macro-economic and financial credit risk management. There is still a pronounced high stability and long-term sustainability, the only real model for share of non-performing loans, which poses a risk to bank- reducing the deficit and by-the-deficit generated public debt 1 The Budget deficit increases the level of public debt, thereby is to encourage the creation of new value. Therefore, Mon- restricting, i.e. narrowing the space for tax incentives designed for the devel- tenegro Government’s economic policy is not aimed only opment of and solving structural challenges. to the priority stabilization of public revenues and expendi- 2 Reducing delinquent assets, i.e. non-performing loans in banking tures, but is aimed also to the implementation of measures sector does not mean that non-performing loans-related challenges are solved. They have remained also in companies and within factoring owned that should contribute to making GDP growth more dy- by banks that are not subject to the supervising regime done by the Central namic. In terms of that, it is required to ensure continuity in Bank of Montenegro. This weakness must be solved as soon as possible. 134 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

u političke svrhe i, u tom smislu, se odlučila za uvođenje fiskalnu politiku. U tom smislu, osnovni cilj je uravnoteženje modela dolarizacije, sa korišćenjem njemačke marke. Ovaj javnih finansija, odnosno poboljšanje fiskalnih indikatora model se, na neki način, nametnuo sam po sebi jer su se i koji su u proteklih par godina, usljed dejstva krize, pogorša- građani i privreda Crne Gore, u prethodnom, dužem perio- ni. Takođe je snažan ekonomski rast i značajan priliv direk- du, opredjeljivali za štednju i obavljanje transakcija u ovoj tnih inostranih investicija u periodu 2005-2008. godine, sa valuti. Tako je crnogorska vlada, krajem 1999. godine, uvela svim pozitivnim uticajima na ekonomsku i socijalnu situaciju dvovalutni sistem sa njemačkom markom i dinarom, uz slo- u Crnoj Gori, rezultirao i nerealnim očekivanjima u sistemu bodno fluktuiranje dinara prema marki. Od januara 2001. javne potrošnje, a koji je iznad realnih trenutnih mogućno- godine jedino platežno sredstvo postaje njemačka marka, a sti crnogorske privrede nakon smirivanja investicione eks- od marta 2002. godine zvanično platežno sredstvo postaje panzije. Prepoznali smo i prihvatili ovu realnost i intenzivno euro. sprovodimo aktivnosti kako bismo javnu potrošnju prilago- dili poreskom kapacitetu stanovništva i privrede, u funkciji U periodu koji je uslijedio pokazalo se da je euroizacija imala dinamiziranja ekonomskog rasta, poboljšanja životnog stan- čitav niz pozitivnih efekata. Prije svega, ona je olakšala pro- darda stanovništva i smanjenja spirale zaduživanja. cese remonetizacije i uspostavljanja cjenovne stabilnosti. Euroizacija je pozitivno uticala i na razvoj bankarskog siste- U tom smislu, osnovne smjernice fiskalne politike Crne Gore ma i, uz istovremenu realizaciju čitavog niza mjera na planu su: reforme ovog sistema, uticala na rast i oživljavanje bankar- • nastavak konsolidacije javne potrošnje i postepeno skih aktivnosti. Euroizacija je imala uticaj i na unapređenje smanjivanje učešća javnih rashoda u BDP-u3, budžetske discipline, s obzirom da uvođenjem režima euro- • unapređenje fiskalne kontrole i snaženje imple- izacije potencijalni izvori za pokriće deficita postaju ograni- mentacije interne i eksterne revizije svih potrošač- čeni. Uvođenje stabilne valute, dalje, predstavljao je dobar kih jedinica budžeta, signal za strane investitore, jer su im, na taj način, unaprijed • suzbijanje sive ekonomije u cilju povećanja budžet- garantovani stabilni uslovi poslovanja, što oni uvažavaju jer skih prihoda, preferiraju poslovanje sa “čvrstom” valutom, koja im sma- • unapređenje poreske kulture obveznika, njuje devizni rizik. • povećanje fiskalne discipline i smanjenje poreske evazije i Pored navedenih, korišćenje eura imalo je, za Crnu Goru, i • adekvatna politika domaćeg i inostranog zaduživa- niz drugih pozitivnih efekata: nja kako se ne bismo izložili krizi javnog duga i pro- • povratak kredibiliteta monetarne politike, dubljivanja strukturnih disproporcija. • zaustavljanje inflacije u zemlji sa visokim inflacio- nim očekivanjima, Prateći pomenute smjernice, a u cilju zaustavljanja trenda • eliminisanje rizika deviznog kursa i kreiranje efekta pogoršanja fiskalnih parametara, prvenstveno pada napla- predvidivosti, te prihoda i, posljedično, rasta deficita i nivoa javnog duga, • rast spoljnotrgovinske razmjene, početkom 2013. godine u Crnoj Gori je uveden set kriznih • smanjenje transakcionih troškova u spoljnoj trgovi- mjera fiskalnog prilagođavanja, usmjerenih na rashodnu, ali ni i dr. i na prihodnu stranu budžeta.

2.2. Fiskalna politika u funkciji dodatnog jačanja stabilno- Kada je riječ o rashodnoj strani, implementirane su sljedeće sti mjere: zamrznuto je usklađivanje penzija, izvršena je racionalizacija troškova u javnoj upravi, u smislu smanjenja broja I pored brojnih pozitivnih efekata koji je prate, euroizacija radnih tijela Vlade čiji članovi primaju naknadu za rad, sma- nije režim bez mana. Iako je njenim uvođenjem Crna Gora njeni su izdaci za zarade, kao i nivo diskrecionih troškova, u dobila stabilnost, na drugoj strani je izgubljen značajan broj preduzećima u kojima je Država većinski vlasnik, kao i u lo- instrumenata ekonomske politike. Funkcionisanje u uslo- kalnim samoupravama i regulatornim agencijama, sprove- vima eurizovane ekonomije malog i otvorenog tržišta, bez dena je racionalizacija troškova u državnoj upravi, u smislu emisione funkcije, sa ograničenim monetarnim instrumen- smanjenja broja službenih automobila i smanjenja troškova tima, zahtjeva posebnu opreznost u vođenju fiskalne politi- zakupa za potrebe državnih organa. ke. Monetarna politika i njeni instrumenti mogu doprinijeti saniranju posljedica ekonomske krize, ali ne bez zajedničkog Što se prihodne strane budžeta tiče, povećana je stopa PDV- djelovanja sa instrumentima fiskalne politike. U takvim uslo- -a sa 17 na 19% i uveden je tzv. krizni porez, odnosno pro- vima, fiskalna održivost prepoznata je kao osnov finansijske pisana je veća poreska stopa (od 15%, umjesto dosadašnjih stabilnosti. 9%) na dohodak na prihode koji su iznad nivoa prosječne zarade u Crnoj Gori (u bruto iznosu, iznad 720 eura na mjeseč- Uvažavajući ove činjenice i uzimajući u obzir neizvjesno nom nivou). Istovremeno je intenzivirana borba protiv sive okruženje i nepredvidivost ekonomskih trendova, Crna 3 Učešće kapitalne potrošnje kao važne razvojne komponente često Gora, sa izuzetnim stepenom opreza i odgovornosti, vodi se u teoriji i praksi ne smatra elementom ovih smjernica. ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 135 carrying out important structural and business environment without a joint acting with fiscal policy instruments. Under improving reforms. such circumstances, fiscal sustainability was found as the foundation of financial stability. 2. BANKING SECTOR AND FINANCIAL SYSTEM STABILITY Respecting these facts and taking into account uncertain 2.1 Euroization in Montenegro as the foundation of sta- environment and unpredictability of economic trends, Mon- bility tenegro has been pursing fiscal policy extremely cautiously and responsibly. In terms of that, the basic goal is to balance As of the late 90s, the Government of Montenegro was in public revenues and expenditures, i.e. to improve fiscal in- search of the methods of monetary autonomy, primarily dicators that – for a couple of years so far and due to the due to the impossibility to influence the monetary policy financial crisis – have been aggravated. Moreover, a strong that had been abused for political purposes. Therefore, they economic growth and a significant inflow of direct foreign decided to introduce the dolarization model along with us- investments between 2005 and 2008, accompanied by ing Deutsch Mark. This model was somehow imposed by all the positive effects on economic and social situation in itself, since both the citizens and the economy of Montene- Montenegro, have resulted also in unreal expectation within gro, prior to that and over a longer period, had been opt- the public consumption system that is beyond the real cur- ing for using the currency for their savings and transactions. rent capacities of Montenegrin economy after investment Thus, in the late 1999, Montenegro Government introduced expansion settling down. We have recognized and accepted dual-currency system with Deutsche Mark and Dinar, with this fact and we are working intensively at adjusting public free fluctuation of Dinar to the Mark. As of January 2001, consumption to the capacity of population and economy Deutsche Mark had been the only legal tender, whereas in to pay taxes, for the purposes of making economic growth March 2002, EUR became the only legal tender. more dynamic, population’s standard of living improved, and indebtedness spiral reduced. Throughout the period thereafter, the euroization was demonstrating a series of positive effects. Firstly, it facilitated In terms of that, the basic Montenegrin fiscal policy guide- both the re-monetization process and establishing price sta- lines are: bility. Euroization entailed positive effects on banking sector • to continue public consumption consolidation and development as well and - along with simultaneous realiza- have gradual reduction in public expenditure share tion of a sequence of measures designed for the system re- in GDP3, form - it also had effects on the growth and revival of bank- • to improve fiscal control and to strengthen the ing activities. Euroization had effects also on improving the implementation of internal and external audit of all budget discipline, taking into account that introducing the the Budget spending units, regime of euroization had limited potential sources for cov- • to suppress gray market with the aim of increasing ering the budget deficit. Furthermore, introducing the stable the Budget revenues, currency represented a positive signal to foreign investors • to enhance payers tax culture, since stable conditions were guaranteed thereby in advance • to enhance fiscal discipline and to diminish tax eva- for their businesses – because they preferred doing busi- sion, and ness with a “strong” currency that was reducing their foreign • to have an adequate policy of national and interna- exchange risk. tional borrowings, in order to avoid an exposure to public debt crisis and to structural disproportions. In addition to the foregoing, using EUR entailed a variety of other positive effects in Montenegro, as follows: Respecting the foregoing Guidelines, while with the aim of • resumption of monetary policy credibility, arresting the trend of fiscal parameters aggravation that is • blocking inflation in the country with high inflation primarily due to the drop in the collection of revenues and, expectations, consequently, to an increase in deficit and public debt level, • eliminating exchange rate risk and creating predic- Montenegro introduced, in the early 2013, a set of fiscal tability effects, adjustment measures aimed at settling both the Budget ex- • foreign trade growth, penditures and the budget revenues. • reduction in transaction costs in foreign trade, and alike. When it comes to the expenditures, the following measures: freezing pension adjustments; reducing public administra- 2.2 Fiscal policy serving additional stability strengthening tion costs, in terms of decreasing the number of the Gov- ernment’s working bodies the members of which are paid Notwithstanding numerous positive effects associated with remunerations; lowering of salaries expense and of discre- euroization, it is not about a regime that is without any im- tionary expenses, in companies with the State as majority perfection. Although its introduction provided Montenegro owner, in local self-governments and regulatory agencies; with stability, on the other hand a significant number of eco- reducing administrative costs in the state administration, in nomic policy instruments were lost. Operating under the terms of reducing the number of vehicles used; and cutting circumstances of a small and open market, without national the costs of leasing premises for the purposes of state au- currency printing function and with limited number of mon- thorities, etary instruments, requires a special caution in pursuing fis- 3 In theory and practice, it is often that the capital cal policy. Monetary policy and its instruments are capable expenditures share as an important development component of providing a remedy for economic crisis outcomes, but not is not observed as an element of the mentioned Guideline. 136 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

ekonomije, dok se visina akciza u kontinuitetu usklađuje sa konkurentnosti ekonomije. stopama koje predviđa zakonodavstvo Evropske unije. Javna potrošnja se mora prilagoditi poreskom kapacitetu Ostvareni efekti ovih mjera, u vidu bolje naplate budžet- privrede i stanovništva, dok njena konsolidacija ima za cilj skih prihoda i evidentnog unapređenja poreske discipline, da doprinese dinamičnijem ekonomskom rastu, kako bi se potvrdili su da je fiskalna konsolidacija preduslov za trajni smanjile i najveće fiskalne ranjivosti – budžetski deficit i -jav oporavak javnih finansija i obezbjeđenje finansijske i makro- ni dug, uz očuvanje i dalje snaženje konkurentnosti ekono- ekonomske stabilnosti. Imajući prethodno u vidu, namjera mije i poboljšanje životnog standarda. je da se, kroz nastavak procesa fiskalne konsolidacije i kreiranje i vođenje konzistentne ekonomske politike, stvore Trajno ozdravljenje javnih finansija može biti postignuto pretpostavke za ostvarivanje snažnijih stopa ekonomskog prvenstveno uspostavljanjem balansa javne potrošnje. Bez rasta. U tom pravcu, Vlada Crne Gore je, na predlog Mini- budžetske ravnoteže produbljuju se svi strukturni problemi i starstva finansija, nedavno usvojila set mjera sistemskog ka- slabi izgled snažnijeg rasta, uz jačanje recesionih pritisaka. U raktera, čijom će se implementacijom značajno doprinijeti tom smislu, ravnoteža budžeta nije sama sebi cilj, već njeno daljem procesu fiskalne konsolidacije, odnosno održivosti dostizanje treba da doprinese ekonomskoj ravnoteži, po- javnih finansija na dugi rok. Među najbitnijim je donoše- većanju zaposlenosti i uravnoteženju platnog bilansa. nje Zakona o zaradama u javnom sektoru, čiji cilj nije smanjivanje zarada, već uvođenje većeg stepena pravednosti i Efikasnost fiskalne politike slabi sa rastom zaduženosti. Iz- objektivnosti. Zarade će, dominantno, zavisiti od osnovnih uzetak predstavlja zaduživanje usmjereno ka realizaciji ka- makroekonomskih i fiskalnih parametara, prije svega od ni- pitalnih projekata iz razloga što se, na taj način, doprinosi voa deficita i javnog duga. U ostale mjere spadaju strožije stvaranju preduslova razvoja, izgradnji infrastrukture i otkla- sankcionisanje povratnika u prekršaju, proširenje poreske njanju uskih grla, te omogućava brži razvoj i efikasniju upo- osnovice kod oporezivanja imovine (ovo se, prije svega, od- trebu resursa kojima raspolažemo. nosi na imovinu koja nije u funkciji sa ciljem njene bolje ekonomske valorizacije, zatim na bespravno izgrađene objekte, Generalno, kreiranje i sprovođenje fiskalne politike u pred- neprodate stanove i dr.). Jedna od najvažnijih mjera fiskal- stojećem periodu opredjeljivaće činjenica da javni dug od- nog prilagođavana odnosi se na davanje poreskih podsticaja ražava odluke prethodnih i sadašnjih generacija kojima se za nova zapošljavanja u sjevernim opštinama Crne Gore, u ograničavaju odluke budućih generacija. U tom smislu, na- smislu smanjivanja ili ukidanja poreza na zarade, kao i pore- staviće se sa sprovođenjem fiskalne konsolidacije, čije mje- za na dobit pravnih lica. Ovim će se, svakako, podstaći zapo- re najmanje znače povećanje poreskih stopa, a znatno više slenost i ekonomski rast i, time, obezbijediti ravnomjerniji uvođenje principa pravednosti, discipline, objektivnosti i regionalni razvoj zemlje. održivosti.

Pomenute mjere pratiće i oprezno pripremljen finansijski plan Države, odnosno Budžet za narednu fiskalnu godinu. 2.3. Bankarska stabilnost U pripremi njegovog predloga uloženi su značajni napore kkako bi bila održana konzistentnost politika, što, u prvom Uz fiskalnu održivost, zdravlje bankarskog sistema je drugi redu, podrazumijeva nastavak konsolidacije javne potrošnje preduslov za uspostavljanje i održavanje finansijske stabil- i vođenje odgovorne i restiktivne fiskalne politike, u okviru nosti. Bankarski sektor je, u prethodnom periodu, stekao postojećeg makroekonomskog ambijenta. bolno, ali dragocjeno iskustvo iz perioda kreditnog buma i vremena saniranja posljedica. Međutim, taj period još uvi- Planiranje Budžeta za 2014. godinu izvršeno je na osnovu: jek nije okončan, a pritisak vrše i očekivanja za predstojeće • izvršenja budžeta za 10 mjeseci tekuće godine, godine, pa banke moraju nastaviti s iščišćavanjem bilansa • projekcije izvršenja za posljednja dva mjeseca 2013. svim raspoloživim sredstvima: prodajom, restrukturiranjem godine, i, u konačnom, otpisom. Naravno, pravilna politika izdvaja- • ažuriranih makroekonomskih indikatora za sljedeću nja rezervacija ostaje nezaobilazna kod upravljanja kredi- godinu, tnim rizikom. Takođe, za slučaj da bude neophodno, moraju • novih fiskalnih projekcija, urađenih na osnovu nose unaprijed razraditi sve mogućnosti za zaduživanja i doka- vog seta mjera fiskalnog prilagođavanja i pitalizacije. • zaključka Vlade o dodatnim mjerama štednje. Trenutno, stanje u bankarskom sektoru karakteriše veća Ciljevi predloga Budžeta za narednu godinu ostaju slični, a stabilnost, ali visok nivo NPL-a i niska kreditna aktivnost još to su: uvijek predstavljaju i izvjesne rizike, kako za finansijski, tako i • dalje obuzdavanje prekomjerne potrošnje, što se za fiskalni sistem. Kontinuirani rast depozita čini da su odno- rashodne strane tiče, i si kredita i depozita poboljšani, a poboljšani su i koeficijenti • uvođenje sistemskog reda na prihodnoj strani, kroz likvidnosti i solventnosti. Još uvijek je izražen visok udio kre- unapređenje fiskalne discipline i pružanje podrške dita koji kasne u otplati što predstavlja rizik bankarskog sek- ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 137 have been implemented. sures. • The goals of the Proposal Budget for the following As for the Budget revenues, the VAT rate was increased from year have remained similar, and they are: 17.00% to 19.00% and the so called crisis tax, i.e. a higher • further restraining of the excessive spending, with tax rate (15.00% instead of former 9.00%) on the personal reference to the expenditures, and income exceeding the average wage (amounting to €720.00 • introducing the order in the system, with reference in gross terms, monthly) paid in Montenegro has been in- to the revenues, through improving fiscal discipline troduced. Simultaneously, the suppression of gray economy and delivering a support to economy competitive- has been intensified, while the excise duty rate has been ness. continuously adjusted to those provided for by the EU legislation. Public consumption must be adjusted to the capacities of economy and population, while its consolidation is aimed The foregoing measures’ effects attained in the form of bet- at contributing to a dynamic economic growth in order to ter collection of the Budget revenues and an obvious fiscal decrease even the major fiscal vulnerabilities - the Budget discipline improvement have confirmed that the fiscal con- deficit and public debt - along with maintaining and further solidation is a precondition for both a lasting recovery of strengthening economy competitiveness and improving the public revenues and expenditures and the ensuring of finan- standard of living. cial and macroeconomic stability. Having in mind the foregoing, there is an intention to create - through the continua- Lasting recovery of public revenues and expenditures could tion of fiscal consolidation process and through making and be attained primarily through bringing public consumption pursuing a consistent economic policy - preconditions for balance in place. Without the Budget balance, all structural attaining a stronger economic growth rate. In terms of that, challenges are deepened and prospects of a stronger growth the Government of Montenegro adopted, upon a proposal are weakened. In terms of that, the Budget balance is not a by the Ministry of Finance, a set of measures of organic char- goal per se, but attaining it should contribute to economy acter. Their implementation will significantly contribute to a equilibrium, higher employment rate and stabilizing the bal- further fiscal consolidation, i.e. to long-term public revenues ance of payments. and expenditures sustainability. Among the most important activities stands the enacting of the Law on Public Sector Fiscal policy efficacy is weakened by the indebtedness Salaries - which is not aimed at decreasing the salaries, but increase. Exception is an indebtedness intended for the to introduce a higher level of equity and objectivity. Salaries implementation of capital investments, since in such man- will dominantly depend on the basic macroeconomic and ner contributions are made to the creation of development fiscal parameters, while primarily on the level of deficit and preconditions, infrastructure development and bottle necks public debt. Other measures accommodate a stricter sanc- elimination, and accelerated development and more effi- tioning of those repeating infringements, property tax -ex cient use of available resources are provided. tension (this refers primarily to the property not in use and is aimed to have a better valorization of such properties, and Generally speaking, the creation and pursuing of fiscal policy then it refers to unauthorized building construction, unsold in the upcoming period will be destined on the basis of the apartments, and alike). One of the most significant fiscal fact that public debt reflects earlier and current generations’ adjustment measures refers to allowing tax incentives to decisions that limit the ones of the future generations. In new employments in northern Montenegro municipalities, terms of that, striving to accomplish fiscal consolidation will in terms of decreasing or abolishing the tax on personal in- be continued through the measures least meant for increas- come and the corporate tax. In any case, this will encourage ing tax rates, but meant significantly more for introducing employments and economic growth and, thereby, the bal- the principles of equity, discipline, impartiality and sustain- anced regional development in the country will be ensured. ability.

The mentioned measures will be followed by a carefully de- 2.3. Banking stability signed State’s financial projections, namely the following fiscal year Budget. In projecting the Proposal Budget, consider- Besides fiscal sustainability, a sound banking system is the able efforts have been invested in order to have policy con- second precondition for resuming and maintaining financial sistency maintained, which implies primarily the continua- stability. In preceding years, banking sector faced a painful tion of public consumption consolidation and pursuing the but valuable experience in the credit boom and consequenc- restrictive fiscal policy within the existing macroeconomic es remedying periods respectively. However, the period has environment. not been ended yet and the pressures are exerted through expectations for coming years’ prospects, so banks must The 2014 budgeting was completed based on the : continue with cleansing the balance by all available transac- • 10-month Budget execution in the current year, tions such as sales, restructuring and, eventually, write-off. • projections for the Budget execution in the last two Naturally, suitable policy of allocation to provisions has re- months of 2013, mained unavoidable when it comes to credit risk manage- • updated macroeconomic indicators for the follow- ment. Besides, if required, all possibilities of indebting and ing year, recapitalization must be worked out in advance. • new fiscal projections made based on the new set of measures for fiscal adjustment, and Currently, the situation in banking sector is characterized by • Government Conclusion on Additional Saving Mea- better stability; however, higher non-performing loans num- 138 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

tora, ali indirektno, i fiskalni rizik. U tom pravcu je pokrenuta domaće štednje, povećanju produktivnosti i poboljšanju realizacija projekta pod nazivom „Podgorički pristup“, koji konkurentnosti. Potrebno je unaprijediti konkurentnost kre- implicira dobrovoljno restruktuiranje loših kredita banaka, iranjem politika zasnovanih na produktivnosti, inovativno- zasnovano na novim mjerama podsticaja za banke i kom- sti i razvoju preduzetništva i nastaviti sa implementacijom panije da usklade procjenu njihovih kreditnih portfolija sa strukturnih reformi u oblasti penzija, zdravstva, obrazovanja post-kriznim ekonomskim uslovima njihovih dužnika. Proje- i tržišta rada. Ove aktivnosti ce se sprovoditi paralelno sa kat ima za cilj da, kroz neophodno unapređivanje kvaliteta unapređenjem poslovnog okruženja, imajuci u vidu značaj kreditnih portfolija banaka, omogući revitalizaciju bankar- stranih direktnih investicija za malu i otvorenu ekonomiju skog kreditiranja produktivnih sektora crnogorske ekonomi- Crne Gore. Imperativ je izgradnja kvalitetne infrastrukture je. Ovakav pristup je neophodan, kako bi privreda mogla da koja će nas povezati sa državama regiona, a zatim šire i sa razvije svoj ekonomski i društveni potencijal, a banke povra- Evropom. tile svoju sklonost ka kreditiranju bez straha od preuzimanja dodatnog rizika u njihovim naslijeđenim portfolijima. Ovo iz 3. ZAKLJUČAK razloga što niska kreditna aktivnost negativno utiče na likvi- dnost ukupne ekonomije i na mogućnost finansiranja potro- Prethodni period bio je veoma izazovan za kreatore eko- šnje i investicija, a što indirektno povećava rizik neostvare- nomske i regulatorne politike u Crnoj Gori, kako sa aspekta nja planiranih stopa rasta i budžetskih prihoda. unutrašnjih ranjivosti, tako i sa aspekta prelivanja negativnih eksternih šokova na privredni sistem zemlje. Ključni rizici su Kako je manevarski prostor Centralne banke Crne Gore povezani sa ranjivostima fiskalnog sistema, nelikvidnošću sužen zbog eurizacije, najznačajnija poluga uticaja je, bez realnog sektora i daljim povećanjem nivoa loše aktive ban- dileme, supervizija banaka4. Iako je koncept finansijske sta- karskog sektora. bilnosti i makroprudencione kontrole drugačiji u odnosu na mikroprudencioni pristup, efikasna supervizija banaka je Stoga su aktivnosti Ministarstva finansija, Vlade i drugih ključ za ostvarivanje stabilnosti finansijskog sistema, jer je nadležnih tijela bile usmjerene na uravnoteženje javnih fi- preventiva najbolja politika. nansija, stabilizaciju bankarskog sistema i kreiranje zdravih osnova za predstojeći oporavak i razvoj privrede. Preduzete 2.4. Unapređenjem konkurentnosti do snažnijeg rasta aktivnosti dale su vidljive rezultate, posebno u dijelu fiskalne konsolidacije. Za prvih deset mjeseci 2013. godine naplaće- Održive javne finansija i stabilan bankarski sistem jesu ne- no je 88 miliona eura više javnih prihoda u odnosu na isti ophodni, ali ne i dovoljni uslovi za dinamičniji ekonomski period prethodne godine ili 53,4 miliona eura više nego što rast i razvoj. Kada je u pitanju posticanje privrednog rasta, je bilo planirano. Ovakvoj naplati prihoda doprinio je kombi- mjere usmjerene na unapređenje konkurentnosti privrede novani efekat sprovedenih mjera fiskalne konsolidacije, kao nemaju alternativu. U tom smislu, u vođenju ekonomske i mjera na poboljšanju naplate, prije svega suzbijanju sive politike mora se posebna pažnja posvetiti jačanju produk- ekonomije, te rast ekonomske aktivnosti ostvaren tokom tivnosti i opšte konkurentnosti, jer jedino dobro usmjerene 2013. godine. Istovremeni su postignuti i drugi ciljevi – oču- politike unapređenja nacionalne konkurentnosti mogu osi- van je kreditni rejting, ostvaren je napredak u rangiranjima gurati željeni put ka dinamičnijem razvoju i ukupnom dru- međunarodnih agencija, održan je kontinuitet u sprovođe- štvenom blagostanju. nju strukturnih reformi u oblasti državnih finansija, administracije, tržišta rada, poslovnog ambijenta i dr. Na konkurentnost neke zemlje utiču mnogi direktni i indi- rektni faktori, a prije svega institucije, ljudski i prirodni resur- Uz ostvarenje svih pomenutih ciljeva i implementacijom si, infrastruktura, menadžment, kapital,... Ukoliko posmatra- pažljivo definisanih mjera ekonomske politike stvara se sta- mo poziciju Crne Gore nesumnjiv je progres koji je ostvaren bilna osnova za obezbijeđenje stabilnosti, koja je, u ovim kri- u nekoliko poslednjih godina. Napredak je prepoznat u svim znim i neizvjesnim vremenima, neophodna i koja će sistem relevantnim međunarodnim izvještajima koji se bave pita- ojačati i učiniti otpornijim na eksterne šokove, a Crnu Goru njem konkurentnosti. Međutim, na tome se ne smije stati, vratiti na put dinamičnog ekonomskog rasta i razvoja. već treba težiti ka konkurentnosti zasnovanoj na temeljima pametnog, održivog i inkluzivnog rasta, preko ulaganja u inovacije, digitalizaciju i mobilnost mladih ljudi, kao i kroz poboljšanje efikasnosti korišćenja resursa, odnosno komparativnih prednosti u funkciji povećanja zaposlenosti, socijalne inkluzije i smanjenja siromaštva.

Neophodno je razviti novi model privređivanja, odnosno strategiju održivog razvoja, koja će se zasnivati na rastu

4 U ostale monetarne instrumente spadaju: kreditni poslovi, kredi- tor u krajnjoj instanci, operacije na iotvorenom tržištu i obavezna rezerva. ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 139 ber and low credit activity is still posing certain risks to both erty reduction. financial and fiscal system. Steady deposit growth makes loan-to-deposit ratios, liquidity ratio and solvency ratio im- It is required to develop a new model for doing business, proved. High share of past due loans is still present, which and/or a sustainable development strategy that will be represents the risk of banking sector and, indirectly, fiscal grounded in enhancing national savings , productivity and risk as well. To that end, the implementation of Podgorica competitiveness. It is necessary to advance competitiveness Approach Project has been launched implying voluntary re- through making policies based on efficacy, innovations and structuring of delinquent loans granted by banks, based on entrepreneurship development, and to continue with the new measures for encouraging banks and companies to ad- implementation of structural reforms in pension, health, just their respective loan portfolio assessments to post-crisis education and labor market areas respectively. These ac- economic conditions prevailing at their debtors. The Project tivities will be carried out in parallel with improving the busi- aim is to ensure - through a necessary improving banks’ loan ness environment, while having in mind the importance of portfolio quality – the revitalization of banks’ lending to pro- foreign direct investments to the small and open economy ductive sectors of the economy of Montenegro. Such an ap- of Montenegro. An imperative is to construct high qual- proach is required in order to make it possible for economy ity infrastructure to link us with the regional countries and, to develop its potentials and social potential and for banks broader, to Europe. to resume their tendency to lend without any fear of undertaking an additional risk in their respective legacy portfolios. 1. CONCLUSION This because low credit activity has negative effects on the liquidity of the overall economy and on the possibility to have The previous period was very challenging for economic and the funding for consumption and investing, which indirectly regulatory policy makers in Montenegro, from the aspect of increases the risk of not attaining the planned growth rates both internal vulnerability and from spreading negative ex- and budget revenues. ternal shocks into the economy system of the country. The key risks are associated with fiscal system vulnerability, real Since Montenegro Central Bank’s maneuver space has been sector illiquidity and further increase in delinquent assets of narrowed due to euroization, the most significant arm of in- banking sector. fluence is, no doubt, bank supervision4. Despite the concept of financial stability and macroprudential regulation differs Therefore, the activities of the Ministry of Finance, the Gov- from microprudential approach, an efficient bank supervi- ernment and of other competent bodies were aimed at bal- sion is the key to attaining financial system stability, since ancing public revenues and expenditures, banking system prevention is the best policy. stabilizing and creating sound grounds for the upcoming recovery and development of economy. The undertaken activ- 2.4. Stronger growth by means of competitiveness impro- ities have produced obvious outcomes, while particularly in vement the fiscal consolidation segment. Over the first ten months of 2013, €88 million of public revenues more were collected Sustainable public revenues and expenditures and banking as compared with the ones collected over the same period sector stability are required, but they are not at the same of the preceding year, or €53.4 million more than planned. time adequate prerequisites for a dynamic growth and de- Such collection of revenues was contributed to by combined velopment. When it comes to encouraging the growth of effects of the implemented fiscal consolidation measures economy, measures dedicated to improving competitive- and by the measures to improve the collection, while pri- ness thereof do not have an alternative. In terms of that, in marily by the suppression of gray economy and the econom- pursuing economic policy particular attention has to be paid ic activity growth attained in 2013. to strengthening productivity and general competitiveness, since only well designed policies for improving national com- In addition, at the same time, achieve were other goals, petitiveness are capable of ensuring desired avenue toward among which: credit rating maintained; position on the lists a dynamic development and overall social prosperity. of international rating agencies moved forward; structural reforms implementing continuity maintained in government The competitiveness of a country is under the influence of revenues and expenditures, administration, labor market numerous direct and indirect factors, among which primar- and business environment areas respectively; and alike. ily institutions, human and natural resources, infrastructure, management, capital, … If we observe the position of Mon- Hand in hand with attaining all the aforementioned goals tenegro, the progress that has been reached to in several and through enforcing carefully defined economic policy, years so far is certain. The progress has been acknowledged the steady foundation for ensuring the stability - which is in all international reports considering competitiveness required in these crisis and uncertain times and which will matters. However, that must not be the end destination, make the system stronger and more resistant to external but there should be ambitions of attaining a competitive- shocks and bring Montenegro back on the track of a dynam- ness grounded in smart, sustainable and inclusive growth, ic economic growth and development – is created. through investments in innovations, digitalization, mobility of the young, as well as through improving the efficiency of engaging resources and/or through comparative advantages serving an increase in employment, social inclusion and pov-

4 Other monetary instruments comprise credit transactions, lender of last resort, open market transactions and reserve requirement. 140 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

Among the few certainties that determine our stay on this plan- Među malim brojem izvjesnosti kojima je determinisan bora- et, is the fact that human life is determined by the nature and by vak na ovoj planeti, stoji i činjenica da je ljudski život odredjen its relation towards the environment. prirodom i njegovim odnosom prema okruženju. The relationship between humans and nature is complex and Odnos čovjeka i prirode je kompleksan i višedimenzionalan, multi-dimensional, and the nature of this relation shows, among a priroda tog odnosa pokazuje, između ostalog, stepen razvi- other things, the development degree of a community, both in jenosti društvene zajednice, kako u njenim pojedinim važnim its respective important contents, and in the community asa sadržajima, tako i u zajednici kao cjelini. Kada kreira svoj whole. By creating its own economic development on the ba- ekonomski razvoj na prirodnim resursima /zemljište, biljni i sis of the natural resources/land, biodiversity, water, air, ores životinjski svijet, voda, vazduh, rude i minerali, fosilna goriva and minerals, fossil fuels and others/as a common good, in the i drugo/ kao opštem dobru, u najširem smislu riječi, država is- broadest sense, the state expresses its standpoint, the level of kazuje svoj stav, nivo potencijala, bogatstva i moći, ali i nivo resources, wealth and power, but also the level of development sopstvene razvijenosti u sociološkom, kulturološkom i naravno in the sociological, cultural and naturally economic terms. ekonomskom smislu. Unfortunately, the state of the environment and natural resourc- Nažalost, stanje životne sredine i prirodnih resursa ukazuje na es outlines the fact that natural resources are not sufficiently -ex činjenicu da prirodni resursi nijesu dovoljno istraženi, da se ne plored, that they are not being used sufficiently, that they are koriste u dovoljnoj mjeri, da se njima uglavnom gazduje bez usually managed without due care and unreasonably, that the dužne pažnje i neracionalno, da su promjene u životnoj sredini changes in the environment are huge, and the human behaviour ogromne, i da su ponašanjem čovjeka, odredjena područja do made certain areas devastated to that extent that we can be te mjere devastirana, da se može slobodno reći i zauvijek izgu- free to say they are lost forever. bljena. The strategic planning and modern approach to sustainability, Strateško planiranje i moderan pristup održivosti, uz primjenu with an implementation of contemporary standards and scien- savremenih standarda i naučnih metoda u istraživanju i eksp- tific methods in the exploration and exploitation are the major loataciji su najvažniji preduslovi kvalitetne ekonomske valo- prerequisites of high quality economic valorisation of natu- rizacija prirodnih resursa. Ekonomska valorizacija je svakako ral resources. Economic valorisation is certainly a necessity of neophodnost, enormne vrijednosti i značaja za razvoj društva, enormous value and of importance for the development of the predstavljajući istovremeno čin odgovornosti prema savre- society, representing at the same time an act of responsibility menicima, prema sadašnjosti, prema potrebi višeg kvaliteta towards contemporaries, towards the present, towards the need života i životnog standarda, i izvjesno, smatrajući ga višim for a higher quality of life and the living standard, and certainly, nivoom istog procesa, kao čin odgovornosti prema generaci- considering it as a higher level of the same process, as an act jama koje dolaze, prema budućnosti. of responsibility towards the coming generations, towards the U svojoj osnovi, ekonomska valorizacija prirodnih resursa mora future. biti društveno odgovorna i ekonomski opravdana, a u moral- In its essence, the economic valorisation of natural resources noj ravni utemeljena u vrijednosti društvenih elita i ravnoteži must be socially responsible and economically viable, and in the ekoloških i ekonomskih zahtjeva. moral terms it must be grounded in the values of social elites and the balance between environmental and economic demands. ekonomija zemalja regiona regional economy Panel V Kako staviti u funkciju prirodne resurse How to put into function natural resources

Aleksandar Joksimović Goran Barović Viši naučni saradnik Instituta za biologiju mora Profesor Filozofskog fakulteta Univerziteta Crne Gore Senior research associate at the Professor at the Faculty of Philosophy Institute of Marine Biology at the University of Montenegro

Michael Malvebo James Wilson Izvršni direktor, Telenor Izvršni direktor, Azmont Investments General Manager, Telenor Executive Director, Azmont Investments

Vladimir Čvorović Atlas Grupa Atlas Group 142 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

Doc. dr Goran Barović Profesor Filozofskog fakulteta Univerziteta Crne Gore

Pregled prirodnih resursa Balkana i njihovo korišćenje

REZIME more do Beograda, zatim koritom rijeke Save do mjesta njenog nastanka, a odatle preko prevoja Vršič do izvo- Osnovni prirodni resursi su: zemljište, stijene, minerali, riška rijeke Soče, čijim koritom se spušta do Tršćanskog fosilna goriva, voda, klima, flora i fauna. U radu će se dati zaliva u Jadranskom moru. Zahvata površinu od oko 550 sažet prikaz najznačajnijih resursa i može predstavlja- 000 km2 ili oko 6% prostora Evrope. Duža osa mu je oko ti osnovu za detaljniju, opširniju i precizniju elaboraciju 1300 km (Varna - Trst) a kraća oko 480 km (Smederevo- veoma inspirativne teme. Prostor Balkanskog poluostrva -Solun). predstavlja jedno od tri velika poluostrva u južnom dijelu Evrope. Karakteriše ga velika razuđenost obala i speci- fične geomorfološke karakteristike obodnog dijela. Zapa- dna, južna i istočna granica kao da je prirodan bedem koji zaustavlja prodiranje toplih klimatskih uticaja u njegovu unutrašnjost. Sa sjevera je otvoreno uticajima sa sjevera i istoka Evope koji posebno u zimskom dijelu godine značajno utiče na klimu. Prema rezultatima istrazivanja može se konstatovati da djelovi poluostrva koji pripadaju starim gomadnim planinama i čiji je nastanak vezan za starije geološke periode ima i značajno raznovrsnija rudna bogatstva. Zone mlađih vjenačnih planina, nastalih u mlađim geološkim periodama odlikuju druge karakteristike sa rasursima različitim od onih onih starijih. Jedan od najznačajnij resursa, voda, na prostru Balkana ima značajan uticaj na kompletan geoprostor i u velikom broju slučajeva diktira ukupne uslove života. Prilog 1. Planina Balkan GEOGRAFSKI POLOŽAJ Ova geografska cjelina je dobro povezana sa matičnim Balkansko poluostrvo prema geografskom lociranju spa- Evropskim kontinentom brojnim saobraćajnim korido- da u jedno od tri velika poluostrva koja se nalaze u južnoj rima. Takđe ima dobru vezu sa azijskim kontinentom. Evropi. Ime je dobilo po istoimenoj planini koja se duži- Veliki broj mostova na Bosforu i Dardanelima dobro po- nom od više od 500km pruža od istočne Srbije, sjeverne vezuje susjedne kopnene cjeline pa se stvara osjećaj o Bugarske do Crnog mora. Ime mu se u naučnoj i stručnoj prelasku neke velike rijeke a ne prelaska sa kontinenta literaturi prvi put pominje od strane njemačkog istraži- na kontinent. Veliki broj Grčkih ostrva duboko zalazi u vača Johana Cojne, početkom 19 vijeka. Ime poluostrva Sredozemno more, primičući se dijelu Afrike koji je bio se veže za Staru planinu koju su Turci nazvali Balkan (pla- i ostao važan geostrategijski, geopolitički i ekonomski nina) misleći da je glavni planinski masiv kao što su Piri- centar od nastanka prvih civilizacija pa do danas. Sjever- neji na Pirinejskom poluostrvu i Apenini na Apeninskom na oblast je široko otvorena prema Panonskom basenu i poluostrvu. Kad je utvrđeno postojanje većih planinskih srednjoj Evropi. vijenaca naziv Balkan je već bio odomaćen u svim sfe- rama života. Raniji nazivi su mu bili: Ilirsko, Grčko, Rim- U geografskom koordinatnom sistemu Balkansko poluo- sko, Vizantijsko, evropska Turska. Sa tri strane je okružen strvo je locirano od 130 do 290 istočne geografske dužine morima: zapadnu obalu zapljuskuje Jadransko more, sa i od 350 do 470 sjeverne geografske širine. Geografskom južne strane je Egejsko more a sa istoka Mramorno i Crno dužinom definisani prostor je u zonama +1 i +2 časa u more. Sjevrna ili kopnena granica (od istoka prema zapa- odnosu na svjetsko vrijeme. Lokacija Balkana prema geo- du) se kreće Dunavom, uzvodno od njegovog ušća u Crno grafskoj širini definiše prostor u umjerenim geografskim ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 143

Professor at the Faculty of Philosophy at the Goran Barović, RNDr University of Montenegro

REVIEW OF THE BALKANS’ NATURAL RESOURCES AND OF THEIR USE

RESUME When the existence of the larger mounting ranges was found out, the name Balkan had already been popu- The basic natural resources are land, rocks, minerals, larized in all life domains. Earlier names were Illyrian, fossil fuels, water, climate, flora and fauna. The present Greece, Roman, Byzantine (Peninsula), European Turkey. paper will give a summary review of the most significant The Peninsula is surrounded by water on three sides: the natural resources and it may be a foundation for a fur- Adriatic Sea to the west, the Ionian Sea to the south, and ther, broader and more exact analysis of this very inspir- the Marmara Sea and the Black Sea to the east. Its north- ing topic. The Balkan Peninsula is one out of the three ern, i.e. inland boundary (from the east to the west) is large peninsulas in the Southern Europe. It is character- often given as the River Danube, going upstream from ized by very indented coast and specific geomorphologic its mouth into the Black Sea to Belgrade, then along the features of the perimeter area. Western, southern and River Sava bed to the place of its vanishing and, from eastern borders stand as natural frontiers that prevent there, via the saddle called Vršič, to the spring of the Riv- penetration of warm climate impacts into its inland. On er Soca along the bed of which it goes down to the Gulf the north, it is open to the impacts coming from the north of Trieste running into the Adriatic Sea. It stretches over and the east of Europe that - particularly in the winter some 550,000 km² or some 6.00% of the European area. season - have considerable effects on the climate. Ac- The longer axis is about 1,300 km (stretching from Varna cording to research findings, it can be concluded that the to Trieste), whereas the shorter one is 480 km (stretching Peninsula regions that belong to the old block mountains from Smederevo to Thessaloniki). and the origination of which is linked to the older geologic eras, has a significant variety of mineral resources. The zones of geologically younger mountain range, originated in earlier geologic periods, are characterized by unlike features encompassing resources different from those found in geologically older mountains. One of the most important resources within the Balkans region, i.e. the water, has a significant effect on the entire geospace and, in many cases, it dictates the life conditions on the whole.

GEOGRAPHIC POSITION

As per its geographic positioning, the Balkan Peninsula belongs to one out of the three large peninsulas that are situated within Southern Europe. The region takes its name after the same-name mountain that stretches over 500 km from Eastern Serbia and Northern Bulgaria to the Black Sea. In scientific and expert references, its name Figure No. 1: The Balkan Mountain Range was mentioned for the first time by the German explor- er, namely by Johann Zeune, in the early 19th century. This geographic entity is connected with the mother Eu- The name of the Peninsula refers to the Stara Planina ropean continent through numerous transport corridors. (the Balkan Mountain range), which the Turks named Besides, it has a good link with the Asian continent. Many as Balkan (mountain) believing that it represented the bridges across the Bosporus and Dardanelles serve as major mountain massifs like Pyrenees on the Pyrenean good links with neighboring land entities, so there is a Peninsula and Apennines on the Apennine Peninsula. sense of crossing a large river and not of crossing from one continent to another. Numerous Greece islands go 144 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

širinama, koje garantuju povoljne klimatske uslove. Do- KLIMATSKE KARAKTERISTIKE datan kvaltet ovoj geografskoj cjelini daje izloženost prostora pomenutim toplim morima koji značajno determi- Klimatske karakteristike Balkanskog poluostrva definiše nišu klimatske ali i ostale elemente cjeline. nekoliko važnih faktora. Najvažniji je svakako geografska širina koja ovaj prostor „smješta“ na sjevrnu poluloptu RELJEFNE KARAKTERISTIKE TERENA u umjereni klimatski pojas sa, kako je već pomenuto, tri strane okružno toplim morima. Takođe je važno istaći i Balkansko poluostrvo nema centralni planinski masiv koji otvorenost sjeverne granice prema, Panonskoj niziji i sje- bi mu činio orografski skelet. Definisani prostor možemo veroistoku Evrope (Ruska ravnica), odakle, posebno to- geološki podijeliti u tri velike planinske cjeline: Dinarske kom zimskog dijela godine haldne vazdušne mase utiču planine sa Šarsko-Pindskim sistemom , Karpato-Balkani- na klimu poluostrva. Sa ostalih strana Dinarske, Rodop- de i Rodopske planine koje se značajno razlikuju po morske i Balkanske planine sprečavaju prodiraje sredozemne fološkom i geološkom sastavu. Između planinskih lanaca klime dublje u kontinent ali istovremeno zapadnu i južnu pružaju se kraška polja, udoline istog pravca pružanja. U obalu poluostrva štite od hladnih uticaja tokom zimskog unutrašnjosti poluostrva ima i starih gromadnih planina dijela godine. Tokom zimskog perioda godine u južnom Obale Balkanskog poluostrva su dobro razuđene sa broj- dijelu Rusije formira se anticiklon dok se u zonama Ja- nim zalivima: Tršćanki, Riječki, Bokokotorski, Solunski, dranskog i Srdozemnog mora stanje ciklona. Usled ova- Orfanski kve situacije dolazi do duvanja vjetrova iz pravca sjeve- roistoka u vidu bure i košave, koji donose hladan vazduh, Dinarske planine zauzimaju zapadni i jugozapadni dio vedro vrijeme i niske temperature. Tada je malo padavi- Balkanskog poluostrva, koji predstavlja najizrazitiji kraški na (1,70) od 200 do 500 mm. U slučaju kada iz saharskog reljef na svijetu. Imaju pravac pružanja, sjeverozapad- anticiklonalnog područja duva vjetar onda u zoni Balka- -jugoistok, paralelno sa Jadranskom obalom, od poteza na duva jugo, koji tom području donosi visoku oblačnost, Ljubljana – Gorica do Rta Mediterana, a južno od Šar pla- padavine u opsegu od 600 do 3000mm, nešto više tem- nine zauzimaju pravac sjever – jug gdje se nazivaju Hele- perature i malo osunčavanja. nidi ili Pindi. Najširi su na potezu Split-Čačak a najuži na relaciji Karlovac-Rijeka. Osnovu ovog planinskog sistema čine paleozojski škrijci, preko kojih su nataloženi mezo- zojski krečnjaci. Debljina krečnjačkih slojeva na centralnom dijelu Dinarida kreće se oko 2000 m. U ovoj zoni se ističu Velebit, Plješivica, Dinara (dužine oko 100km po kojoj je cijeli sistem dobio ime). Najvisočija tačka ovog dijela je Korab sa 2764 m.n.v. Planinski vijenac Dinarskih i Šarsko-Pindskih planina imaju veliki značaj kao klimat- ska i vegetacijska granica i imaju izgled pregrade izmedju mora i kontinentalnog dijela.

Balkanidi predstavljaju u geološkom smislu nastavak Di- narskih planina jer imaju istu geološku osnovu. Nastali su u oligomiocenu, osnovu im čine paleozojske stijene koje su u kasnijim geološkoim periodama a najviše u mezozo- iku prekrivene debelim naslagama krečnjaka. Za razliku od Dinarida imaju pravac pružanja istok – zapad, od is- Prilog 2.Pružanje toplih(crvene) i hladnih(bijele) vazdu- točne Srbije, preko Bugarske da bi se blago spuštili prema šnih struja Crnom moru. Ovaj pravac uslovile su im susjedne Rodop- ske mase koje su im sprečavale pružanje prema zapadu i Tokom ljetnjeg perioda na prostor Balkana uticaj imaju prema jugu. anticikloni koji nastaju u Sredozemnom moru. Tada se ja- vljaju topli vjetrovi, koji donose veliki broj sunčanih dana, Rodopske planine su nastale u arhajsko i kambrijsko malo kiše, periode sa sušom koji traju od maja pa i do doba. Po geološkom sastavu se razlikuju od predhodna oktobra. dva planinska vijenca. Ove planine su izgrađene od gra- nita, gnajsa, kristalnih škriljaca ali i od stijena vulkanskog HIDROGRAFSKE KARAKTERISTIKE porijekla. Ova cjelina ima izgled trougla sa Beogradom na jednoj, ostrvom Eubeje na drugoj i ušću rijeke Marica na Sa prostora Balkanskog poluostrva vode odlaze u četiri trećoj strani. U ovoj cjelini ističu se velike planine Olimp, mora: Crno more, Egejsko more, Jonsko more i Jadran- Pirin i Rila i dvije karakteristične udoline Moravsko-var- sko more. Može se reći da je bogato površinskim vodama darska i Moravsko-marička. osim dijela Dinarida i dijela Grčke. ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 145 deeply into the Mediterranean Sea, getting closer to the stone. Unlike the Dinarides, they stretch east-westward African region that used to be and has remained signifi- from the eastern Serbia, going via Bulgaria, and slightly cant geostrategic, geopolitical and trade center as of be- stepping down toward the Black Sea. This direction was ginning of the first civilizations so far. The northern re- conditioned by the neighboring Rhodope massif that gion is widely open toward both the Panonina Basin and prevented their westward and southward stretching. Middle Europe. In geographic coordinate system, the Balkan Peninsula The Rhodope Mountains originated during Archean eon is situated between 13º and 29º of eastern longitude and Cambrian period . According to the geologic struc- and between 35º and 47º of northern latitude. Accord- ture, they differ from the former two mountain ranges. ing to its longitudinal determination, it is within the time These mountains are structured from granite, gneiss, zones of +1 and + 2 hours as compared to the world time. crystal shale and also from volcanic rocks. This entity The Balkans location determined by the latitude makes looks like a triangle, with Belgrade on one, the Euboea the region be in the areas of moderate latitudes guar- Island on the other and the River Marica mouth on the anteeing favorable climate. Additional advantage of this third side. Within this entity, distinguished are large geographic entity is in the exposure to the before men- mountains such as the Mount Olympus, the Pirin Moun- tioned Seas that determine largely climate and all the tains and the Rila Mountain range and two characteristic other entity’s elements. valleys, namely Morava and Vardar Valley and Morava and Marica Valley. CHARACTERISTIC OROGRAPHIC FEATURES CLIMATE CHARACTERISTICS The Balkan Peninsula does not have the central mountain massif that would make the orographic skeleton. The Balkan Peninsula’s climate characteristics are in- The said area can be divided geographically into three duced by several important factors. The most significant large mountain entities, i.e. the Dinaric Alps together one is definitely the latitude that accommodates this re- with the system of the Šar (Sharr) Mountains and Pindus gion in the Northern Hemisphere and mild climate zone, mountain range, the Carpathian-Balkanides, and Rho- surrounded, as already mentioned, by warm seas on its dope Mountains, all different from each other by their three sides. Besides, it is essential to emphasize its open respective morphologic and geologic structures.- Be position toward the Panonina Basin and the northeast tween the mountain chains, the karst fields, i.e. valleys of Europe (the Russian Valley), from where , while par- of the same stretch direction are accommodated. In the ticularly over the winter time, cold air masses affect the inland of the Peninsula, there are old block mountains. Peninsula’s climate. On the other sides, the Dinaric Alps, The coastline of the Balkan Peninsula is rather indented the Rhodope Mountains and the Balkan Mountains pre- by numerous gulfs such as Trieste, Rijeka, Boka Kotorska, vent coming the Mediteraneean climate deeper into Thessaloniki, Orfano gulfs respectively. the inland, but simultaneously protect the Peninsula’s western and the southern coastline against cold impacts The Dinaric Alps occupy the western and southeastern during the winter season. In the southern Russia in the region of the Balkan Peninsula and they are actually the winter time, anticyclone is formed while in the zones of most pronounced landform in the world. They extend Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas cyclone is formed. Due northwest-southeast along the coast of the Adriatic Sea, to such situations, from the northeast winds as Bora and from the Ljubljana – Gorica stretch to the Mediterranean Košava blow bringing cold wind, clear weather and low Cape where they are Called Hellenides or Pindes. Te big- temperatures. They bring little precipitation (1.70) from gest width they reach in Split – Cacak stretch, whereas 200 to 500 mm. During the Sahara anticyclone wind they are narrowest in the Karlovac – Rijeka stretch. The blowing, the zone of the Balkans faces the Sirocco wind foundation of this mountain system is Paleozoic shales, that brings mostly cloudy sky, precipitations ranging be- over which Mesozoic limestones were deposited. The tween 600 to 3,000 mm, slightly higher temperatures thickness of the limestone stratums in the central re- and short sunny intervals. gion of the Dinarides ranges to approximately 2,000 m. Within this zone, Velebit, Pjesivica and Dinara mountains (with the length of about 100 km, after which the whole system was named) are distinguished respectively. The highest elevation of this zone is the Mount Korab’s peak at 2,764 m above sea level. The Dinaric Alps and the Šar (Sharr) Mountains and Pindus mountain range are of considerable importance as both climate and vegetation boundaries, with their shape resembling the partition wall between the sea and the continental region.

In terms of geology, the Balkanides represent the extension of the Dinaric Alps, given that they share the same geologic substrata. They originated during the Oligo- Miocene epoch, and their substrata are Paleozoic rocks that in later geologic periods – while mainly during the Mesozoic era – were covered by thick strata of lime- Figure 2 : Course of warm (red) and cold (white) air flows 146 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

Najveću slivnu cjelinu čine vodotoci Save i Dunava koji teritorijom ili većinom teritorije su: Grčka, Makedonija, odvode vodotoke dijela zapdnog, centralnog i sjevernog Bugarska, Albanija, Srbija (bez Vojvodine), Bosna i Herce- Balkana u Crno more (Kupa, Una, Bosna, Drina, Mora- govina, Kosovo, Crna Gora. Zemlje koje se manjim dije- va i dr.). Karakteristično je i to da su samo ove dvije ri- lom nalaze na Balkanskom poluostrvu: Hrvatska (terito- jeke plovne dok se na svim ostalim rijekama iz njihovog rija južno od Save i Kupe), Slovenija oko 13% (kranji jug sliva rječni transport ne može odvijati. Slivu Egejskog Slovenije), Rumunija (pokraina Dobrudža), Turska (njen mora pripadaju Vardar, Struma, Mesta, Marica, Pinios i dio na evropskom kontinentu). Aliakmon. U Jonsko i južni dio Jadranskog mora se ulivaju Aheloos, Škumbini, (Crni i Bijeli) Drim i Bojana (sa GRČKA Zetom i Moračom). Ovaj dio obale karakteriše veliki broj vodotoka koratkog toka a bogatog vodom. Od Ušća Bo- Rudna bogastva Grčke su grupisana u tri rejona: Egejska jane u Jadransko more prema sjeveru rijeke su kratkog Makedonija sa Halkidikijem, zatim Atika sa ostrvom Erbe- toka, bogate vodom, brze, usječenih obala (zbog geolo- jom i Kikladska ostrva. U pomenutim zonama se eksplo- škog sastava zemljišta kroz koje protiču) od kojih je naj- atiše gvožđe (Halkidiki, Lavrion,Serifos), olovo, srebro, veća Neretva. Karakteristično je za zapadnio dio Balkana cink i mangan (Lavrion), boksit (Atika), hrom (Tesalija), da se javlja veliki broj ponornica koje imaju veliki hidro- magnezit (Halkidiki, Evbeja).Takođe, značajna je proizvo- energetski potencijal. U ovoj zoni tokom ljeta na velikom dnja morske soli, dok je eksploatacija nafte mala iako su broju rijeka značajno opadne vodostaj zbog specifičnih otkrivene rezerve u sjevrozapadnom dijelu zemlje. Pol- klimatskih uslova. joprivredna proizvodnja: duvan, grožđe, masline, južno voće. Ima razvijen ribolov. Na Balkanskom poluostrvu ima više jezera. Najveća su: Skadarsko (391km2), Ohridsko (348km2), Prespansko Vode sa teritorije Grčke otiču u Egejsko, Jonsko i Jadran- (274km2), Vegoritis (65km2), Dojransko (42,7km2). Pojedi- sko more. Najveće su Marica, Mesta, Struma i Vardar ni djelovi Balkanskog poluostrva su stalno zamočvareni, koje svojim donjim tokovima pripadaju Grčkoj i imaju sta- uz vodotoke Save i Dunava, Solunskom polju i povreme- lan tok. Rijeke koje izviru u Grčkoj su kratkog toka i uskog no plavljena brojna kraška polja tokom zimskih mjeseci. korita koja tokom ljeta presuše. Velike rijeke na ušćima su uglavnom plitke, zamočvarene i prave lagune. U sje- VEGETACIJA vernom dijelu je više planinskih jezera. Grčkoj pripadaju i djelovi Dojranskog i Prespanskog jezera. Vrlo specifična geološka osnova, klimatske i hidrološke karakteristike uslovili su formiranje dvije velike vegeta- Osnova privrede je turizamu, poljoprivednoj proizvodnji cione regije: mediteranska i srednjoevropska. Granica i pomorskoj floti. među njima se uslovno poklapa sa januarskom izoter- mom od 0o. Mediteransku vegetacijsku zonu karakteriše MAKEDONIJA makija, kao najizrazitiji predstavnik mediteranske flore. Ona se prostire (1,70) od Istre, duž cijele Dalmatinske Ruda gvožđa otkrivena je kod Slepča i Tajmišta. Gvozde- obale, naše obale, djelimično obalom Albanije, cijelom na ruda sa primjesama nikla locirana je kod Kavadaraca, obalom Grčke (u Grčkoj se zove frigana), Peloponezu i Prilepa i Velesa. Rude nikla ima kod Kavadaraca, antimo- južnoj Grčkoj. U primrskim zonama rastu bor, čempres, na ima na više mjesta ali se eksploatiše samo kod Lojana. lovor i česmina. U prostorima sa višom nadmorskom vi- Hrom se takođe eksploatiše kod Lojana ali i kod Raduša. sinom rastu grab i hrast a još više (iznad 1000 m.n.v.) ra- Zletovo je najveći rudnik olovo-cinkane rude. ste bukva, i miješana crnogorična i bjelogorična šuma. U ovoj zoni od „kulturnih“ biljaka najbolje uspijevaju biljke Rijeke Makedonije otiču u Egejski, Jadranski i Crnomorski sa dubokim korjenjem – maslina, loza i smokva. Srednjo- sliv. Vode su neravnomjerno raspoređene i u vremenu i evropska vegetaciona zona najviše se iskazuje na visina- u prostoru. Naveći sliv pripada rijeci Vardar (80% ), dru- ma do 1200 m u kontinentalnom i iznad 300 m u zonama ga rjeka po površini sliva je Crni Drim (13%), zatim rijeka primorja. Listopadne i četinarske šume su vrlo često iz- Strumica (6%) i poslednja Južna Morava (manje od 1%). miješane, hrast raste do 1000m.n.v a iznad bukva. Kon- Makedonija ima i tri velika tektonska jezera Ohridsko, tinentalnu zonu karakterišu i brojni pašnjaci koji cijelom Prespansko i Dorjansko. Makedonija koristi oko 30% prostoru daju specifičan izgled i dodatnu vrijednost. Sje- potencijala pa je zavisna od uvoza električne energije verni i istočni dio poluostrva pripada ovoj vegetacionoj (oko45%). Veliki problem Makedoniji predstavlja jaka zoni i pretežno je poljoprivredni. Razvijeno je uzgajanje erozija koja bi u planovima trebalo da bude zaustavljena žitarica, industrijskih biljaka, voćarstvo i vinogradarstvo. izgradnjom vještačkih akumulacija ali je realizacija ovog projekta strašno spora i zavisi od veoma loše ekonomske PREGLED RESURSA PO DRŽAVAMA situacije koja vlada u zemlji.(3,51)

Zemlje koje se nalaze na Balkanskom poluostrvu cijelom U Makedoniji se najviše gaji pirinač u Kočanskoj kotlini. ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 147

For the period of the summer season, the effect of anti- oak trees grow in the seaside zones. Within the zones cyclones originating from the Mediterranean sea are at at higher altitudes, hornbeam trees and oak trees grow, stage within the Balkans. Warm winds blow then, bring- while at higher (1,000 m) heights above the sea level also ing a large number of sunny days, little rain, the draught beach trees and mixed temperate coniferous and decid- lasting from May even to October. uous forests grow. Within this zone and out of so-called “cultural” plants, there are the ones with their roots go- HYDROGRAPHY ing deep into the ground, namely olive trees, vines and fig trees. The Middle European vegetation zone exists The water from the Balkan Peninsula runs into four mostly at heights up to 1,200 m above the sea level and seas, namely into the Black Sea, the Aegean Sea, the Io- above 300 m in the seaside zones. Deciduous and conif- nian Sea and the Adriatic Sea. It could be said that the erous forests are frequently mixed; oak trees grow at the Peninsula is abundant with surface water, except for the heights up to 1,000 m altitude and beech trees at heights zone of the Dinaric Alps and a part of Greece. beyond that. Continental zone is characterized also by The largest drainage basin entity are the watercourses numerous grazing lands that give the whole landscape of the River Sava and the River Danube taking the water- a specific look and added value. The northern and the courses from a part of the Western, Central and North- eastern regions of the Peninsula belong to this vegeta- ern Balkans into the Black Sea (i.e. the rivers like Kupa, tion zone and they are mainly involved in agriculture. Una, Bosna, Drina, Morava, etc.). It is characteristic that Cereals and industrial crops, fruit and vegetable growing these two rivers only are navigable, whereas on all the are developed. rest, which belong to their watershed, the river transport cannot be performed. The Rivers Vardar, Struma, Mesta, REVIEW OF NATURAL RESOURCES BY COUNTRIES Marica, Pinios and Aliakmon respectively belong to the Aegean Sea’s drainage basin. The Rivers Acheleous, the The countries with either their respective whole territo- (Black and White) Shkumbin, Drim and Bojana (togeth- ries or their respective territory parts situated within the er with Zeta and Moraca) flow into the Ionian Sea and Balkan Peninsula are Greece, Macedonia, Albania, Serbia the Southern Adriatic. A large number of watercourses (without Vojvodina), Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, running short, but abundant with water characterizes Montenegro. The countries with their respective small this zone of the coastline. From the river delta where territory parts situated within the Balkan Peninsula are the Bojana River flows into the Adriatic Sea toward the Croatia (territories south of the River Sava and the River north, rivers are of short watercourses, but abundant Kupa), some 13.00% of Slovenia (the far south of Slo- with water; these rivers are fast, with their banks cut- venia), Romania (Dobruja Region), Turkey (the European in the ground (due to geologic structure of the land Turkey, i.e. Eastern Thrace) through which they flow) and with the River Neretva as the largest one. A characteristic of the Western Balkans GREECE is that there are a large number of sinking rivers with huge hydropower potential. During the summer season, Greece’s mineral resources are distributed over the three the water level of numerous rivers within this zone falls regions, i.e. in Macedonia (Traditional Region of Greece) considerably, due to specific climate conditions. with Chalkidiki, then Attica with the island of Euboea and the Cyclades Islands. In the aforementioned zones, There are many lakes within the Balkan Peninsula. The the exploitation of iron (in Chalkidiki, Laurium, Serifos), largest ones are the Lake Skadar (391 km²), the Lake lead, silver and manganese (in Laurium), bauxite (in At- Ohrid (348 km²), the Lake Prespa (274 km²), the Lake tica), chrome (in Thessaly), magnesite (in Chalkidiki and Vegoritida (65 km²), the Lake Doiran (42.7 km²). Certain Euboea) ores respectively is taking place. Besides, sig- zones of the Balkan Peninsula, such as those along the nificant is also the production of sea salt, while the pe- watercourses of the River Sava and the River Danube, troleum exploitation is of low intensity although reserves and the Thessalonica Valley, are with permanent wet- in northwest zone of the country have been discovered. lands, whereas there are numerous karst fields periodi- Agriculture production: tobacco, grapes, olives, tropical cally flooded during the winter season months. fruit. Fisheries is highly developed.

VEGETATION From the territory of Greece, the water runs to the Ae- gean Sea, the Ionian Sea and the Adriatic Sea. The biggest Very specific geologic substratum, climate and hydrology rivers are the River Maritsa, the River Struma and the features conditioned the forming of two large vegetation River Vardar that, by their respective lower watercourses zones, namely the Mediterranean one and the Middle belong to Greece and have steady water flow. The rivers European one. The boundary line between the two is with their respective sources in Greece are of short wa- conditionally overlapping January isotherm of 0ºC. The tercourses and narrow beds that are dry during the sum- Mediterranean vegetation zone is characterized by mac- mer season. At their respective mouths, big rivers are chia as being the most pronounced Mediterranean flora mainly shallow and they form wetlands and lagoons. The specimen. It stretches (1.70) from Istria all along the northern region accommodates several mountain lakes. Dalmatian and our, while partly along the Albanian, and The respective portions of the Lake Doiran and the Lake along the whole Greece (where they call it phrygana) Prespa belong also to Greece. coastlines respectively to the Peloponnesus in the South- ern Greece. Pine trees, cypress trees, laurel shrubs, holm The foundation of the country’s economy is tourism, ag- 148 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

Takodje, značajna je proizvodnja duvana, maka, pamuka, SRBIJA (bez Vojvodine) susama i dr. Zahvaljujući prostranim planinskim pašnjaci- ma razvijeno je stočarstvo. Razvijena je industrija duva- Na teritoriji Srbije ležišta uglja su otkrivena na više loka- na, tekstila, drveta, metala, hemijska i dr. cija: kameni ugalj otkriven je u Timočkom basenu, doli- nama Ibra i Mlave, mrkog uglja u Resavsko-moravskom BUGARSKA a lignita u Kolubarskom, Mlavskom i Kosovskom basenu. Srbija je bogata rudama. Ležišta rude gvožđa otkrivena Bugarska raspolaže značajnim rudnim bogatstvom. Uglja su na Kopaoniku, Zlatiboru i istočnoj Srbiji. Rude bakra (kameni, mrki i ljignit) ima u basenima Pernika, Bobov ima kod Bora, Majdanpeka i Velikog Krivelja. Ova ruda sa- dola, Burgasa i dolini Marice. Nafta se eksploatiše na drži i zlato, srebro, selen i pirit. Srbija je jedan od najvećih obali Crnog mora (Tulenova). Ruda gvožđa se eksploatiše prizvođača bakra u Evropi. Kalaj je otkriven na Ceru i Bu- u rejonima Sofije i Elhova. Rudnici olova i cinka se nalze kulji. Otkrivene su i značajne rezerve gline koja se koristi na južnom dijelu Rodopa, Krdžaliji, a bakar u Vracama i za građevinarstvo, cementnog materijala, kvarca, talka, Srnenoj gori. U manjim količinama i na više mjesta ima kaolina, feldspata idr. Antimon se eksploatiše kod Kru- ruda mangana, pirita, hroma, boksita, srebra, zlata i ura- pnja i Zajače, Volfram kod Blagojevog kamena (ist. Srb.), nijuma, a od nemetala, soli, azbesta, gipsa i kaolina. nikla kod Vrnjačke banje, Trstenika i Cera.

Teritorija Bugarske je uslovno podijeljena u tri sliva: di- Vodni resursi Srbije su veliki. Danas na njenoj teritoriji rektan sliv Dunava i Egejskog mora po 42% i Crnog mora ima pedesetak akumulavija (20 većih). Pojedinačno, naj- 16%. Ova uslovna podjela ipak većinu teritorije veže za veća brana je ona na Đerdapu koju Srbija dijeli sa Rumu- Crno more 58% u odnosu na dio teritorije koja se od- nijom. Na Drini, graničnoj rijeci sa Bosnom i Hercegovi- vodnjava prema Egejskom moru(42%). Vodni resursi su nom takođe su izgrađene tri hidroelektrane, koje osim za neravnmjerno raspoređeni pa je na nekim lokacijama proizvodnju električne energije utiču na regulaciju voda ima previše a na drugim se javlja nedostatak. Do sada je u slivnom području Drine ali i Save i Dunava. Hidroener- iskorišćeno oko 30% vodnih potencijala a njih 90% je lo- gija predstavlja oko 37% instalirane proizvodnje u Srbiji. cirano u jugoistočnoj regiji. Veliki dio teritorije prekriven (3,64) Morava je najznačajnija srpska rijeka, nastaje od je sistemom za navodnjavanje ali njegovo funkcionisanje Zapane i Južne Morave sa velikom rječnim sistem koji je je ugroženo propadanjem velikih poljoprivrednih kom- sa preko 550 km dužine najveći na balkanu. binata koji su radili u vrijeme njegove izgradnje. Sistem malih brana (oko 2000) je poslednjih decenija regulisao Srbija ima značajnu proizvodnju žita, industrijskog bilja, poplave i donekle regulisao vodni režim.(3,31) povrća, stočnog bilja. Ima razvijeno stočarstvo, svinjogoj- stvo, ovčarstvo, i dr. Privreda Bugarske se oslanja na poljoprivredu kroz proizvodnju: duvana, vinove loze, voća, povrća, industrijskog BOSNA I HERCEGOVINA, bilja, koje i izvozi. Najvažnija privredna grana je rudarstvo. Pronađene su ALBANIJA velike rezerve gvozdene rude u rejonu Vareš i Ljubija, a ima ih i u rejnu Vranice. Olovo i cink je pronađen u rejonu Albanija ima značajne rezerve nafte. Eksploatiše se kod Srebrenice. Ležišta boksita ima u okolini Mostara, Bosan- gradova Kučova i Patosa. U malim količinama se eksploa- ske krupe, Vlasenice i Jajca. Gipsa ima u okolini Donjeg tišu rude hroma, nikla, gvožđa, bakra i uglja. Poljoprivre- Vakufa i Volarima. Kamena so se eksploatiše u okolini da je i dalje najdominantnija privredna grana. Tuzne. Ležišta bakra nelaze se u okolini Jajca, Bugojna i Kreševa. Pirit i barit su pronađeni u rejonima Bakovića, Albanija je zemlja bogata vodom. Neravnomjerno su ra- Jajca i Gornjrg vakufa. Na više lokaliteta su pronađena le- spoređeni u rijekama Drim, Mati, Ishmi, Erzeni, Shkum- žišta antimona, kaolina, žive, hroma, magnezita, azbesta bini, Semani, Vjosa i Devolli. Većina njih je ugrožena ero- i drugih ruda. Ugalj (mrki i lignit) kopa se u pet basena: zijom, što predstavlja problem u njihovoj kontroli i isko- Tuzlanski (Kreka, Banovići, Ugljevik, Mazgraja); Srednjo- rišćavanju. Jezera su Skadarsko, Ohridsko i Prespansko. bosanski (Kakanj, Zenica i Breza); Mostarski, Banjalučki Albanija ima veliki broj planinskih jezera male zapremine i Livanjski su manjeg značaja. Hidropotencijal je veliki i i nekoliko akumulacija duž rijeka Drim, Mati i Devolli koje dobro iskorišćen sa petnaestak hidrocentrala. Velika le- služe za proizvodnju električne energije, navodnjavanje i žišta uglja uslovila su izgradnju desetak termoelektrana. zaštitu od poplava. (3,11) Prostor BiH je podijeljen u dva sliva Crnomorski (glavni U primorskom pojasu gaje se suptropske kulture: pamuk, vodorok rijeka Sava) sa 76% i Jadranski 24% (vodotoci pirinač, duvan, južno voće, masline. Proizvodnja žitarica. Neretva, Trebišnjica i Cetina). Dio koji gravitira jadran- Tekstilna, prehrabena, hemjska, metaloprerađivačka inskom slivnom podučju je iako manji po površini, bogatiji dustrija. je vodom. Prirodna jezera se nalaze na Plivi, Uni i Tre- ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 149 riculture production and maritime fleet. ed, with 90.00% thereof located in the southeastern region. A large portion of the territory is covered by the MACEDONIA (FYRoM) irrigation system; however, its functioning is hindered by a decline of large agricultural complexes that used to be Iron ore was discovered near Slepce and Tajmiste . The in operation during the construction of the system. Over iron ore containing nickel was found near Kavadarci, the recent decades, the complex of small dams (some Prilep and Veles. Nickel ore can be found near Kavadarci; 2,000 of them) solved and has solved partly the flooding antimony can be found in several localities, but is dug problems and water regime respectively. (3.31) only near Lojan. Chrome ore is also dug near Lojan, but also near Radus. Zletovo is the largest mine of lead-zinc The Economy of Bulgaria relies on agriculture, through ore. the production of tobacco, grape vines, fruits, vegetables, industrial crops - which all are exported. The Macedonian rivers run into the Aegean Sea, the Adri- atic Sea and the Black Sea drainage basins respectively. ALBANIA The water is unevenly dispersed both in time and in space. The biggest watershed is that of the River Vardar Albania has considerable reserves of petroleum. It is (80.00%); the second largest by the area of watershed drilled for in the towns of Kuçovë and Patos. Chrome, is the Black Drin River (13.00%), followed by the River nickel, iron, copper and coal are exploited in small quan- Strumica (6.00%) and the last one, i.e. the South Morava tities. Agriculture has remained the most prevailing River (less than 1.00%). Macedonia accommodates also economy branch. three large tectonic lakes, namely the Lake Ohrid, the Lake Prespa and the Lake Doiran. Macedonia exploits Albania is a country abundant with waters. They are some 30.00% of hydro power potential, so it is depen- unevenly distributed, through the River Drin, the River dant on electricity import (approximately 45.00%). Huge Mati, the River,the River Ishmi, the River Erzeni, the River challenge of Macedonia is in the erosion that should be Shkumbini, the River Semani, the River Vjosa and the blocked, as planned, upon the construction of an artifi- River Devolli, which all serve electric energy generation, cial lake; however, this project implementation has been irrigation and protection against flooding. (3.11) really slow due to indeed poor situation in the country’s economy. (3.51) In the seaside zone, subtropical species such as cotton, rice, tobacco, tropical fruits, and olives are produced. Macedonia is mainly involved in rice growing, in Kočani Textile, food, chemical, metal processing industries are Valley . Besides, there is considerable production of to- active. bacco, poppy, cotton and sesame, and alike. Thanks to spacious mountain grazing lands, cattle breeding is de- SERBIA (without Vojvodina) veloped. Also tobacco, textile, wood processing, metal and chemical industries are developed, and alike. Within the territory of Serbia, coal deposits have been discovered at several localities, i.e. bituminuous coal BULGARIA was discovered in Timok region, the River Ibar Valley and the River Mlava valley; subbitumenous coal was discov- There are considerable mineral resources in Bulgaria. ered in Resava-Morava Coal Mines, whereas lignite was Coal (bituminous, subbituemnous and lignite) can be discovered in Kolubara, Mlava basins and Kosovo Coal found in Pernik, Bobov Dol and Burgas basins and in the Mines. Serbia is abundant with mineral resources. The River Maritsa Valley. Petroleum is drilled at the shore deposits of iron ore were discovered at Kopaonik and of the Black Sea (Tulenova). Iron ore is extracted in the Zlatibor mountains and in the Eastern Serbia. The towns regions of Sofia and Elhovo. Lead and zinc mines are of Bor, Majdanpek and Veliki Krivelj are abundant with located in the southern regions of the Rhodopes and copper. The said ore is with gold, silver, selenium and Kardzhali respectively, while copper in Vratsa and Sredna pyrite concentrations. Serbia is one of the largest pro- Gora. Smaller quantities of mangane, chrome, bauxite, ducers of copper in Europe. Tin was discovered in Cer silver, gold and uranium can be found at several locali- and Bukulj. Considerable reserves of clay that is used ties, whereas non-metals, salts, asbestos, gypsum and in construction industry, cement materials, quartz, talc, kaolinite. kaolin, feldspars, and alike were discovered. Antimony is extracted near Krupanj and Zajecar, tungstone is ex- The Bulgarian territory is practically divided into three tracted near Blagojev Kamen (eastern Serbia), nickel is drainage basins, out of which the direct Danube River extracted near Vrnjacka Banja, Trstenik and Cer. and the Aegean Sea ones are allocated 42.00% of the territory apiece, and the Black Sea is given 16.00%. The water resources in Serbia are great. Nowadays, with- Nevertheless, this practical division refers to the -terri in Serbian territory, there are some fifty artificial lakes tory’s major part is drained to the Black Sea, i.e. 58.00% (there are 20 larger ones). Individually listed, the largest thereof by comparison with the territory’s part (42.00%) dam is that in the Đerdap Klisura (Iron Gates) which is that is drained to the Aegean Sea. The water resources shared between Serbia and Romania. On the River Drina, are unevenly distributed, so there is either too much of a river that borders Bosnia and Herzegovina, there are them at some localities or insufficient at other localities. three hydropower plants constructed and, in addition So far, 30.00% of the water resources have been exploit- to electric power generation, they have effect on water 150 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

bižatu. Na teritoriji BiH se nalazi oko 30 akumulacija na morju je razvijeno maslinarstvo, gajenje vinove loze i juž- rijekama Neretvi, Trebišnjici i Drini. Sve se koriste za pro- nog voća. izvodnju hidroenergije, navodnjavanje i obezbjeđenje vode za piće.(3,16) HRVATSKA

KOSOVO U dijelu Hrvatske koji teritorijalno pripada Balkanskom poluostrvu evidentirani su značajni prirodni resursi. Na Basen uglja (lignit) na potezu Obilić-Priština spadao je u nekoliko lokacija u Dalmaciji i Istri su otkrivena ležišta bo- nejveća nalazišta lignita u SFRJ, dok su značajne rezerve ksita i laporca, barita ima u Lici i Gorskom kotaru. Hrvat- otkrivene i u Metohiji. Po ležištima olovo-cinkane rude ska ima male rezerve uglja, ali otkrivena su ležišta nafte Kosovo je bilo na prvom mjestu u velikoj Jugoslaviji. U na više lokacija uz rijeku Savu nizvodno od Zagreba. So se ovoj rudi se nalaze i primjese zlata, srebra, bizmuta, ger- eksploatiše u solanama u Pagu, Ninu i Stonu. manijuma, sumpora i pirita. Locirana su i značajna ležišta nikla, mangnezita, antimona i hroma. Olovo i cink, sre- Hrvatski vodni resurs definisan je kroz 20 rijeka i 26 pri- bronosna i gvožđevita ruda otkrivena je u Kopaoničkom rodnih i vještačkih jezera. Najveće rijeke teku ka Crnom reonu i Trepči. Hroma ima u zoni Šar-planine. moru a manji dio Jadranskom moru. Procijenjeni hidroenergetski potencijal iskoristiv je oko 60% od čega je is- Vode Kosova otiču u tri mora: Jadransko, Egejsko i Crno korišćeno oko 50%. Problem u iskorišćavanju voda u Hr- more. Bijeli Drim na zapadu Kosova otiče u Jadransko vatskoj zavisnosi od prekogranične saradnje jer je najveći more, zapadni dio Kosova odvodnjava se rijekom Ibar broj vodotoka „dijeli“ sa susjedima. (3,40) ka Crnom moru a jug preko rijeke Lepenac pripada slivu *** rijeke Vardar i Egejskom moru. Na Kosovu ima šest aku- Slovenija, Rumunija i Turska, djelovima svojih teritorija mulacija koje služe za vodosnadbjevanje, navodnjavanje, pripadaju Balkanskom poluostrvu u garnicama u kojima zaštitu od poplava i rekreaciju. Na jezeru Gazivoda smje- je definisano na početku ovog rada. Međutim, ovi dje- štena je jedina hidrocentrala malog kapaciteta. (3,80) lovi teritorija imaju mali značaj za obrađivanu temu pa samim tim i neće biti elaborirani. Plantažno voćarstvo i vinogradarstvo zastupljeno je u Metohiji. Razvijena je i industrija građevinskog materija- ZAKLJUČAK la, tekstila, prehrambena, drvna. Rad je zbog ograničenog prostora prikazao samo dio naj- CRNA GORA značajnijih resursa. Iz izloženog možemo zaključiti: Bal- kansko poluostrvo gledano kao cjelina predstavlja veoma Od rudnih bogatstva u Crnoj Gori se eksploatiše: ugalj zanimljiv prostor, sa svih geografskih aspekata. Geograf- (mrki i lignit) u zoni Pljevlja i Berana, boksit (crveni i bije- ski položaj, geološka osnova, uz specifične klimatske ka- li) u okolini Nikšića. Olovo-cinkane rude ima kod Pljeva- rakteristike uslovili su formiranje reljefnih oblika koji su lja (Šuplja stijena) i Brskovu kod Mojkovca. Morska so se definisali niz drugih osobenosti prostora. Konstatovane eksploatiše kod Ulcinja. Ima još cementnog bentonita i su značajne rezerve rudnih bogatstava koje imaju različit laporca, barita i dr. ruda ali u malim količinama. stepen iskorišćenosti. Očigledno je da se u zonama planina veće geološke starosti nalaze i veća ležišta rudnih i Crna Gora je veoma bogata vodama. Vode joj odlaze u mineralnih sirovina (ugalj, gvožđe, olovo, cink,..), kao i da dva sliva koji su otprilike na pola podijelili njenu terito- u geološki mlađim planinama pronalazimo ležišta drugih riju. Po broju vodotoka znatno je veći Crnomorski sliv sa sirovina (boksiti crveni i bijeli,...). Hidrografske karakte- pet slivnih cjelina (Ibar, Lim, Ćehotina, Piva i Tara) od Ja- ristike prostora su veoma specifične. Na cijeloj površini dranskog koji se odvodnjava kroz tri slivne cjeline (Bojana je konstatovana različitost u teritorijalnom i vremen- sa pritokama Skadarskog jezera, direktno slivno podru- skom rasporedu, sa velikim potencijalima i prosječnom je Jadranskog mora i sliv Trebišnjice). Na teritoriji Crne mogućnošću iskorišćenosti iznad 50%. Značajan prirodni Gore rade dvije hidrocentrale, Perućica i Piva. Za potrebe resurs jeste klima što je u velikoj mjeri i iskorišćeno. Na hidroelektrane Perućica, u slivnom području rijeke Zete, cijelom potezu zapadne i južne granice Balkana, uz ra- izgrađena su vještačka jezera u Nikšićkom polju (Krupac, zuđenu obalu rezvijena je turistička privreda koja je i no- Slano i Vrtac). Za potrebe hidrocentrale Piva, pregrađe- silac razvoja u zemljama koje se prostiru u ovim zonama. na je istoimena rijeka, izgradjena brana kod nekadašnjeg naselja Mratinje. I na ostalim rijekama postoji značajan Kada su u pitanju resursi moramo ih posmatrati sa ne- hidroenergetski potencijal ali realizacija tih planova zavisi koliko aspekata. Jedna od važnih podjela je na obnovlji- od ukupne ekonomske situacije u zemlji. (3,64) ve i neobnovlive. Države regiona moraju voditi računa o pravilnom postupanju pri eksploataciji i jednih i drugih. Više od polovine teritorije je pod šumama i pašnjacima. Poseban akcenat treba staviti na grupu neobnovljivih re- Nekada je na sjeveru bila razvijena dvoprerada. U pri- sursa jer pravilnom i realno planiranom eksploatacijom ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 151 regulation in the River Drina watershed and also in the Kosovo’s water runs to three seas, i.e. to the Adriatic Sea, River Sava and the River Danube respective watersheds. the Aegean Sea and the Black sea. The White Drin River Hydropower is 37.00% of the installed production in Ser- in western Kosovo is drained through the river Ibar to bia (3.64 ). The River Morava is most important Serbian the Black Sea, while the south is drained through the river, originating from the West and South Morava and is River Lepenac to the River Vardar and to the Aegean Sea with large river system that exceeds 550 km, which is the drainage basins. There are six artificial lakes in Kosovo, longest in the Balkans. all serving water supplying, irrigation, protection against flooding and recreation. The Lake Gazivoda accommo- Serbia is with considerable corn, industrial crops, and dates one hydropower plant of small capacity (3.80). vegetables and forages productions. In addition, cattle, pig and sheep farming and alike are developed in Serbia. Metohija is involved in plantation fruit-growing and vi- ticulture. Building materials, textile, food and tobacco Bosnia and herzegovina industries are developed.

The most important economy branch is mining. Con- MONTENEGRO siderable reserves of iron ore were found in the region of Vares and Ljubija, as well as in the region of Vranica. When it comes to mineral resources, Montenegro ex- Lead and zinc were discovered in the region of Srebren- tracts colas (subbitumenous and lignite) in the region of ica. Bauxite deposits were found in the surroundings of Pljevlja and Berane, bauxite (red and white) is extracted Mostar, Bosanska Krupa, Vlasenica and Jajce. Gypsum in the surroundings of Niksic. Lead –zinc ore is found is present near Donji Vakuf and Volari. Rock salt is ex- near Pljevlja (Suplja Stijena) and Brskovo near Mojkovac. tracted near Tuzla. Copper deposits are located near Ja- Sea salt is extracted near Ulcinj. There is cement-benton- jce, Bugojno and Kresevo. Pyrite and barite were found ite and marl and barite ores, etc, but in small quantities. in the regions of Bakvic, Jajce and Gornji Vakuf. Several localities are with deposits of antimony, kaolin, mercury, Montenegro is abundant with waters. The water runs to chrome, magnesite, asbestos and other ores. Coals (sub- two watersheds that divide Montenegro’s territory into bitumenous and lignite) are extracted from five mines, two fairly equal halves. By the number of watercourses, i.e. from Tuzla (Kreka, Banovici, Ugljevik, Mazgraja), Mid- the Black Sea drainage basin is larger - with five rivers dle-Bosniani (Kakanj, Zenica and Breza) Mines, followed (the River Ibar, the River Lim, the River Piva and the River by Mostar, Banjaluka and Livanjsko Mines that are of less Tara) in it – than the Adriatic Sea drainage basin that is importance. Hydropower potential is huge and well ex- with three drainage entities (i.e. the River Bojana with ploited, with some fifteen hydropower plants. Affluent the Lake Skadar tributaries; direct Adriatic Sea drain- deposits of coals conditioned the construction of some age basin; and the River Trebisnjica watershed). There ten thermal power plants. are Perucica and Piva, two fully operational hydropower plants within Montenegro’s territory. For the purposes The territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina is divided into of Perucica Hydropower Plant, that is within the River two watersheds, namely the Black Sea one (with the Zeta watershed , artificial lakes were developed in the River Sava as the main watercourse) with 76.00% of wa- Niksic Field (namely, Krupac, Slano and Vrtac). For the ter potential, and the Adriatic Sea one with 24.00% of purposes of Piva Hydropower plant, the River Piva had water potential (with watercourses of the River Neretva, been partitioned, and the dam was constructed near the River Trebisnjica and the River Cetina). The territory’s the former settlement of Mratnije. Other rivers also have part that is drained to the Adriatic Sea , regardless of be- considerable hydropower potential, but implementing ing smaller in area, is more abundant with waters. Natu- those projects depend on the overall economic situation ral lakes are run into it by the River Pliva, the River Una in the country. (3.64). and the River Trebizat. The territory of Bosnia and Her- zegovina accommodates some 30 artificial lakes on the More than a half of the territory is under forests and River Neretva, the River Trebisnjica and the River Drina. grazing lands. In the past, there was wood processing All of them are exploited for hydroelectricity generation, developed in the north of the country. Olive-, grape vine- irrigation and drinking water supplying. (3.16) and tropical fruit-growing is developed within the seaside region. KOSOVO CROATIA The (lignite) coal mine located within Obilic – Pristine stretch used to be the largest lignite deposit in the SFRY, The part of Croatia that by its territory belongs to the accompanied by considerable resaves discovered also in Balkan Peninsula, considerable natural resources exist. Metohija. Kosovo used to take the first place in the for- At several localities in Dalmatia ad Istria, bauxite and mer great Yugoslavia by the deposits of lead and zinc. marl were discovered, while barite can be found in Lika This ore is with gold, silver, bismuth, germanium, sulfur and Gorski Kotar. Croatia has small reserves of coals, but and pyrite concentrations. Considerable deposits of nick- petroleum deposits have been found at several localities el, magnesite, antimony and chrome were discovered by the River Sava, downstream to Zagreb. Salt is exploit- also. Lead and zinc as silver-bearing and iron-bearing ed in Salt Plants in Pag, Nino and Ston. ore was discovered in Kopaonik Region and in Trepca. Chrome is in Šar (Sharr) Mountains. Croatian water resources are embodied in 20 rivers and 152 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

stepen iskorišćenosti se može podići na veči nivo. Važna LITERATURA nampomena mora se staviti kod iskorišćavanja i jednih i kod drugih resursa je njihov uticaj na životnu sredinu. 1. Ivo Rubić; GEOGRAFIJA SVIJETA, južna Evropa i Sovjet- Svjedoci smo da plilikom eksploatacije vrlo često prave ski savez, Zagreb, 1958. veliki problemi u geoprostoru, čije šteta možda nekad 2. Rade Davidović, REGIONALNA GEOGRAFIJA, Univerzi- bude i veća od koristi koja se ostvari od dobijenih resur- tet u Novom Sadu, PMF, Novi Sad, 1999. sa. Usklađenost ovih važnih činilaca značajno se mora 3. Upravljanje vodnim resursima u Jugoistočnoj Evropi, povećati, čime će i iskorišćenost biti podignuta na veći Tom II.Međunarodna banka za obnovu i razvoj, Svjetska nivo. banka, Vašington. 2003. ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 153

26 natural and artificial lakes. The biggest rivers run to stretch of the Balkans’ west and south boundary, in com- the Black Sea, with a smaller number running to the pany with indented coast, accommodates developed Adriatic Sea. The evaluated usable hydropower poten- tourism industry that is a locomotive of development in tial is 60.00% , out of which 50.00% has been exploited. the countries situated within these zones. The difficulty with taking advantage of waters in Croa- tia is dependant on the cross-border cooperation, since When it comes to resources, we must consider them the major number of watercourses is “shared” with the from several points of view. One of the major classifica- neighbors (3.40) tion is that we have them as renewable and nonrenewable resources. The regional countries must take care of Slovenia, Romania and Turkey; by their respective terri- the accession rules as regards exploitation of both. Par- tories’ parts, belong to the Balkan Peninsula to the ex- ticular accent must be placed on the nonrenewable re- tent as said in the beginning of this presentation. How- sources, as proper and real planning of exploitation can ever, those territorial parts are of little significance to the elevate the level of their usability. Important note should given topic, so I will not talk about them. be given to taking advantage of both these resources with reference to their impact on environment. We are CONCLUSION witnesses that exploitation frequently has made detri- ments the adverse consequences of which sometimes Due to the restriction in extent, the present paper has exceed benefits from obtained resources. The coherence displayed just a portion of most significant natural re- of these significant factors must be increased and, there- sources. The foregoing can serve to conclude that the by, the usability will be at an elevated degree. Balkan Peninsula , observed as an entity, stands for a very interesting region from all geographic aspects. REFERENCES Geographic position and geologic substrata, along with specific climate characteristics, conditioned the surface 1. Ivo Rubić: GEOGRAFIJA SVIJETA, Južna Evropa i Sovjets- shapes and features that have induced a series of other ki savez [The World geography:South Europea and region’s specificities. Considerable reserves of mineral the Soviet Union] , Zagreb, 1958. resources exploited to different extents respectively are 2. Rade Davidović, REGIONALNA GEOGRAFIJA, Univerz- obvious. It is visible that within the mountain zones dat- itet u Novom Sadu, PMF [REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY, Fac- ing more back on geologic time scale accommodate ulty of Natura Sciences and Mathematcis, University of larger deposits of ores and minerals (such as colas, iron, Novi Sad], Novi Sad, 1999. lead, zinc, …) and that the geologically younger ones 3. Upravljanje vodnim resursima u Jugoistočnoj Evropi, keep the deposits of other raw materials (such as red Tom II. Međunarodna banka za obnovu i razvoj, Svjets- and white bauxite,…). Hydrographic characteristics of ka banka, Wašington [Water Resources Management in the region are rather specific. The whole area embraces South Eastern Europe, Volume II, the International Bank diversity in terms of territory and time arrangements, for Reconstruction and Development, the Word Bank, with large potentials but average capacity to make use Washington] 2003. of them more than 50.00%. Climate is a considerable natural resource that has been largely used. The whole 154 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

Aleksandar Joksimović Viši naučni saradnik Instituta za biologiju mora

MORSKI BIOLOŠKI RESURSI CRNOGORSKOG JADRANA U KONTEKSTU EKONOMSKE VALORIZACIJE

REZIME će ciljani ulov adultnih, odraslih jedinki. Upravo se uloga nauke ogleda u primjeni inovativnih metoda, njihov Prirodni, dobro očuvani resusri su veliki potencijal transfer prema ribarima, uključujući njihovu edukaciju u Crne Gore. Morsko ribarstvo, i resursi kvalitetne ribe iz dijelu odgovornog ribarstva, koje će svakako dugoročno mora, mogu biti značajna komponenta snadbijevanja obezbeđivati egzistenciju njihovih porodica. Ovo je samo stanovništva zdravim proteinima. Ulovom bentoske i jedan primjer, kako naučni rad može naći aplikativnu pelagične ribe, kao i proizvodima marilulture, moguće primjenu, i biti nosilac prosperiteta jedne značajne je ostvariti prihod od preko 20 milona eura godišnje. privredne djelatnosti u našem društvu. Uz modernizovanje postojće ribarske flote i poboljšanja Crna Gora je usvojila Nacionalnu strategiju održivog još nekih karika u sistemu izlov-tržište ribe i ribljih razvoja koja je dala viziju budućeg ekonomskog, proizvoda, pred Crnom Gorom je velika šansa, koju ne socijalnog, ekološkog, etičkog i kulturnog razvoja smije propustiti. Ako su predviđanja da će snadbijevanje Crne Gore, odnosno dugoročno i održivo korišćenje i stanovništva hranom, biti kljućni problem budućnosti, upravljanje resursima, pri tome imajući u vidu pravo onda ovu šansu treba shavtiti ozbiljno i već sjutra krenuti budućih generacija na kvalitatan život, kao osnovni cilj u njenu potpunu relizaciju. ovog dokumenta [1].

UVOD ......

Približno ¾ planete je prekriveno vodom, a iz mora se Da bi govorili o korišćenju morskih bioloških resursa koristi samo nekoliko procenata hrane za ljudsku ishranu. moramo definisati ribolovno more Crne Gore. Prema Ljudska populacija sada broji oko 6 milijardi, a vrlo brzo važećem Zakonu o morskom ribarstvu i marikulturi će dostići i 10 milijardi. Stoga će veliki izazov novog Crne Gore, [2] ribolovno more Crne Gore obuhvata dio Milenijuma biti kako obezbijediti dovoljno hrane za sve. obalnog mora i epikontinentalni pojas koji se nalazi u To će biti moguće intezivnijim korišćenjem hrane iz mora. granicama Crne Gore. Granicom ribolovnog mora u Prema podacima FAO početkom devedestih godina broj rijekama koje se ulivaju u more smatra se linija na kojoj stanovnika mediteranskih zemalja bio je oko 360 miliona, voda prestaje biti postojano slana. Za lov i sakupljanje a predviđa se da će do 2025. godine on dostići cifru između bentoskih i semipelagičnih vrsta najvažniji su obalni 520 i 570 miliona. Prema procjeni iste organizacije, tada pojas unutrašnjeg mora i područje šelfa (dubina do 200 će Mediteranskom bazenu biti potrebno 5 do 6 miliona metara), koje je, kao i u čitavom južnom Jadranu, usko. tona priozvoda morskog ribarstva [1]. U visini ulaza u Boku Kotorsku granica šelfa se nalazi na Pod ribarstveno-biološkim resursima okeana, mora ili oko 9.5 NM, a kod ušća Bojane oko 34 NM od obale. nekog užeg područja podrazumijevaju se populacije Osim šelfa, lov bentoskih vrsta se (prema italijanskim jestivih organizama ili populacije organizama koji služe podacima) isplati i na kontinentalnoj padini do dubina za neku drugu privrednu svrhu (za dobijanje sirovina za od 500 - 600 m, jer se tu nalaze naselja škampa. Za hemijsku i farmaceutsku industriju, za upotrebu u nekim razliku od lova bentoskih vrsta, područje lova pelagičnih drugim industrijskim granama, izradu nakita i slično). vrsta je ekonomski isplativo sve do granica italijanskih Ribarstveno-biološke resurse u svjetskom ribolovu teritorijalnih voda. sačinjavaju najvećim dijelom populacije raznih vrsta riba, mekušaca i rakova koji se love različitim ribolovnim alatima Crnoj Gori pripada oko 6 000 km2 mora, (teritorijalno i različitim tipovima ribolova. Upravo resursi morskog more i epikontinentalni pojas) onda znamo da je to ribarstva nude dovoljnu količinu zdrave hrane iz mora. skoro 50% kopnene teritorije [3,4,5]. Upravo u moru Uloga nauke u ovoj oblasti jeste da predloži konstrukciju leže značajni biološki resursi, koji su na sreću nedovoljno modernih alata za izlov ribe i drugih morskih orgnizama, iskorišteni. ali takvih alata koji će biti selektivni. To podrazumijeva da će ti alati štititi nedorasli dio populacije, a omogući ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 155

Aleksandar Joksimović Senior research associate at the Institute of Marine Biology

MARINE BIOLOGY RESOURCES OF THE MONTENEGRIN PART OF THE ADRIATIC SEA IN TERMS OF THE ECONOMIC VALORIZATION

RESUME of marine fishery provide a sufficient amount of healthy food from the sea. The role of science in this area is to Natural and well-preserved resources are the great po- stimulate the construction of modern tools for fish and tential of Montenegro. Marine fisheries and the resourc- other marine organisms catching, but such tools should es of the quality sea fish can be an important component be selective. It means that such tools should protect the of supplying the population with healthy proteins. By immature part of the population, and shall enable the means of benthic and pelagic fish catches, as well as the targeted catch of the adult species. The role of science is aquaculture production it is possible to achieve revenues reflected in the application of innovative methods, their of over Euro 20 million per year. With the modernization transfer to the fishermen/anglers, including their educa- of the existing fishing fleet and the improvement of other tion in the area of responsible fishing, which shall cer- links in the system catch – fish and fish products market, tainly provide long-term existence for their families. This Montenegro has a great opportunity, which should not is just one example of how scientific work can be applied be missed. Considering the fact that food supply in the practically and be the bearer of prosperity of significant future seems to be the key problem, this chance should economic activity in our society. be taken seriously and we should start with its complete realization immediately. Montenegro has adopted the National Sustainable De- velopment Strategy, which has provided the vision of the INTRODUCTION future economic, social, ecological, ethical and cultural development of Montenegro, and of long-term and sus- Approximately ¾ of the planet is covered by water, and tainable use and management of resources, thereby tak- only a few percent of foodstuff for human consumption ing into account the right of future generation for quality are used from the sea. The human population is about life as the main objective of this document [1]. 6 billion and, very soon, it is expected to reach about 10 billion. Therefore, the major challenge of the new mil- ...... lennium will be the provision of sufficient amounts of food for everyone. It will be possible only by more in- In order to speak about the use of marine biological re- tense usage of food from the sea. According to the FAO sources, we should define the fishing waters of Monte- data, at the beginning of the nineties the population of negro. Under the applicable Law on Marine Fishery and the Mediterranean countries was about 360 million, and Mariculture of Montenegro, [2] the fishing waters of according to the predictions by the 2025 it is expected Montenegro cover the part of costal sea and epiconti- to reach between 520 and 570 million. According to the nental shelf located within the borders of Montenegro. estimates made by the same Organization, the Mediter- The border of the fishing sea in the rivers, which flow ranean basin will need about 5-6 million tons of marine into the sea, is considered to be the line where the water fishery products [1]. ceases to be constantly salty. For fishing and collecting the benthic and semi-pelagic species the most important Fishery and biological resources of the ocean, sea or oth- is the coastal area of the inland sea and the shelf area er specific wter area are the populations of edible organ- (depth up to 200 meters), which is very narrow, as it is isms or populations of organisms used for some other on the territory of the entire southern Adriatic Sea. On industrial purpose (obtaining raw materials for chemical, the level of the entrance to the Bay of Kotor, the shelf and pharmaceutical industry, for use in some other in- boundary is at the distance of about 9.5 NM, whereas at dustries, jewelry production, etc.). Fishery and biological the mouth of the Bojana river it is about 34 NM from the resources in the world’s fishing industry are constituted coast. In addition to the shelf, fishing of benthic species by the populations of various species of fish, molluscs and (in accordance with the Italian data) is profitable on the crustaceans which are caught by means of different fish- continental slope to the depth of 500-600 m, because ing gears and different fishing methods. The resources there are the shrimp habitats there. Unlike fishing of 156 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

biologiji, izračunat je i maksimalni biološki dozvoljeni nivo korišćenja ovih resursa MSY (Maximum sustainable yield) koji iznosi 600 tona godišnje. Objektivna analiza prostorne distribucije biomase, izvršena KRIGING metodom, (Slika 2.) pokazala je da postoje dva područja na kojim je ona veća nego na ostalim područjima. Ta se područja nalaze između Budve i Petrovca do izobate od 100 m, i ispred ulaza u zaliv Boke Kotorske, do izobate od 150 m. Po svoj prilici su ove koncetracije posljedica posebnih hidrografskih uslova i to najverovatnije postojanja stalne frontalne zone na prvom području i dotoka vode iz Bokokotorskog zaliva koja je bogatija nutrijentima nego otvoreno more [8].

Slika 1. Površine teritorijalnog mora i epikontinentalnog pojasa Crne Gore

Načini privrednog ribolova koji se primenjuju na ribolovnom području Crnogorskog primorja su: • lov demersalnih (pridnenih) vrsta riba, rakova i glavonožaca pridnenim povlačnim mrežama - kočama • lov pelagičnih riba (male i velike plave ribe) mrežama plivaricama, potegačama (letnjom tratom i polandarom potegačom) i stajaćicama (uglavnom polandarom) • lov priobalnih, pelagičnih, semipelagičnih i pridnenih vrsta riba, rakova i glavonožaca mrežama stajaćicama (prosticama, popunicama, tonotama i sl.), obalnim potegačama (šabakunom i migavicom), ciplarama, kalimerom, pridnenim parangalima i raznim drugim vrstama udičarskih alata, ostima sa upotrebom vejštačkog svjetla, vršama, kogolima [6].

U sektoru ribarstva Crne Gore zaposleno je 638 radnika, Slika 2. Prostorna raspodela srednjih vrednosti biomase od toga 443 radnika u slatkovodnom ribarstvu (437 stalno za period od 1999. do 2012. godine i 6 povremeno zaposlenih) 159 u morskom ribarstvu (91 stalno i 68 povremeno zaposlen) i 36 u marikulturi. Učešće sektora ribarstva u bruto društvenom proizvodu iznosi 0,5% i 3,1% u bruto proizvodu sektora poljoprivrede. Sektor morskog ribarstva u Crnoj Gori predstavlja 0,3 % ukupnog sektora ribarstva Evropske zajednice na Mediteranu (561,288 t). Potrošnja ribe u Crnoj Gori je među najnižima u Evropi (oko 4.5 kg po glavi stanovnika). Cijene ribe su enormno visoke i znatno su više od onih u drugim djelovima Zapadne Evrope [7].

Ministarstvo poljoprivrede i ruralnog razvoja i Institut za biologiju mora od 1997. godine realizuju projekat monitoringa i procjene biomase demersalnih resursa na šelfu Crnogorskog primorja. Biomasa se procenjuje metodom probnih površina, pri čemu se koriste komercijalni kočari. Slika 3. Procentualno učešće vrsta u ukupnom kočarskom ulovu Procijenjena biomasa bentoskih vrsta (kočarski ribolov) u dugogodišnjem prosjeku iznosi 2 700 tona, a primejenom Sva sprovedena istraživanja biomase bentoskih resursa matematičkih modela koji se koriste u ribarstvenoj kao i parametri populacione dinamike ekonomski važnih ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 157 benthic species, the area of fishing of pelagic species is Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and the extremely profitable from the economic point of view to Institute of Marine Biology have implemented the proj- the border of Italian territorial waters. ect of monitoring and evaluation of demersal biomass Approximately 6,000 sq.km of the sea belongs to Monte- resources on the shelf of the Montenegrin coast. The negro (territorial sea and epicontinental shelf), and that Biomass is estimated by the method of surface sample makes almost 50% of the land territory [3, 4, 5]. Signifi- tests, where the commercial trawlers are used. cant biological resources exist in the sea, but unfortunately they have not been sufficiently used. The estimated biomass of benthic species (fishing by trawler) in the long-term period constituted on average 2,700 tons and, by the application of mathematical models that are used in the fishery biology, the maximum biological permitted level of the use of all the resources (MSY - Maximum sustainable yield) was calculated as amounting to 600 tons per year. The objective analysis of the spatial distribution of biomass, made by KRIGING method (Figure No. 2) has indicated that there are two areas in which it is greater than in other areas. Those areas are between Budva and Petrovac to the isobath of 100 m, and in front of the entrance to the Bay of Kotor to the isobath at150 m. Presumably those concentrations are the consequence of the specific hydrographic conditions while most likely of the existence of permanent frontal zone in the first area and the flow of water from the Bay of Kotor, which is richer in nutrients than the Figure No. 1: The territorial waters and epicontinental open sea [8]. shelf of Montenegro

Methods of commercial fishing, which are used in the fishing area of the Montenegrin coast are: • fishing of demersal (bottom) fish species, crustaceans and cephalopods by near-bottom fishing nets – trawls • fishing of pelagic fish (small and large bluefish) by purse seine nets, seines (drift net) and static nets • fishing of coastal, pelagic, semi-pelagic and demersal species of fish, crustaceans and cephalopods by static nets, coastal seine nets and various other types of fishing tools with the use of artificial light, coops, gillnets [6]. • catch coastal, pelagic, semi-pelagic and demersal fish, crustaceans and cephalopods by gillnets (gillnet, tramelnet, gillnet for lobsters,etc..), beach seines (beach seines for bonito and tuna, common beach seine), encircling net for grey mullets, shore operated lift net, bottom longlines and various other types of hook tools, harpoons with light, traps, cogol Figure No. 2: The spatial distribution of mean values of type trap. [6]. biomass for the period from 1999 to 2012.

The number of employees in the fisheries sector of Mon- tenegro counts 638 people, out of whom 443 employees in freshwater fishery (437 people are employed on the permanent and 6 on the temporary basis), 159 in marine fishing (91 people are employed on the permanent basis and 68 are employed periodically) and 36 in mariculture. The share of the fisheries sector in GDP is 0.5% and 3.1% of the gross product of the agricultural sector. Marine fisheries sector in Montenegro represents 0.3% of the total fisheries sector of the European Union in the Medi- terranean (561,288 t). Fish consumption in Montenegro is among the lowest in Europe (about 4.5 kg per capita). Fish prices are extremely high and are much higher than the ones in other parts of Western Europe [7]. Figure No. 3: The percentage share of species in the total trawl catch. 158 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

vrsta riba, oslića Merluccius merluccius, barbuna, Mullus barbatus, arbuna, Pagellus erythrinus i rakova, kozice Parapenaeus longirostris pokazuju da su bentoska naselja Crnogorskog primorja u ovom trenutku u dobrom stanju i da postoji potencijala za racionalno dugoročno korišćenje[9].

Poslednjih godina pod okriljem ministarstva za poljoprivredu i ruralni razvoj kao i uz pomoć FAO Adriamed projekta, od strane Instituta za biologiju mora, vršena su istraživanja biomase mala plave ribe, sdrele i inćuna, metodom ehosondiranja. Na osnovu preciznih metoda, procijenjene biomase male plave ribe u crnogorskim vodama, iznose u prosjeku između 30 000- 100 000 tona.

Na osnovu matematičkih modela izračunat je makismalno dozvoljeni nivo korišćenja ovih resursa koji iznosi oko od 10 000 do 35 000 tona na godišnjem nivou, u zavisnosto od godišnjih migracija i fluktuacija biomase ovih vrsta, (Slika 4). Za sada ovi resursi su nedovoljno iskorišćeni [9]. O biomasi priobalnih vrsta riba, rakova i glavonožaca nedostaju relevantni podaci zbog izostanka monitoringa ovog načina ribolova u Crnoj Gori. Naime, dugoročni statistički podaci o kočarskom ulovu i ulovu priobalnih vrsta na istočnoj obali Jadrana pokazuju da je njihov odnos bio 1 prema 1.5. Prema tome bi se moglo grubo Slika 4. Mapa distribucije pelagičnih resusra, srdele i predpostaviti da bi se biomasa priobalnih vrsta mogla inćuna na Crnogorskom primorju kretati oko iznosa od oko 7000 tona [10]. ZAKLJUČAK Priobalno more Crne Gore, s obzirom na geomorfološke i Na osnovu procijenjene biomase resura morskog hidrografske karakteristike, predstavlja pogodne zone za ribarstva, a na osnovu proračunatog biloški dozvoljenog razvoj marikulture a posebno lokaliteti u Bokokotorskom nivoa korištenja, te na osnovu ekonomske vrijednosti zalivu. Program bi u suštini predstavljao primjenu pojedinih vrsta ulova, nesporna je činjenica da Crna Gora dosadašnjih rezultata istraživanja, kao i kroz proces može na ovaj način prihodovati preko 20 miliona eura, proizvodnje stalno praćenje većeg broja značajnih na godišnjem nivou [13]. Naravno za tačnije podatke parametara vezanih za poboljšanje tehničko-tehnoloških neophodno je uraditi studiju ekonomske isplativosti uslova i ekonomske opravdanosti vještačke proizvodnje morskog ribarstva, koja nažalost do sada nije urađena. školjki i riba.. Za sada u Crnoj Gori, u Bokokotorskom zalivu postoje 20 uzgajališta školjki i dva uzgajališta ribe Osnovne prednosti koje kandiduju ovu oblast za buduću sa godišnjom proizvodnjom od oko 200 tona školjki i oko važnu privrednu granu su: 150 tona ribe. Gaje se dagnje, Mytilis galloprovincialis, a od riba brancin, Dicentrarchus labrax i orada, Sparus 1. ostvarivanje pozitivnih ekonomskih efekata kroz aurata [11]. proizvodnju kvalitetne hrane u moru; 2. zapošljavanje i obuku većeg broja radnika; Istraživanja koja su sprovedena u ovoj oblasti pokazuju 3. iskorištavanje potencijalnih i komparativnih da na crnogorskom primorju, na otvorenom dijelu vrijednosti priobalnog mora Crne Gore, koje može mora postoje značajni potencijali za razvoj marikulture. da pruži srazmjerno velike mogućnosti u proizvodnji Ulcinjska regija, ušće Bojane, takođe predstavljaju i izvozu hrane; značajnje potencijale. Ova aktivnost bi se mogla proširiti 4. smanjuje uvoz smrznute ribe, utiče na devizni deficit, i na uzgoj još nekih vrsta školjki, kao što su jadranska a povećava kvalitet; kamenica, Ostrea edulis, japanska kamenica, Crassostrea 5. obezbeđuje neophodne količine kvalitetne hrane za gigas, neke vrste riba, pagar, Pagrus pagrus, gof, Seriola domaće stanovništvo i turizam, povećavajući veoma dumerili, tunj, Thunus thynus, kao i rakove, gambore, niski nivo potrošnje hrane iz mora, što je značajno i Peneus japonicus [12]. sa zdrastvenog aspekta; 6. podstiče razvoj grane i područja koja su do sada iz ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 159

and crabs, shrimp, Peneus japonicus [12]. All conducted researches in the biomass of benthic resources, as well as the parameters of the population dy- namics of economically important species of fish, hake Merluccius merluccius, red mullet Mullus barbatus, sea bream Pagellus erythrinus and crabs, shrimp Parapenae- us longirostris show that the benthic habitats of the Montenegrin coast at this point are in good condition and that there are potentials for rational long-term use [9].

In recent years, under the auspices of the Ministry of Ag- riculture and Rural Development and with the assistance by FAO Adriamed project, the Institute of Marine Biol- ogy has researched the biomass of small pelagic fish, sardines and anchovies by using the method of echo sound- ing. According to the precise methods, the estimated biomass of the small pelagic fish in Montenegrin waters averages between 30,000 and 100,000 tons.

Based on the mathematical models, the maximum allow- able level of the use of these resources has been calculated and it amounts approximately to 10,000 - 35,000 tons on annual basis, depending on the annual migrations and fluctuation in biomass of these species (Figure No. 4). So far, these resources have not been sufficiently used [9].

There is insufficient relevant data on the biomass of coastal species of fish, crustaceans and cephalopods due Figure No. 4: The map of the distribution of pelagic re- to the lack of monitoring such fishing method in Monte- sources, sardines and anchovies on the Montenegrin negro. The long-term statistical data on trawling catches coast and the catches of coastal species on the eastern Adri- atic coast have shown that their ratio was 1 to 1.5. Thus, 3. CONCLUSION it could be generally assumed that the biomass of the coastal species could vary around the amount to 7,000 Based on the estimated biomass of marine fishery re- tons [10]. sources, and based on the calculated biologically permitted level of use, as well as based on the economic value Due to geomorphologic and hydrological characteristics, of certain types of catches, it is indisputable that Monte- the coastal waters of Montenegro is a suitable zone for negro can receive in such way the income of more than mariculture development, in particular the sites in the euro 20 million annually [13]. Of course, in order to get Bay of Kotor. The program would essentially represent more accurate data, it is necessary to conduct a study the application of recent research findings and, through of economic viability of marine fisheries, which unfortu- the production process, constant monitoring a larger nately has not been conducted so far. number of important parameters related to the improvement of the technical and technological requirements The main benefits, which make this area an important and economic feasibility of the shellfish and fish farming. industry in the future, are: So far, there are 20 shellfish farms and two fish farms in the Bay of Kotor in Montenegro, with ,the annual pro- 1. obtaining positive economic effects through the duction of about 200 tons of shells and about 150 tons of production of quality food in the sea; fish. Currently musselsMytilis galloprovincialis,and such 2. recruiting and training of a large number of workers; fish as sea bassDicentrarchus labrax, and dorado Sparus 3. exploiting the potential and comparative values of aurata are grown on the farms [11]. the coastal sea of Montenegro, which can provide relatively large opportunities in producing and The researches conducted in this area have shown that exporting of food; the Montenegrin seaside zone, i.e. the open sea, is abun- 4. reducing the level of frozen fish imports, affecting the dant with resources for the development of maricul- foreign exchange deficit, while improving the quality; ture. Ulcinj region, the mouth of the Bojana River also 5. providing the necessary amounts of quality food for represent substantial resources. This activity could be the local population and tourism, and thus increasing extended also to the farming of some species of shells, very low level of consumption of the sea food, which such as the Adriatic oysterOstrea edulis, Japanese oyster is significant from the health point of view; Crassostrea gigas, some species of fish, bream Pagrus 6. encouraging the development of industries and areas pagrus, yellowtail, Seriola dumerili, tuna, Thunus thynus, that have so far been neglected for various reasons; 160 Konferencija ekonomija Crne Gore 2013| Zbornik konferencije MNE

raznih razloga bila zapostavljena marikulturi. Sl. list CG 56/09 7. u prostorno-urbanističkom pogledu ne ugrožava 3 . Vlada Crne Gore, Prostorni plan Crne Gore do 2020. nijednu drugu oblast, ne zauzima poljoprivredne godine površine, ne remeti urbanističke planove niti 4. Vlada Crne Gore, Zakon o moru, Sl.list CG 17/07 izgradnju turističkh objekata, nego naprotiv, svojom 5. Konvencija o pravu mora UN , Montego Bay, 1982 proizvodnjom nadopunjuje i podstiče razvoj drugih 6. Ana Pešić, Milica Mandić, Olivera Kasalica, Mirko oblasti. Đurović, Zdravko Ikica and Aleksandar Joksimović,, 2011. Marine Fisheries In Montenegro in the last decade (2000- Da bi postigli ove ciljeve mora se obezbijediti kontinuitet 2010), Agriculture and Forestry, Vol. 51 (05) (1-4): 51-59, sljedećih aktivnosti, iniciranih i projektovanih od Podgorica strane države, a sprovođenih od strane Ministarstva 7. Vlada Crne Gore, Ministrastvo poljoprivrede, šumarstva poljoprivrede i ruralnog razvoja i Instituta za biologiju i vodoprivrede, 2008. Strategija razvoja ribarstva Crne mora: Gore i jačanje kapaciteta za implementaciju Zajedničke 1. Težište razvoja ribolova treba stimulativnim politike ribarstva EU. mjerama usmjeriti na lov male plave ribe plivaricama i/ili 8. Joksimović, A.,Vrgoč, N., Krstulović-Šifner, S., lebdećim koćama na otvorenom moru. Isajlović,I., Ikica, Z., Marković, O. 2013. International 2. Organizovati prikupljanje statističkih podataka Cooperations Projects in the Research ff the Adriatic Sea. o svim tipovima ribolova na način koji će omogućiti VI International Conference »Water & Fishery«. June, izračunavanje ulova po jedinici napora. Takođe bi trebalo 12-14, 2013. Zemun-Belgrade. Conference proceedings: da nadležni organi koji izdaju dozvole za privredni i 176-184. sportski ribolov redovno dostavljaju statističkoj službi i 9. Aleksandar Joksimović, 2007. Najpoznatije ribe naučnim ustanovama popis pravnih i fizičkih lica kojima Crnogorskog primorja. Crnogorska Akademija nauka su izdane dozvole. i umjetnosti, Posebna izdanja (Monografije i studije), 3. Na osnovu procenjenog MSY treba regulisati Knjiga 58, Odeljenje prirodnih nauka, knjiga 30., str. 140. ribolovni napor na godišnjem nivou i to tako što će se (ISBN: 978-86-7215-198-5). utvrditi početne godišnje kvote ulova, ribolovna područja, 10. Radović, I., Stevanović, V., Bulić, Z., Joksimović, A., optimalne tehnike ribolova, i procjeniti neophodne Radović, D., Regner, S., Mandić, S. 2013. Biodiversity and kapacitete infrastrukture (luke, nabavu ribarskih alata, sustainability of the Mediterranean part of Montenegro. remontna postrojenja, hladnjače, kapacitete za preradu International Science Confernece „Reporting for i slično). sustainability“, 7-10. May 2013. Bečići, Montenegro. 4. Što prije treba ispitati rentabilnost razvoja i Conference Procedings: 83-89. nekih drugih vrsta ribolova, kao što su na primer tunolov 11. Regner, S., Mandić, S., Joksimović, A. 2005. Aktivnosti plivaricama tunolovkama na otvorenom moru, lov za sprovođenje mera zaštite u svrhu optimalnog tuna i sabljarki plivajućim parangalima, lov dubinskim korišćenja morskih bioloških resursa Crnogorskog parangalima u Južnojadranskoj kotlini, mogućnost primorja. 34 Jugoslovenska Konferencija o o zaštiti voda razvoja koćarskog ribolova ili ribolova vršama, u prvom »VODE 2005«, 3-7. jun, 2005. Kopaonik. Zbornik radova: redu škampa na kontinentalnoj padini, i procijeniti 238-243. optimalni ribolovni napor za ove vrste ribolova. 12. Kovačević, N., Regner, S., Mandić, S., Vukanić, D. 5. Oformiti Fond za razvoj ribarstva koji bi bio pod 1994. Strategija razvoja morskog ribarstva, Institut za ingerencijom Javnog preduzeća „Morsko ribarstvo” biologiju mora. Kotor. odnosno Ministartsva za poljoprivredu, a realizovao bi se 13. Aleksandar Joksimović, 2010. „Biološka istraživanja preko Agrobanke. Jadranskog mora, stanje, perspektive i pravci razvoja“ Crna Gora u XXI vijeku – u eri kompetitivnosti. Nauka LITERATURA i tehnologija, urednik Jovan Mirković; Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti, posebna izdanja 1. Vlada Crne Gore, Ministrastvo poljoprivrede, (monografije i studije), knjiga 73, sveska 11, Podgorica: šumarstva i vodoprivrede, 2008. Razvoj ribarskog sektora Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti 2010, str. 549- Crne Gore, 2009-2013, Nacionalni strategijski plan. 558. (ISBN 978-86-7215-249-4) 2. Vlada Crne Gore, Zakon o morskom ribarstvu i ENG Conference Proceedings | Conference Economy of Montenegro 2013 161

7. in terms of spatial and urban planning it does ery and Mariculture (Official Gazette of Montenegro, No. not threaten any other area, does not occupy 56/09) agricultural land, does not disturb the zoning plans 3 . Government of Montenegro: Spatial Plan of Monte- or construction of facilities for tourism, but, on negro by 2020 the contrary, its production complements and 4. Government of Montenegro: The Law of the Sea (Of- encourages the development of other areas. ficial Gazette of Montenegro, NO. 17/07 5. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, To achieve these objectives, there should be an ensured Montego Bay, 1982 continuity of the following activities, indicated and des- 6. Ana Pešić, Milica Mandić, Olivera Kasalica, Mirko ignated by the state and being conducted by the Ministry Đurović, Zdravko Ikica and Aleksandar Joksimović,, 2011. of Agriculture and Rural Development and the Institute Marine Fisheries in Montenegro in the last decade (2000- of Marine Biology: 2010), Agriculture and Forestry, Vol. 51 (05) (1-4): 51-59, Podgorica 1. The focus of fishing industry should be made on the 7. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and water Manage- incentive measures directing to the methods of fish- ment of the Government of Montenegro: Strategy for ing of small blue fish by purse seine nets and /or Developing the Fisheries of Montenegro and Strength- floating trawlers in the open sea. ening the Capacities for the EU Common Fishery Policy 2. To organize the collection of statistical data on all Implementation types of fishing, in a manner that will allow the calcu- 8. Joksimović, A.,Vrgoč, N., Krstulović-Šifner, S., Isajlović,I., lation of catch per unit effort. The authorities that is- Ikica, Z., Marković, O. 2013. International Cooperation sue permits for commercial and sport fishing should Projects in the Research ff the Adriatic Sea. VI Interna- regularly provide statistical agencies and research tional Conference »Water & Fishery«. June, 12-14, 2013. institutions with the list of natural and legal persons Zemun-Belgrade. Conference proceedings: 176-184. who have been issued those permits. 9. Aleksandar Joksimovi;, 2007. The Commonest Fish of 3. Based on the estimated MSY the fishing effort should the Montenegrin Seaside. Montenegrin Academy of Sci- be regulated annually, by determining the initial ences ad Arts, Special Editions (Monographs and Stud- annual quota of catch, fishing areas, optimal fish- ies), Volume 58, Department of Natural Sciences, Book ing techniques and by evaluating the necessary in- 30, p. 140] (ISBN: 978-86-7215-198-5) frastructure capacities (ports, purchase of fishing 10. Radović, I., Stevanović, V., Bulić, Z., Joksimović, A., equipment, repairing units, cold storage, processing Radović, D., Regner, S., Mandić, S. 2013. Biodiversity and facilities and the like). sustainability of the Mediterranean part of Montenegro. 4. As soon as possible, the profitability of development International Science Conference „Reporting for sustain- of some other types of fishing should be assessed, ability“, 7-10. May 2013. Bečići, Montenegro. Confer- such as, for example, purse seining of tuna in the ence Proceedings: 83-89. open sea; catching tuna and swordfish by the pelagic 11. Regner, S., Mandic, S., Joksimovic, A. 2005. Activities longlines; demersal longline fishing in the Southern for Implementing Protection Measures for an Optimum Basin; the possibility of development of trawling or Use of the Sea Biological Resources of the Montenegrin fishing traps, primarily of shrimp on the continental Seaside. »VODE 2005« The 34th Yugoslav Water Confer- slope; and the optimal fishing effort for these kinds ence, 3-7 June, 2005, Kopaonik. Conference Proceed- of fishing should be estimated. ings: 238-243. 5. To establish a Fund for fisheries development which 12. Kovacevic, N., Regner, S., Mandic, S., Vukanic, D. would be under the competence of the Marine Fish- 1994. Strategy for Marine Fishery Development, Marine eries Public Enterprise and the Ministry of Agricul- Biology Institute, Kotor ture, and would be realized via Agrobanka. 13. Aleksandar Joksimović, 2010. Biological Researches in the Adriatic Sea: Status, Prospects and Development REFERENCES Trends, Montenegro in the 21st Century, i.e. in the Com- petitiveness Era. Science and Technology, Editor in Chief: 1. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Jovan Mirković; Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and the Government of Montenegro, 2008: Development Arts, Special Editions (Monographs and Studies),Volume of Fishery Sector in Montenegro, 2009 – 2013. National 73, Book 11, Podgorica: Montenegrin Academy of Sci- Strategy Plan ence and Arts, 2010, pp. 549-558. (ISBN 978-86-7215- 2. Government of Montenegro: The Law on Marine fish- 249-4) Sponzori Sponsors

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