Kings of England & Scotland The Stuarts (1603-1688)
STUART ABSOLUTISM RESTORATION James I Charles I Charles II James II
CROMWELL
JI C I INTERREGNUM C II J II REMEMBERING J I THE STUARTS CI ---- CII JII Photo by JD Hancock The Restoration
Sons of Charles I: Charles II (r. 1660-1685) James II
(r. 1685-1688) Charles II James II
RETURN FROM EXILE 1660
Charles sailed from his exile in the Netherlands to his restoration in England in May 1660. Painting by Lieve Verschuier. The Merry Monarch
DECLARATION OF INDULGENCE NON-ENFORCEMENT of laws against Catholics and non-conformists
Photo by jill, jellidonut... whatever CATHOLIC RESURGENCE ENTRENCHED PROTESTANTISM CATHOLIC RESURGENCE TEST ACTS
An act for preventing dangers which may happen from popish recusants TEST ACTS
All office holders required to receive communion in the Anglican Church.
Photo by jakeliefer Religion in Stuart England
James I & Charles I Religious Uniformity (Church of England) Interregnum (Protectorate) Protestant Toleration Charles II Established Church with Legal Privileges Christian Toleration in Private Life James II Legal Preference for Catholics in violation of the Test Acts NO RELIGIOUS TEST shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. Abolition of FEUDAL DUES
Photo by Dave Catchpole ROYAL ALLOWANCE
Parliament pays the monarch a fixed amount each year in lieu of land taxes.
Photo by Maurice LIBERTINISM
Charles’ court was full of libertines and scandalous characters, such as his friend, the Earl of Rochester.
John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester
DOUBLE team the DUTCH
Charles would get money from Louis in return for joining his wars against the Dutch. Charles II died without legitimate issue, although he acknowledged at least a dozen illegitimate children by several different women. He converted to Catholicism on his deathbed. JAMES II
Charles II’s Brother
Can a Catholic monarch rule a Protestant nation? EXCLUSION CRISISExclusion? TORIES vs WHIGS Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper 1st Earl of Shaftesbury TORIES WHIGS Exclusion? Favored the Wanted to succession of exclude James James to the from the English throne succession
Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper 1st Earl of Shaftesbury
MONMOUTH REBELLION (1685) BLOODY ASSIZES
Over 1,o00 executed or deported (to the West Indies) for treason
The “Hanging Judge” Jeffreys Over 200 were HANGED DRAWN & QUARTERED One woman was sentenced to be burned alive for harboring fugitives.
The sentence was commuted to beheading.
Photo by JD Hancock TEST ACTS SUSPENDED
Photo by David Bleasdale DECLARATION OF INDULGENCE NON-ENFORCEMENT of laws against Catholics and non-conformists
Photo by jill, jellidonut... whatever TO BE READ IN THE CHURCHES
Photo by Robert Cutts THE SEVEN BISHOPS
Seven bishops who petitioned the king for an exemption (on the grounds that the king did not have the right to dispense laws outright) were charged with SEDITIOUS LIBEL. NOT GUILTY "God hath given me this dispensing power and I will maintain it."
GRIEVANCES
• Cruel & Unusual Punishments • Suspended Laws Passed by Parliament (Test Acts) • Intimidated Bishops • Invoked Divine Right
DISMISSED
James dismissed his Lord of the Treasury after he refused to renounce his Anglican faith.
Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester IT’S A BOY
The birth of James II’s son in 1688 sparked a new succession crisis. James II
Mary Stuart WILLIAM III Prince of Orange Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland, & Overijssel Charles I Henrietta Maria of England of France
William II Mary James II of Orange Henrietta of England Anne Hyde
William III Mary Stuart of Orange WANTED
A monarch who will sit down, shut up, and let Parliament take care of governing. PLEASE INVADE!
VEEL PLEZIER! William III invaded at the invitation of Parliament. GLORIOUS REVOLUTION Run off by Parliament Throne VACANT
[Little] Bloodshed NOT Bloodless
Thousands were killed in a civil war in Ireland and several Jacobite uprisings followed in Scotland.
GLENCOE MASSACRE Scotland, 1692
Peter Graham, After the Massacre of Glencoe (1889) William III & Mary II Aww… Shucks. ANGLO-DUTCH ALLIANCE Against Louis XIV Some rights reserved by Serge Melki ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS 1689
William and Mary signed the English Bill of Rights, agreeing to a limitation of their powers and acknowledging the lawmaking authority of Parliament. STATEMENT OF GRIEVANCES
• PAPIST • Taxation without consent • Standing army in a time of peace • Allowed papists to be armed and disarmed Protestants (a.k.a., “Good Citizens”) • Partial, corrupt, and unqualified jurors • Excessive fines and bails • Meddled in Parliamentary Elections DECLARATION OF RIGHTS
• Free elections of Parliament • Frequent Parliaments • Protestants are to have “arms for their defense… suitable to their conditions as allowed by law” (NOTE: NOT Absolute) • Right to Petition • Qualified jurors
And whereas it hath been found by experience that it is inconsistent with the safety and welfare of this Protestant kingdom to be governed by a popish prince, or by any king or queen marrying a papist, the said Lords Spiritual and Temporal and Commons do further pray that it may be enacted, that all and every person and persons that is, are or shall be reconciled to or shall hold communion with the see or Church of Rome, or shall profess the popish religion, or shall marry a papist, shall be excluded and be for ever incapable to inherit, possess or enjoy the crown and government of this realm… PARLIAMENTARY SUPREMACY > SOVEREIGNTY For All Practical Purposes
Photo by Maurice Photo by West Midlands Police
CEREMONIAL MONARCHY