International Journal of Ayurveda Vishada (Depression)

ISSN: 2456-6640 International Journal of Ayurveda (A Monthly Scientific Journal of Kiban Research Publications) www.kibanresearchpublications.com

REVIEW ARTICLE

Vishada (Depression) in Ayurveda: A Literary Review

Jabeen G. Shaikh1, Shrikant G. Deshmukh2*

1Dept. Kayachikitsa. C.S.M.S.S Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Kanchanwadi, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India.

*Corresponding Author: Email: [email protected]

Abstract: Ayurveda is the science which mentioned various principles for prevention and treatment of disease. Ayurveda has adopted holistic approach to maintain healthy and long life. Ayurveda has also recognized the role of psychosocial stress in maintenance of physical and mental health. Ayurveda explores the symbiotic relationship among the mind, body, soul, the senses and their workings. Sharira and Mana both are the places of disease formation. Now a days psychological or mental disorder are increasing as stress, anxiety, insomnia & psychological factors. In all diseases Vishada (Depression) is common among all ages. Which is a fourth leading cause of disability worldwide?

Keywords: Vishada, Depression, Mana, Mind, Body, Soul, Senses. Article Received: 02 Dec. 2019 Revised: 16 Dec. 2019 Accepted: 24 Dec. 2019

Introduction Mana is constituent of human body does not at least twice as common in the medically ill only represent the behavior of a person but [4]. According to W.H.O. has ranked fourth also it helps to recognize a healthy state of a leading cause of disability worldwide and person. Increase incidence of Manasika projects that by ‘2020’ it will be the second Vikara or mental illness is the main concern leading cause [5]. in today’s world. Manasika dosha generally vitiates the mind and causes different It is subdivided into mild, moderate and psychological conditions. severe with the degree of severity. Depression may occur in reaction to some In Bhagvat Gita lord Krishna says that, our identifiable stressor / adverse life situation. It Aatma is our real friend but positive thinking may be the final expression of [6]. and control over mind is very important otherwise it becomes our enemy and at that  Genetic factors (neurotransmitter time mental disorders occur [1]. dysfunction )  Developmental problems (personality Manasa is made up of three qualities i.e. problems, childhood events ) Satva, Rajasa, and Tamasa. In which Rajasa and Tamasa are the Manasa doshas [2]. Psychological stresses (Divorce, Acharya Sushruta explained the various unemployment, loss of person by death, Manasa rogas like Krodha, Shoka, Bhaya, financial reversal etc.) Harsha, Vishada, Irshya, Asuya, Dainya, Aim Matsarya, Kam, Lobha, Iccha, Dvesha and Bheda [3].Vishada is also one of the Manasa To study the concept of Depression according Vikara in which Rajasa and Tamasa doshas to Ayurveda. are increases. Objectives In modern science, Vishada can be correlated  To review concepts of Depression according with Depression. Depression is extremely to Ayurveda. common, with a prevalence of approximately 5 % in the general population. Depression is  To review Nidanapanchaka and Chikitsa of Vishada.

Literary Review Vishada is the factor that increases the range of all the disease [8]. Acharya Sushruta has Vishada is one of the Vata nanatmaja mentioned it under the Manovikaras. Vikaras [7] and it is further said that

Table 1: Symptoms of depression [4] A) Psychological symptoms : Depressed mood, reduced self-esteem, pessimism, guilt, loss of interest, loss of enjoyment (Anhedonia) B) Emotional symptoms : Hopelessness, unhappy, sadness, less social conversation, anxiety. C) Cognitive symptoms : Negative thoughts, guilt, confusion, low intellectual ability. D) Motivational symptoms : Less drive, suicidal thoughts, less initiative. E) Behavioral symptoms : Slow movements, less productive monotones, avoiding eye contact. F) Somatic symptoms : Reduced appetite, weight change, pain at various places, loss of libido, disturbed sleep, fatigue, bowel disturbance, motor retardation (slowing of activity).

Further he mentioned that Vishada is The symptoms of Vishada which are found in common among the Tamasika Manasa various references when compared to Prakruti [9]. Whereas Vagbhatta has stated Depression appear similar, so Vishada can be that person with predominant Tamasa guna correlated with Depression i.e. state of are more prone to suffer from Vishada emotion (Manasika bhava) as well as a commenting on Anumanagamya bhavas in disease (Manasika Vyadhi). In Ayurveda Charaka Samhita says ; ‘Bhayam Vishaden’ there are various refrences among the i.e. understanding the feeling of fear in a Vishada which can be correlated to person seeing his depressed state or behavior Depression. [10].

Table 2: Reference of Samhitas and explanation S. No References in Samhitas Explanation

1 Charaka Samhita a) Mentioned as 80 Vata nanatmaja Vikara [7] b) Lakshana of Vataj jwara [11] c) In Agreya Sangraha : ‘ Vishado- Rogavardhananam [8]’ d) Lakshana of Hina Satva Vyakti [12]. 2 Sushruta Samhita a) Described as Manasa Roga [3] b) Lakshana of Tamasa Prakruti [9]. c) Development through the anger of Lord Brahma [13]. 3 Ashtang hrudaya a) Lakshana of Vataj jwara [14]. b) Vishada explained as one of the Garbha bhava which is developed due to Tamasa guna [15]. 4 Ashtang Sangraha a) Mentioned as 80 Vata nanatmaja Vikara [16]. b) Hetu of Vyana Vayu vitiation / Dushti [17]. 5 Kashaypa Samhita Mentioned as 80 Vata nanatmaja Vikara [18].

Now days we are facing a pandemic disease. Introduction of Vishada So therefore all peoples goes through the lots  Nirukti: Vishada means Sadness or fearful of stress, anxiety, anger etc. about there in which Rajasa and Tamasa doshas are work, future and health. increases. According to W.H.O. after this pandemic  Lakshanas: Lakshanas of Vishada in disease the whole world is might be going ayurveda can be Kayika, Vachika and through the Mental disorders. Manasika lakshanas.

Table 3:Properties of Lakshanas 1 Kayika lakshanas Anidra, Atinidra, Aruchi, Hrutspandana, Aplacheshta, Aalasyata, etc. 2 Vachika lakshanas Irrelevant talk, Alpavaka, Ativaka, etc. 3 Manasika lakshanas Atichinta, Bhaya, Dukha, Asthirata of Mana, Loss of self confidence, Arati, Smrutinasha, etc.

Table 4: A Samprapti Hetu Sevana – Malina, Ayogya Aahara, Ayogya Vihara, Pradnyaparadha, Manoaghata, Grahabadha, Asatmendriyartha Sanyoga, etc.

Vata, Pitta, Kapha, Rajasa, Tamasa dushti + Satva guna decreses

Jatharagnimandya

Annavaha Strotodushti

Rasavaha Strotsa + Manovaha Strotasa dushti

Manoavsada, Chinta, Bhaya, Pralapa, etc. Formation

Vishada ( Depression )

Chikitsa of Vishada rasa, Snigdha dravyas can be used. Acharya Vishada is not only a Manasika Vikara, it is Charaka explained Manasa roga Chikitsa also a Sharirika Vikara. So therefore under the three types which are [19]. Chikitsa of Mana and Sharira both are important. It is one of the Vata vyadhi so  Daivavyapashraya ( Divine therapy ) Vatagna Chikitsa, use of Madhura- Amla  Yuktivyapashraya ( Rational therapy )  Satvavajaya ( Psycho therapy )

Table 5: Chikitsa of Vishada Daivavyapashraya Chikitsa Yuktivyapashraya Chikitsa Satvavajaya Chikitsa

a) Mantra Uccharana It includes ; Shodhana & Shamana Chikitsa ‘Satvavajaya’ comprises two words ‘Satva’ and ‘Avajaya’ b) Aushadha Sevana a) Shodhana Chikitsa : Vamana, where, Satva refers to intellect, Virechana, Nasya, Basti, consciousness or mind, while c) Mani Dharana Raktamokshana. Avajaya is control over it.

d) Mangala Vachana b) Shamana Chikitsa: It is a type of a) Manonigraha – Avoid ‘Vyadhiviparita Chikitsa’. Krodhadi bhavas. e) Bali  Abhyanga – b) Santawana – Speak with f) Homahavana Shirobhyanga, Sarvang good & Kind words. abhyanga. g) Yagyapujana c) Ashwasana Chikitsa –  Shirodhara – Manobodhana / h) Devatarchana Jatamansi,Brahmi, Hitopdesha. Yashtimadhu etc. siddha i) Upavasa taila. d) Chittaprasadana/ Praharshana j) Pranipata (  Ghrita – Brahmi ghrita, Devatadinam Saraswata ghrita, e) Practice of Ashtang Yoga. Namaskara ) Kalyanaka ghrita,

k) Prayah:schitta Panchgavya ghrita, f) Meditation Purana ghrita, Ashtang l) Tirthagamana ghrita, Kushmand ghrita, g) Aatmavigyana – Feeling Chaitsa ghrita, etc. & appreciation of self knowledge.  Aarishta – Saraswatarishta, h) Manovyayama – like Ashwagandharishta. Chintana, Manana, Uhapoha, etc.  Kwatha – Arkadi kwatha, Mansyadi kwatha.

 Ekala dravya – Jatamansi, Brahmi, Yashtimadhu, Vacha, Mandukparni, Parasika yavani, Jotishmati, Shankhpushpi, Guduchi, Kushmand, etc.

 Rasakalpa / Vati – Vasantkusumakara rasa, Anandabhairava rasa, Makardhvaja rasa, Smritisagara rasa, Amar sundari vati, etc.

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