1997 Meeting Minutes Western Committee on Crop Pests 36" Annual Meeting Crowne Plaza Hotel Edmonton, AB
Thursday, October 9, 1997,0830-2130
Chairperson: Jim Jones Secretary: Ken Fry
Present: Jon Anderson, Roger Andreiuk, Lorraine Braun, Rick Butts, Garry Byrtus, Rachael Cheverie, Lyle Cowell, Jeff Cumming, Emile deMilliano, Lloyd Dosdall, Christopher Dufault, Merv Empey, Martin Erlandson, Robert Favrin, David Fendel, Robert Foottit, Ken Fry, Henri Goulet, Lloyd Harris, John Huffman, T. James, Dan Johnson, Jim Jones, Kris Justus, Mary Jane Kelleher, Beata Lees, Lynn Manaigre, Peter Mason, Joe McCaffrey, Jim McKenzie, Scott Meers, Nancy Melnychuk, Carolyn Morin, Bruce Neill, Jim O'Hara, Owen Olfert, Gary Pastushok, Edwin Pensaert, Hugh Philip, Ron Pidskalny, Doug Richardson, Jerry Shaw, Julie Soroka, Phil Thomas, Gary Topham, Chris Van Natto, Bob Vernon, Agnes Whiting, Ian Wise, Walter Yarish
1.o WELCOME AND INTRODUCTIONS Jim Jones opened the meeting at 0832 and asked that the participants introduce themselves to the WCCP; and also that they be sure to fill in the sign-up sheet.
2.0 Agenda for 1997 Meeting Jim Jones asked that the agenda be amended: to correct 3.0 1996 to 1997 to move the Manitoba Pest Report to the end of the Research Reports and renumber Pest Reports accordingly to insert 6.4 CFIA Report to add to 8.0 PMRA report to substitute in 9.3 Rachael Cheverie for Brenda Harris MOTION: Harris/Wise. THAT the agenda as amended be approved. CARRIED.
3.0 Minutes of 1996 Meeting MOTION: OlfertMarris. THAT the minutes of the October 18, 1996 meeting be accepted as circulated CARRIED.
4.0 Business arising from the minutes 4.1. 1998 Joint Meeting with N. Dakota and Montana. Joe McCaffrey asked if he should begin advertising the joint meeting to his colleagues in the U.S. Jim Jones replied that he should. 5 .O Appointment of WCCP Resolutions Committee Lloyd Harris was appointed to the Resolutions Committee.
6.0 Provincial Pest Problem Summaries (See Appendix “A” for summaries) 6.1 Saskatchewan - Lloyd Harris 6.2 Alberta- Jim Jones 6.3 British Columbia - Hugh Philip 6.4 CFIA - Rob Favrin
7.0 Research Reports for 1997 (See Appendix “B” for summaries) 7.1 Manitoba - Ian Wise 7.2 Saskatchewan - Julie Soroka 7.3 Alberta - Ken Fry 7.4 British Columbia - Bob Vernon 7.5 Manitoba Pest Report - Lynn Manaigre
8.0 Emerging Issues (See Appendix “C” for summaries) Electronic identification aids for biocontrol insects - Jim O’Hara PMRA update - Mary Jane Kelleher Cabbage seedpod weevil IPM in Idaho - Jim McCaffrey New wireworms raising hell in BC - Bob Vernon Summary of the Lygus workshop - Julie Soroka
9 .O New Pesticide Chemistry (See Appendix “D” for summaries) 9.1 Hedley Technologies-Protect-It - Chris van Natto 9.2 DowElanco-Spinosad - Rachael Cheverie
10.0 Review of WCCP Guide Dan Johnson confirmed that 5 of 16 chapters had been changed but that many other chapters would require change die to the new restrictions to carbofuran. Dan asked that chapter editors get the revised chapters to him as soon as possible. Dan also noted that there are two major problems facing the Guide; a lack of funds and the number of chapters requiring updating. It was decided that both a hardcopy and electronic copy on diskette be provided for the purchase price of $20.00.
11.0 New Business 11.1 Symposia Topics. Jim Jones acknowledged the value of outside speakers at our meetings and inquired about possible symposia topics for future meetings.
11.2 Assessing Acres Sprayed. Jim Jones mentioned that aerial applicators have spray data that researchers could use and asked for suggestions on how we could access that data. Several people commented that 1) data would have to be solicited from individual sprayers and that this would be labour intensive and prone to error, 2) chemical sales data is more accurate, as it would include material sold for ground application, and 3) sprayers would consider repeated requests for information to be intrusive. No support was expressed for pursuing methods of collecting spray data.
11.3 Taxonomic Workshops. The notion of having taxonomic identification workshops was evaluated for merit and feasibility. Support for organizing such workshops was overwhelming. Suggested workshops include De2ia with Graham Griffiths, Lygus with Bob Foottit, and noctuids with Bob Byers. Local committee chairs would be charged with arranging the workshops to be held in conjunction with WCCP meetings where possible.
1 1.4 Insect Database. Jim Jones asked whether we could encourage non- scientists (i-e.: agriculture representatives, crop specialists, growers) to record and report insect infestation information on an annual basis. Joe McCaffrey mentioned that this is done for specific insect pests in the Pacific Northwest. Lloyd Harris stated that this is done for grasshopper across the prairies now. Jim Jones noted that funding for forecasting systems is difficult to obtain in years of low pest pressure but that AAFRD is committed to establishing a position to coordinate all monitoring programs in AAFRD.
11.5 Meeting Length. Mike Dolinski suggested that the 1998 meeting might need to be extended to accommodate contributions from the U.S. attendees. Hugh Philip stated the meetings need to be extended regardless of U.S. participation. There was general agreement that extending the length of the WCCP meeting is considered for 1998.
11.6 ECIPM Representative. Nominations for a representative to the ECIPM were solicited. All nominations were declined.
12.0 Nominations for 1998 Executive Jim Jones nominated Lynn Manaigre as Chairperson and Ian Wise as Secretary. Both nominees accepted the nominations. MOTION: Butts. THAT nominations cease. CARRIED.
14.0 Appointment of Summarizers Saskatchewan Research compiler was changed to Martin Erlandson. Jim Jones asked if there was a way of targeting discussion instead of reciting reports. Mike Dolinski suggested that one topic from each region be presented in detail. May Jane Kelleher stated that the Forest Pest Management Forum circulated summaries prior to the meeting and that only questions were fielded during the meeting. A new structure for research reports was not decided upon. 15.0 Resolutions No resolutions were made.
16.0 Adjournment MOTION: Butts. THAT the meeting be adjourned at 17:22. APPENDIX“A” PROVINCIALPEST PROBLEM SUMMARIES
6.1 Saskatchewan Lloyd Harris SAF
Wheat midge, diamondback moth, and bertha armyworm were the most important field crops insects in Saskatchewan in 1997. Insecticides were applied to approximately 250,000 - 350,000 hectares (0.63 - 0.88 million acres) of wheat and approximately 180,000 - 200,000 hectares (0.45 - 0.50 million acres) of canola to control field crop insects. Wheat midge was present throughout Saskatchewan from Carievale to North Battleford. Within the affected area, pesticide application for midge control was concentrated within localized areas. Insecticide application was most extensive in the Regina, Moose Jaw, Davidson, Watrous, Saskatoon, Foam Lake, Humbolt, Tisdale and Nipawin Agricultural Districts. Approximately 225,000 to 325,000 hectares (562,500 to 812,500 acres) or about 50 per cent of the seriously affected fields were treated with insecticides to control wheat midge. Diamondback moth was abundant in canola in the Carnduff, Estevan, Weyburn, Regina, Davidson and Foam Lake Agricultural Extension Districts. Approximately, 72,000 hectares (180,OOO acres) were treated with insecticides to control diamondback moth in 1997. Bertha myworm population levels did not exceed economic thresholds in many fields and insecticide application was limited to approximately 32,000 hectares (80,000 acres). Aphids, cutworms, flea beetles, green grass bug, red turnip beetle, and sunflower beetle were present at economic levels in localized areas throughout the province but only a small percentage of the affected crop was treated.
1. Cereal Crops
Green grass bug, grasshoppers, orange wheat blossom midge, redbacked cutworm, thrips, and wireworms, were reported feeding on cereals in 1997. Crop losses sustained from these insects are estimated to have been approximately $85,000,000.00 dollars with insecticides being applied to control various cereal insects on approximately 250,000 - 350,000 hectares.
Aphids Primarily bird-cherry oat aphid, (Rhophalosiphum padi) and English grain aphid, (Macrosiphumavenue) were reported on canarygrass throughout the province with some fields being treated with insecticides.
American grass mealybug American grass mealybug, (Trionymus americanus) was reported attacking 180 acres of Teal wheat near Grenfell. The field had been seeded with direct seeding equipment for the previous six years. The infestation was relatively uniform throughout the field. The portion of the field grown on flax stubble yielded 4 or 5 bushels to the acre whle the remaining portion of the field grow on canola stubble was much higher. The entire field yielded 12 bushel’s to the acre or about 50 per cent of other wheat fields on the same farm. Grass hoppers Grasshoppers were present at low levels across most of Saskatchewan in 1997. Approximately 8,000 hectares (20,000 acres) of pasture and cultivated crops were sprayed to control grasshoppers in the Estevan, Assiniboia, Swift Current, Shaunavon, Meadow Lake, Saskatoon, and Prince Albert Agricultural Districts. Grasshoppers will be more numerous in 1998 but unlikely to be a substantial problem.
Green grass bug Green grass bug, (Trigonotylus coelestialiurn) was reported feeding on wheat, barley, and a variety of grasses throughout Saskatchewan in 1997. Insecticides were applied to control it and several barley fields have to be reseeded.
Oranpe wheat blossom midge Orange wheat blossom midge, (Sitodiplosis rnosellana) was present at low levels in wheat fields near Stewart Valley in 1997. Spraying occurred for wheat midge in the Estevan, Indian Head, Moose Jaw, Regina, Davidson, North Battleford, Watrous, Saskatoon, Tisdale, and Nipawin Agricultural Districts. Crop damage was variable with one untreated field near Grenfell yielding 7 bushels per acre. Approximately 225,000 to 325,000 hectares (562,500 - 8 12,500) were sprayed to control wheat midge. Another 225,000 to 325,000 hectares had economic infestation but producers decided not to treat them. Crop loss from wheat midge in 1997 exceeded $75,000,000.00. Midge populations in 1998 are expected to persist throughout Saskatchewan at their current levels.
Wireworms Wireworms were reported damaging early seeded wheat crops at Radville and Davidson.
2. Oilseed Crops
Flea beetles, bertha armyworm, diamondback moth, Lygus bugs, Nuttall's blister beetle, potato aphid, red turnip beetle, and sunflower beetle were the only insects that were reported to have caused enough damage to canola, flax, mustard or sunflower to have insecticides applied. Approximately 125,000 - 144,000 hectares (312,500 - 360,000 acres) of canola, 3,000 hectares (7,500 acres) of flax, and 2,000 hectares (5,000 acres) of sunflowers were sprayed with insecticides to control these insects.
Bertha armyworm Bertha armyworm, (Marnestua configurata) was a significant problem in canola in the Carnduff, Weybum, Regina, Davidson, Saskatoon, and Nipawin Agricultural Districts. Approximately, 30,000 - 40,000 hectares (75,000 to 1,000,000 acres) of canola were sprayed with insecticides to control bertha armyworm.
Cabbage root maggot Cabbage root maggot, Hylernya brassicae, was reported damaging canola near Shellbrook and Maidstone.
Diamondback moth Diamondback moth, (Plutella xylostella) infested canola throughout southeastern and south- central Saskatchewan in 1997. Insecticides application occurred on approximately 70,000 - 80,000 hectares (175,000 - 200,000 acres) in the Carnduff, Estevan, Weyburn, Regina, Davidson and Foam Lake Agricultural Extension Districts.
Flea beetles Flea beetles (Phyllotreta crucifers & Phyllotreta striolata) were abundant on canola seedlings in the spring and in the fall on late seeded spring canola. Foliar insecticide application for flea beetle control occurred on approximately 12,000 hectares. Flea beetles are expected to be abundant in 1998.
LTUSbugs Lygus bugs, (Lygus spp.) were reported feeding on canola flower buds in July at Meadow Lake. Insecticides were applied to approximately 12,000 hectares (30,000 acres).
Red turnip beetle Red Turnip, (Entomoscelis americana) was reported damaging a canola field near Humbolt. Very little crop damage occurred.
Sunflower beetle Sunflower beetle, (Zygogramrna exclamationis) was abundant in southeastern Saskatchewan. Approximately 2000 hectares (5,000 acres) were sprayed with insecticides.
3. Forages, Legumes and Pulse Crops
Insect damage to forages and pulse crops was only minor in 1997. Approximately 10,000 hectares of seed alfalfa were treated to control lygus and alfalfa plant bugs.
4. Garden Crops
Numerous inquiries were received this year about various insects on garden fruits and vegetables. The common insects in 1997 were: Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) Crucifer flea beetle (Phyllotreta cruciferae) Imported cabbageworm (Pieris rapae) - extremely abundant Redbacked cutworms (Euxoa ochragaster) Tipulids - leather jackets on potatoes White grub (Scarabaeidae spp.) Wireworms
5. Trees, Shrubs and Ornamentals
The most common insects on trees, shrubs and ornamentals in Saskatchewan in 1997 were: Black willow aphid (Pterocomma smithiae) Fall cankerworm (Alsophila pometaria) Forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria) Fruit-tree leafroller (Archips argyrospilus) Honeysuckle aphid (Hyadapnis tatarcae) Pear slug (Caliroa cerasi) Pine needle scale (Phenacaspis pinifoliae) Poplar bud gall mite (Eriophyes parapopuli) Prairie tent caterpillar (Malacosoma c. lutescens) Spring cankerworm (Paleacrita vemata)
6. Household Pests
The major arthropods associated with dwellings in 1997 were:
Ants (Fomzicidae spp.) Black carpet beetle (Attagenus megatoma) Camel cricket (Ceuthophilus sp.) Confused flour beetle (Tribolium confusum) Indian meal moth (Polodia interpunctella) Larder beetle (Dennestes lardarius) Mediterranean flour moth (Anagasta kuehniella) Varied carpet beetle (Anthrenus verbasci) Wasps (Vespula spp.)
6.2 Alberta Jim Jones AAFRD
1997 was the year of the lygus bugs in Alberta. Estimates of acres sprayed for control of lygus bugs ranged from 200,000 - 500,000 acres. While the bertha infestation cycle ended in the rest of the province last year, 92,000 acres were sprayed for bertha in the Alberta Peace. It was also a year of some unusual infestations: two-spotted spider mite in alfalfa, Hessian fly in the Peace, and late summer infestations of flea beetles in canola and sweetclover weevil in alfalfa.
1. Oilseed Crops
Cabbage Seedpod Weevil Cabbage seedpod weevil was monitored using an attractant-baited trap (using allyl- isothiocyanate) in southern Alberta. Although the traps caught various canola pests (e.g., flea beetles and Delia species), no CSW were caught. A sweepnet survey (Dosdall and Jones) of 105 fields in southern and central Alberta in July found CSW adults in 30% of fields. Three fields, all in the Warner area, had 10 or more adults per 20 sweeps.
Bertha Armyworm Economic infestations of bertha armyworm developed in the Vegreville, Stettler, and the Peace River regions this year. Spraying for control of bertha armyworm was conducted on approximately 92,000 acres in the following areas: Fort Vermilion (40,000), Falher (8,000),Fairview (24,000) and Spirit River (20,000). In the High Prairie, Sunset House, Valleyview and Debolt areas of the Peace very low numbers of either bertha or diamondback moth were present. Lygus Bugs Lygus bugs were prevalent in the Peace but the problem was generally not recognized. Sprays directed at berthas most likely solved this unrecognized lygus problem. 25,000 acres were sprayed for lygus bugs in the Drumheller area, including the County of Wheatland, the Municipal Districts of Starland and Kneehill. The Special Areas Crops in the eastern parts of this area were very poor and little spraying was done there despite the presence of lygus. Little or no spraying was done in the Counties of Stettler, Paintearth and Flagstaff despite infestations of lygus. Further south, the County of Newell sprayed about 5,000 acres of canola for lygus and another 3,000 acres of alfalfa seed. Fields were heavily infested in the Counties of Vulcan, Willow Creek and Foothills. Estimates there of percent infested fields ranged from 75-loo%, with total acres sprayed of canola, mustard and peas estimated at 151,900.
Canola, mustard, peas and alfalfa grown for seed - Ac County / M.D. Canola Sprayed Other Crops Sprayed Total Sprayed (ac.) (ac.1 (ac.) Cypress 500 Fortv Mile Foothills 34,045 I 4,270 I 38.315 1 Newell 5,000 3,000 8,000 Vulcan 54,675 16,000 70,675 Wheatland, Starland, Kneehill, Special Areas Willow Creek 31,135 I 12,685 I 43,820 I 124,855 35,955 193,810 Totals 1 1 I
A survey conducted for cabbage seedpod weevil in southern and central Alberta in mid July found generally high levels of lygus. Fields in the Fort MacLeod area had up to 20 lygus per sweep. Surveys of fields in the Innisfail area in mid August showed many fields had about 2.5 lygus per sweep; a few fields there had more than 5 per sweep. A survey of fields in the Olds area at the end of August during harvest, showed the range of shrivelled ('blasted') seeds in fields to be between 10 and 50%. Adult lygus were numerous at harvest, with numbers estimated to average about 5 per sweep. Canola yields took "a pretty major hit for the grower . . . [fields that] looked like [they] should yield about 30+ bdac, with a 40% loss [would] likely only yield 18 bdac."
Flea Beetles In the MD of Smoky River about 1000 acres were reseeded because of flea beetle feeding. Canola was white in patches throughout 3 of 4 canola fields within a 10 mile radius of Lougheed due to flea beetle feeding on pods.
Diamondback Moth Many fields in the area from Stettler to the Saskatchewan border suffered economic loss from diamondback moth. Often, the damage went completely unnoticed or was sprayed after the damage occurred. Diamondback moth larvae were sprayed around Foremost and in the Hanna - Coronation area.
Root Mamots Infestations of root maggots were severe throughout most of the province, except for the fields south of Lethbridge and Medicine Hat. Although there were no reports of canola fields completely decimated by root maggots in 1997, there were several areas where infestation levels were responsible for economic losses. The most severely affected areas included the region from Edmonton south to Red Deer, east to Vegreville, and north to Barrhead, and the southern Peace River region. Infestation levels in the BC Peace River region were particularly severe in 1997.
2. Cereal Crops
Grasshoppers For the second year in a row, grasshoppers attacked canola near Fort Vermilion in the Peace. Less than 1,000 acres of pastures bordering cereal fields were sprayed by air for grasshoppers south of Consort.
Hessian Fly Hessian fly damage was found in a field of Roblin wheat near Grande Prairie. About 10% of plants were chewed off at 6 in above ground, above first node. Stems with white heads were found lying on the ground.
3. Forages, Legumes and Pulse Crops
Two-sDotted Spider Mite One hundred percent of seed alfalfa plants in an 80 acre field near Brooks were heavily infested with two-spotted spider mite to the point that the tops of plants were weighed down by webbing.
Sweetclover Weevil In mid September, sweetclover weevil destroyed part of an irrigated alfalfa field near Coaldale.
ISSUES OF CONCERN: -that we may not be prepared for changes to our pest complex brought on by global warming
Contributors Jay Byer, Mike Dolinski, Lloyd Dosdall, Tracy Dow, Merv Empey, Gordon Frank, Hector Goudreau, Mike Hall, Murray Hartman, Ron Hockridge, Dan Johnson, Wes Kowalchuk, Kent MacDonald, Gordon Parker, Georgeanne Rasmussen, Chris Thiberge, Phil Thomas, Greg Urichuk, Curtis Weeks, David Wong, and others British Columbia Hugh Philip and Bob Costello BCMAFF
The Ministry lost 20% of the staff and budget, and along with operational and program changes, has greatly reduced extension services to producers. Agri-business and commodity associations are expected to provide extension services, possibly including publication of commodity production guides. FI'E's devoted to tree fruits was reduced from about 5 to <0.5 FTE's. The Crop Protection Branch (now a Program!) lost three positions (one an entomologist), however we have maintained our roles and responsibilities unlike our extension colleagues whose primary function (I think!) is to deliver the Farm Practices Protection Act. The Ministry will now focus on industry development (facilitating industry self-reliance) and resource management.
1. Field Crops
Cereal crops Approximately 400 ha of wheat near Creston were sprayed with Lorsban for control of wheat midge (Sitodiplosis rnosellana). This is an annual practice in this area where midge parasitoids have yet to become established. We are keeping track of the cereal leaf beetle (Oulerna melanopus) which is moving slowly northward in Idaho. This potential pest has spread very slowly within Idaho and is being kept under control in most areas by a parasitoid. In the Peace River region of B.C., an infestation of gray garden slugs was reported in a crop of barley in mid-summer. A farmer reported many gulls in the field and investigation revealed the slugs feeding on the leaves. There was no apparent impact on yield.
Forage crom Alfalfa weevil (Hypera postica) is still present throughout the southern interior, however growers have avoided crop losses by harvesting the crops before significant damage is done. Only late-harvested crops suffer any noticeable damage or create problems for regrowth. Gray garden slugs were found in a crop of tall fescue in early July. The feeding injury resembled wind damage because of the shredded appearance of the leaves. The crop was able to come back due to adequate soil moisture.
Oilseed crops Root maggot (Delia spp.) larvae in association with root rot pathogens caused significant crop loss in some crops of Polish canola in the B.C. Peace River region. Argentine varieties were not affected although maggots were present. Root maggots are also present in the Creston area where damage has yet to be reported.
2. Horticultural Crops
Tree Fruits The release of sterile moths is finally showing positive results as levels of wild codling moths (Cydia pornonella) have dropped dramatically in the release zone (see attached graph). The average trap catch has been reduced from 13 moths/trap/week during peak spring emergence and 2.5 moths/trap/week during second brood emergence in 1995, to an average of 1.2 and <0.5 moths/trap/week for first and second brood, respectively, in 1997. The majority of growers applied one OP cover spray against first brood only and very little damage has been reported to date. It is expected only isolated hot-spots will need spraying in 1998. An inspection of harvested fruit revealed more than 95% of orchards sampled had no codling moth damage evident at harvest. This compares to about 75% in 1996. Clean-up of wild and unmanaged host trees began in Zone 2 (Peachland to Kelowna), however the zero tolerance policy will not be enforced until next year. It is estimated there are 15000 properties with host trees. An estimated 7000 trees have been removed to date and more have been identified for removal over the winter. The mullein bug (Campylomma verbasci) caused considerable damage in apple orchards in central and north Okanagan as a result of delayed petal-fall sprays due to inclement weather. Some blocks were considered a total loss. However, concerns over mullein bug damage were soon forgotten after the worst hail storm in 50 years wiped out about 60-70% of the apple and pear crop in the Kelowna area and parts of the South Okanagan and Similkameen valleys. Some apple growers in the south Okanagan reported crop damage due to summer obliquebanded (Choristoneura rosaceana) andor threelined (Pandemis limitata) leafroller feeding. This situation was predicted as a result of OP cover sprays no longer being applied against second brood codling moth. Growers have been advised to control the spring larval population to reduce the summer generation to below damaging levels.
Greenhouse Crops Potato psyllid (Patrioza cockereli) infested a greenhouse tomato crop and caused significant crop losses until control strategies were developed. A second greenhouse was infested late in the season, suggesting this pest may be established in the area. Echinothrips americanus, a non-native thrips, infested a greenhouse pepper crop. An emergency registration for Avid 1.9 EC was applied for and obtained to deal with this problem. Citrus mealybug (Planococcus citri) was a serious and difficult to control pest in a greenhouse cucumber crop. Control was achieved with Dibrom applied as a fumigant. The tomato russet mite (Aculolops Zycopersicae) is becoming a more common pest of greenhouse tomatoes. Three greenhouses were found infested with this pest in 1997, compared to one a year the four previous years.
Miscellaneous Larvae of the bedstraw hawkmoth (Hyles gallii) were very abundant in the Fraser Valley this year. It attacked primarily wild plants, primarily fireweed, but also attacked fuchsia. Weevils, especially the obscure root weevil (Sciopithes obscurus), were more abundant than usual on raspberries. Lecanium scale was common in southwestern British Columbia in 1997, and two holly growers had severe infestations.
6.4 Plant Health Risk Assessment and Survey Unit Ian MacLatchy, Lesley Cree, John Garland, Doreen Watler, and Robert Favrin CFIA ANNIT CHIEF (& Entomologist): Dr. Doreen Watler ([email protected]) Pest Information Clerk: Filomena Tittarelli (tittarellif@ern. agr. ca)
PEST RISK ASSESSMENT BIOLOGISTS: Plant Pathology: Lesley Cree ([email protected]) Ian A. MacLatchy ([email protected]) Entomology: Dr. John Garland (garlandj@ ern. agr. ca) Barbara B arr (barrb @ ern. ag r.ca) Biotechnology: Vacant
SURVEY BIOLOGISTS: Survey Co-ordinator: Robert Favrin (,[email protected]) Survey Biologist: Dr. Erhard Dobesberger ([email protected]) Survey Biologist: Shaun Wallace ([email protected])
REPORT CONTENTS
(1) Commodity Pest Risk Assessments: October 1996 - October 1997 (2) Pest Specific Risk Assessments: October 1996 - October 1997 a) Pest Specific Risk Assessments - Plant Pathogens b) Pest Specific Risk Assessments - Insects (3) Miscellaneous Projects: October 1996 - October 1997 (4) Summary of Quarantine Pest and Disease Surveys for 1997 (5) North American Exotic Forest Pest List Project (6) List of Pests Regulated by Canada (7) Plant Protection Policy Directives New or Revised: October 1996 - October 1997 (8) Intercepted Plant Pests 1995-96 (9) Plant Health Early Warning System (10) North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO) (1) Commodity Pest Risk Assessments (October 1996 - October 1997) Commodity risk assessments are generally initiated as a result of a request to import a new commodity, or a familiar commodity from a new source. They may also be requested because of changes in production practices in the country of origin or as a result of an interception. Commodity risk assessments are generally completed jointly by a pathologist and entomologist working closely together to identify all pests potentially associated with a defined commodity, usually from a named source country or region. Following development of this initial list of pests, those that appear to be economically important and do not occur in Canada or are not known to be widely distributed in Canada are identified as potential quarantine pests. A risk estimation and characterization is completed for each to detemine which of these should be considered by the Plant Protection Division (PPD) as potential quarantine pests.
COMMODITY RISK ASSESSMENTS REQUESTED TIAL c Plant Protection Division requested this assessment as a result of a recent change in legislation allowing licensed cultivation in Canada. The PRA wa done in three parts: seed, plants from field-collected seed, and plants from field-collected cuttings. For seed, two bacteria, two fungi, a mite, and a wet were identified as potential quarantine pests. For plants from field-collectec seed, only the mite remained as a potential quarantine pest. For plants from field-collected cuttings, again the mite, and three insects were identified as potential quarantine pests, two of the insects already being regulated by Canada on other commodities. No pathogens of quarantine concern were identified. Initiated as a result of an interception, i.e., spider mites (Tetranychus spp.) c a shipment of Shinko pears from Japan. Altemaria kikuchiana, Monilinia fructigena and Diaporthe tanakae were identified as potential quarantine pests. The first two have been named in previous PRA’s and protocols for importing apples or pears from parts of Asia & Europe. The third is a canke causing fungus that affects stems, branches and trunks of diseased apple or European pear trees in Japan. It has recently been reported to cause fruit roi of Chinese white and Japanese pears. Seven insects and three mites were a1 named as Dotential auarantine uests.
Initiated as a result of an interception, i.e., spider mites (Tetranychus spp.) ( a shipment of Singo pears from Korea. Altemaria kikuchiana and Monilini fructigena were identified as potential quarantine pathogens. Nine insects and three mites were also named as uotential auarantine uests. Initiated as a result of an importer’s request to import Chang Ba pears from the Yantai area of Shandong; a new source for pears from China. This is a revision of the 1994 PRA. Alternaria kikuchiana and Monilinia fructigem were identified as potential quarantine pathogens. Nine insects and three mites were also named as potential quarantine pests. Corylus propagative material from Europe has the potential to introduce ir Canada at least five pathogens that are regulated by Canada on other commodities (i.e., Monilinia fructigena, Rosellinia necatrix, Apple proliferation phytoplasm, European stone fruit yellows phytoplasm, and p‘ decline and moria phytoplasm). Initiated as a result of an importer’s request to import seed corn from Chi1 No pests of quarantine concern were noted, however, the lack of literaturt sources available for this assessment was a concern. Initiated as a result of an importer’s request to import seed corn from Fra No regulated pests or potential quarantine pests were identified in the literature reviewed for this assessment. Corn seed from other I A risk assessment is underway to identify potential quarantine pests sources associated with corn seed from Austria, Germany, Netherlands, Puerto Rico, Costa Rica, Hawaii and Mexico. The assessment is a result of requests to I import corn seed from these sources. I Greenhouse tomatoes & Initiated as a result of a request from Korea prior to their approving exports field grown potatoes from Canada. from Canada Lists of pests and diseases found in Canadian greenhouse tomato production and field potato production were prepared and provided. The CPS-ESC publication, Diseases & Pests of Vegetable Crops in Canada, was used I extensively to fill this request. I Grapevine propagative Plant Protection Division initiated this request to satisfy Brazil that pests anc materials from B.C. to diseases regulated by that country would not be carried on unrooted Vitis Brazil cuttings originating from British Columbia. Altemaria vitis and Physopella ampelopsidis are quarantine pests for Brazil. Prior to admitting grapevine cuttings from Canada Brazil, authorities there required information on the I status of these pests in Canada. Apples from Argentina Initiated by Plant Protection Division as part of a major program review of apple import policy from traditional sources of long standing; no importer involved, and no recent interceptions of note. Among other organisms, Monilinia fructigena is named as a potential quarantine pest. Apples from Chile Initiated for reasons stated above (see apples from Argentina). No pathogen of quarantine concern were noted, however, the lack of literature sources available for this assessment was a concern.
~~ Apples from Italy Initiated for reasons stated above (see apples from Argentina). Monilinia fructigena and Potebniamyces pyri (a canker & fruit rot pathogen) were list< as pests of concern. Apples from Spain Initiated for reasons stated above (see apples from Argentina). Monilinia fructipena was identified as a Dathogen of concern. Apples from other Risk assessments on apples from the following countries are underway as sources background information for a major revision of Canada’s import policy for fresh amles: Portugal. Mexico, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. Flax seed to Australia Background information (relative to Canada) on Altemaria linicola, Melampsora lini and Fusarium oxysporum fsp. lini was prepared to facilita export of seeds for processing. Flax seed to Argentina A complete review of potential pests (bacteria, fungi, virus, insects, mite an weed seeds) potentially associated with Linurn seed from Canada was conducted to assist in establishing an export market to Argentina. The resulting list, which is extensive, would be suitable to send to other countrit besides Argentina and includes bacteria and phytoplasmas, fungi, viruses ar virus-like agents, insects, mites. and weeds. Capsicum transplants Pepper transplants, as a potential pathway for introducing tobacco blue mol from the United States & (Peronospora tabacina) into Ontario were assessed. Peronospora tabacina (tobacco blue mold pathogen) Onions from the United Ongoing. States and Sclerotium cepivorum (onion white
Eucalyptus logs with This was a PRA addressing an application to import small quantities for bark research purposes only. Technical safeguards for importation were recommended that would reduce risk of introducine nests.
(2) Pest Specific Risk Assessments (October 1996 - October 1997)
Pest specific risk assessments provide a detailed assessment of the risk of an individual pest and identify potential pathways for introduction. Each pathway is subsequently assessed as a possible route for introduction of the pest. The economic and environmental impacts of the pest in Canada, should it become established, are also estimated. Pest specific risk assessments may be requested as a result of, 1) a new pest find either in Canada or elsewhere; 2) a change in a pest’s distribution within Canada, which may even necessitate a change in policy; 3) an interception at a port of entry; 4) a report of damage or an outbreak in another country, usually a trading partner; or, 5) as part of ongoing international charges, commitments, or negotiations. The following pest specific risk assessments were initiated or completed since October 1997.
a) PEST SPECIFIC RISK ASSESSMENTS - PLANT PATHOGENS
Potato rot nematode Due to the probable absence of Ditylenchus destructor in Canada and its (Ditylenchus potential to survive, spread and cause economic damage to potato productic destructor) the nematode should continue to be considered a quarantine pest for Canad; Scleroderris canker The risk assessment identified high risk pathways for domestic movement of (Gremmeniella races present in Canada and for introduction of foreign races from Europe and Asia. Considerable input was obtained from CFS personnel and is much appreciated. A policy governing both domestic and import movement of Pinu, nursery stock is being developed in Plant Protection Division and will be available for comment. ~ ~~~ Pear trellis rust Given the removal of trade restrictions to the United States, this assessment (Gymnosporangium supported the de-regulation within the Province of British Columbia. fuscum) Anthracnose As an addendum to a previous 1991 assessment, this report concluded that the (Colletotrichum pathogen does not meet the definition of a “potential quarantine pest” to acutatum) Canada. Chrysanthemum white This assessment, conducted at the request of NAPPO, concluded the pathogen rust should be considered of quarantine concern to Canada. The USA and Mexico (Puccinia horiana) have also conducted their own assessments. Soil from Risks associated with soil on vehicle traffic from NF to mainland was assessec Newfoundland with Darticular reference to Golden Nematode and Potato Wart. ~ ~~ ~ Beet Necrotic Yellow BNYV virus causes Beet Rhizomania which results in high yield losses and
1 Vein Virus reduction in sugar content. It is transmitted by the soil-borne fungus, Polyrnyn betae. The PRA concluded that it is a potential quarantine pest with a high entry potential and a high potential economic impact. Elm Yellows MLO Elm yellows phytoplasma is considered to be a potential quarantine pest. Eln yellows has been reported sporadically in the Niagara area of southern Ontaric In the northeastern US is it more widespread and is reported to cause signific; losses. This PRA and the following one were undertaken in advance of proposed changes to the Dutch Elm Disease regulations. Elm leaf scorch strains The assessment indicates that the leaf scorch strains are already present in B( of Xylella fastidiosa Ontario, and possibly Alberta (CPDS - Jim Holley). It is concluded that thos strains of Xylella associated with landscape trees do not meet the criteria of a quarantine pest. Peach Latent Mosaic Based on the known and suspected distribution of the viroid in Canada, the E Viroid concluded that PLMVd was not a quarantine pest. This project has been on-going and the situation constantly evolving. An interim policy for cereals from the USA is still in effect. The risk assessmer indicated that the pathogen may cause only minor yield losses, but impacts c trade would be very significant. The fungus has just recently (Sept. 8) been found in Texas, in San Sabo County. This is the first positive find from the USDA’s 1997 national survey. b) PESTSPECIF RISK ASSESSMENTS - INSECTS
Plant Protection Division requested this pest-specific PRA to determine the status of rose midge in Canada following reports of damage in Portland, Oregor in 1993 and in California in 1996 that caused concern in British Columbia, which has trade in nursery materials with those States. The pest risk assessmen indicated that rose midge is a native North American insect that occurs in Canada and, based on available information, it could not be considered a potential quarantine pest for Canada. Plant Protection Division requested a pest risk assessment of two spider mites that may be on apples originating from South Korea. The pest risk assessment indicated that T. kanzawai, also known as the Kanzawa or tea red spider mite, may already be present in North America, as T. hydrangeae; this synonymy, fir: published in 1960, has been accepted by some workers in acarology and is in accord with a catalogue soon to be published in 1997. The pest risk assessment also indicated that T. truncatus, for which no vernacular name exists, has never been reported on apples. Plant Protection Division requested a pest risk assessment of the apple tortrix, which the USDA-PPQ had advised was a new pest in western Washington. Th pest risk assessment indicated that this tortricid moth originates in Japan, Kore; and Russia north to southern Sakhalin and now occurs in a five-county area of the State of Washington, that it has the potential to survive in all fruit-growing areas of Canada, and many natural areas, that its leaf-feeding larvae may affect the blossoms and fruits of many economic crops, ornamentals, and plants in
natural areas, and that its entry potential was high on dormant plants (as eggs) ( on machine-harvested berries (as larvae). This has recently defoliated large areas of boreal forest in central Siberia. The impact on Canadian forests, which have a similar host species composition, wi be assessed. This native of China was found for the first time in New York in 1996, where extensive damage to maples was observed in localized areas of Brooklyn and Amityville on Long Island. The US undertook an eradication effort through trt removal. This pest is also of quarantine significance to Canada, but has not been found established within Canadian borders. Risk assessments for these species, which have all been detected recently in Canada, have either been done or are underway, to determine whether regulatic is necessary and feasible. INSECT C Hypogastrura spp. Plant Protection Division, reacting to news from the New Zealand embassy tha in New Zealand shipments of kiwifruit may be contaminated with springtails of the genus Hypogastrura, requested a pest risk assessment for this group of collembola occurring in New Zealand. The pest risk assessment indicated that there are si: valid Hypogastrura species in New Zealand, that all six species were introducc there because the genus is not endemic to the Australian Region, that all six species already occur in Canada or the contiguous United States, and that none of these species could be considered a potential quarantine pest for Canada. Apple Maggot Plant Protection Division requested a pest risk assessment to provide scientific (Rhagoletis pomonella) information that would be useful for managing the apple maggot. The pest risl assessment indicated that the apple maggot could be considered a potential quarantine pest for British Columbia, Alberta, and Newfoundland, that of thest three Provinces only BC has a commercially significant tree-fruit industry, and that the apple maggot situation in BC could be described as under official control.
(3) Miscellaneous Projects (October 1996 - October 1997) In addition to risk assessments, the Plant Health Risk Assessment Unit is frequently called upon to provide biological information in support of export certification or phytosanitaq negotiations with trading partners. Information obtained directly from researchers and field workers, and in publications such as Canadian Plant Disease Survey, are invaluable in allowing the PHRA Unit to provide quick responses to officers in the Plant Protection Division and thus minimize delays for exporters. The following is just a few of these types of requests. i MISCELLANEOUS PROJECTS i
information system, which contains host range, geographic distribution, pathway, and taxonomy information on several
Wheat exports to China
11 Prunus cuttings to Chile I Provided Canadian distribution records for a number of pathogen: Helminthosporium solani reports Reports of this fungus from Mexico were required to resolve from Mexico guarantine status of this fungus to Mexico. Canadian Standards Association - Ian MacLatchy, as committee member, assisted the CSA in their committee on risk management. development of a Canadian standard on Risk Management (published in July, 1997). Clover exports to Uruguay Prepared background information on tomato ringspot virus and Clavibacter michinanensis subm insidiosus. __~~ blue mold Provided regulatory programs with details on the oospore stage of this fungus relative to Canadian tobacco, to assist in Canada-China discussions on potential tobacco exports to China. Because Canada’s regulations governing importation of wood and wood products include an exemption for products derived from tropical species, the PHRA Unit is often called upon to determine if a new species may qualify for exemption when an Application for a Permit to Import is received by the Plant Protection Division. Species for which a review was required in 1997 include: Balfourodendron reidelianum from Uruguay, Trichilia spondiodes from Belize, Couratari oblongifolia from Brazil, Aspidosperrna spp from Guvana and manv others from elsewhere. Information on this pest was annotated with particular reference to Canada, in response to a trade-related request from the Plant Protection Division. A fact sheet was prepared for this pest, which is a common stored- (Sitophilus granarius) products pest. Oriental fruit moth A PHRA Program Entomologist provided information on the (Grapholita molesta) Oriental fruit moth (OFM) in response to an inquiry from a CFIA Regional Plant Protection Officer in British Columbia regarding tht potential for OFM to be transported inside the seeds of Prunus. USDA multinational pest risk The USDA-ARS requested Ian MacLatchy to be a member of a analysis panel on dwarf bunt of multinational pest risk analysis (PRA) panel to conduct a PRA on dwarf bunt of wheat, caused by the fungus Tilletia controversa Kuhn. The focus of the PRA group has been to examine whether teliospore-contaminated wheat for processing could act as a pathwi for establishing the disease in China, a country which has a zero- tolerance for TCK.
(4) Plant Quarantine Pest and Disease Surveys - 1997 Surveys for regulated plant pests are published each year by the Plant Health Survey Biologists in a report entitled, Summary of Plant Quarantine Pest and Disease Situations in Canada. Survey data are obtained from surveys conducted by CFIA inspection staff, AAFC Research Branch, Canadian Forest Service, provincial departments of forestry and agriculture and extension pathologists and entomologists across the country. We would like to acknowledge and thank organizations and individuals who have contributed to this year’s edition of the report. Copies of the 1996 report are available.
SURVEYS CONDUCTED BY CFIA IN 1997 C Grapholita molesta Conducted in BC to maintain claims of pest free status. No incipient (Oriental Fruit Moth) infestations were detected. Heterodera glycines A large survey conducted in Ontario in 1996 to bring survey datdregulatec (Soybean Cyst areas up to date. One new county found infested (Middlesex). Lab analysi Nematode) not yet complete. In Quebec, detection surveys conducted on a rotational basis in selected seed fields. WOOD ISSUES Interception records in both Canada and the United States show that many a) Exotic Bark Beetle pests of wood and living trees, such as bark beetles (e.g. Ips typographus, Trapping Tornicus piniperdu) and borers (e.g. Anoplophoru spp.), can be associated b) Wooden with dunnage and various types of crating material used to support and Crating/Packing stabilize cargo during shipping. The wood used for this purpose is often c low quality and may be in many forms, such as lumber, logs and crating. Because of the high risk of exotic pest introduction associated with this material, CFIA initiated the following surveillance activities: 1) a Lindgren trapping survey for exotic bark beetles near all the major Canadian ports (BC, ON, PQ, Atlantic). No exotic beetles were recoverel from the trapping in 1997. 2) an import inspection program of commodities typically associated wit1 heavy wooden crating (steel pipe, marble, heavy machinery etc). The trapping program was initiated in 1995 in BC as a pilot and was continue 1996 and 1997. CFS-BC Region assisted in sample identification and di some of the field work. A number of quarantine pests were intercepted, including Anoplophora chinensis (dead) in wooden crating from a shipm of cable wire from China and Monocharnus ultematus (dead) in wooden crating used in shipment of ball bearings from China. Detection surveys conducted in uninfested provinces (NF, PE, MB, SK, BC) and moth captures are subjected to DNA analysis. Delimitation SUI (trapping and aerial defoliation) conducted in northern Ontario by CFS. GM surveys were planned or delivered in Quebec in 1997. Delimitation surveys in ON and PQ. Finds outside of infested counties probably result in additions of some counties to the regulated area. Detection surveys also conducted in Atlantic and BC. II SURVEY Puccinia horiana Surveys planned for this fall in BC in both commercial greenhouses and (Chrysanthemum White backyard hobbyists Rust) Rhagoletis mendax In ON and PQ, recent finds required intensive detection and delimitation (Blueberry Maggot) survevs. Detection survevs conducted in BC and NF. Rhagoletis pornonella Conducted as a detection survey in BC to maintain pest-free status and to (Apple Maggot) monitor the constant threat of introduction, particularly from western states. Tomic us pinip erda Delimitation survey conducted in Ontario around regulated counties. One (Pine Shoot Beetle) new county added in 1997 (Northumberland). Detection trapping in other provinces (BC, PQ, Atlantic) conducted as part of Exotic Bark Beetle survey. Some supplemental trapping & visual surveys also conducted in P( specifically for PSB. Yponomeuta malinellus Detection surveys (trapping and visual inspections) conducted annually in PQ and NS. Not conducted in ON for the past two years. Bare-root Nursery Stock Off-continent shipments (non-EU) were sampled (BC, ON, PQ, Atlantic). Phytosanitary documents from all off-continent shipments (incl. EU) were submitted and captured in a database to gather detailed data on the type and volume of host material entering the country. The data are being used in development of a revised nursery stock import policy.
(5) Exotic Forest Pest List Project The Insect and Disease Study Group of the North American Forestry Commission endorsed a project to prepare a list and database of forest insects and diseases not indigenous to North America. The List is a joint project involving the regulatory and forestry agencies of Canada, Mexico and the United States. Far from being a simple list of names, the North American Exotic Forest Pest List will be annotated with very specific information used in the rating process. Pests included in the list will qualify under the NAPPO definition of a quarantine pest and will be rated according to their ability to colonize, maintain and spread in North America, their potential economic impact in North America and their potential environmental impact in North America. The database will contain important information useful for regulatory, control and research purposes, and will be available on the Internet in three languages - French, English and Spanish. Doreen Watler and Lesley Cree are participating in the project on behalf of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Pest experts from around the world will be asked to participate in nominating pests for the list and to provide ratings in accordance with a standard set of criteria. Interested parties should contact Lesley or Doreen for more information.
(6) List of Pests Regulated by Canada This is the list of pests that are considered to be of quarantine significance to Canada and for which regulations are in place to restrict movement or prevent introduction. These regulations are often in the form of D-memos (Director’s memorandum) and are issued by the Director of the Plant Protection Division, Dr. Jean Hollebone. Dr. Hollebone can be reached at (613) 225-2342 or by mail to the Director, Plant Protection Division, CFIA, 59 Camelot Court, Nepean, Ontario KIA OY9.
NOTE: We would ask, too, that Canadian reports of any of these pests and diseases of quarantine significance be brought to the attention of the survey co-ordinator, Robert Favrin. He can be reached by phone at 613-228-6698, by fax at 613-228-6662 or by email at [email protected].
(7) Plant Protection Policy Directives (New or Revised since October 1996) As new plant protection import, export or domestic policies and programs are developed or old ones are revised, the Plant Protection Division issues Directives (D-memos) which provide a detailed account of the requirements of the program for importers, exporters or CFIA inspectors. Copies of these directives and a summary table of the Canadian Plant Quarantine Import Requirements (PQR) may be obtained by contacting your district or regional CFIA office. This information is also available at the Canadian Food Inspection Agency web site at: www.cfia-acia.agr.ca.
REVISEDDIRECTIVES D-94-14: Permit to Import Requirements for Plant Material from the United States. D-95-03: Asian Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar) Plant Protection Policy for Ships. D-95-22: De-regulation of European Pine Shoot Moth (Rhyacionia buoliana). D-96-10: Policy for Preventing the Entry of Karnal Bunt (Tilletia indica) from the Continental United States. D-96-11: Plant Protection Import Requirements for U.S. Greenhouse-Grown Plant Imported by a Designated Facility. D-96-12: Greenhouse Certification Program for Export of Greenhouse-Grown Plant to the United States. D-96-21: Certification of Christmas Trees and Non-Propagative Forest Products with Bark for Export to the United States to Prevent the Spread of Gypsy Moth.
NEWDIRECTIVES D-96-05: Import Requirements for Packaged Potatoes for Consumption (table stock) and Bulk Potatoes for Processing and Repacking. D-96-19: Asian Gypsy Moth Policy. D-96-20: Canadian Growing Media Program (CGMP), Prior Approval Process and Import Requirements for Plant Rooted in Approved Media. D-96-22: Plant Protection Import Requirements for Fresh Strawberries from Gaza. D-96-23: Phytosanitary Certification of Fresh Tomatoes for Export to Japan. D-97-01: Domestic Regulation of Pear Trellis Rust, Gymnosporangiumfuscum Hedw.f. D-97-02: Interim Policy for Preventing the Entry into Canada of a Karnal Bunt-like fungus, Tilletia sp.via ryegrass seed, Lolium spp. (Revoked Feb. 7/97). D-97-03: Deregulation of Colletotrichum acutatum, Simmonds. D-97-04: Application, Procedures, Issuance and Use of a Permit to Import. D-97-05: Phytosanitary Measures for Chrysanthemum, Dendranthema, and Leucanthemella serotina Plant Material to Prevent the Introduction of Chrysanthemum White Rust, Puccinia horiana, P. Henn. D-97-06: Plant Protection Export Certification Program for Grapevine Nursery Stock, Vitis SPP. D-97-07: Interim Policy on Domestic Movement of Elm Material (Ulmus spp. and Zelkova spp.) To Prevent the Spread of Dutch Elm Disease Ophiostoma ulmi (Buisman) Nannf. and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi (Brasier) within Canada. D-97-08: Production, Maintenance and Certification of Nuclear Stock Seed Potatoes. D-97-09: Policy to Prevent the Spread of Blueberry Maggot from Infested Sites in Quebec. D-97-10: Interim Policy on Importation into Canada and Movement within Canada, of Plants and Plant Parts of Larix spp. And Pseudolarix spp. to Prevent the Spread of European Larch Canker. D-97-11: Seed Potato Certification Program - Requirements for the Production of Pre-Elite Seed Potatoes from Sources Other Than Nuclear Stock. D-97-12: Seed Potato Certification Program - Interim Bacterial Ring Rot Testing Program for Field Grown Potatoes.
(8) Intercepted Plant Pests: 1995-96 This report summarizes the import interceptions submitted to the Centre for Plant Quarantine Pests of the CFIA. The report includes pests found to be associated with plants, plant products, cargo, mail, or other carriers entering Canada. The information is sorted by pest, host and origin. Copies of the report may be obtained by contacting Roger Phillippe, CFIA, Centre of Expertise for Plant Quarantine Pests, 3851 Fallowfield Road, Nepean, Ontario K2H 8P9 (phone at 613-228-6698 or by Email to: [email protected]).
(9) Plant Health Early Warning System In response to recommendations from a recent Auditor General’s Report, CFIA-Plant Health initiated development of a notification system for plant pests of potential quarantine concern to Canada. The goal of the Plant Health Early Warning System is to act as a mechanism for alerting the Plant Protection Division of CFIA to new and emerging plant pest and disease situations of potential quarantine significance to Canada. Information is gathered from a variety of sources and is being co-ordinated through the Plant Health Survey Unit of CFIA. Emphasis is given to plant pests of importance to Canada and includes the following types of information: new and emerging pest situations that may have potential for concern to Canada; new host records for regulated and potential quarantine pests; new distribution records for regulated and potential quarantine pests; new introduction pathways and significant pest interceptions in other countries; new treatment and/or mitigation measures for regulated and potential quarantine pests; new diagnostic methods for regulated and potential quarantine pests.
Upon reviewing the above infomation, CFIA can initiate one or a combination of the followin€ actions, ,depending on the nature of the risk: request for a full pest risk assessment; import policy revision; issuance of a pest alert or other notification to CFIA port oJjrices; request for on-site inspections; contact a foreign country for additional information; initiate increased surveillance, e.g. increased import inspections or domestic monitoring.
The system is being introduced in expanding stages: The first stage involves the personnel within the CFIA and is being used to assist in troubleshooting and clarifying information flow. The goal of the second stage is to develop a national network of researchers, biologists and field workers from across Canada. This would involve experts in other agencies, such as the Research Branch of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, the Canadian Forest Service, Canadian universities and provincial departments of agriculture and forestry. Ultimately, it is hoped that PHEWS will help facilitate the creation of an international pest and disease reporting system for use by International Plant Protection Convention (JPPC) member countries.
Examples of PHEWS items submitted to date:
1) Tomato yellow leaf curl virus found in Florida (1" confirmed North American Record). Source: USDA Emails. 2) Oak processionary moth, Thaumetopea processionea L. (Lepidoptera, Thaumetopoedae), a European species, is increasing its populations in Switzerland, France, the Netherlands and Austria. Source: April 1997 Bulletin of the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research.
For more information on this initiative or to discuss submission of PHEWS items, please contact: Robert Favrin at the address indicated at the beginning of this report.
(10) North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO) Copies of NAPPO publications are available from the NAPPO Secretariat, 2nd Floor, Camelot Court, 59 Camelot Drive, Nepean, Ontario K1A-OY9 (or phone 613-225-2342). NOTE: Mr. Bruce Hopper, NAPPO Secretariat, retired in July, 1997. His successor has not yet been announced.
Recently published NAPPO bulletins include:
- Chrysanthemum White Rust: Proceedings of the NAPPO - Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Chrysanthemum White Rust Workshop. Ottawa, Ontario, Sept. 15- 16, 1994. NAPPO Bulletin No. 14, Dec., 1995. 82 pp.
- The Application of Irradiation Technology as a Quarantine Treatment. Proceedings of the NAPPO Colloquium on the Application of Irradiation Technology as a Quarantine Treatment. Orlando, Florida. Oct. 19-20, 1994. NAPPO Bulletin No. 13, Jan., 1995. 86 pp. Anyone wishing to receive an update, or copies of the NAPPO newsletter or annual report, should contact the NAPPO Secretariat, 2nd Floor, Camelot Court, 59 Camelot Drive, Nepean, Ontario KIA-OY9 (or phone 613-225-2342). APPENDIX“B” RESEARCHREPORTS
7.1 Manitoba Research Report I. L. Wise AAFC
FELD CROPS
Susceptibility of spring wheats and related plants to cereal aphids S. M. Migui and R. J. Lamb AAFC Three aphid species, Rhopalosiphum padi, Schizaphis graminurn, and Sitobion avenue, that commonly infest cereal crops in western Canada were artificially infested on single or multiple wheat plants and feeding was terminated after a predetermined period. Data were collected on aphid and plant biomass before and after infestation and at final yield. Results from 1996 field tests, involving hard red spring, Canadian prairie spring and durum wheats, show that S. graminurn caused the greatest yield loss on all 3 wheat types. In tests with cultivars of the three wheat types infested with different densities of S. avenue, yield losses increased as initial aphid population size increased. A laboratory study on aphid-seedling interactions using the three wheat types and five clones of each aphid species was conducted to determine if there are clonal differences in expression of susceptibility. Data from this experiment have not been analysed. Findings from the project confirm that cereal aphids are important pests of these three types of wheat. Funding from this project is provided by DowElanco Canada Inc. and the University of Manitoba.
Biology and economic entomology of aphids in Manitoba field crops P.A. MacKay University of Manitoba Further research on the 3 cereal aphids and on other aphid species at the University involve studies on the relationship between aphids and their natural enemies and the potential for biological control in Manitoba, polymorphism, dispersal and overwintering in aphid populations, and the ecological, physiological and genetic aspects of variation in insect populations.
Seasonal abundance of the orange wheat blossom midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana, in Manitoba R.J. Lamb and I.Wise AAFC We have completed a multi-year study of seasonal abundance of wheat midge in Manitoba wheat. Five years of suction trap data show that nearly all dispersing individuals are females, with the 10% of the flight complete by July 9 and 50% by July 16. Day of the year provides a better predictor of flight timing than degree-day accumulations. Three years of emergence trapping show a similar pattern of seasonal abundance as the suction trap except that the former collects males and females. The emergence and flight of the midge are being related to changes in the infestation of wheat spikes heading through July. Wheat midge usually are present in sufficient numbers to infest wheat heading throughout the normal heading period of the crop. In collaboration with Dr. 0. Olfert, a survey of Overwintering wheat midge has been conducted throughout the wheat growing area of Manitoba. Resistance of spring wheat lines to the orange wheat blossom midge R. J. Lamb, I. L. Wise, R. H. McKenzie, and P. S. Barker AAFC The resistance of certain wheat lines to wheat midge is being characterized in the laboratory. Some lines show strong non-preference resistance which prevents nearly all oviposition. Other lines reduce the proportion of larvae that successfully hatch from the eggs, and still other lines retard larval growth or cause very high mortality among young larvae. This research will be used to define alternative sources of resistance to those already being incorporated in spring wheat with the hope that combining resistance mechanisms will forestall the development of virulent wheat midge. The wheat breeding program for resistance to wheat midge is progressing in collaboration with wheat breeders at the Cereal Research Centre. This year hundreds of lines of Hard Red Spring, Prairie Spring and Extra Strong classes were screened for resistance in field plots at locations in Manitoba and Saskatchewan, in collaboration with Dr. 0. Olfert. The levels of seed damage and the relationship between seed damage, yield loss and seed quality are being investigated. The objective is to better define the impact of wheat midge on the crop to refine the economic threshold of the pest for wheat producers and wheat seed producers.
Cultivated and wild Triticum sp. as alternative sources of resistance to the orange wheat blossom midge I. L. Wise, R. J. Lamb and P. Clarke AAFC Accessions of diploid (A), tetraploid (AB)and hexaploid (ABD) wheats were screened for resistance to the wheat midge. T. monococcum (A), T. dicoccoides, T. carthlicum, and T. polonicum (AB),and T. compactum, T. spelta, T. macha, T. sphaerococcum and T. vavilovii (ABD) accessions were tested in the field with plants grown in growth cabinets. T. durum and T. turgidum (AB), T. timopheevii (AG) and T. araraticum (AS) were tested with plants sown or transplanted in the field. No sources of resistance have been identified although a number of T. durum accessions show promise and will be more intensively scrutinized this winter.
Management of field crop pests N.J. Holliday University of Manitoba Ongoing studies at the University involve the use of gamma irradiation for control of hessian flies in hay, the management of insect pests of potatoes, the effects of crop rotation on insect predators, and the ecology and management of grasshoppers. The latter study focuses on methods to reduce the need to spray for grasshopper control along provincial right-of-ways. Changes to the ecology in these areas are being investigated as one way to prevent grasshopper populations from reaching levels that cause damage to nearby crops.
Bee Management and Crop Pollination R.W. Currie University of Manitoba Three pest management related studies being investigated are fumigation treatments as a control measure for the Varroa mite, a parasite of honey bees, in wintering buildings and in colonies, the impact of sublethal exposure to fluvalinate on honey bee queen performance, and the use of ELISA for routine detection of tracheal mite. Other studies on bees include the regulation of reproduction in bees, the importance of floral odour as an attractant to honey bees, the regulation of queen replacement in honey bee colonies, the development of a biochemical method for sexing leafcutter bee larvae, and the impact of off-specification corn syrups on honey bee worker mortality.
STORED GRAIN
Effect of pneumatic conveying on mortality of insects N. D. White AAFC D. Jayas and W. Muir University of Manitoba The movement of stored hard red spring wheat by a NEURO pneumatic conveyor was evaluated for control of the two most common stored-product insect species on Canadian farms. Wheat was infested with the adults of the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestesferrineus (Stephens) and the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and adult mortality was determined by conveying the insects with wheat using the pneumatic conveyor. Infested wheat at moisture contents of 14, 17, and 20% was conveyed at two different flow rates of 3.5 and 5.0 t/h. Insect mortalities of as high as 97% for T. castaneum and 100% for C. ferrugineus were obtained without causing any kernal damage or loss of germination. Samples taken from the three sampling ports along the grain path indicate that most of the mortality occurs due to the abrasive action in the longest conduit path of the conveyor where right angles occur. The effect of flow rate was found to be statistically insignificant on the mortality rate, but mortality decreased with an increase in moisture content of the grain.
Sealing of welded-steel hopper bins for fumigation of stored grain with carbon dioxide N. D. White AAFC D. Mann, D Jayas, and W. Muir University of Manitoba Fumigation of grain with CO, required the maintenance of high concentrations (20 to 60% by volume of air) for extended periods (>4d). Grain storage structures currently used on Canadian farms are not airtight and should be sealed if they are to be fumigated. Various sealing techniques were applied to two welded-steel hopper bins to improve their gas-tightness. Each technique was tested by adding 136 kg of dry ice pellets to a steel box connected to the empty bin by ABS piping. If the CO, displaced air, this created a concentration of -65% inside the empty bin. Carbon dioxide concentrations increased as the sealing improved, but never reached 65%. Uniformity of CO, within the bin also improved. Although all leaks were not eliminated, the bin retained -70% of the CO, after 92 h. Fumigating with CO, in this type of bin is possible if 1) the length of exposure at the lower CO, level is increased, or 2) additional CO, is added to compensate for leakage. In a second test, a welded-steel hopper bin was modified to improve its gas-tightness. Concentrations of CO, adequate to kill the rusty grain beetle within 10 d were maintained in modified bins that were filled with wheat. Recirculation of the interstitial gases throughout the fumigation period resulted in a high level of CO, uniformity. Three trials were done with caged beetles placed throughout the grain. Insect mortality was 100% at grain temperatures of 20EC, and was 99.8 and 99.7% at 16EC and 13EC, respectively. The successful 10 d fumigations were achieved with only a single application of dry ice pellets. Sealing the bin cost about $300 and $85 of dry ice was used.
Diatomaceous earth combined with heat to control insects in structures P. G. Fields AAFC Methyl bromide is used extensively to control insects in food processing facilities. It is slated to be phased-out by the year 2001 in Canada and the United States because it causes significant damage to the Earth's ozone layer. There is a pressing need to find viable alternatives to methyl bromide. Heat treatments to control insect pests of food processing facilities have been used instead of, or in combination with, methyl bromide for more than 15 years by several companies. However, food processors have concerns about heat treatments for various reasons. To address some of these concerns, we began investigating ways to render heat treatment more effective and less costly. In commercial scale tests, a synergistic effect of diatomaceous earth (Protect-It, an EDE) and heat was shown. The insects died faster and at lower temperatures. A field trial was conducted using diatomaceous earth (Protect-It) at the Quaker Oats plant in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada during their regular heat treatment on March 14-16, 1997. Protect-It was applied using a commercial power duster at a rate of 1-2 g/m' , or by measuring EDE into rings at 1, 3, or 7 g/m2 . Insects were completely controlled in the Protect-It and heat treatment after 13-22 hours or when temperatures reached 41EC. Insects that were exposed only to the heat died after 32-38 hours or when temperatures reached 46 to 47EC. These results imply that the cost of heat treatment can be reduced and effectiveness improved through the combined use of heat and EDE. The use of heat and Protect-It offers good prospects for success as an alternative to methyl bromide. However, we would like to underline that this test had three elements that are not representative of a full plant application. One, insects were not allowed to escape to untreated areas, which will likely be the case in a full plant treatment. Two, the relative humidity was extremely low (5-19% RH) and in other facilities or at other times of the year, relative humidity could be higher and the effect of the DE may be lessened. Three, in a full plant application, some DE residues will remain, and could continue reducing insect populations after the heat treatment. Therefore, we recommend further work to demonstrate the usefulness of this combination technique on a larger scale. This study would not have been possible without the aid of Allan Dowdy of UDSA-ARS, Michelle Marcotte of Marcotte Consulting, Liv Clarke of Quaker Oats Canada Ltd., Peter Ormesher, Chris VanNatto and Zlatko Korunic of Hedley Technologies Inc., Blaine Timlick of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada and Bernie McCarthy and Doug Morrissey of PCO Services Inc.
NONCROP INSECTS PESTS
Livestock Pests T.D. Galloway University of Manitoba Four research studies are ongoing that involve insect pest problems of livestock. Parasitic Hymenoptera are being studied for control of house flies and stable flies in confinement livestock management systems. Field studies include hymenopterous parasitoids of horse fly eggs, the impact and control of horn flies on cattle in Manitoba, and insects affecting bison in Manitoba. The occurrence and distribution of Zxodes scapularis and Borrelia burgdol3cer-i in Manitoba is being studied in collaboration with Manitoba Health, the lyme Borreliosis Support Group of Manitoba and the Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Ottawa.
Pest management in noncrop environments Neil Holliday University of Manitoba Areas of study at the University include biological control of purple loosestrife, the biology of Dutch elm disease vectors, the ecology, evolution, and biological control of the fall cankerworm and allied geometrid moths, and the effect of fire management of prairie habitats on arthropod diversity.
7.2 Saskatchewan Research report Julie Soroka AAFC
FORAGES:
Parasite and disease levels in Saskatchewan alfalfa .:afcutting bee populations D.W. Goerzen Saskatchewan Alfalfa Seed Producers Association, Saskatoon Occurrence of the chalcid parasite, Pteromalus venustus, was evaluated in the 1996/97 winter survey of alfalfa leafcutting bee (Megachile rotundata) populations in Saskatchewan. Chalcid parasites were detected in 0.85% of bee cells analysed from samples submitted by alfalfa seed producers; this is the highest level of parasitism detected since the 1991/92 winter survey. P. venustus was present in 50.0% of leafcutting bee populations surveyed. Chalcid parasites (P. venustus) have traditionally been controlled during bee incubation with dichlorvos-impregnated resin strips, which have been implicated in leafcutting bee mortality. Work to develop an alternative to dichlorvos has resulted in identification of a pyrethrin aerosol compound which has shown promise for control of P. venustus and is safe for use with leafcutting bee cells during incubation. A number of alfalfa seed producers used the pyrethrin aerosol compound for parasite control during 1997 leafcutting bee incubation; research to further develop this compound for control of chalcid parasites is continuing. Chalkbrood (Ascosphaera aggregata) occurrence was also evaluated in the 1996/97 Saskatchewan winter survey. This disease continues to be a significant mortality factor in leafcutting bee populations in southern Alberta and the northwestern United States, and poses a serious threat to Saskatchewan leafcutting bee populations. The disease was present at a low level (sporulating chalkbrood - 0.01%; non-sporulating chalkbrood - 0.07%); however, occurrence of Ascosphaera larvis was relatively high - 0.85% overall. Recent research to determine the pathogenicity of this species indicates that it represents a potential problem to leafcutting bee populations in western Canada. Silvertop in grasses J. Soroka, B. Gossen, and C. Myhre AAFC In the 1997 silvertop survey we examined 10 grass species in 44 fields. Average silvertop levels were 14% in meadow fescue (n=l), 11.2 % in Kentucky bluegrass (n=3), 9.4% in Russian wildrye (n=2), 9.1 % in crested wheatgrass (n=l6), 8.1% in meadow brome grass (n=8), 2.3% in intermediate wheatgrass (n=6), 1.6% in Dahurian wildrye (n=l), 1.5% in smooth brome grass (n=6), 0.2% in slender wheatgrass (n=2), and 0% in one field of timothy. The mean percentage of silvertop in Saskatchewan grass fields was 6.98% in 1997, compared to 6.56% in 1996. In a greenhouse experiment, Kentucky bluegrass and meadow brome grass at three different physiological ages were caged with grass plant bugs, Fusarium fungus spores, or had stems mechanically pierced. Silvertop seedheads were found in all treatments. The greatest amount of silvertop was produced in cages which had treatments applied at the youngest growth stage of the grasses.
CEREALS:
Russian wheat aphid M. Braun AAFC Monitoring for Russian Wheat Aphid continued in 1997. One suction trap was operated at Robsart, Sk. beginning in early July. To date no RWA have been recovered from the samples taken.
Susceptibility of spring wheats to wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana B. Elliott and 0. Olfert AAFC Field tests were conducted at two locations to evaluate the susceptibility of 20 newly licenced wheat varieties to wheat midge damage. Tests included durum, hard red spring and Canada Prairie Spring wheats. Tests were planted in early and late May to investigate the effects of seeding date on time of heading, midge damage and seed yield. Emergence of adult wheat midge and a parasite, Macroglenes penetrans, were monitored throughout July and early August to determine calendar and degree-day requirements for emergence and peak abundance. Effects of tillage practices on emergence of each species in commercial wheat fields was also investigated.
Monitoring of wheat midge 0. Olfert, N. Melnychuk and B. Elliott AAFC New infestations of wheat midge have again been confirmed in areas south and west of the central region of this province in 1997. Significant damage to wheat occurred in areas east of a line running between Regina and Saskatoon. AAFC, the provincial governments, and DowElanco are supporting a survey of midge cocoons in the soil to determine population density and distribution across the prairie region.
Biological control of wheat midge J.Doane (retired), M. Braun and 0. Olfert AAFC Two European wheat midge parasitoids were released in SE Saskatchewan over a three year period beginning in 1993. Wheat heads were collected from three wheat fields near Langenburg, Saskatchewan on Aug 16, 1996. Wheat midge larvae were removed from the heads and were placed in a vermicu1ite:sand mixture and put in cold storage at +2?C for 22 weeks. After cold storage the midge were moved to +22?C.Seven Platygaster sp were collected from the emergence that occurred. In August 1997 wheat heads were collected from the Langenburg area to determine the percentage of midge parasitized with Platygaster sp and to check if E. error is present. The results will be available in the spring of 1998.
OILSEEDS:
Canola response to early season feeding by grasshoppers 0. Olfert and R. Weiss AAFC 1. Caged plot trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of grasshopper defoliation on growth, development and yield of five oilseed species (B. nupus, B. rapa, B. juncea, B. curinatu, and Sinupis albu). The following cultivars were studied: B. nupus (AC Excel, Midas), B. rupa (AC Parkland, Echo, AC Boreal), B. juncea (AC Vulcan, 592-223), B. carinata (S67), S. alba (Ochre, AC Pennant). Each cage site had 12 grasshoppers and 12 plants per cage. Cages and grasshoppers were removed at approx. 65% defoliation. Preliminary observations indicate that B. rapa cultivars were defoliated quickest. 2. Two cage trials were conducted to evaluate the relationship between levels grasshopper defoliation and growth, development and yield of AC Vulcan (B.juncea) and AC Parkland (B. rapa). Grasshoppers (0,4, 8, 12, 16) were placed in cages containing 12 plants. Plants were in the rosette (test 1) and the bud (test 2) stages. Cages and grasshoppers were removed when approx. 65% defoliation occurred in cages with 12 or 16 grasshoppers. In both tests, defolation was greater for AC Vulcan than AC Parkland.
Integrated management practices for flea beetles, Phyllotreta cruciferae B. Elliott and G. Rakow AAFC Growth chamber experiments were conducted on lines of Sinapis alba, Brussicu curinata, B. juncea, B. rupa, B. napus and several exotic species. The objectives were to identify germplasm with superior growth attributes at low temperatures and to evaluate tolerance of seedlings to artificial damage. In field tests, flea beetle damage was assessed in relation to seedling establishment, cotyledon and leaf growth, dry matter accumulation and seed yield. Tests identified lines in each species with superior agronomic traits and antixenotic resistance or tolerance to flea beetles. In other tests, we investigated the influence of seeding date, seeding rate and seed size on flea beetle damage and agronomic performance. Tests included five species of mustard and canola along with amphidiploid, doubled haploid and hybrid lines of B. napus. In each species and breeding type of B. nupus, plants grown from large seed were agronomically superior and more tolerant to flea beetle damage than plants grown from small seed. Tests also identified methods of improving seed-size distributions at harvest. In other experiments, small and large seed from five varieties of mustard and canola were grown with different levels of pesticide inputs for control of flea beetles. Inputs ranged from untreated seed to seed treated with maximum recommended rates of seed dressing and granular insecticide. Flea beetle damage was assessed in relation to seedling establishment, plant growth and seed yield. Results indicated that pesticide inputs in some mustard and canola varieties can be reduced 50-75% without compromising agronomic performance.
Biotic potential of grasshoppers fed plants of brassica species and allied genera R. Weiss and 0. Olfert AAFC The study was designed to assess how different oilseed cultivars affect grasshopper biotic potential. The following cultivars were evaluated: B. napus (AC Excel, AC Elect, Midas), B. rupu (AC Boreal, Echo), B. juncea (J92-223,593-0877), B. carinata (S67), and S. alba (Ochre, Tilney). Seventy-five hatchling grasshoppers were placed into cages on June 20. In mid September, grasshopper egg pods were collected from each cage to determine the biotic potential. Analysis is underway.
Canola response to feeding by bertha armyworm 0. Olfert and R. Weiss AAFC Caged plot trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of bertha armyworm defoliation on growth, development and yield of five oilseed species (B. nupus, B. rap, B. juncea, B. carinata, and Sinupis alba). The following cultivars were studied: B. napus (AC Excel, Midas), B. rap (AC Parlcland, Echo, AC Boreal), B. juncea (AC Vulcan, 592-223), B. carinata (S67), S. alba (Ochre, AC Pennant). In mid July, fourth instar larvae were placed into cages (0, 10,20,30 per cage) with 12 plants. Cages were removed after pupation occurred. B. napus cultivars had the highest levels of defolation (all larval densities).
Canola cropping practice questionnaire N. Melnychuk, L. Kaminski and 0. Olfert AAFC The purpose of this questionnaire was to gain insight into agronomic factors that may influence bertha armyworm populations. The questionnaire consisted of 4 sections: 1) general field information, 2) crop rotation, 3) crop protection practices, and 4) tillage practices. The questionnaire was mailed to all the cooperators of the bertha armyworm survey in each province A total of 355 questionnaires were mailed out and 107 were returned. Respondents to the questionnaire provide agronomic information on 26, 152 acres of canola across the prairie provinces. Insecticide was applied to 4,436 of the reported acres to control bertha armyworm. In Alberta there was also chemical applied to 170 of reported acres to control diamondback moth, 70 of reported acres to control lygus, and 40 of reported acres to control root maggot. Unfortunately, only a small proportion of the respondents supplied data on larval abundance in their fields in 1996 and therefore it was not possible correlate abundance with the other agronomic information given by respondents. The low number of responses to the question on larval abundance seems to indicate that producers are not monitoring fields or if they are they are doing so in an informal manner. The questionnaires will be sent out again this winter to select producers in areas with higher bertha armyworm moth counts.
Establishment of sentinel sites N. Melnychuk, 0. Olfert and P.Mason AAFC Pheromone traps for bertha armyworm and diamondback moth were once again placed at five sentinel locations in each of the three prairie provinces. The sampling protocol was modified from that used in 1996 with the hope that by reducing the time commitment required we may get a better response from the co-operators of the study. Regular updates were received from four sites in Alberta, one in Saskatchewan and one in Manitoba. Arrangements will be made to have collected larvae sent to Saskatoon to be evaluated for disease and parasitism.
Risk assessment survey P. Mason, M. Erlandson, 0. Olfert and N. Melnychuk AAFC Sampling of bertha armyworm in fields of high, medium and low outbreak risk (based on pheromone trap counts) in Saskatchewan indicated that populations were declining in the areas surveyed. Mean larval densities were 1.6 (0-6.4/m2) in the High Risk zone, 1.9 (0.6-6.0/m2) in the Medium Risk zone and 1.02 (0.2-2.2/m2) in the Low Risk zone. Estimates of parasitism (where > than 10 larvae were collected) were 22.2-85.7%, 66.7-86.7%, and 63.6413% in the High, Medium and Low Risk zones, respectively. The ichneumonid Banchus fluvescens was the most abundant parasitoid (57.9-65.8% of the parasitoids), followed by tachinids, probably Athrycia cinerea. Viral disease was estimated to occur in up to 22.2% of larvae in the High and Medium Risk zones and in 14.3% of larvae from the Low Risk zone. Fungal pathogens were found only in the Low Risk zone where up to 9.1% of larvae were infected.
Bertha armyworm parasitoid studies P. Mason AAFC In 1997 with funding from the Saskatchewan Agriculture Development Fund 1,541 parasitized larvae were released at an organic producer?s field in west-central Saskatchewan. An additional 235 mated adult female M. mediator were released. Follow up observations demonstrated that parasitoids emerged from the parasitized bertha armyworm (Mamestra configurata) and cocoons were successfully formed. Malaise and pan trap samples collected before release are being analysed to determine if progeny of M. mediator released in 1996 were present. Larval surveys at 5 locations within 5 km of the 1996 release did not yield any M. configurata. A second release was made into enclosure cages at the AAFC Research farm in Saskatoon A total of 53 mated females were released into cages seeded with 200 unparasitized bertha armyworm larvae. In early fall 55 cocoons were found in the cages and these will be left to overwinter. Studies were initiated to examine the potential of Trichogrumma spp. for biological control of bertha armyworm. Preliminary field experiments indicate that egg masses up to 10 m from the point of release are attacked. Laboratory studies are underway to clarify factors influencing performance.
Early season defoliation of B. napus and B. rapa by diamondback larvae 0. Olfert, B. Elliott and R. Weiss AAFC The test was designed to study the potential for canola yield loss when diamondback larvae feed on canola plants that are in the bud stage. Third instar diamondback larvae (0, 1,2,3per plant) were placed into field cages containing either AC Parkland (B. rapa) and AC Excel (B. nupus)when the plants were in the early bud stage. Cages were removed when pupation occurred.
Tracking diamondback moth adult populations on jet streams J. Soroka, P. Mason AAFC D. Vanthyne Canola Council of Canada L. Flysyk Atmospheric Environment Service, Saskatoon This project is attempting to develop a model for tracking diamondback moth populations from their centres of origin in the southern U.S. and Mexico to canola growing regions of Canada, in order to provide early warning of moth infestation in canola crops. CCC agronomists and other co-operators monitored DBM pheromone traps weekly from mid June to mid- August across the prairies. Environment Canada has been tracking air movements throughout the summer from source areas in the south to several sites across the prairies. We will compare moth counts with air movements to determine the accuracy of prediction. As well, archived weather data from 1995 has been retrieved to determine if there are linkages between jet stream movement and high diamondback counts in that year.
Prairie-wide root maggot survey (Delia spp.) J. Soroka, 0. Olfert AAFC L. Dosdall ARC Root samples form canola fields were again taken from across the prairies, the Peace River Region, and the Creston area of British Columbia. Samples await rating, but some fields in Alberta had roots badly damaged by maggots. A root maggot distribution map for this year’s survey is expected to be generated early in 1998.
Crucifer evaluation for root maggot resistance J. Soroka, 0.Olfert, B. Elliott, D. Woods, K. Falk, and G. Rakow AAFC L. Dosdall ARC Roots from 51 Brussicu rapa, 41 B. napus, 10 B. juncea, 19 B. carinata, 15 Sinupis alba, 1 1 Crambe abyssinica, and 8 Eruca sativa lines or cultivars at Saskatoon and 16 B. rapu breeding lines at Melfort were sampled to determine their level of damage from crucifer root maggots. Root rating remains to be completed. Crucifers seeded with different seed sizes and at different seeding densities were sampled and will also be evaluated for damage by root maggots. In cultivar trials in 1996 several lines within a species had significantly lower damage ratings than other lines, but no entry was totally resistant to feeding. In a trial rating B. juncea and S. alba roots, all 7 B. juncea entries had higher feeding scores than the 7 S. alba entries.
The effects of varying numbers of adult root maggots on caged canola 0. Olfert, R. Weiss, J, Soroka AAFC L. Dosdall ARC Four levels of maggot flies were introduced into cages of Polish and Argentine canola at bolting. The maggot activity was monitored through the summer, seed was harvested, and roots were sampled to determine a correlation between fly numbers, root damage levels, and yield losses. Data from 1996 indicated a linear response between thousand seed weight and fly infestation.
The effects of sulphur on root maggot feeding J. Soroka, A. Johnston, C. Grant, and H. Klein-Gebbinck AAFC Canola roots have been sampled from a sulphur fertilizer trial with locations at Melfort, Brandon, and Beaverlodge. Canola roots from treatments of ammonium sulphate, elemental sulphur, and a commercial sulphur product, either spring broad cast or side banded, were sampled for maggot damage. Roots await rating.
Plant bugs (Lygus spp.) P. Mason, J. Soroka and R. Butts AAFC In 1997 Lygus spp. continued to be an economic problem in canola in parts of western Canada. From hot spots in the Vulcan and Strathmore areas of southern Alberta in 1996, lygus infestations spread across Alberta, and an estimated 200,000 ha were sprayed in this province for lygus control. Spraying took place at the start of bloom in the Meadow Lake area of Saskatchewan and again during podding on approximately 9,000 ha. Decis and Cygon were the products used and were applied primarily by aircraft. The economic threshold of 15 Lygus/lO sweeps at the early pod stage (Wise and Lamb 1996) was exceeded by a large margin (more than 250 in one Saskatchewan field) in both areas. Although Gerber and Wise (1994) recommended sampling after the end of flowering to determine the need for control, during 1997 damaging nymphal populations (up to 200 LygusllO sweeps) were found during budding and flowering in Saskatchewan and Alberta when the use of chemical control is not recommended because pollinating insect species would be negatively affected. Surveys by AAFC, Saskatoon in late July showed that the Lygus species complex infesting canola in southern Alberta consisted of L. shulli (48.1 %), L. borealis (40.2%) and L. elisus (1 1.7%) while in northwestern Saskatchewan L. borealis (83.8%), L. Zineolaris (15.7%) and L. elisus (0.5%) were found. Surveys for parasitism by solitary nymphal parasitoids, probably Peristenus pallipes, revealed low levels (0- 5%) in Lygus spp. in southern Alberta canola but none in Lygus spp. from Meadow Lake or Saskatoon canola fields. In 1997 weekly sampling of canola fields in southern Alberta were begun in collaboration with Alberta Agriculture and Agri-Food, this material is being processed and the results will be reported at a later date. Scott Meers, Alberta Agriculture Food and Rural Development coordinated the weekly sampling in the Vulcan area.
Ovipositional preference of Lygus spp. on different canolas J. Soroka, S. Gleddie, and G. Gerber AAFC Three canolas, AC Boreal, Westar, and a transgenic line of Westar modified by the insertion of a potato gene which encodes a serine protease inhibitor, were tested in a cage trial in the field at Saskatoon. Lygus spp. adults and fourth instars were added to cages, and the number of nymphs that emerged from each plant was recorded. Significantly greater numbers of nymphs emerged from Boreal plants (x= 28.8) than from Westar plants (x=8.5), or from the transgenic plants (x=1.7), which in turn had significantly fewer numbers of nymphs emerging than did Westar plants.
Insect biodiversity: Farming systems and wildlife studies 0. Olfert, N. Melnychuk and D. Mitchell AAFC The objective of the study is to evaluate the effects of conventional, min-till and organic crop production systems on insect, plant and wildlife diversity. The study was initiated in 1996 and repeated in 1997 at 12 clustered farm sites across the Saskatchewan parkland. Each cluster included a conventional farm, a min-till farm, an organic farm and a wildlife sanctuary in close proximity to one another. Each of the field sites also included a wetland area. Insect and plant samples were taken from the field, the margin and the wetland areas in July, along with bird counts. Sample analysis is underway.
PFRA Shelterbelt Centre D. Reynard and B. Neill PFRA Shelterbelt Centre In 1997 we received over 500 enquiries relating to insects and diseases of shelterbelt trees and shrubs. Most enquiries were from rural areas of Saskatchewan, with the most common enquiries being woolly elm aphid (Eriosoma americanum), ash plant bug (Tropidosteptes amoenus), spruce spider mite (Oligonychus ununguis), yellow-headed spruce sawfly (Pikonerna alaskensis), spruce budworm (Choristoneurafurniferana) and bronze birch borer (Agrilus anxius).
Choke cherry insect studies D. Reynard, B. Neill, S. Wanner and D. Musqua AAFC Funding for a three year project was received from the Agri-Food Innovation Fund (AFIF) in 1997 to determine control recommendations for insects that feed on choke cherry. Some of the insects to be investigated over the next three years include: prairie tent caterpillar (Malacosoma califomicum Zutescens), ugly nest caterpillar (Archips cerasivorana), choke cherry aphid (Rhopalosiphum cerasifoliae), choke cherry midge (Contarinia virginianae), a weevil (Pseudanthonomus crataegi), thrips (Thrips vulgatissimus), lacebugs (Corythucha sp.), and cherry shoot borer (Argyresthia oreasella). Summaries of insecticide trials conducted in 1997 on several of these pests are listed below. Fruit samples from the insecticide trials have been taken to allow for residue analysis.
Thrips Decis and Malathion were applied to mature choke cherry at two sites near Indian Head to control thnps that were feeding on the developing flowers. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays on May 16. The trials were evaluated on May 22. Decis and Malathion reduced thrip populations by over 95%. Neither product caused phytotoxic damage at the rates tested. Prairie Tent Caterpillar and Ugly Nest Catemillar Decis, Diazinon, Dipel and Malathion were tested for control of prairie tent caterpillar and ugly nest caterpillar on choke cherry shelterbelts. The trial was conducted at two sites near Indian Head. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays on May 27. Evaluation of prairie tent caterpillar populations were conducted on June 2 and 3, whereas ugly nest caterpillar populations were evaluated on June 17 to 19. Excellent control of both species was obtained with all products tested. No phytotoxic damage was recorded.
Choke Cherry Aphid Decis, Diazinon, and Malathion were applied to a mature choke cherry shelterbelt for control of the choke cherry aphid. Insecticides were applied as foliar sprays on June 11 and evaluated on June 13. Evaluations were conducted by collecting five curled leaves from each treatment plot and recording the number of live aphids. An average of 6, 12 and 0.5 aphids per leaf was recorded on the Decis, Diazinon and Malathion treated plots compared to 85 aphids per leaf in the untreated plots.
Choke Cherry Midge The choke cheny midge deforms the fruit of choke cherry. In 1997, Decis, Diazinon and Malathion were applied to a mature choke cherry shelterbelt in an attempt to control the midge. Insecticides were applied as a foliar spray on June 11, approximately three days after petal drop. Evaluations of midge damage was conducted on July 15 and 16. None of the treatments reduced choke cherry midge populations. Probably treatments were applied too late for control of the midge. Future insecticide treatments should be applied just prior to flowering.
Native elm bark beetle studies D. Reynard, K. Gray, D. Musqua and B. Neil1 AAFC In Saskatchewan the main vector of Dutch elm disease is the native elm bark beetle (Hylurgopinus rufipes). Life history studies of the native elm bark beetle (NEBB) were initiated in 1996 and continued in 1997. Funding for this project was received from Saskatchewan Environment and Resource Management (SEW).
PoDulation Monitoring Study The main method of monitoring NEBB adults in Saskatchewan is with large sticky traps attached to healthy American elms. In 1997, duct tape and packing tape traps were applied to the base of healthy elms to determine if these traps would capture NEBB adults as they emerged from their overwintering sites. The duct tape traps did capture NEBB and were found to be a convenient alternative to the random flight sticky traps. The packing tape traps did not capture NEBB adults.
Biologv of the Native Elm Bark Beetle Monitoring the biology of the native elm bark beetle began in late-April and will continue through October. Sampling procedures and techniques varied during the season depending on the life stage of the beetle. In 1997, beetles were active by late-April when sampling began. Egg laying began as early as late May, but the majority of eggs were deposited from June 10 to June 20. By late June, very few eggs were found in the brood galleries. Larvae were present from June 3 through late July. Pupae were first detected on July 11 and by July 21 numerous new adults were recorded under the bark. New generation adults were captured on random flight traps beginning in late July. On September 11, a few second generation NEBB larvae were found. Some of these second generation larvae probably overwinter. Large overwintering NEBB larvae were found on May 2, 1997.
Hubbes Elicitor Trial Dr. Martin Hubbes of the University of Toronto has developed an elicitor that will potentially trigger a self-defence mechanism in American elm so the tree can resist infection by Dutch elm disease. As part of a prairie wide co-operative trial, the elicitor was implanted into the trunk of elm trees at a site near Regina. Ten American elm trees were treated with the elicitor and 30 trees were treated with a placebo. Branch samples were taken from the 40 trees three weeks after treatment to determine if the elicitor had been distributed throughout the crown of the trees. Treated and untreated trees will be monitored for DED for two years.
Ash yellows on green ash B. Neill, D. Reynard and D.Musqua AAFC J. Walla North Dakota State University. In co-operation with Dr. Jim Walla, plant pathologist, North Dakota State University in Fargo, the PFRA Shelterbelt Centre surveyed 22 sites across the Canadian prairies for the incidence of ash yellows disease on green ash. Ash yellows is a disease caused by a phytoplasma and is probably vectored by leafhoppers. Ash yellows has not previously been reported from the prairies. In 1996, ash yellows was confirmed at all 15 sites surveyed. The infection rate was 51 % and 52% for the green ash trees sampled in Manitoba and Saskatchewan, respectively. No association was found between infection and tree condition. Lab tests from the 1997 survey in Alberta have not yet been completed. The long term implications of this disease are unknown.
Western X-disease of choke cherry B. Neill, D. Reynard and D. Musqua AAFC J. Walla North Dakota State University Sweep net samples from choke cherry were taken near Indian Head throughout the summer of 1997 and at Bismark, North Dakota on June 23 and August 18 to determine possible vectors of Western X-disease. Leafhoppers will be identified and sent to Dr. Walla for evaluation for the phytoplasma that causes Western X-Disease. This disease was confirmed in Saskatchewan in 1994 and in Manitoba in 1996. The disease is wide spread in North Dakota and limits the planting of choke cherry.
7.3 Alberta Research Report Ken Fry ARC Muhammad Younus AAFRD During the crop year of 1997 the following biological control organisms were used periodically or on occasional basis: Amblyseius cucumeris, Encarsia formosa, Phytoseiulus persirnilis, Hypoaspis miles, Orius insidious, Aphidoletes aphidimyza and nematodes. The crops were grown in greenhouses and included cucumber, tomato, lettuce, pepper, bitter melon, cutflowers, poinsettia, bedding plants and herbs, both culinary and medicinal. Growers reported various levels of success in managing insect pests on crops. In the case of herbs, results were mixed, from good to poor control of insect pests.
Dan L. Johnson AAFC Develop, test and improve integrated control methods and information systems required to limit crop and forage damage caused by grasshoppers and other rangeland insects, while also limiting harmful ecological and economic impacts of insect control efforts. Determine the method of detoxification of toxic substances in range plants, by the two- striped grasshopper (with Majak) Determine the indirect impact of grasshopper insecticide on grassland bird survival and recruitment (with Martin and Hill) Expand the biophysical model of the impact of solar radiation on insect body temperature, by determing the influence of orientation and body size (with Lactin) Continue research on the potential of the fungi Metarhizium fZavoviride and Beauveria bassiana for control of grasshoppers and locusts. Analyze the results of the survey of breeding grasshopper populations, and determine the impact of recent weather on the estimate of risk of infestations. (with Dolinski and Olfert) Apply phenology modeling and geographical analysis to evaluate a candidate (Altica carduorum, Coleoptera: Alticidae) for biological control of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense, Asteraceae) on the Canadian Prairies. (With Lactin, Harris and Wan) Determine the impact of predators on rangeland insect recruitment and activity, and model interactions with other methods of control Initiate experimental studies of integration of chemical, behavioral and biological control Continue to assess the impact of environmental variables on the efficacy of alternative methods of insect control (chemical, biological and microbial)
Lloyd Dosdall Alberta Research Council Research is underway to evaluate the importance of elemental sulfur and sulfate for the integrated management of root maggots in canola. Field studies involving several formulations were undertaken at two sites in central Alberta during 1997, and these will be repeated in 1998. In collaboration with Agriculture Canada and University of Alberta researchers, studies have also been undertaken to develop and field test lines of Brassica rapa and Brassica napus that are resistant to root maggots and flea beetles. Approximately 450 canola fields were sampled in Alberta and northeastern British Columbia during 1997 as part of a survey to determine the incidence and severity of root maggot infestations throughout western Canada. In collaboration with Manitoba Agriculture workers, root maggot assessments will be made from approximately 200 fields sown to canola during 1997 but subjected to different rotational regimes. A number of different insecticidal treatments were assessed for their efficacy in reducing root maggot infestations. Under controlled environment conditions, an olfactometer was used to assess the attractiveness of canola plants in different developmental stages to adults of bertha armyworm. Preliminary results suggest that plants at the early flowering stage are more attractive to female moths than those at the rosette or full-bloom stages. Studies are continuing in an effort to complete the screenings for male moths. Phenological and host plant preference studies have been completed in a study of the biology of Ceutorhynchus neglectus, a weevil known to attack canola seedlings. In collaboration with Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, a survey was conducted in central and southern Alberta to determine the abundance and distribution of the cabbage seedpod weevil, Ceutorhynchus assirnilis.
Ken Fry Alberta Research Council A multi-year study was begun to determine the effect of woolly elm aphid on yield in saskatoons. The effects on growth and yield in newly-planted seedlings and yield in mature plants will be assessed over a five year period. This is ajoint project with Kris Pruski of CDC-N. A project to evaluate the insecticidal activity of elemental sulphur against woolly elm aphid infesting saskatoon roots was begun. This project is being conducted with the assistance of AAFRD. A project, in co-operation with E. Beaubien of the Devonian Botanic Garden, to monitor woolly elm aphid development and phenology of 15 native flowering plant species was continued, but at a reduced level from last years’ efforts. A two-year project was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of Beauveria bassiana against western flower thrips in poinsettias. This project is funded in part by AARI. A survey of three greenhouse operations was conducted to determine thrips species present on plant material imported and locally grown for retail sale. Additionally, wild plants were sampled in the areas surrounding the greenhouses. Samples will be sent off for testing for presence of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus.
Andrew Keddie University of Alberta In conjunction with Lloyd Dosdall and Martin Erlandson, bertha armyworm will be surveyed for virus. This work is to occur in the 1998 field season. Susan Bjornson has continued her investigation into quality control issues with respect to Phytoseiulus persimilis used as a biological control agent in greenhouse crops. Kris Justus is continuing her investigations into mating behaviour and ovipositional attractants in diamondback moth. She has also conducted a survey of root maggot parasitoids.
Jim Jones AAFRD Implementation of an effective pheromone monitoring system for bertha armyworm in the Peace River district. The objective is to design and test a pheromone monitoring system for bertha armyworm with reduced efficacy for capture of bumble bees in the Peace. Replicate sets of four pheromone trap treatments with guard traps at the ends of the treatment lines were set up at six sites in the Peace River area (Ft. Vermillion, Manning, Falher, Fairview, Grande Prairie and Wanham). Insects from the traps were collected about twice per week over the flight period July through August. This work was conducted in cooperation with Peace River crop specialists Elaine Stenbraaten, Hector Goudreau, Mike Hall, John Huffman, Plant Pathologist Lorraine Harrison, Canola Council of Canada Agronomist Gary Coy, the North Peace Applied Research Association and the Smoky Applied Research and Demonstration Association. Integrated pest management in short rotation canola. Objectives include determining interactions among disease, insect and weed populations and their effects on canola yield in four rotations, for four years in sites at three agro-ecological areas. Canola is being grown in four rotations: on-in-two years, one-in-three years, one-in-four years and continuous canola. Six canola varieties including three conventional varieties and three herbicide-resistant varieties are alternated with CDC Teal. Plots were sampled for foliage feeding insects and root maggots throughout the season at sites at Strathmore, Ellerslie and Warburg. This work is being conducted in cooperation with Linda Hall (AAFRD), and Prem Kharbands (ARC). Optimizing wheat yield and protein content through variety selection and crop management. Seven core experiments are included to determine, for instance, whether nitrogen fertilizer recommendation models can be developed to predict potential wheat yield and protein; how variable wheat protein is across the landscape; whether incremental rates of nitrogen fertilizer will produce incremental increases in protein. Plots at various locations throughout Alberta were sampled for insects throughout the season. This work is being conducted in cooperation with Ross McKenzie, Elston Solberg, Doug Penney, Richard Lussier, Len Kryzanowski, Linda Hall and Ieuan Evans.
7.4 British Columbia Research Report Bob Vernon AAFC
Unavailable
7.5 Manitoba Pest Report Lynn Manaigre Manitoba Agriculture
The total acreage treated for insect crop pests was greatly reduced as compared to 1995 and 1996. Wheat midge, grasshoppers, and Colorado potato beetle were the main insect pests in Manitoba in 1997. Issues of concern include forecasting wheat midge outbreaks and possible resistance of CPB to insecticide use and CPB management.
1. Cereal Crops
Orange wheat blossom midge Adult Sitdiphis rnosellunu emerged during the last two weeks in July. Much of the wheat crop was already in the flowering stage - about 60,000 acres were sprayed in total. Emergence traps were used to monitor when the adults were emerging in large numbers. We will continue this in 1998.
Grasshopper Grasshopper populations were high in the southwest and Interlake protions of the province. Grasshopper spraying occurred in cerals, pastures, and forages and more spraying occurred in 1995 or 1996 - approximately 50,000 acres. A grasshopper survey was conducted in August to determine hot spots and areas of high risk for 1998. The predictive - extension value of our program will be reviewed shortly.
2. Oilseed Crops
Bertha armyworm Bertha armyworm (Marnestra configuata) populations were low. The adult monitoring program will not be carried out in 1998.
Flea beetles Flea beetleswere not a major problem on oilseed crops in 1997. There was some treated seed used and limited boundary spraying.
Cabbage root maggot Cabbage root maggot (Delia radicum) was found infesting the roots of both Polish and Argentine canola in a canola rotation project. The level of damage is currently being quantified.
Diamondback moth Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) was not a major problem.
3. Forages, Legumes and Pulse Crops
Colorado potato beetle Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) was a major concern for potato producers in all potato growing areas. Almost all potato fields were sprayed at least once, most twice. Approximately 74,000 acres were sprayed in 1997. Dip testing was performed to determine levels of resistance by the Colorado potato beetle to 10 insecticides representing 5 chemical families. Resistance was found for several products, but resistance was very localized and not specific to a certain region or product. It seems likely that the resistance was related to the spray programs used on individual farms.
Aphids Aphids in peas were lower than in previous years except late in the season (well past the point at which damage is significant).
Lvgus and alfalfa bugs Lygus and alfalfa bugs were a concern for alfalfa seed producers. Most of the 35,000 - 40,000 acres in alfalfa seed production in the province received 2 applications of insecticide. EuroDean corn borer European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) damage is present in the eastern part of the province. A management program requires attention.
Alfalfa blotch leaf miner Alfalfa blotch leaf miner samples are increasing in frequency and information will be developed for this pest.
ISSUES OF CONCERN Orange wheat blossom midge. Some durham wheat in the southwest of the province has been downgraded due to wheat midge damage. There is some concern that durham wheat may have a susceptible period longer than what is currently considered the susceptible period to wheat midge. Future Plans: IPM program development, IPM scouting guide, and Crop Protection Guide revision (bi-provincial). APPENDIX''C?? EMERGING ISSUES SUMMARIES
Electronic identification aids for biocontrol insects James E. O'Hara
A new 5-year study called "Identification Systems for Biocontrol Insects" (ISBI) was launched by entomologists with Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada in Ottawa in 1996. A web site for this study is under development and will be used to disseminate many of the study's products. Among these products will be user-friendly identification guides to the insect parasitoids of four pest insects: bertha armyworm, diamondback moth, obliquebanded leafroller, and western spruce budworm. These identification guides will utilize the special capabilities of the electronic format to make the process of parasitoid identification easier than ever before.
Pest Management Regulatory Agency Update Mary Jane Kelleher
There are three important, interrelated areas of change in the Agency during the last year, which are explained in published proposals and directives available on the website (http://www.hc- sc.gc.ca/pmra) or by phone (1-800 267-63 15):
1. Cost Recovery
2. Management of Submission Policy featuring the review of complete submissions in 18 months.
3. Harmonization of data requirements, first with the U.S. EPA, and possibly OECD in the future. Specific programs/documents available include: Chemistry Requirements; Residue Chemistry Guidelines; User Requested Minor Use Registration Guidelines; a continuing User Requested Minor Use Label Expansion Programme; Joint Reviews for Reduced Risk Chemicals; Pheromones and Microbials with Pilot Joint Reviews underway; sharing of reviews amongst OECD countries; Pheromone guidelines, Microbial guidelines, and a commitment to address data requirements for naturally occurring insect repellents and food- grade pest control products.
Alternatives Division: The mandate of the PMRA includes the protection of human health and the environment, and minimizing risks posed by pesticides, while facilitating access to pest management tools and sustainable pest management strategies. The need for sustainability is gaining increasing recognition both nationally and internationally. The Health Canada-PMRA Sustainable Development Document arising from the Auditor General's Act 1996 is available on the web (www.hc-sc.ga.ca/susdevdur). The Alternatives Division was established within the Agency to find efficient and effective approaches to integrating consideration of sustainability into functions of the PMRA and user sectors. This mission is fulfilled by supporting the development of risk reduction strategies, facilitating access to new technology, developing measurements and indicators of progress, working with stakeholders with diverse interests to coordinate policies and programs, and the development of a pesticide data base. In addition, a number of PMprojects have been undertaken to develop a comprehensive pest management approach for particular control challenges (e.g., Colorado potato beetles, alternatives to methyl bromide in the food processing sector, canola, and urban landscapes). Interest from the users of the programmes is key to the success of the partnership approach. More information regarding new or ongoing projects can be obtained by contacting the office of Wendy Sexsmith, Director of the Alternatives Division at 6 13- 736-3660.
Summary of the Lygus Workshop Held at the Entomological Society of Canada’s Annual Meeting, Edmonton, Alberta, October 6,1997 Julie Soroka
The lygus workshop was held to update concerned players on recent research and developments in lygus bionomics. Four guest speakers gave broad overviews on specific subjects: 1) Guy Boivin, AAFC, St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, spoke on investigations on lygus research in eastern Canada, Mentioning that lygus is a problem on celery, carrot and other vegetable production in eastern Canada. In these situations lygus can be found in high numbers outside of crops, especially on surrounding weeds. There are two native parasitoid wasps in eastern Canada, and a European parasitoid, established in the eastern U.S., is moving northward. 2) Rick Butts, AAFC, Lethbridge, gave a summary of lygus research in canola. Points Rick raised include the finding that if Argentine canola receives more than 100 mm of rain at flowering and seed set, it can compensate for lygus damage. The greatest amount of lygus damage occurs to earliest planted crops. Tield losses of up to 15% are not uncommon. Losses include decreasy seed weights of 0.7g/m per lygus per 10 sweeps at the end of flowering, decreasing to 0.5 g/m per lygus per 10 sweeps at pod development. The lygus moving into canola are already mated, with well-developed eggs; immigrants on sainfoin, on the other hand, are usually unmated and can remain so for some time. In a sequential sampling pattern of 10 sweeps per 15 locations in a field, if there is a cumulative total of less than 18 1 lygus, no control actions are necessary, if there are more than 269 lygus, then remedial action is necessary, and if numbers fall between 18 1 and 269, more samples should be taken. 3) Bob Foottit, AAFC, Ottawa, spoke on lygus systematics and classification. Bob and Mike Schwartz have a new revision of lygus in press. Bob showed impressive cladograms of lygus systematics based on traditional morphometric analysis and on genetic fingerprinting. Bob made the astute point that in some cases agriculture may be driving the evolution of lygus. 4) Ulrich Kuhlmann, International Institute of Biological Control, Delemont, Switzerland talked about European parasitoids for biological control of native lygus, and suggested there may be opportunity to search for new parasitoids in Europe. After coffee there was a round table discussion among those present. Hugh Philips gave a brief description of lygus in B.C.; John Huffman spoke of high lygus and BAW numbers in the Peace this season, and said that extension materials are desperately needed; Mike Dolinski and Jim Jones expressed the need for economic thresholds early in the season; Lloyd Harris mentioned spray activities against lygus in Saskatchewan. Researcher Peggy Dixon suggested that lygus is a low level pest on vegetables in Newfoundland. Jay Whistlecraft is rearing two lygus parasitoids at the London Research Centre. Ian Wise reiterated economic thresholds developed at Winnipeg; George Gerber found that lygus have an ovipositional preference towards B. nupus over B. juncea; they lay most of their eggs on the buds, flowers and very young pods rather than on stems or leaves. Doug Parker spoke of inspection concerns with lygus and its parasitoids. Julie Soroka mentioned finding fewer nymphs emerging from eggs on a transgenic Westar than on the Westar parent or a B. rupa. Peter Mason spoke of collecting lygus (with Scott Meeres) from the Vulcan area of Alberta and near Meadow Lake, SK. Bob Vernon described trap colours for catching lygus, and Dave Gillespie spoke of lygus problems in B.C. greenhouses, finding no relation between Lygus schulli numbers inside and outside greenhouses.
Open discussion centred on: 1. Thresholds - were reached in Alberta this year very early in the season - farmers need simpler methods to relate plant stage to insect damage - extension people need to be more familiar with the literature - there needs to be more extension literature - need to develop a moving threshold so that as the crop matures, thresholds increase - may need to look inside crop, not just at edges, to monitor numbers - need to look at effects of very high numbers at bud and early bloom2. Distribution - not even through field, sometimes clumped at edge or in middle - need to study surrounding habitats such as cruciferous weeds or volunteer canola - species composition varies from region to region, may need to consider population differences The meeting adjourned with the suggestion the next lygus working group meeting be held in Saskatoon in October of 1999. APPENDIX“D” NEWPESTICIDE CHEMISTRY SUMMARIES
9.1 Safe Control of Grain Storage Insects Using a New, Effective, Natural Insecticide, Project No.: 43110W Dr. Zlatko Korunic Director of Research Hedley Technologies Inc.
Brief overview of the activity from July 1, 1997 to August 3 1, 1997
IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE
Searching for a Canadian source of DE Rapid assessment of the insecticidal value of DE without conducting bioassays Bioassays with the Canadian and some selected DE samples Searching the literature and selected substances to be mixed with DE Bioassays with selected substances, potential synergists
Program Implementation
1. Searching for a Canadian source of DE During July and August we received 3 1 samples of DE from 4 different localities from Nova Scotia. Samples are taken from different layers and from different depths. New DE samples taken from the mines at 2 localities in British Columbia are sent to us. Currently, we are trying to find the contacts for other provinces and territories and to get more samples.
2. Rapid assessment of the insecticidal value of DE without conducting bioassays According to the methodology described in the paper Rapid assessment of the insecticidal value of the diatomaceous earth without conducting bioassays (in press, Journal of Stored Product Research, Korunic Z., 1997) we assessed 31 samples. First all samples were dried and screened through 100 mesh standard laboratory sieve. We measured the following properties of all samples: the ability of DE to reduce bulk wheat density (test weight), DE loose and tapped density, the tendency of DE particles to adhere on the wheat grain surface and pH of 10% suspension. We are working now on the analyses of results to predict the insecticidal value of DE samples prior to conducting the bioassays.
3. Bioassays with the Canadian and some selected DE samples Bioassays are used to prove the results of the prediction of the insecticidal value of DE samples. The tests with 45 DE samples were set up at different time intervals with the assessments of efficacy after 5 and 10 days and the progeny assessment after 40 days. The rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae L.) is used as test insects. Bioassays for 3 1 samples are not finished yet. The five-day counts (next assessments) will be done on 03 September and the ten-day counts will be done on 08 September. Progeny assessments will be done on 10 October.
4. Searching literature and selecting substances to be mixed with DE We have searched the literature and have selected about 20 different substances, candidates for mixing with DE. We are still searching the literature to find out the most promising substances to be used as synergists. Until now, we selected and received different formulations of two substances from botanical groups; pyrethrins and azadiractin (neem) and 2 formulations from Zeolite group. We have pyrethrin dust formulation with 1% of a.i., liquid concentrate with 20% of a.i. and with 45% of a.i. We have following neem samples: Azadiractin Technical dust with 18% a.i., Neem oil formulation with 20% of a.i., and Azadiractin EC with 1.5% of a.i. From Zeolite group we have natural chabazite from USA and zeolite from Canada (B.C.).
5. Bioassays with selected substances, potential synergists We have carried out different tests with selected substances listed under 4. Different formulations were prepared mixing DE with selected substances in different ratios. We used various technology of mixing and screening trying to get the formulation that contains 3 to 6 times lower concentrations of DE and plant extracts (pyrethrins or neem) but to have the same efficacy against insects as substances when used alone at 3 to 6 time higher concentrations. The first results of bioassays against stored products insects (rice weevils, lesser grain borer, rusty grain beetle, red flour beetle) are very promising and indicate the existence of the synergism. Preliminary results show very good efficacy against insects using 50 to 100 ppm of the mixture that contains 40 to 75 ppm of DE and 0.5 to 1 ppm of pyrethrins or 18 ppm of neem. APPENDIX“E” LISTOF ATTENDEESAND CONTRIBUTORS
Jon Anderson Gary Byrtus DowElanco Canada Inc. Pest Management Branch 30 Scurfield Blvd. Alberta Environmental Protection Winnipeg, MB 9820 - 106 Street R3Y 1G4 EDMONTON, AB E-MAIL: [email protected] T5K 256 PHONE: (403) 427-5855 Roger Andreiuk FAX: (403) 422-5 120 AAFRD E-MAIL: gbyrtus @ env.gov.ab.ca 5030 - 50 Street Lacombe, AE3 Rachael Cheverie T4L 1W8 Dow Elanco Canada PHONE: (403) 7824641 U. of Guelph FAX: (403) 782-55 14 GUELPH, ON E-MAIL: andreiuk @ agric.gov.ab.ca N1G 2W1 PHONE: (519) 824-4 120 Lorraine Braun FAX: (5 19) 937-0442 AAFC, Saskatoon Research Centre E-MAIL: rcheverie @dowelanco.com 107 Science Place Saskatoon SASKATOON, SK Lyle Cowell S7N OX2 Westco PHONE: (306) 756-9650 E-MAIL: lecowell @westcoag.com E-MAIL: [email protected] Jeff Cumming Rick Butts AAFC, ECORC AAFC, Lethbridge Research Centre K. W. Neatby Bldg. Box 3000 OTTAWA, ON LETHBRIDGE, AB KIA OC6 T1J 4B1 PHONE: (613) 759-1834 PHONE: (403) 327-4561 FAX: (613) 759-1927 FAX: (403) 382-3156 E-MAIL: cummingjm 0em. agr.ca E-MAIL: butts @em.agr.ca Emile deMilliano Westco E-MAIL: ejdemilliano @ westcoag.com
Lloyd Dosdall David Feindel Crop & Plant Management Bayer Inc. Alberta Research Council 3910Hwy 12 P.O. Bag 4000 LACOMBE, AB VEGREVLLE, AB T4L 1A6 T9C IT4 PHONE: (403) 782-5662 PHONE: (403) 632-8225 FAX: (403) 582-5979 FAX: (403) 632-8612 E-MAIL: dfeindela telusplanet.net E-MAIL: lloyd @ aec. arc. ab.ca Robert Foottit Christopher Dufault AAFC, ECORC PMRA, Env. Assess. Div. K.W. Neatby Bldg 2250 Riverside Dr. OTTAWA, ON OTTAWA, ON K1A OC6 K1A OK9 PHONE: (613) 759-1774 PHONE: (613) 736-3718 FAX: (613) 759-1927 E-MAIL: [email protected] E-MAIL: [email protected]
Merv Empey Kenneth Fry AAFRD Crop & Plant Management E-MAIL: [email protected] Alberta Research Council P. 0. Bag 4000 Martin Erlandson VEGREVILLE, AE3 AAFC, Saskatoon Research Centre T9C 1T4 107 Science Place PHONE: (403) 632-8224 SASKATOON, SK FAX: (403) 632-8612 S7N OX2 E-MAIL: [email protected] PHONE: (306) 956-7276 FAX: (306) 956-7247 Henri Goulet E-MAIL: erlandsonm @ em.agr .ca AAFC, ECORC K.W. Neatby Bldg Robert Favrin OTTAWA, ON Can. Food Imp. Agency K1A OC6 383 1 Fallowfield RD PHONE: (613) 759-1832 NEPEAN, ON FAX: (613) 759-1927 K2H 8P9 E-MAIL: [email protected] PHONE: (613) 228-6698 FAX: (613) 228-6662 Lloyd Harris E-MAIL: [email protected] SAF, 133 - 3085 Albert St. REGINA, SK S4S OB1 PHONE: (306) 787-4669 E-MAIL: [email protected] John Huffman Mary Jane Kelleher AAFRD PMRA E-MAIL:j ohn.huffman @ agric. gov. ab. ca 2250 Riverside Drive OTTAWA, ON T. James K1A OK9 BASF Canada Inc. PHONE: (613) 736-3663 Box 1616 FAX: (6 13) 736-3770 VEGREVILLE, AB E-MAIL: [email protected] T9C 1T4 PHONE: (403) 632-7009 Beata Lees FAX: (403) 632-4600 Westco Fertilizers E-MAIL: [email protected] Broxburn Agro LETHBRIDGE, AB Dan Johnson TlJ 4P4 AAFC, Lethbridge Research Station PHONE: (403) 327-7040 P.O. Box 3000 Main FAX: (403) 327-3241 LETHBRIDGE, AB E-MAIL: bm.lees @ westcoag.com T1J 4B1 PHONE: (403) 327-4561 Lynn Manaigre FAX: (403) 382-3156 Manitoba Agriculture E-MAIL: [email protected] P. 0. Box 1149 CARMAN, MB Jim Jones ROG OJO AAFRD PHONE: (204) 745-2040 Agronomy Centre FAX: (204) 745-2299 EDMONTON7AB E-MAIL: [email protected] T6H4P2 CW405 PHONE: (403) 427-7098 Peter Mason E-MAIL: j onesj @ agric.gov .ab.ca AAFC, Saskatoon Research Station 107 Science Place Kris Justus SASKATOON, SK University of Alberta S7N OX2 EDMONTON, AB PHONE: (306) 975-7286 T6G 2E9 FAX: (306) 975-7247 (403) 492-3080 E-MAIL: masonp @em.agr.ca E-MAIL: [email protected] Joe McCaffrey University of Idaho E-MAIL: josephm @uidaho.edu
Jim McKenzie Jim O’Hara AAFC, ECORC AAFC, ECORC K.W. Neatby Bldg K.W. Neatby Bldg OTTAWA, ON OTTAWA, ON KIA OC6 K4M 1G1 E-MAIL: [email protected] PHONE: (613) 759-1795 FAX: (613) 759-1927 Scott Meers E-MAIL: oharaj @em.agr.ca AAFRD E-MAIL: meers @agric.gov.ab.ca Owen Olfert AAFC, Saskatoon Research Station Nancy Melnychuk 107 Science Place AAFC, Saskatoon Research Centre SASKATOON, SK 107 Science Place S7N OX2 SASKATOON, SK PHONE: (306) 975-7014 S7N OX2 E-MAIL: olfert 0em.agr.ca PHONE: (306) 956-7669 E-MAIL: [email protected] Gary Pastushok Zeneca Agro Carolyn Morin 3206 Wells Ave. Res. Co-ordinator SASKATOON, SK AgrEvo S7K 5W5 430 - B Dovercourt Dr. PHONE: (306) 933-4283 WINNIPEG, MB FAX: (306) 933-2 113 R3Y 1G4 PHONE: (204) 989-5434 Edwin Pensaert FAX: (204) 489-8579 Gustafson E-MAIL: cmorin@reginal .hcc.com CALGARY, AB E-MAIL: [email protected] Bruce Neil1 PFRA-AAFC Indian Head Hugh Philip Shelterbelt Centre BC Agriculture, Fisheries and Food INDIAN HEAD, SK Suite 200, 1690 Powick Rd. SOG 2K0 KELOWNA, BC PHONE: (306) 695-2284 V1X 7G5 FAX: (306) 695-2568 PHONE: (250) 861 -72 1 1 E-MAIL: pf21801 @em.agr.ca FAX: (250) 861-7490 E-MAIL: [email protected]
Ron Pidskalny Gary Topham Cyanamid Canada Inc. Westco Fertilizer's 11312 - 57th Ave. General Delivery EDMONTON, AB MINNEDOSA, MB T6H OZ9 ROJ 1EO PHONE: (403) 434-2030 PHONE: (204) 867-2260 FAX: (403) 434-2030 FAX: (204) 849-2060 E-MAIL: [email protected] E-MAIL: g.1. [email protected]
Doug Richardson Chris Van Natto Rhone Poulenc Hedley Tech. Inc. #3-7450 49th Avenue Crescent WINNIPEG, MB RED DEER, AE3 E-MAIL: hedcvn @ibm.net E-MAIL: drichardson @canada.rhone-poulenc.com Bob Vernon Jerry Shaw AAFC, Pacific Agriculture Centre CFIA P.O. Box 1000 Rm 205,7000 - 113 St. AGASSIZ, BC EDMONTON, AB VOM 1AO T6H 526 PHONE: (604) 796-2221 PHONE: (403) 495-5584 E-MAIL: vernonbs @em.agr.ca FAX: (403) 495-3359 E-MAIL: shawj @em.agr.ca Agnes Whiting AAFRD Julie Soroka Box 882 AAFC, Saskatoon Research Centre PROVOST, AB 107 Science Place TOB 3SO SASKATOON, SK PHONE: (403) 753-6416 S7N OX2 FAX: (403) 753-2758 PHONE: (306) 956-7200 E-MAIL: [email protected] FAX: (306) 956-7247 E-MAIL: sorokaj @em.agr.ca Ian Wise AAFC, Cereal Research Centre Phil Thomas 195 Dafoe Road Field Crop Development Centre WINNIPEG, MB AAFRD R3T 2M9 Agriculture Building PHONE: (204) 983-1450 LACOMBE, AB E-MAIL: i wise @em.agr.ca T4L 1W8 PHONE: (403) 782-464 1 FAX: (403) 782-5514 E-MAIL: [email protected] Walter Yarish AAFRD 7000 - 113 St. EDMONTON, AB T6H 526 PHONE: (403) 422-4794 FAX: (403) 422-0783 E-MAIL: yarish @ gov.ab.ca