DOCSLIB.ORG

The Changing Social Question in Brazil, India, China, and South Africa One Hundred Years of Social Protection

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Changing Social Question in Brazil, India, China, and South Africa One Hundred Years of Social Protection GLOBAL DYNAMICS OF SOCIAL POLICY One Hundred Years of Social Protection The Changing Social Question in Brazil, India, China, and South Africa Edited by Lutz Leisering Global Dynamics of Social Policy Series Editors Lorraine Frisina Doetter University of Bremen Bremen, Germany Delia González de Reufels University of Bremen Bremen, Germany Kerstin Martens University of Bremen Bremen, Germany Marianne Sandvad Ulriksen University of Southern Denmark Odense, Denmark About the Series Te intervention of states in felds such as health, social security and work, dates back to the nineteenth century, and became more dynamic over time. Imperial Prussia, a social policy pioneer, frst showcased its progress at the Paris World Fair in 1900: the Prussian exhibit drew large crowds eager to fnd out more about state pensions. Clearly, social policy had become a matter of great interest to states and citizens alike. Other nations soon embarked on implementing discrete social policies, thus turning the twentieth century into a time of remarkable welfare state expansion. Te end of World War II marked a new departure, as an increasing number of countries outside the Western hemi- sphere began to introduce social policy measures. States not only copied established forms of welfare, but often developed measures sui-generis to meet their specifc needs. While episodes of policy retrenchment and ruptures can be observed over time, recent developments point to an expansion of social policies in low-to-upper-middle-income countries of the Global South. Social policy has thus become a global phenomenon. It is generally accepted that the state is responsible for welfare and that domestic politics and ideas have been a primary driver of its expansion. However, in an increasingly intercon- nected world, social policy is implemented at the national-level but infuenced by interna- tional developments and relations. It is shaped by trade, migration, war, and colonialism. Just as people travel, policy ideas follow. Tese factors merit scholarly attention and demand inter- disciplinary collaboration to generate new insights into the global dimension of social policy. Tis is what the Global Dynamics of Social Policy book series sets out to accomplish. In doing so, it also contributes to the mission of the Collaborative Research Center 1342 (CRC) “Global Dynamics of Social Policy” at the University of Bremen, Germany. Funded by the German Research Foundation, the CRC leaves behind the traditionally OECD-focused anal- ysis of social policy to stress the transnational interconnectedness of developments. Te book series showcases scholarship by colleagues worldwide who are interested in the global dynamics of social policy. Studies can range from in-depth case studies, comparative work and large quantitative research. Moreover, the promotion of scholarship by young researchers is of great importance to the series. Te series is published in memory of Stephan Leibfried to whom our research on state and social policy at the CRC is indebted in countless ways. Series Editors: Lorraine Frisina Doetter, Delia González de Reufels, Kerstin Martens, Marianne S. Ulriksen More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/16294 Open access of this publication was made possible through funding by Bielefeld University, the Collaborative Research Centre 1342: Global Dynamics of Social Policy at the University of Bremen, funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – Projektnummer 374666841 – SFB 1342 and Specialised Information Service Political Science – POLLUX. Lutz Leisering Editor One Hundred Years of Social Protection The Changing Social Question in Brazil, India, China, and South Africa Editor Lutz Leisering Department of Sociology Bielefeld University Bielefeld, Germany ISSN 2661-8672 ISSN 2661-8680 (electronic) Global Dynamics of Social Policy ISBN 978-3-030-54958-9 ISBN 978-3-030-54959-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54959-6 © Te Editor(s) (if applicable) and Te Author(s) 2021. Tis book is an open access publication. Open Access Tis book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence and indicate if changes were made. Te images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Te use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifc statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Te publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Te publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional afliations. Tis Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Te registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface and Acknowledgements Citizens of Western and Northern Europe and some Commonwealth countries tend to take the idea of the welfare state for granted, as an essential part of a good society. In global politics, declarations and cam- paigns of international organisations abound with terms like “social rights”, “inclusiveness”, and “universal social protection”, suggesting that the world is about to become a welfare state. However, the situation in the Global South and many other countries is very diferent, and it is an open question if substantial public welfare will ever become a principle of a global society. Te future of public welfare institutions in the world is likely to be shaped by non-Western countries. However, we do not know in what ways: will Western ideas and models spread or will indigenous concepts of the “social” create new institutional pathways? Will social issues be subordinated to other societal concerns and other ways of integrating societies, such as economic growth, nationalism, or religion? In short, we do not know to what degree and in what ways the “social question” will matter in the world to come. Social protection by itself is not a “sexy” subject, but a range of old and new global challenges—such as climate change, pandemics, migration, and precarious work—are demonstrating the need for livelihood protection all around the world. While we do not know the future, we can ascertain how the Global South has addressed social issues in the past. Tis is the subject of this volume, which derives v vi Preface and Acknowledgements from the Research Group “Understanding Southern Welfare”, which I convened together with Ulrike Davy, a colleague from the law depart- ment of my university, at the Center for Interdisciplinary Research (ZiF) at Bielefeld University, Northern Germany. Te volume starts with the assumption that Southern countries have their own social policy histories, external infuences from foreign powers notwithstanding, and that these histories are under-researched. We need to know more about these histories—the agents, their ideas, interests, activities, and structural constraints—to “understand” Southern welfare. Te volume delves into the national histories of social protections since their beginnings around 1920. When we applied for funding, we said that we would start in the 1940s, but during our research, we realised that we would need to go back to the 1920s. To understand Southern welfare policies and avoid Eurocentrism, we give domestic actors a voice by analysing contemporary political docu- ments. In theoretical terms, we have developed a new approach to analys- ing social protection, which focuses not just on welfare programmes or outcomes, but on the fundamental ideas and concepts that underlie social protection policies, as articulated by Southern actors. We assume that welfare programmes are only the visible surface; they are underpinned, less visibly, by a range of ideas—values, beliefs, perceptions, and images relating to social problems, welfare institutions, statehood, and society. Te Research Group, therefore, sought to investigate the ideational foun- dations of Southern social protection. Tis kind of research has not been done before. I owe the idea of an ideational approach to my teacher Franz-Xaver Kaufmann, the doyen of the German sociology of social policy, who, despite his age, attended a preparatory conference. Kaufmann is one of the few thinkers who has developed a genuinely sociological theory of the welfare state in the institutionalist Weberian tradition, which contrasts with the dominant political economy tradition rooted in Marxism. Kaufmann’s concept of the welfare state as a cultural phenomenon has inspired me. Focusing the Group’s analysis on ideas was a daring under- taking, and I am happy that the members of the Research Group not only could relate to this approach but also took it up in their research. I was not sure if the approach would work out, especially since the volume is Preface and Acknowledgements vii not about the role of ideas in selected social reforms or selected periods of time (which would be interesting enough), but about ideas in the evolu- tion of social protection over 100 years. I hope that the readers of this volume will see the yields of an ideational and pluralist approach to studying social protection.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 3. Social Security in India: a Patchwork Quilt
    Edited with the trial version of Foxit Advanced PDF Editor To remove this notice, visit: www.foxitsoftware.com/shopping +55#É5QEKCN5GEWTKV[%QXGTCIG'ZVGPUKQPKPVJG$4+%5 3. Social security in India: A patchwork quilt Tapen Sinha ITAM Mexico 3.1. Economic and social background 80 3.2. Social security in India: An overview 82 3.3. Recent extension efforts 84 3.3.1. Safety net for the elderly 85 1.3.2. Old-age income security for the formal sector 90 1.3.3. Health insurance 92 1.3.4. Other social insurance schemes 94 1.3.5. Social assistance programmes 95 3.4. Key challenges and solutions 97 1.4.1. Administrative issues 97 1.4.2. Implementation and organizational issues 99 1.4.3. Sustainability issues 101 3.5. Conclusions 101 Bibliography 102 ISSA É Social security coverage extension in the BRICS 3. Social security in India: A patchwork quilt Summary While two decades of economic reform in India have brought changes to the way in which the social security safety net operates, the country’s social and economic situation is itself a challenge to the extension of social security coverage. Over 90 per cent of workers are in the informal sector, and the income of one in five informal workers is below the poverty line. Although new government programmes for food security, health care for the poor, and cash transfers have been put in place, they are mostly ad hoc; some successful experiments failed to live up to expectations when they were scaled up. Microinsurance and micro-pensions might hold out certain promise but also face challenges.
    [Show full text]
  • The Constitutional Court of South Africa: Rights Interpretation and Comparative Constitutional Law
    THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT OF SOUTH AFRICA: RIGHTS INTERPRETATION AND COMPARATIVE CONSTITUTIONAL LAW Hoyt Webb- I do hereby swear that I will in my capacity asJudge of the Constitu- tional Court of the Republic of South Africa uphold and protect the Constitution of the Republic and the fundamental rights entrenched therein and in so doing administerjustice to all persons alike with- out fear,favour or prejudice, in accordance with the Constitution and the Law of the Republic. So help me God. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Schedule 3 (Oaths of Office and Solemn Affirmations), Act No. 200, 1993. I swear that, asJudge of the ConstitutionalCourt, I will be faithful to the Republic of South Africa, will uphold and protect the Consti- tution and the human rights entrenched in it, and will administer justice to all persons alike withwut fear,favour or prejudice, in ac- cordancewith the Constitution and the Law. So help me God. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, Schedule 2 (Oaths and Solemn Affirmations), Act 108 of 1996. I. INTRODUCTION In 1993, South Africa adopted a transitional or interim Constitu- tion (also referred to as the "IC"), enshrining a non-racial, multiparty democracy, based on respect for universal rights.' This uras a monu- mental achievement considering the complex and often horrific his- tory of the Republic and the increasing racial, ethnic and religious tensions worldwide.2 A new society, however, could not be created by Hoyt Webb is an associate at Brown and Wood, LLP in NewYork City and a term member of the Council on Foreign Relations.
    [Show full text]
  • The European and Russian Far Right As Political Actors: Comparative Approach
    Journal of Politics and Law; Vol. 12, No. 2; 2019 ISSN 1913-9047 E-ISSN 1913-9055 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education The European and Russian Far Right as Political Actors: Comparative Approach Ivanova Ekaterina1, Kinyakin Andrey1 & Stepanov Sergey1 1 RUDN University, Russia Correspondence: Stepanov Sergey, RUDN University, Russia. E-mail: [email protected] Received: March 5, 2019 Accepted: April 25, 2019 Online Published: May 30, 2019 doi:10.5539/jpl.v12n2p86 URL: https://doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v12n2p86 The article is prepared within the framework of Erasmus+ Jean Monnet Module "Transformation of Social and Political Values: the EU Practice" (575361-EPP-1-2016-1-RU-EPPJMO-MODULE, Erasmus+ Jean Monnet Actions) (2016-2019) Abstract The article is devoted to the comparative analysis of the far right (nationalist) as political actors in Russia and in Europe. Whereas the European far-right movements over the last years managed to achieve significant success turning into influential political forces as a result of surging popular support, in Russia the far-right organizations failed to become the fully-fledged political actors. This looks particularly surprising, given the historically deep-rooted nationalist tradition, which stems from the times Russian Empire. Before the 1917 revolution, the so-called «Black Hundred» was one of the major far-right organizations, exploiting nationalistic and anti-Semitic rhetoric, which had representation in the Russian parliament – The State Duma. During the most Soviet period all the far-right movements in Russia were suppressed, re-emerging in the late 1980s as rather vocal political force. But currently the majority of them are marginal groups, partly due to the harsh party regulation, partly due to the fact, that despite state-sponsored nationalism the position of Russian far right does not stand in-line with the position of Russian authorities, trying to suppress the Russian nationalists.
    [Show full text]
  • Trekking Outward
    TREKKING OUTWARD A CHRONOLOGY OF MEETINGS BETWEEN SOUTH AFRICANS AND THE ANC IN EXILE 1983–2000 Michael Savage University of Cape Town May 2014 PREFACE In the decade preceding the dramatic February 1990 unbanning of South Africa’s black liberatory movements, many hundreds of concerned South Africans undertook to make contact with exile leaders of these organisations, travelling long distances to hold meetings in Europe or in independent African countries. Some of these “treks”, as they came to be called, were secret while others were highly publicised. The great majority of treks brought together South Africans from within South Africa and exile leaders of the African National Congress, and its close ally the South African Communist Party. Other treks involved meetings with the Pan Africanist Congress, the black consciousness movement, and the remnants of the Non-European Unity Movement in exile. This account focuses solely on the meetings involving the ANC alliance, which after February 1990 played a central role in negotiating with the white government of F.W. de Klerk and his National Party regime to bring about a new democratic order. Without the foundation of understanding established by the treks and thousands of hours of discussion and debate that they entailed, it seems unlikely that South Africa’s transition to democracy could have been as successfully negotiated as it was between 1990 and the first democratic election of April 1994. The following chronology focuses only on the meetings of internally based South Africans with the African National Congress (ANC) when in exile over the period 1983–1990. Well over 1 200 diverse South Africans drawn from a wide range of different groups in the non- governmental sector and cross-cutting political parties, language, educational, religious and community groups went on an outward mission to enter dialogue with the ANC in exile in a search to overcome the escalating conflict inside South Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Appointments to South Africa's Constitutional Court Since 1994
    Durham Research Online Deposited in DRO: 15 July 2015 Version of attached le: Accepted Version Peer-review status of attached le: Peer-reviewed Citation for published item: Johnson, Rachel E. (2014) 'Women as a sign of the new? Appointments to the South Africa's Constitutional Court since 1994.', Politics gender., 10 (4). pp. 595-621. Further information on publisher's website: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1743923X14000439 Publisher's copyright statement: c Copyright The Women and Politics Research Section of the American 2014. This paper has been published in a revised form, subsequent to editorial input by Cambridge University Press in 'Politics gender' (10: 4 (2014) 595-621) http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=PAG Additional information: Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. Durham University Library, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LY, United Kingdom Tel : +44 (0)191 334 3042 | Fax : +44 (0)191 334 2971 https://dro.dur.ac.uk Rachel E. Johnson, Politics & Gender, Vol. 10, Issue 4 (2014), pp 595-621. Women as a Sign of the New? Appointments to South Africa’s Constitutional Court since 1994.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Security
    TFYP WORKING GROUP Sr.No.48/2001 REPORT OF THE WORKING GROUP ON SOCIAL SECURITY FOR THE TENTH FIVE YEAR PLAN (2002-2007) Government of India Planning Commission October- 2001 Acknowledgements Planning Commission had set up a Working Group to prepare the Xth Five Year Plan on Social Security under the Chairmanship of Shri Vinod Vaish, Secretary, Ministry of Labour, Govt. of India. The terms of reference assigned to the Working Group were dealt with by constituting three sub working groups dealing with the organised sector, the unorganised sector and review of implementation of some of the important Acts on area of social security. I would like to place on record the Group’s deep sense of gratitude to Shri Vinod Vaish, Secretary, Ministry of Labour, the Chairman of the Working Group for his valuable guidance, constant support and encouragement in the successful completion of the report. I would also like to place on record my sincere thanks to the members of the Working Group S/Sh.Smt. Suman Swarup, DGESIC, G.S.Ram, LEA, Manohar Lal, DGLW, Smt. Jayanti Chandra, Joint Secretary, Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment Sh. Ajai Singh, CPFC, Smt. M. Gautam, Principal Secretary (Labour) and Shri Madhukar Dwivedi, Special Secretary (Labour) Govt. of Uttar Pradesh, Shri B.Subba Rao, Principal Secretary, Labour Department, Karnataka, Shri Hardyal Singh, Additional Labour Commissioner, Govt. of Punjab and Shri S.K. Saha, Joint Adviser, Planning Commission who helped the Group in preparing this report with their wide experience and expertise in social security. The cooperation extended by Shri M.C.Mittal, Deputy Secretary, Ministry of Labour, Sh.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Security of Labour in the New Indian Economy
    SOCIAL SECURITY OF LABOUR IN THE NEW INDIAN ECONOMY Thesis Submitted to the Cochin University of Science and Technology for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Law By S. MINI Under the supervision of Dr. D. RAJEEV SCHOOL OF LEGAL STUDIES COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COCHIN - 682022 2010 School of Legal Studies Cochin University of Science and Technology Kochi- 682 022, Kerala, India Dr. D. Rajeev Ph: 0484 2575465 Reader E mail: [email protected] 10th March,2010 This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Social Security of Labour in the New Indian Economy” submitted by Smt. Mini S., for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy under the Faculty of Law is the record of bona fide research carried out under my guidance and supervision in the School of Legal Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin – 22. This thesis or any part there of, has not been submitted elsewhere for any other degree. Dr. D. Rajeev (Supervising Guide) Declaration I declare that the thesis entitled “Social Security of Labour in the New Indian Economy” is the record of bonafide research carried out by me in the School of Legal Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin - 22. I further declare that this has not previously formed the basis of the award of any degree, diploma, associateship or other similar title of recognition. Cochin - 22 S. Mini 10th March,2010 Certified that the important research findings included in this thesis have been presented and discussed in a Research Seminar at the School of Legal Studies, Cochin University of Science and Technology on 3rd July, 2009.
    [Show full text]
  • South Africa's New President Cyril Ramaphosa Slowly Changes the Country in View of the Still Strong Opposition Against Him in His Party, the ANC
    SOUTH AFRICA’S NEW PRESIDENT CYRIL RAMAPHOSA Master of the long game South Africa's new president Cyril Ramaphosa slowly changes the country in view of the still strong opposition against him in his party, the ANC. His actions recover trust in state institutions and are bringing the country back on economic growth. Questions remain why he remained quiet for a decade and did not act earlier against ex-president Zuma and corruption. Arnold Wehmhoerner FEPS Advisor on Southern Africa FEPS APRIL 2018 South Africa’s new President Cyril Ramaphosa: Master of the long game On April 6th this year ex-president Jacob Zuma briefly appeared in the Durban High Court facing 16 corruption charges linked to the multi-million dollar arms deal of the 1990s. Since 2005 when Zuma’s financial advisor Schabir Shaik was jailed for fraud and corruption in a related case had he successfully avoided this day in court. The case was adjourned to June and there will be many appeals and postponements but the fact that he had to appear before a judge is symbolic for the changes that are taking place in South Africa after Cyril Ramaphosa has become President of the country. Another indication of the new situation in the country is the fact that the Gupta brothers, whose business imperium was at the center of corrupt networks, have left the country. Cyril Ramaphosa faces two major tasks: firstly to clear the government of incompetent and corrupt ministers and civil servants in order to recover trust in state institutions and to bring the country back on economic growth and secondly to maintain the unity of the deeply divided African National Congress (ANC).
    [Show full text]
  • Who Is Governing the ''New'' South Africa?
    Who is Governing the ”New” South Africa? Marianne Séverin, Pierre Aycard To cite this version: Marianne Séverin, Pierre Aycard. Who is Governing the ”New” South Africa?: Elites, Networks and Governing Styles (1985-2003). IFAS Working Paper Series / Les Cahiers de l’ IFAS, 2006, 8, p. 13-37. hal-00799193 HAL Id: hal-00799193 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00799193 Submitted on 11 Mar 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Ten Years of Democratic South Africa transition Accomplished? by Aurelia WA KABWE-SEGATTI, Nicolas PEJOUT and Philippe GUILLAUME Les Nouveaux Cahiers de l’IFAS / IFAS Working Paper Series is a series of occasional working papers, dedicated to disseminating research in the social and human sciences on Southern Africa. Under the supervision of appointed editors, each issue covers a specifi c theme; papers originate from researchers, experts or post-graduate students from France, Europe or Southern Africa with an interest in the region. The views and opinions expressed here remain the sole responsibility of the authors. Any query regarding this publication should be directed to the chief editor. Chief editor: Aurelia WA KABWE – SEGATTI, IFAS-Research director.
    [Show full text]
  • Inventory of the Private Collection of HF Verwoerd PV93
    Inventory of the private collection of HF Verwoerd PV93 Contact us Write to: Visit us: Archive for Contemporary Affairs Archive for Contemporary Affairs University of the Free State Stef Coetzee Building P.O. Box 2320 Room 109 Bloemfontein 9300 Academic Avenue South South Africa University of the Free State 205 Nelson Mandela Drive Park West Bloemfontein Telephone: Email: +27(0)51 401 2418/2646/2225 [email protected] PV93 Dr HF Verwoerd FILE NO SERIES SUB-SERIES DESCRIPTION DATES 1/1/1 1. SUBJECT 1/1 Afrikaner Correspondence regarding the Ossewa 1939-1947 FILES unity movements Brandwag-movement, Dr D.F. Malan's rejection of the Ossewa Brandwag- movement and National-Socialistic attitudes; the New Order-movement of Adv. Oswald Pirow; plea for the acknowledgement of Gen. J.B.M. Hertzog as Afrikaner leader in order to sustain Afrikaner- unity; Dr Verwoerd's view as chief editor of Die Transvaler regarding reporting on the Ossewa Brandwag-movement and tie Opposition; notes of Dr Verwoerd regarding the enmity between the leaders of the Ossewa Brandwag and the National Party; minutes of meetings concerning Afrikaner-unity. 1/1/2 1. SUBJECT 1/1 Afrikaner Cuttings regarding Gen. E.A. Conroy on 1941-1942 FILES unity movements the future of the Afrikaner Party after the war; Dr J.F.J. Van Rensburg, leader of the Ossewa Brandwag, concerning republicanism; Adv. Oswald Pirow and the New Order Party; differences of opinion between the Re-united Party and the Ossewa Brandwag-movement and the rejection of the political ideals of the Ossewa Brandwag 1/1/3 1.
    [Show full text]
  • “Focusing on the Future” Congress Outlines the Challenges
    RECORD OF THE KWANALU CONGRESS HELD ON THURSDAY, 12 SEPTEMBER 2013 AT THE ROYAL SHOW, PIETERMARITZBURG CONGRESS THEME “Focusing on the Future” Congress outlines the challenges and opportunities of current day activities and the role of the agricultural sector in KwaZulu-Natal 1. Registration 2. Welcome The Chairman, Brian Aitken, called the meeting to order and welcomed the guests, amongst others, John Black, an Honorary Life Vice-President of Kwanalu, Robin Barnsley and his wife Sharon, Cyril Xaba, Per Bjorvig, Andries Geyser, Edgar Dhlomo, Students from Weston and Cedara Colleges, SAPS members, various Department officials, sponsors and the press. Apologies had been recorded on the attendance register. He explained that after a review by the Board and Manco, the day’s proceedings would run a little differently as in the past. There would be a longer tea break followed by the Guest Speakers and lunch would move to after the conclusion of Congress. 3. Scripture reading and prayer Andy Buchan opened Congress with a scripture reading and a prayer. He read from Romans 5, 3-5. He said we all went through trials and tribulations but we hold onto hope. We can put our hope in the Lord who never changes. He opened the Congress with a prayer. 4. Motions The Chairman requested Congress to stand for a moment’s silence in remembrance of the three members of Kwanalu, Jannie Boshoff, Jannie Kemp and Theuns van Rensburg who had tragically perished in a light aeroplane crash returning home after last year’s Congress and all those who had lost loved ones as well as those who had been victims of crime since the 2012 Congress.
    [Show full text]
  • Changing Political Cleavages in 21 Western Democracies, 1948-2020 Amory Gethin, Clara Martínez-Toledano, Thomas Piketty
    Brahmin Left versus Merchant Right: Changing Political Cleavages in 21 Western Democracies, 1948-2020 Amory Gethin, Clara Martínez-Toledano, Thomas Piketty To cite this version: Amory Gethin, Clara Martínez-Toledano, Thomas Piketty. Brahmin Left versus Merchant Right: Changing Political Cleavages in 21 Western Democracies, 1948-2020. 2021. halshs-03226118 HAL Id: halshs-03226118 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03226118 Preprint submitted on 14 May 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. World Inequality Lab – Working Paper N° 2021/15 Brahmin Left versus Merchant Right: Changing Political Cleavages in 21 Western Democracies, 1948-2020 Amory Gethin Clara Martínez-Toledano Thomas Piketty May 2021 Brahmin Left versus Merchant Right: Changing Political Cleavages in 21 Western Democracies, 1948-2020 Amory Gethin Clara Martínez-Toledano Thomas Piketty May 5, 2021 Abstract This paper provides new evidence on the long-run evolution of political cleavages in 21 Western democracies by exploiting a new database on the vote by socioeconomic characteristic covering over 300 elections held between 1948 and 2020. In the 1950s-1960s, the vote for democratic, labor, social democratic, socialist, and affiliated parties was associated with lower-educated and low-income voters.
    [Show full text]