The Human Values Scale Findings from the European Social

The Human Values Scale 3

CONTENTS THE

European Social Survey 3 As the European Social Our tenth round will include core Survey (ESS) approaches 20 questions on climate change and The Human Values Scale 7 energy, crime and , cis- years of , we When considering new policies, Convergence on political crimination, economic justice and 8 present a compendium of in the past were values? academic based on , health and wellbeing, immigration, media consumption, Predictors of opposition the Schwarz human vales 10 political attitudes and participation, often ignorant of their citizens’ to immigration scale section of our survey satisfaction with and preferences and needs. Now Do values matter for Our survey was first developed at trust in , , trust in 12 behaviour? the European Science Founda- other people and institutions and European governments have a tion in 1995, intended to provide Social trust and welfare. 14 academics, researchers and policy source for counteracting that similarity We also ask questions on socio- makers the tools required to map demographics, so responses to ignorance. The geography of human and measure social attitudes, be- 16 questions can be analysed by age, values liefs and behaviours between and gender, economic profile, ethnicity across European nations. Wellbeing, the and a range of other factors. environment and 20 Every two years since 2002/03, In each round we also include moral values around 1,500 face-to-face inter- Professor Sir Roger Jowell CBE the 21-item human values scale views are conducted in partici- Co-founder of the European Social Survey The link between (or portrait values ), pating countries. Individuals are personal values and 23 which is a series of statements selected by strict random probabil- frequency of drinking developed by Shalom H. Schwartz ity methods at every stage using to understand the moral values of Value differences frames of individuals, the respondent. between parents 24 households or addresses. They and non-parents represent the entire residential Shalom has very kindly written an

Did the great recession population aged 15 and over in introduction to the human values 26 impact human values? each country. scale and the research presented in this publication on page 7. Human values around Since Round 9 was completed in 28 the world 2018/19, over 425,000 We hope you enjoy this Findings have taken place. Booklet, and we thank all the au- ESS resources: Data, thors for their research and excel- 30 Over 200 questions - all carefully learning and publications lent contributions. translated into each language - are asked in each round of the survey. Most are repeated every round, though we also cover two topics proposed by researchers from all scientific disciplines. 4 www.europeansocialsurvey.org The Human Values Scale 5

ROTATING MODULES ARE SELECTED FOR PARTICIPATING COUNTRIES EACH ROUND

The ESS aims to gather 38 countries have participated have taken part in every round of 3 survey data from as many in at least one round of the ESS the ESS. The ESS currently has European nations as since the first round was fielded in the largest number of members of ROUND 3 possible - the wider the 2002/03. Up until the ninth itera- any European Research Infrastruc- 2006/07 coverage, the richer the data tion of our survey, 15 countries ture Consortium (ERIC). • Personal and social wellbeing 2 • The timing of life

ROUND 2 4 9 ROUNDS 4 ROUNDS 2 ROUNDS 2004/05 1. Belgium 28. Greece 32. Albania • Work, and wellbeing 1 • Health care seeking 2. Finland 29. Iceland 33. Luxembourg 3. France 34. Romania • Economic morality ROUND 4 2008/09 4. Germany 3 ROUNDS 35. Turkey 5 5. Hungary ROUND 1 • Attitudes to age and ageism 30. Croatia 2002/03 • Welfare 6. Ireland 1 ROUND 31. Latvia • 7. The 36. Kosovo • Immigration ROUND 5 8. Norway 37. Montenegro 2010/11 9. Poland • Work, family and 38. Serbia 10. Portugal 2 6 wellbeing in recession 11. Slovenia 26 • Trust in justice 29 12. 13. 13 ROUND 6 10 14. Switzerland 8 2012/13 • Personal and social wellbeing 15. United Kingdom 19 7 • Understanding and evaluations of democracy ROUND 10 8 ROUNDS 31 2020/21 • Understandings 9 16. Austria 18 21 ROUND 7 and evaluations 17. Czechia 2014/15 of democracy 18. Denmark 6 • Health inequalities • Digital social 19. Estonia • Immigration ROUND 9 contacts in work 15 9 2018/19 and family life 7 6 ROUNDS 27 • Justice and fairness 1 4 8 • The timing of life 20. Israel 33 17 21. Lithuania 22 22. Slovakia ROUND 8 16 5 3 14 34 2016/17 11 30 • Climate change CORE TOPICS IN ALL ROUNDS 5 ROUNDS and energy • Crime • Religion 23. Bulgaria 38 • Welfare • Democracy and • Social exclusion 23 24. Cyprus 37 MEASURING • Human values • Social trust/trust in 25 36 25. Italy 35 • Immigration institutions 32 ATTITUDES • Media use • Subjective wellbeing 26. Russia 10 12 • National and ethnic identity • Socio-demographics 27. Ukraine 28 SINCE 2002 • Perceived

24 20 6 www.europeansocialsurvey.org The Human Values Scale 7

THE EUROPEAN SOCIAL SURVEY THE HUMAN VALUES SCALE

The European Social Survey (ESS) has always included a 21-item measure of human values: the Human Values Scale or Portrait Values Questionnaire. The scale was designed 1995 by Shalom H. Schwartz (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem) to classify respondents according to their basic value orientations. Here, the Israeli psychologist introduces the The development of the ESS was led Theory of Basic Human Values and how we measure them in our survey. by Professor Sir Roger Jowell (UK) and Professor Max Kaase (Germany) at the European Science Foundation (ESF) When we refer to people’s val- Every language has thousands of ible any two values are, the closer 2001 ues, we mean the deeply rooted, specific value terms. Scientists they are going around the circle, Launched in 2001, the first round of the abstract orientations that help to must reduce this abundance to a and the more in conflict, the more survey was conducted in 2002/03 guide, justify or explain people’s manageable yet comprehensive distant. The more important a opinions, attitudes and actions. set in order to work with values. value is in the hierarchy, the more 2005 These orientations help to predict The 21-item ESS scale measures it influences opinions, behaviours The ESS became the first and to explain people’s opinions, ten broad values intended to and policies. When a value comes project to win the annual Descartes Prize attitudes and behaviour patterns. cover the full range of narrower into play, the conflicting values in Moreover, they influence - and for Excellence in Scientific Collaborative values that people in all the circle are activated too. So are influenced by - social, politi- share. The theory underlying decisions result from trade-offs Research, awarded by the cal and economic changes within 2006, 2008, 2010 the scale assumes that values between opposing values (e.g. . Rigorously measuring Included on European Strategy Forum on developed through evolution as security vs. stimulation; autonomy Research Infrastructures (ESFRI) Roadmap value differences between people and countries and changes in the a vehicle for humans to commu- vs. conformity). The influence of nicate about their fundamental values often occurs outside of 2013 importance and distributions of val- ues was one of the primary motiva- needs and to coordinate with conscious awareness Awarded European Research Infrastructure tions for the ESS. others in satisfying them. Three Consortium (ERIC) status by the European types of universal needs gave rise Values are involved in a wide Commission The absence of a comprehen- to values: biological needs, needs variety of personal and policy 2016 sive, well-tested and analytically- for interpersonal cooperation, and decisions and they are sensitive to The ESS ERIC was recognised powerful set of tools for measuring groups’ needs for welfare and sur- societal pressures and changes. as an ESFRI Landmark underlying values across nations vival. Values express these needs Both personal and collective val- challenged the ESS planners. Ex- as motivating goals (e.g. security, ues change quite slowly, but they isting surveys and validated scales 2019 kindness, , achievement, do change. The studies summa- focused on specific topics. Even rized in this booklet illustrate some Research using Google Scholar found combined, they did not provide the tradition). that 4,913 English-language academic of what we have learned about needed comprehensive, theory- We all recognize the same ten values. publications were based on ESS data based integration of the domain basic values, but we differ in how of basic values. Consequently, 2020 2020 important we consider each as a they asked me to develop a values guiding principle. That is, every Awarded the Lijphart/Przeworski/Verba Over 180,000 people have registered scale for the ESS, grounded in Dataset Award 2020 by the Comparative to use or download ESS data for free my theory of basic human values person, group, or country has Politics Section of the American Political that had been tested and validated its own importance hierarchy of Science Association internationally. values. The ten values form a circle in which the more compat- 8 www.europeansocialsurvey.org The Human Values Scale 9

Developments in intraclass correlations for personal and political values and political trust CONVERGENCE ON POLITICAL VALUES? A (ESS Round 1 - Round 8)

MULTI-LEVEL ANALYSIS OF DEVELOPMENTS 25% IN 15 EU COUNTRIES 2002-2016 LGBT-aversion Migrants enrich Pepijn van Houwelingen, Jurjen Iedema and Paul Dekker of The Netherlands Institute Trust national parliament for Social Research - SCP - analysed several survey items to better understand political Important that government is strong and ensures safety 20% values. As well as attitudes towards homosexuality, migrants and trust in national and Europhilism European Parliaments, the authors analysed three Schwartz indicators. Important that people are treated equally and have equal opportunities Trust European parliament Basic core political values such as countries, except for one core po- LGBT-aversion, for example, has Important to care for nature and environment the desirability of immigration, the litical value indicator: europhilism been declining in Northwest Eu- 15% acceptance of LGBTs and the wish (i.e. ‘ should rope while the trend lines are more for further European integration dif- go further’). However, europhilism or less flat in the Czech Republic fer considerably across EU mem- and also trust in the European Par- and actually increases in Hungary. ber states. This has already been liament has in general decreased Overall LGBT-acceptance however 10% noted by for example Inglehard and across Europe implicating that the has increased and this is in line Baker (2000).1 From a perspective opinions and underlying political with European Union values, there- of European integration a gradual values of the citizens of these 15 fore from this more ‘substantive’ convergence in core political values EU countries have probably grown perspective, integration has indeed across European Union countries more similar in only one aspect: a occurred. 5% would be expected and also con- growing aversion towards further In general, the countries in North- sidered to be beneficial. According European integration. west Europe look alike as far as to this hypothesis, differences in In other words, our hypothesis has their core political values and politi- core political values of respondents not been confirmed. Considerable cal trust in one’s national parlia- 0% between countries should gradually value differences between EU ment and the European Parliament 2002/032004/05 2006/072008/09 2010/112012/13 2014/152016/17 decline, shown by a decrease of countries did and still do exist. For is concerned. Assuming that, in intraclass-correlations across time. example while almost everyone the absence of value convergence Utilizing ESS data and proxy vari- lines along which such a potential and cosmopolitism. The differenc- is, however, not in The Netherlands or Sweden among the 15 EU countries inves- ables for 15 EU countries to mea- breakup could occur. es and the dynamics of change in in the direction that the EU intends, that gays and lesbians tigated, further political integration core political values between these as the countries have become sure these core political values, we Finally, in a paper currently under should be able to live their own within the European Union as a 18 European countries are both more skeptical of EU enlargement. were able to conclude that since review based on lives as they wish, more than 50% whole is difficult. Considering the considerable. Our investigation The trend in individual autonomy is the beginning of this century these Study (EVS) data from 1990 to of Hungarians disagree with this possible increase of euroscepti- arrives at highly diverse conclu- in an EU-desired direction, but is core political values have not con- 2017, we continue this line of re- statement. Developments in public cism and distrust in the European sions about the outcome of the much slower in the former socialist verged within these 15 European search and try to assess the devel- opinion as far as these core politi- Parliament, a future breakup of temporal development, depending countries, which results in diver- opments among 18 EU countries 1. Inglehart, R. and W. Baker (2000). Modern- cal value indicators are concerned the EU is not extremely unlikely. on the political value we analyze. gence on an EU-wide scale. Over- ization, cultural change, and the persistence with regard to on also differ per country, with the The value clusters identified in EU countries have converged on all, the trends and conclusions of traditional values. In: American Sociological nine political value indicators, com- Review, jg. 65, nr. 1, p. 19-51. notable exception of europhilism. this paper may provide the vault redistribution and cosmopolitism converge nicely with our earlier prising three core political values: values, but diverged on individual article based on ESS data. Pepijn van Houwelingen, Jurjen Iedema & Paul Dekker (2019) Convergence on political values? A multi-level analysis of developments in 15 EU countries redistribution, individual autonomy 2002-2016, Journal of European Integration, 41:5, 587-604, DOI: 10.1080/07036337.2018.1537270 autonomy. The overall change in 10 www.europeansocialsurvey.org The Human Values Scale 11

autonomy cultural values, individ- to when individual human values In these societies people have a DIRECT AND INDIRECT PREDICTORS OF OPPOSITION ual values take a more prominent may become relevant for behav- stronger tendency to pursue ac- TO IMMIGRATION IN EUROPE: INDIVIDUAL VALUES, role in explaining the formation of ioral and attitudinal explanations tions and hold beliefs or attitudes attitudes toward immigration. in other contexts. In less socially that are more in accordance with CULTURAL VALUES, AND SYMBOLIC THREAT embedded and more autonomous the motivations underlying these This last finding is potentially rel- societies, where a higher impor- individual values. Thus, it is more In a summary of an article first published by the Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, evant for the study of values and tance is placed for the realization likely that we may find a stronger Eldad Davidov, Daniel Seddig, Anastasia Gorodzeisky, Rebeca Raijman, Peter Schmidt and their consequences in general. of individual goals, there seems explanatory power of individual Moshe Semyonov assessed values in the context of attitudes towards immmigration. That is, the finding is not only rel- to be a stronger inclination to values when studying the forma- evant to understanding attitudes The arrival of immigrants in Europe to what extent universalism and ing the opportunity to examine activate individual human values, tion of other forms of attitudes in the context of immigration, in the last decades has been ac- conformity/tradition values are the relationship between values, follow them, and live by them. and behaviour in these societies. but it also provides insights as companied by a public debate on associated with negative senti- threat and attitudes towards im- the willingness of Europeans to ac- ments toward immigration. Sec- migration across a large set of cept immigrants, their fear that Eu- ond, it investigates whether values countries in Europe. The effects of individual and country-level values on attitudes toward immigration ropean societies will change their provide a distant or a rather The study supported the theoreti- identity, and the negative attitudes proximate explanation of attitudes cal expectations set forth by the that large population groups have toward immigration by testing if Cultural values authors. That is, first, it found that Between countries developed toward immigrants. The (symbolic) threat due to immigra- universalism values were associ- sociological literature includes a tion mediates this relation. In other ated with lower (symbolic) threat large body of studies that have words, the study explores if values due to immigration, whereas tried to explain these attitudes and explain directly these attitudes, or conformity/tradition values with a Within countries how they are formed. whether values at first increase or higher threat. Second, threat due decrease the levels of threat due Alongside sociodemographic to immigration was associated to immigration, which then in turn characteristics like age, education with more negative sentiments Conformity/Tradition Universalism form attitudes toward immigra- and income, contextual variables toward immigration. Third, in most tion. Finally, the study examines at the country level have also been cases threat was only part of the if cultural (rather than individual) introduced to explain in a theoreti- values-attitudes toward immigra- values moderate the associations cally driven way how competitive tion mechanism, as values had a between individual values and atti- threat (i.e. fear of competition), im- further independent effect on atti- tudes towards immigration across Threat migration policies, or media reports tudes toward immigration beyond countries and are responsible for increase negative attitudes toward threat. In other words, in most differences in strength of these immigration, and why individuals countries, values still operated as relationships across countries. and countries differ in the intensity a proximate explanatory factor of of such attitudes. The test of these expectations attitudes toward immigration even Attitudes to was done by employing the after introducing threat as a me- immigration This study contributes to this body 2014/2015 data from the immi- diator of this link. Finally, the study of literature by introducing human gration module of the European provided support for the expecta- values as a potential explanatory n Social Survey (ESS). The data in- tion that in societies character- factor of negative attitudes both on cluded more than 35,000 respon- ized by lower levels of the social the individual and country levels. dents covering 19 west and east embeddedness and higher levels Eldad Davidov, Daniel Seddig, Anastasia Gorodzeisky, Rebeca Raijman, Peter Schmidt & Moshe Semyonov (2020) Direct and indirect predictors of First, it examines whether and opposition to immigration in Europe: individual values, cultural values, and symbolic threat, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 46:3, 553-573, DOI: European countries, thus provid- of the intellectual and affective 10.1080/1369183X.2018.1550152 12 www.europeansocialsurvey.org The Human Values Scale 13

DO VALUES MATTER FOR BEHAVIOUR?

Andrew Miles (University of Toronto) analysed ESS Round 2 data on human values and Proportion of behaviours predicted in each country by levels of personal freedom (ESS Round 2) 15 behaviours, alongside data on personal rights, freedoms, and tolerance as rated by the Social Index. 1.0 Values are abstract ideals that Across nations, social behaviours A second study hints at why val- are thought to serve as guiding (e.g. meeting with friends) were ues might be important for behav- principles. However, questions most consistently related to val- iour. Values are abstract, which 0.9 remain about how much values ues, followed by political activism seems to suggest that they can Germany actually matter for how people live and helping others. only influence behaviour if people their lives. To address this, I used have time to consider how to Values, then, do seem to matter 0.8 Finland second round ESS data to exam- apply them. However, I found the for what people do. However, how ine whether two ori- opposite. Individuals high in other- much values matter varies across entations help explain behaviours oriented values behaved fairly and France Austria nations. Value orientations predict- related to religion, social activities, generously toward others, but only 0.7 ed the most behaviours in coun- United Kingdom family relationships, helping, hon- when their ability to think carefully Greece Netherlands Ireland tries that were high in personal esty, and politics. was blocked, forcing them to rely rights, freedoms, and tolerance Poland Belgium on automatically activated “gut In total, I examined fifteen behav- as rated by the Social Progress 0.6 Slovak Republic Estonia Sweden reactions.” Considerable research Czech Republic Switzerland iours in twenty-five European na- Index. Arguably, this is because indicates that people’s behaviour tions. At least one of the two value these nations permit individuals Slovenia Denmark Iceland is heavily shaped by these sort of orientations predicted behaviours more latitude in deciding how to Spain Norway automatic thought processes, so 0.5 in every country, and every type of behave, which allows their per- the ability of values to operate in Turkey Portugal behaviour was tied to values in at sonal motivations to play a greater this way could explain why they least a few countries. role in shaping what they do. predict many types of behaviours Proportion of behaviours predicted by values 0.4 across many different contexts. Ukraine 0.3 Hungary

0.2 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Personal freedom score

Miles A. The (Re)genesis of Values: Examining the Importance of Values for Action. American Sociological Review. 2015;80(4):680-704. doi:10.1177/0003122415591800 Data source: ESS round 2 (2004) and (2014). Design weights applied to ESS data. 14 www.europeansocialsurvey.org The Human Values Scale 15

Strength of the relationship between the mean level of social trust and value similarity by country SOCIAL TRUST AND VALUE SIMILARITY: THE (ESS Round 6) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIAL TRUST AND HUMAN VALUES IN EUROPE Mai Beilmann and Laur Lilleoja analysed ESS Round 6 data measuring levels of social trust and human values to understand the relationship between the two.

There is a stronger positive rela- The relationship between so- The value similarity and social tionship between value similarity cial trust and human values was trust are most strongly related and social trust in Scandinavian examined in a of 51,308 among Scandinavians, while for countries, which have high social people across 29 European coun- Western Europeans the positive trust levels, while in countries with tries using data from the Euro- relationship between value simi- -0.2 to -0.1 a low level of social trust, congruity pean Social Survey Round 6. larity and trust is weaker, and for of the personal value structure with Social trust levels vary consider- Eastern and Southern Europeans -0.1 to 0 the country level value structure ably between European countries: slightly negative. Therefore, our tends to decrease the individual’s 0 to 0.1 the most trusting societies are the results suggest that value similar- trustfulness. ity is more important in generat- Scandinavian countries (Den- 0.1 to 0.2 Social trust - the willingness to mark, Norway, Finland, Iceland ing individual level social trust in trust others, even total strangers, and Sweden), followed by the countries where the overall levels 0.2 to -0.3 without the expectation that they Netherlands, German and English of social trust are higher. will immediately reciprocate that speaking countries and Estonia. Based on the European data, it trust or favour - is often consid- Social trust levels are lower in the seems likely that certain types of ered the glue that holds Southern and Eastern parts of value structures are sustaining together and facilitates coopera- Europe. social trust at the individual level tion between people. It has been Our results suggest that value and there are higher levels of so- claimed that people tend to trust similarity is more important in cial trust in countries where such people who are more like them and generating individual level so- types of value structures prevail share similar values. As this sug- cial trust in countries where the among inhabitants. gests that people find it easier to overall levels of social trust are trust total strangers if their values higher. There is a stronger positive are similar to the prevailing values relationship between value similar- in the society, we analysed wheth- ity and social trust in countries, er value similarity may foster the which have high social trust levels, social trust in society and whether while in countries with a low level people have higher levels of social Data source: ESS Round 6 (2012/ 13). Post-stratification weights applied. of social trust, congruity of the trust when they emphasise the Note: Social Trust Index was computed based on the average of the standardised scores of trust, honesty, and helpfulness items. An individual level Value personal value structure with the same values that prevail in their similarity measure was created for each individual by estimating a rank order values for all the 21 value indicators of Human values scales, which were country level value structure tends country. then correlated with the value hierarchy based on country-level average scores. Darker colours indicate a stronger relationship. to decrease the individual’s trust- Beilmann, M., & Lilleoja, L. (2015). Social trust and value similarity: the relationship between social trust and human values in Europe. Studies of Transition fulness. States and Societies, 7(2), 19-30. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-455248 16 www.europeansocialsurvey.org The Human Values Scale 17

The unadjusted means for four value orientation in different domiciles and 95% confidence THE GEOGRAPHY OF intervals (ESS Round 7) HUMAN VALUES Besides the between-country differences there are significant geographical patterns on human values emerging in other spatial scales, writes Mikko Weckroth and Teemu Self enhancement Self transcendence Kemppainen (University of Helsinki, Finland)

Country village or farm/home in Country village or farm/home in countryside countryside Human geographers and regional More specifically, we examined Overall, the maps reveal a picture scientist often contribute to under- the cross-sectional association where Western Europe and the Town or small city Town or small city standing of our societies by noting of three value orientations (self- have already there exists significant spatial direction, achievement and power) moved to the post-materialistic Big city incl. suburbs and outskirts Big city incl. suburbs and outskirts variation on human activity beyond from 6th round of the European phase of the modernization -1.9 -1.7 -1.5 -1.3 -1.1 the obvious country level framing. Social Survey with the level of process characterized by high 1.11.3 1.51.7 1.9 Furthermore, understanding this Gross Domestic Product (GDP) levels of economic performance, place-based human functioning is in 289 NUTS regions. We ex- self-expression values and modest of central importance for several amined this relationship through regional disparities. Openess to change Conservation research perspectives in human, spatial and geographic regres- In certain areas the culture-eco- Country village or farm/home in cultural and political geography. sions but also by making maps Country village or farm/home in nomic developmental patterns countryside countryside of regionally aggregated human For example, economic geogra- appear especially evident, for values. Town or small city phers have recently noted that example in the case of the Iberian Town or small city integrating behavioural aspects This visualization of the human Peninsula with a distinct differ- into theories of regional develop- values provided a snapshot of the ence between Spain and Portugal Big city incl. suburbs and outskirts Big city incl. suburbs and outskirts ment offers significant potential for current state of overall develop- in addition to clear north–south exploring long-term evolutionary ment - both cultural and economic pattern within Portugal in both -0.7 -0.5 -0.3 -0.1 0.1 -0.1 0.10.3 0.50.7 patterns of development. Follow- - in contemporary Europe. This GDP and ‘value climate’. Addi- ing these notes we investigated picture should be primarily inter- tionally, London emerges as an the relationship between human preted as an outcome of intercon- anomaly in the western context As an addition to interregional to change vs. Conservation re- ESS data can utilized to examine values and economic performance nected and path-dependent his- due to its ‘value climate’ resem- comparisons, the other spatial sults show a pattern where urban several topical research perspec- in European regions. torical and institutional processes. bling more Eastern than Western pattern of perennial interest in hu- context is associated with higher tives such as geography of human Europe despite its exceptionally man geography is the urban-rural Openness to change and lower capital and innovation, as well as high economic performance. gradient or continuum. Here our Conservation orientations. exploring the value based founda- results show that value orientation tions behind the emergent geog- In conclusion, the spatial variation for Self-enhancement, empha- raphies of populism and discon- human values is a key component sizing self-interest, social rivalry tent. for understanding the intertwined and superiority, shows signs of geographies of economic growth, rural-urban gradient where higher and different forms of values can be found in a more wellbeing and development. More- urban context. Concerning the Mikko Weckroth & Teemu Kemppainen (2016) Human capital, cultural values and economic performance in European regions, Regional Studies, Regional over, geographically referenced Science, 3:1, 239-257, DOI: 10.1080/21681376.2016.1177467 bipolar dimension on Openness 18 www.europeansocialsurvey.org The Human Values Scale 19

Self-Direction value by NUTS regions (ESS Round 6) Achievement value by NUTS regions (ESS Round 6)

-0.05 to 0.4 (57) -0.3 to -0.05 (62) -0.48 to -0.3 (62) -0.72 to -0.48 (59) -1.2 to -0.72 (55)

Power value by NUTS regions (ESS Round 6)

0.51 to 0.93 (50) 0.37 to 0.51 (87) 0.23 to 0.37 (77) 0.01 to 0.23 (52) -0.96 to 0.01 (28)

Mikko Weckroth & Teemu Kemppainen (2016) Human capital, cultural values and economic performance in European regions, Regional Studies, Regional Science, 3:1, 239-257, DOI: 10.1080/21681376.2016.1177467 20 www.europeansocialsurvey.org The Human Values Scale 21

Regression Coefficients. Dependent variable: . Independent variable: WELLBEING, THE ENVIRONMENT green self- image (ESS Round 1-7) AND MORAL VALUES Heinz Welsch and Jan Kühling (University of Oldenburg) analysed European Social Survey data collected over the first seven rounds (2002-15) to understand the relationship between subjective wellbeing and "green" values. A second paper by Welsch - summarised on page 22 - assessed human values in the context of our Round 8 (2016/17) climate change data.

Social science research on subjec- Additionally, the paper studied In addition, it was found that the tive wellbeing has initially focused which contextual factors may wellbeing benefit of holding a on the relationship between happi- explain such a relationship. green self-image is greater in so- ness or life satisfaction and objec- Pertinent hypotheses were that cieties that display more unanim- tive circumstances such as wealth endorsement of green values ity (less polarization) with respect or labour market status. More re- endows people with satisfaction to pro-environmental attitudes. In- cently, an interest has emerged in from conforming to a society-wide voking the notion of social norms linkages between subjective well- green norm or, alternatively, that as shared agreements about what being and behaviours and human it helps people to bolster a green is appropriate and inappropriate, values. A branch of this literature group identity. the latter finding suggests that has found that people engaging part of the wellbeing benefit from Using almost 230,000 observa- in environment-friendly behaviours holding pro-environmental val- tions from the first seven rounds display higher levels of life satisfac- ues derives from conformity to a of the ESS, the paper found a tion, consistent with the idea of a . significantly positive relationship psychological “warm glow” from between life satisfaction and a behaving non-selfishly. green self-image in a pool of 35 A paper published by Heinz Wel- European countries and in the sch and Jan Kühling from the Uni- majority of individual countries. versity of Oldenburg in Germany In the pooled analysis, the differ- has investigated whether a similar ence in life satisfaction between relationship exists not only be- the lowest and the highest cat- tween people’s life satisfaction and egory of greenness amounted to green behaviours but between life almost one half of the wellbeing satisfaction and the endorsement repercussions of unemployed sta- of environment-friendly - “green” - tus - one of the typically strongest values. threats to life satisfaction.

Heinz Welsch, Jan Kühling: How Green Self Image is Related to Subjective Well-Being: Pro-Environmental Values as a Social Norm, Ecological Dependent variable: 11-point life satisfaction. Independent variable: 6-point pro-environmental values. Regressions include socio-demographic and Economics 149 (2018), 105-119. macroeconomic controls and country and year dummies. 22 www.europeansocialsurvey.org The Human Values Scale 23

THE LINK BETWEEN PERSONAL VALUES AND FREQUENCY OF DRINKING DEPENDS ON CULTURAL VALUES Maksim Rudnev and Christin-Melanie Vauclair assessed ESS Round 7 (2014/15) data to explore the link between link in countries high on Openness values and alcohol consumption. values. Country-level values did not show significant links with average The link between human values of ESS (2014/15) as well as country drinking. and behaviour is one of the key Schwartz’s Human Values Scale. One reason for higher positive questions in cross-cultural psychol- Frequency of drinking was mea- effects of values in more conserva- ogy yet it has not been extensively sured with the following question: Intention to Buy Energy Efficient Appliances (ESS Round 8) tive countries is cultural incentives studied. In particular, individual and “In the last 12 months… how often provided to more conservative Dependent variable: 11-point intention to buy energy efficient appliances. Independent variables: 6-point endorsement of the moral foundations. cultural values were suggested to have you had a drink containing (and thus conforming) individuals Regressions control for age, gender, household size, household income, education level, unemployed status, left-right scale, health status, and urban-rural be linked to alcohol drinking. Existing alcohol?” on a 7-point scale scale and to those who emphasize Self- scale. culture-specific studies found that from “Never” to “Every day”. The Enhancement (motivation for social individuals who valued Openness to results were presented for three The functionalist conception of One of the arguably most important While the Fairness and Care foun- approval), so they are coerced to Change (self-direction, pleasure, and levels of abstraction of values: ten human morality maintains that public goods to which morality may dations are strong and robust pre- less frequent drinking. In contrast, enjoyment) exhibited more frequent basic values, four higher-order moral systems serve as a means for be relevant is the natural environ- dictors of the dependent variables, countries that emphasize intrinsic drinking, whereas those valuing values, as well as two value dimen- enhancing cooperation and facilitat- ment, notably the climate system. A the Loyalty foundation contributes motivations through Openness and Conservation (conformity, tradition, sions. The models included cross- ing the voluntary provision of public paper recently published by Heinz positively only when neglecting the Self-Transcendence values keep and security) drank alcohol less level interactions between values goods by suppressing or regulat- Welsch from the University of Old- nature of climate change mitiga- normative pressure at relatively frequently. At the culture level, we and controlled for personal religios- ing selfishness. Moral psychology enburg, Germany, used data from low levels; therefore expression of tion as a global public good. More expected that higher endorsement of ity, sociability, depression scale, as values through drinking is neither has identified a distinct set of moral 16 West-European countries from generally, in contrast to the individ- Openness and Self-Transcendence well as several socio-demographic rewarded nor sanctioned, leading foundations on which various moral Round 8 of the ESS to investigate ual-focused, universalistic founda- values is associated with more fre- variables. to the paradoxically weaker link of systems rely: Care, Fairness, Lib- whether climate-friendly behaviours tions, the group-focused, parochial quent drinking. In addition, cultures A series of multilevel regressions values with drinking behavior. A erty, Loyalty, Authority, and Sanctity. and the support of climate-friendly foundations are of little direct rel- that promote intrinsic motivations demonstrated, as hypothesized, negative link of drinking frequency Endorsement of these moral values regulations are shaped by endorse- evance to climate change mitigation through emphasizing Openness to that more frequent drinking was with Self-Transcendence (vs. Self- can be found across various cul- ment of the moral foundations. The – consistent with the benefit from Change and Self-Transcendence associated with higher individual- Enhancement) in countries high tures, societies, and socio-economic paper found that using the moral mitigation extending beyond the in- values could encourage people to level Openness to Change (vs. on Openness can be explained by groups, though to different degrees. foundations in addition to standard express their personal values in all group (family, neighborhood, region, Conservation). However, in con- the lack of the normative pressure kinds of value-expressive behaviours In particular, cultural differences exist explanatory variables improves or nation) to which these moral trast to our expectations, this link accompanied by an intrinsic motiva- including drinking, therefore leading with respect to endorsement of the the explanation of climate-friendly foundations refer. Group-focused was pronounced only in more tion to behave in a less selfish way to a stronger link between personal individual-focused moral foundations behaviors and endorsement of morality is only of indirect relevance conservative European countries. and drink less, in particular. Overall, values and behaviour. (Care, Fairness, Liberty), which apply climate-friendly regulations consid- as its endorsement fosters general Self-Transcendence (vs. Self-En- this study showed that the value- to all individuals independent of their erably. Comparing different behav- environmental concern. We used data on alcohol consump- hancement) had a positive link with behavior link differs across Europe- membership to one’s group, and the iours, it was found that more costly tion from the “Social Determinants drinking frequency in countries high an countries, yet in a more complex group-focused foundations (Loyalty, behaviour is more morally-motivated in Health” module of the 7th round on Conservation but a negative way than was assumed so far. Authority, Sanctity). than a less costly one. Maksim Rudnev and Christin-Melanie Vauclair: The Link Between Personal Values and Frequency of Drinking Depends on Cultural Values: A Cross- Heinz Welsch: Moral Foundations and Voluntary Public Good Provision: The Case of Climate Change, Ecological Economics 175 (2020), article 106696. Level Interaction Approach, Frontiers in Psychology 9 (2018). 1379. 24 www.europeansocialsurvey.org Exploring public attitudes, informingThe Human public Values policy Scale (3) 25

VALUE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PARENTS AND NON-PARENTS Self-transcendence values (ESS Round 1-7) Sointu Leikas presents research undertaken with University of Helsinki colleagues, Jan-Erik Lönnqvist and Markku Verkasalo, that explored ESS rounds 1-7 data to establish whether human values are affected by parenthood

Values are typically construed as The European Social Survey Overall, the value differences abstract ideals that serve as guid- (ESS) has included a 21-item Por- between parents and non-parents ing principles of one’s life. The trait Value Questionnaire (PVQ) were small, and based on the widely utilized Schwartz’ Value measuring the ten Schwartz’ cross-sectional setting it is not Theory identifies ten basic values values into all rounds. The pres- possible to say whether they re- types that form two higher-order di- ent study utilized Finland’s PVQ flect selection effects (i.e. people mensions: Self-Transcendence vs. data from ESS rounds 1-7 (2002- with higher Self-Transcendence Self-Enhancement (reflecting valu- 15), providing a sample of N = and Conservation values are more ation of caring for and accepting 12,850. Out of these respon- likely to become parents) or life others vs. self-interest and control dents, 8,478 were parents, and transition effects (i.e. becoming a over others) and Conservation vs. 4,280, non-parents. parent causes value shifts to- Openness to change (reflecting wards higher Self-Transcendence Openness to change values (ESS Round 1-7) The results showed that mothers valuation of traditions and norms and Conservation). scored higher on both Conserva- vs. self-directedness and accep- tion and Self-Transcendence than tance of change). non-mothers, and fathers scored The present study investigated higher on Self-Transcendence (but value differences between Finnish not on Conservation) than non- parents and non-parents. Parent- fathers. Thus, parents valued Self- hood can be considered as one Transcendence values more than of the most profound life transi- non-parents, regardless of their tions. Thus, the values of parents sex. Mothers valued Conservation and non-parents were expected to values more than non-mothers, differ. As parenthood represents a but fathers and non-fathers did substantially different experience not differ with regards to Con- for mothers and fathers, sex dif- servation values. The results held ferences in value-parenthood link while controlling for participants’ were also investigated. age and education level.

Source: European Social Survey, waves 1-7 (2002-2016), Finland's data, total N = 12850 (dues to missing values in education and parenthood Jan-Erik Lönnqvist, Sointu Leikas and Markku Verkasalob: Value change in men and women entering parenthood: New mothers' value priorities shift variables, N included in analyses = 12740). Portrait Value Questionnaire was used to compute higher-order value dimensions. Mean values are from a towards Conservation values, Personality and Individual Differences 120 (2018). 47-51. general linear model controlling for respondent age, education level, and ESS wave. Error bars represent 95 % confidence intervals. 2426 www.europeansocialsurvey.org Exploring public attitudes, informingThe Human public Values policy Scale (3) 2527

DID THE GREAT RECESSION Standardized coefficients of human values, social attitudes and well-being regressed on IMPACT HUMAN VALUES? experienced economic hardship (ESS Round 5) Tim Reeskens (Tilburg University) and Leen Vandecasteele (University of Lausanne) explored the effect that the 2008 economic crisis had on human values. This was done by focusing on Round 5 (2010/11) data collected immediately after the economic crisis and comparing it with human values data combined from several waves.

Modernization theory holds that a so-called ‘pseudo-panel’, as it ues are more robust in response values ought to be largely stable gave additional opportunities to to adverse economic experiences. over the lifespan because they are study the influence of the ex- Second, this finding implies that deep-rooted and socialized at a posure to changing economic on average, young people are young age. Opinions and attitudes, contexts. resilient. When confronted with as well as well-being, by contrast, hardship, human values which From numerous angles, our analy- are expected to be more volatile influence our everyday behaviour, sis shows that the experience of because they respond to chang- are rather weakly influenced by economic hardship leads to more ing conditions. To evaluate these material hardship. negative opinions about society: assumptions, zooming in on young young people place less trust in As Europe and other parts of the people during the Great Recession politics and report more depres- world are currently a health crisis makes an interesting case. Initi- sive outlooks of the economy. of unprecedented magnitude, it ated in 2008, this crisis affected Also, people are more depressed begs the question whether the populations of European countries about their individual well-being, COVID-19 pandemic, which in varying magnitude, which allows and rate their health more poorly. started as a health crisis but is us to examine whether values are By contrast, the Schwartz human unfolding as an economic crisis, robust against the exposure to values in our study were largely will present similar outcomes. economic hardship. unaffected by the experience of Our previous findings open up We analyze data of the European economic hardship. a stream of future studies using Social Survey (ESS) in a number ESS data. The implications of our findings of ways. First, we conducted a are twofold. First, combining ESS multi-level analysis of the 2010/11 data for several years over multi- cross-sectional data, which was ple countries confirms that atti- the first ESS-wave fielded after the tudes change when young people start of the economic recession. In are faced with economic hardship a second approach, we combined or a recession, while human val- several ESS-waves and created

Reeskens, T. and Vandecasteele, L. (2017), Hard times and European youth. The effect of economic insecurity on human values, social attitudes and well‐ being. Int J Psychol, 52: 19-27. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12387 2428 www.europeansocialsurvey.org Exploring public attitudes, informingThe Human public Values policy Scale (3) 2529

RELATIONS AMONG HIGHER ORDER Correlations between Openness to Change and Self-Enhancement values (ESS Round 6) VALUES AROUND THE WORLD Using ESS data collected over the first six rounds (2002-13), Maksim Rudnev, Vladimir Magun and Shalom Schwartz also explored data.

The Schwartz theory of basic hu- (2002-13) included a Portrait suggested that overall the higher man values represents values as a Values Questionnaire that allowed order values formed a single circular structure organized by the accurate comparison of the four dimension that opposed the two content of their underlying motiva- higher order values. It provided social focused values (Conserva- tional goals. The closer the values survey data from national repre- tion and Self-Transcendence) to in this circle, the more compat- sentative samples across over 30 the two person focused values ible for pursuing goals, the more countries, collected biennually. (Openness to Change and Self- distant, the more in conflict. This Additionally, the fifth and sixth Enhancement). waves of the World Values Survey theoretical structure has been con- However, this unidimensional used a very short version of the firmed across more than a hundred structure did not hold in all coun- Portrait Values Questionnaire and cultures. However, it is a common tries. The correlations between provided data from 52 countries misconception that compatibility Openness to Change and Self- across the world in each wave. and conflict in this structure neces- Enhancement and between Con- Overall, the data included about sarily imply positive and negative servation and Self-Transcendence half a million respondents located correlations, respectively. The pres- varied systematically across in 104 countries. ent study examined the actual cor- countries. The Figure shows the relations between the four higher Analysis was conducted in three correlations between Openness order values that encompass the steps. First, we computed correla- to Change and Self-Enhancement ten basic values: Openness to tions between higher-order values values for the countries in the Change (including self-direction, within each sample. Second, we 6th round of ESS. These cor- stimulation, and hedonism), Con- aggregated these correlations relations varied across European servation (including security, tradi- within and across surveys by countries both in magnitude and tion, and conformity), Self-Tran- means of meta-analytical regres- direction, from the most negative scendence (including universalism, even after controlling for the level be organized along a single social ing high priority to Openness sion. Third, we examined the in France to the most positive in care for all people and nature and of education and income inequal- versus person focus dimension to Change values implies highly moderating role of country-level the Slovak Republic. The correla- benevolence towards close ones), ity. In more developed countries, in less developed countries but valuing Self-Enhancement values covariates on these correlations. tions between Conservation and and Self-Enhancement (including the correlations were closer along two dimensions in more too, but these values are relatively On average, Openness to Change Self-Transcendence (not shown) power and achievement). to zero. As a result, a second developed countries. independent in more developed values correlated positively with varied from the most negative in value dimension emerged in more countries. The findings also make These results add to the under- We used three different sources of Self-Enhancement and Conserva- Switzerland to the most positive developed countries, making for clear that the focus of values on standing of cultural differences. data. The Schwartz Value Survey tion values correlated positively in the Slovak Republic. a more complex value structure. personal vs. social outcomes is was used the most comprehensive with Self-Transcendence. The This dimension opposed Growth universal, but people must expe- The variation in these correlations associated not only with the value questionnaire but only surveyed other correlations between the values (Openness to Change rience some level of economic was associated with the country's priorities prevalent in a country, teachers and students. Six rounds higher order values were nega- and Self-Transcendence) to Self- security before they distinguish level of economic development, but with the relationships among of the European Social Survey tive. This pattern of correlations Protection values (Conservation Growth values from Self-Protec- the values. For instance, in less and Self-Enhancement). Thus, tion values. Rudnev M, Magun V, Schwartz S. Relations Among Higher Order Values Around the World. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 2018;49(8):1165- developed countries, attribut- 1182. doi:10.1177/0022022118782644 relations among values tended to

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March 2021