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African and African-American Traditions in Language Arts

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African and African-American Traditions in Language Arts Portland Public Schools Geocultural Baseline Essay Series African and African-American Traditions in Language Arts by Joyce Braden Harris Biographical Sketch of the Author Joyce Braden Harris is the co-founder and director of the Black Educational Center in Portland, Oregon. The center operates a school and the Talking Drum Bookstore and sponsors various educational and cultural events. Ms. Harris was educated at Reed College (B.A. in American Studies), Oregon State University (B.A. in Elementary Education), and Portland State University (M.S. in Education). Ms. Harris is a curriculum consultant for Portland Public Schools and has conducted workshops nationally on topics related to African and African-American history and culture. PPS Geocultural Baseline Essay Series AUTHOR: Harris SUBJECT: Language Arts CONTENTS Content Page BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE AUTHOR.............................................................................................. I CONTENTS ..........................................................................................................................................................II INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................1 ORAL TRADITION..............................................................................................................................................3 FOLKTALES......................................................................................................................................................5 PROVERBS........................................................................................................................................................6 RIDDLES............................................................................................................................................................7 TALKING DRUMS...............................................................................................................................................8 ROCK PAINTINGS ..............................................................................................................................................9 EGYPTIAN LITERARY ORIGINS..................................................................................................................12 OLD KINGDOM .................................................................................................................................................12 MIDDLE KINGDOM..........................................................................................................................................12 NEW KINGDOM..............................................................................................................................................14 BOOK OF THE DEAD.....................................................................................................................................15 LATE KINGDOM ............................................................................................................................................19 THE DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING.............................................................................................................19 HIEROGLYPHS...............................................................................................................................................20 AFRICAN WRITERS OF THE ANCIENT WORLD .....................................................................................21 CONTEMPORARY AFRICAN LITERATURE..............................................................................................23 WORLD-RENOWNED WRITERS OF AFRICAN DESCENT .....................................................................25 THE DEVELOPMENT OF AFRICAN-AMERICAN SPEECH ....................................................................26 FEATURES OF AFRICAN-AMERICAN SPEECH........................................................................................30 AFRICANISMS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE .........................................................................................33 SPIRITUALS .......................................................................................................................................................38 SURVEY OF AFRICAN-AMERICAN LITERATURE FROM 1746 TO 1984 ............................................42 SLAVE NARRATIVES..........................................................................................................................................47 AUTOBIOGRAPHIES ...........................................................................................................................................47 PERIODICALS................................................................................................................................................49 THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE....................................................................................................................54 1930-1940 .........................................................................................................................................................60 1940-1960 .......................................................................................................................................................62 1960-1984 .......................................................................................................................................................64 AFRICAN-AMERICANS IN CHILDREN'S LITERATURE PRIOR TO 1950 ...........................................67 BLACK CHILDREN'S FOLKLORE................................................................................................................71 LA-ii AUTHOR: Harris SUBJECT: Language Arts CONTEMPORARY BLACK CHILDREN'S LITERATURE (1960-1984) ...................................................74 CHILDREN'S LITERATURE 6TH - 12TH GRADE.......................................................................................77 ILLUSTRATORS................................................................................................................................................81 SUMMARY..........................................................................................................................................................82 REFERENCES....................................................................................................................................................83 APPENDIXES......................................................................................................................................................88 A: BACKGROUND READING FOR TEACHERS .........................................................................................88 B: SELECTED CHILDREN'S BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................89 C: AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS ..................................................................................................................95 INDEX...................................................................................................................................................................99 LA-iii AUTHOR: Harris SUBJECT: Language Arts AFRICAN AND AFRICAN-AMERICAN TRADITIONS IN LANGUAGE ARTS by Joyce Braden Harris INTRODUCTION This survey of African-American Literature is not limited to the literary accomplishments of Africans in the U.S., although this will be the primary focus. This essay will "return to the source, "Africa, the world center of culture and learning in antiquity to pay homage to "literary ancestors" who influenced world literature and ultimately provided the cultural blueprint for African-American literature. This cultural reality is important because it provides Africans in the U.S. and the Diaspora with a frame of reference based on African traditions of excellence and achievement that have spanned thousands of years. J. Mason Brewer describes the cultural legacy of African-Americans in his introduction to American Negro Folklore: "Probably no people have been so completely the bearers of tradition as the African slave immigrants. They brought with them no material possessions to aid in preserving the arts and customs of their homeland. Yet, though empty-handed perforce, they carried in their minds and hearts a treasure of complex musical forms, dramatic speeches, and imaginative stories, which they perpetuated through the vital art of self-expressions."1 LA-1 AUTHOR: Harris SUBJECT: Language Arts The study of African-American literature has been subjected to the same myths, omissions, and distortions encountered in studying African-American History. It is important to understand the particular impact that these misconceptions have had on the study of African-American literature: 1. Courses in African-American literature rarely establish literary origins and influences that pre-date slavery. The literature is studied solely in the context of one condition, oppression. African historical and cultural frames of reference are not acknowledged, particularly in terms of the positive impact this conditioning has had on the form and nature of Black literature. 2. Africa is commonly viewed as not having contributed much to world literature. This myth has been carried out by historians who insist that Africans, for the most part, were oral and had no written traditions. Homer, the Bible, and Greek drama came from
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