Environmental Properties of the Water-Filled Ojamo Limestone Quarry, Southern Finland

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Environmental Properties of the Water-Filled Ojamo Limestone Quarry, Southern Finland doi:10.3723/ut.31.167 Underwater Technology, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 167–177, 2013 www.sut.org per Environmental properties of the water-filled Ojamo limestone quarry, southern Finland 1,2 2 1,3 1 2 Ari Ruuskanen* , Kimmo Karell , Solomon Viitasaari , Lari Järvinen and Pirkko Kekäläinen Pa Technical 1Luksia, Adult Education Institute of Western Uusimaa, 08100 Lohja, Finland 2University of Helsinki, Tvärminne Zoological Station, 10900 Hanko, Finland 3University of Helsinki, Department of Environmental Sciences, PO Box 65, Viikinkaari, 00014 Helsinki, Finland Abstract taken place (Ejsmont-Karabin, 1995). As a result of The present paper presents a survey of the water-filled the decomposition of organic material, anoxia and Ojamo limestone quarry, located in southern Finland and H2S formation may occur in the benthic region, abandoned c. 40 years ago. In order to estimate the bio- especially if water exchange and mixing is restricted geological state of the quarry, the geological and hydro- (Galas, 2003). graphic properties were measured, and phytoplankton and The Ojamo limestone quarry was abandoned in zoobenthos sampling was carried out by SCUBA diving. 1965. The quarry consists of an open-pit area and a Ojamo can be considered to be mesotrophic. The zoo- vast network of tunnels. After abandonment the benthos was lacking bivalves and insects. The Ojamo water mine slowly filled with groundwater and rainwater body had good oxygen values owing to its connection to the run-off, creating an artificial lake basin. The mine groundwater. has been submerged for more than 40 years. Dur- ing this period the aquatic flora and fauna have Keywords: quarry, limestone, SCUBA, hydrography, phyto- undergone succession. Biological properties in terms plankton, scientific diving, zoobenthos of benthic fauna, phytoplankton and hydrographic measurements of this artificial lake have not been 1. Introduction studied before. The present study examines the ecological state Abandoned quarry sites are often filled with ground- of the Ojamo quarry. Hydrographic properties of water and rainwater drainage, leaving behind an the water column and biota were measured in terms artificial lake basin. These man-made lake systems of phytoplankton and zoobenthos composition, as have been studied to document species assem- well as sediment type. blages and limnological properties (Cowell, 1960; Bogaert and Dumont, 1989; Shevenell et al., 1999; Galas, 2003; S´lusarczyk, 2003). 1.1. Site description Despite their artificial origin, the quarry reser- The Ojamo limestone quarry, N60°14,375’ voirs can display similar hydrographic properties E24°02,068’ (WGS84), is part of the Uusimaa Schist known to natural lakes, such as thermal stratifica- zone, which is formed by leptitic rocks and sedimen- tion (Cowell, 1960; Whittier et al., 2002; S´lusarczyk, tary carbonites (Kähkönen, 1998). Ojamo limestone 2003). However, the geomorphology left behind by is heterogeneous, and between the limestone layers previous mining processes shows strong differences lie silica-rich layers, as well as granite and amphibo- between quarry reservoirs and natural lakes, and lite dikes. The layers are thin, as is the whole forma- ultimately affects sediment type. Before submer- tion (Parras and Tavela, 1954). The main rock type sion by water, the quarry area undergoes a succes- of the mine area is coarse-grained calcitic limestone, sion of terrestrial plants (Davis et al., 1985). This is mostly composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). followed by a succession of aquatic flora and fauna The mine consists of an open quarry area and and, possibly, eutrophication status after filling has closed caves. Morphometric characteristics of the open part of the quarry are shown in Table 1. Below * Contact author. E-mail address: [email protected] the open-pit part of the mine, former mining shafts 167 Ruuskanen et al. Environmental properties of the water-filled Ojamo limestone quarry, southern Finland Table 1: The morphometric characteristics of the Ojamo quarry by terrestrial plants, such as trees and vegetation, Area 60,000m2 which formed small patches of forest. These 3–5m Length (max.) 312m tall trees are currently submerged but are still in Breadth (max.) 100m an erect position and hold foliage. The open quarry Max. depth (open part) 40m area has also been filled with aggregate, both Shore line 900m before and after being submerged. Dredging and Altitude above sea level 72m other construction work has been conducted in the area during the last 10 years also. The bottom of form a network spanning tens of kilometres in the lake is heterogenic in terms of geological mor- length altogether and reach a depth of 238m. The phology and sediment type. Primarily, the sediment shafts allow for groundwater upwelling to the open consists of solid and fragmented rocky bottom along part of the mine. The surface drainage area of the with patches of soft bottom in areas of former, more lake is small because of high relief. The open part or less decomposed, terrestrial vegetation. is divided into two semi-isolated areas by an old Temperature and light conditions of the water mine road which forms a wall reaching up to the body show seasonal variation. In winter, from depth of 0.5m (Fig 1). The Ojamo quarry site serves November to March/April, surface temperature as a training site for Finnish professional and sci- varies from 0°C to 2°C. There are, however, differ- entific diver programmes. Training takes place all ences depending on location. The rim parts of the year round. cave receive permanent ice cover, but the centre stays Before being abandoned and becoming filled with open on mild winters. This is because of an inflow water, the Ojamo mine was exposed to occupation of 4–5°C groundwater from tunnels located in the (a) 50m (g) O2 (mg/l) 012345678910 Submerged 0 (0.5m) mine road (h) O2 (mg/l) 1 I 0 1234 4 4,1 4,2 O 2 2 O2 (20m) 4,3 4,4 II VI (5m) 3 4,5 Depth (m) (30m) 4,6 III 4,7 4 4,8 Depth (m) T (5m) IV 4,9 N 5 5 V 5,1 0510 15 20 25 5,2 Temperature (ºC) 5,3 (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) O2 (mg/l) O2 (mg/l) O2 (mg/l) O2 (mg/l) O2 (mg/l) 012345678910 012345678910 012345678910 012345678910 012345678910 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 7 7 7 7 7 9 9 9 e 9 9 11 11 11 11 11 13 O 13 13 13 13 15 2 15 15 15 15 17 17 17 17 17 19 19 Depth (m) 19 19 Depth (m) 19 Depth (m) Depth (m) Depth (m) 21 Temperatur 21 21 21 21 23 23 23 23 23 25 25 25 25 25 27 27 27 27 27 29 29 29 29 29 31 31 31 31 31 0510 15 20 25 0510 15 20 25 0510 15 20 25 0510 15 20 25 0510 15 20 25 Temperature (ºC) Temperature (ºC) Temperature (ºC) Temperature (ºC) Temperature (ºC) Fig 1: (a) Bottom contours of the lake are shown with dashed lines, the number values in parentheses depicting the approxi- mate depth of a given area. Tunnel entrances are marked by the solid thick arrow. The graphs (b)–(h) display the levels of dissolved oxygen and temperature, and their relation to depth in 1m intervals. The line portraying the sampling location within the lake and roman numerals (I–VI) are symbols of the sampling points. Graph (h) represents a subsection of the graph (g) and illustrates the decline of dissolved oxygen concentration in 10cm intervals to point out extreme conditions. The grey area illustrates area of submerged forest 168 Underwater Technology Vol. 31, No. 4, 2013 middle part of the quarry (Fig 1). In March to April type of sampling carried out are shown in Table 2 when the air temperature rises, the surface water and Fig 1. All the samples were collected between warms, exceeding 24°C in July. During summer, a 26 and 30 July 2010. thermal stratification occurs at the depth of 10–15m. As a result of the submerged forests, a steep vari- Below the thermocline in the deepest part of the ation in geomorphology and a heterogenic bottom quarry, water temperature remains around 5°C. type, it would have been difficult to operate effectively A Secchi depth exceeds 13m during winter the traditional surface-operated sampling devices months from December to February and starts to in most areas of the benthos. Therefore, SCUBA decrease in March to April. This is because of the diving techniques were used to collect samples for turbidity from the inorganic material which flows qualitative measuring. with the surface run-off from melting snow into the Before sampling, several dives were executed to quarry. During the summer season from May to check the bottom quality in order to choose suita- August, the Secchi depth varies between 2m and ble sampling devices. Since the bottom was muddy 4m, depending on the intensity of the phytoplank- in some locations, buoyancy control was found to ton production. Fig 2 illustrates the development be imperative in maintaining the visibility and the of surface temperature and Secchi depth from bottom undisturbed. February to April 2010. When sampling, bottom guidelines were laid – The origin of the water in the quarry is most a method obtained from cave diving techniques – likely groundwater. The quarry has no clear inflow to orientate when carrying the sampling devices. sources. It is uncertain if there is a connection to The dives were made as buddy dives. Basic sam- Lake Lohjanjärvi, which is located above the mine plings took approximately 20 minutes each. Air was tunnel network.
Recommended publications
  • Requirements for Scientific Diver Certification
    Requirements for Scientific Diver Certification The steps to become a Certified Scientific Diver at the University of Washington (UW) are outlined below. 1. Obtain sponsorship for scientific diving by an appropriate University department or unit. Applicants who do not have a departmental sponsor and want to learn to be scientific divers can complete the Scientific Diver Course at UW Friday Harbor Labs. This course meets the requirements for full Scientific Diver certification as outlined below, and includes research projects for students to receive dive training. 2. Read the UW Diving Safety Manual. UW divers must understand and follow the safety, procedural, and medical requirements outlined in the manual and submit a signed copy of the Dive Manual Acknowledgement form. 3. Complete and submit the Diving Registration Form to the UW Diving Safety Officer (DSO). This form must be signed by the department official sponsoring the diver (e.g., principal investigator, department chair) . Submission of this form is a onetime requirement while at the UW. The form is resubmitted if any diver information changes. 4. Complete and submit documentation of recreational SCUBA diver training to UW DSO. Diving applicants must have completed a recreational SCUBA diving training course as a pre-requisite for scientific diving certification at the UW. Recreational SCUBA diving training must be provided by a nationally recognized organization (e.g., PADI, NAUI, SSI, IANTD, TDI). 5. Obtain Diving Medical Clearance from the UW Employee Health Center. Applicants will contact the UW Employee Health Center (EHC) to obtain necessary information for completing a dive physical and for transfer of medical records.
    [Show full text]
  • A Call to Action: the Past and Future of Historical Archaeology
    A Call to Action: The Past and Future of Historical Archaeology FINAL PROGRAM 49th Annual Conference on Historical and Underwater Archaeology January 6-9, 2016 • Washington, D.C. OMNI SHOREHAM HOTEL FLOOR PLAN LOWER LEVEL 2 B Terrace Health Veranda Empire Club To Room Parkview Rooms Robert’s ADA Elevator Private Blue Room Blue Robert’s Restaurant Dining Palladian Diplomat to Blue Room Prefunction Room Room Room Room & Parkview Building Empire Foyer Sales Conference Room Parking Lot Rest Bird Cage Walk Rooms Women’s Lounge ADA Lift to (Lower Level) Ambassador and Little Something Men’s Clothing Executive Regency Ball Rooms Capitol East Registration Gormet ADA Elevator Store Room Telephones ATM to Roberts Restaurant Committee Level 1B Room Director’s Room East and Palladian Room WEST LOBBY West Room Elevators EAST LOBBY Elevators Coat Check Stairs Embassy Room AMBASSADOR Telephones Women’s News Stand Men’s Business West BALLROOM Gift Shop MAIN LOBBY Jewelry Restroom Center Registration Lounge Store Men’s Women’s Men’s Lounge Concerge Telephones Restroom Restroom President’s Desk (Lower Level) Hampton Room Board Room Front Desk Council Regency Gallery Room Senate Room Chairman’s & Reception Board Room Room Forum Room East Congressional West Conference Calvert Conference Governors Marquee Lounge Center Room Cabinet Center Board Room Room REGENCY BALLROOM EAST LOBBY MAIN ENTRANCE Calvert Room For Access to Diplomat ballrooms Capitol Room BALLROOMS (East Lobby) ADA Ramp Chairman’s Boardroom To Lobby Please use elevators on the West Side Embassy Room Blue Room and go to level 1B. Governor’s Boardroom Blue Pre-Function Hampton Room Hampton For Access to the Empire Ballroom President’s Boardroom and Health Club/Outdoor Pool East Registration Please use elevators on the West Side BALLROOMS (West Lobby) of the Hotel and go to level 2B.
    [Show full text]
  • Darling Marine Center Local Shore Diving Guide
    Darling Marine Center Local Shore Diving Guide University of Maine Scientific Diving Program Table of Contents Recommended Equipment List……………………………………………………………..2 Local Information…………………………………………………………………………...3 Recompression Chambers…………………………………………………………………..3 General Emergency Action Plan…………………………………………………………….3-4 Documentation……………………………………………………………………………….4 Dive Sites DMC Pier……………………………………………………………………………5-6 Kresge Point………………………………………………………………………….7-8 Lowes Cove Mooring Field…………………………………………………………..9-10 Pemaquid Point……………………………………………………………………….11-12 Rachel Carson Preserve………………………………………………………………13-15 Sand Cove…………………………………………………………………………….16-17 Thread of life…………………………………………………………………………18-19 Appendix………………………………………………………………………………………20 1 Recommended Equipment List • Dive flag • DAN oxygen and first aid kit • Spare tank • Extra weights • Save-a-dive kit • Dive slate/underwater paper (recording purposes) Recommended Personal Equipment • Exposure suit- minimum7mm wetsuit o Booties o Gloves o Hood o Wool socks • Fins • BCD • Mask, Snorkel • Weights • Surface marker buoy • Dive watch • Dive computer • Knife/cutting tool 2 Local Information: Fire, Medical, Police 911 Emergency Dispatch Lincoln County Emergency (207)563-3200 Center Nearest Hospital Lincoln Health-Miles (207)563-1234 Campus USCG Boothbay (207)633-2661 Divers Alert Network Emergency hotline 1-919-684-9111 Medical information 1-919-684-2948 Diving Safety Officer Christopher Rigaud (207)563-8273 Recompression Chambers: In the event of a diving accident, call 911 and facilitate transport of victim to a hospital or medical facility. The medical staff will determine whether hyperbaric treatment is needed. St. Mary’s Regional Lewiston, ME (207)777-8331 Will NOT accept Medical Center divers after 4:30pm St. Joseph’s Hospital Bangor, ME (207)262-1550 Typically, available after hours Wound and Beverly, MA (978)921-1210 Hyperbaric Medicine Basic Emergency Information: See Appendix for the approved Emergency Action Plan by the UMaine DCB.
    [Show full text]
  • Adm Issue 10 Finnished
    4x4x4x4 Four times a year Four times the copy Four times the quality Four times the dive experience Advanced Diver Magazine might just be a quarterly magazine, printing four issues a year. Still, compared to all other U.S. monthly dive maga- zines, Advanced Diver provides four times the copy, four times the quality and four times the dive experience. The staff and contribu- tors at ADM are all about diving, diving more than should be legally allowed. We are constantly out in the field "doing it," exploring, photographing and gathering the latest information about what we love to do. In this issue, you might notice that ADM is once again expanding by 16 pages to bring you, our readers, even more information and contin- ued high-quality photography. Our goal is to be the best dive magazine in the history of diving! I think we are on the right track. Tell us what you think and read about what others have to say in the new "letters to bubba" section found on page 17. Curt Bowen Publisher Issue 10 • • Pg 3 Advanced Diver Magazine, Inc. © 2001, All Rights Reserved Editor & Publisher Curt Bowen General Manager Linda Bowen Staff Writers / Photographers Jeff Barris • Jon Bojar Brett Hemphill • Tom Isgar Leroy McNeal • Bill Mercadante John Rawlings • Jim Rozzi Deco-Modeling Dr. Bruce Wienke Text Editor Heidi Spencer Assistants Rusty Farst • Tim O’Leary • David Rhea Jason Richards • Joe Rojas • Wes Skiles Contributors (alphabetical listing) Mike Ball•Philip Beckner•Vern Benke Dan Block•Bart Bjorkman•Jack & Karen Bowen Steve Cantu•Rich & Doris Chupak•Bob Halstead Jitka Hyniova•Steve Keene•Dan Malone Tim Morgan•Jeff Parnell•Duncan Price Jakub Rehacek•Adam Rose•Carl Saieva Susan Sharples•Charley Tulip•David Walker Guy Wittig•Mark Zurl Advanced Diver Magazine is published quarterly in Bradenton, Florida.
    [Show full text]
  • Scientific Diving
    Introduction to Scientific Diving Scientific diving has been conducted in a wide variety of environments… • Coral reefs • Offshore platforms • Mangroves • Estuaries • Kelp forests • Hot springs • Rocky shores • Hypersaline • Soft bottom habitats environments • Polar environments • Caves • Open ocean/blue • Lakes water environments • Rivers …and been used in many different sciences • Chemical • Geological • Biological • Paleontological • Archaeological Chemistry • Diving has been used to support research such as determining the chemical ecology of invertebrates and collecting marine organisms for the extraction of chemical compounds Geology Divers may obtain core samples of rock and sediment or dig holes to examine depositional history Scuba is very useful for visual identification of sediments – and for collecting representative and relatively undisturbed samples Biology Divers may perform a wide variety of tasks such as measuring various community structural parameters like fish counts, algal counts, macroinvertebrate counts, percent cover of benthic algae and invertebrates, etc…, or measuring physiological responses of organisms in natural environments Paleontology Divers recover fossils from the underwater realm… Dinosaur fossils from the waters off the Isle of Wight Diving is integral to Archaeology the study of underwater archaeology Excavation of 4th – 6th century AD harbor site in Malta Serçe Liman1 excavation - 11th Century Byzantine Shipwreck - Diver hovers above grid used to mark locations of artifacts Serçe Limanl excavation – Diver raises fragile hull timber using a lifting box Scientific Diving - General • The diversity of disciplines involved in scientific diving, and the varied environments where this diving is performed, has necessitated the development of a wide variety of techniques for observing and sampling underwater Why use diving for research? The purpose of the project using scientific diving is the advancement of science.
    [Show full text]
  • May 2021 Newsletter Update
    On March 10th, the FSU Great Give generated over $5,500 for the new FSUCML Diving Scholarship. In addition to funding generated through the Great Give, PADI, Aqua Lung and Divers Alert Network will provide support for the scholarship recipients in the form of certification materials, equipment, and diving accident insurance. A panel will be selecting the 2021 recipient this fall from a pool of deserving research-focused students. Preference will be given to students from historically underrepresented groups. If you know of someone that might be interested, please encourage them to apply. Summer research diving is underway with divers operating out of the FSU Marine Lab, the Florida Keys, and the Caribbean. The McCoy Lab began diving this week in Bonaire, becoming the first FSU dive team to work internationally since the Pandemic began. All divers using equipment from the Academic Diving Program will be using new Aqua Lung regulators. With funding provided by the Office of Research, ADP purchased twenty new Aqua Lung Core regulators with in-line i300C computers. Three new BARE dry suits and ten new Aqua Lung BCDs were also acquired including new Aqua Lung Soul BCDs - the first BCD in the dive locker that is designed for women. The 2021 Introduction to Scientific Diving course concluded on April 17th with divers-in-training punctuating their semester long training on a charter aboard the R/V Apalachee to K-Tower. This semester marked the first class to be taught as a credit course since 2017. Twelve divers successfully completed their AAUS certifications. The next training class is scheduled for spring 2022.
    [Show full text]
  • UVI Scientific Diving Manual
    The University of the Virgin Islands STANDARDS FOR SCIENTIFIC DIVING University of the Virgin Islands – Center for Marine and Enviromental Studies 2 Brewer’s Bay- St. Thomas, Virgin Islands - 00802 CONTENTS Volume 1 ..................................................................................................................................................... 5 Section 1.00 GENERAL POLICY ............................................................................................................ 6 1.10 Scientific Diving Standards .................................................................................................... 6 1.20 Operational Control ................................................................................................................ 7 1.30 Consequence of Violation of Regulations by Scientific Divers ........................................... 10 1.40 Consequences of Violation of Regulations by UVI Divers .................................................. 11 1.50 Record Maintenance ............................................................................................................. 11 Section 2.00 DIVING REGULATIONS FOR SCUBA (OPEN CIRCUIT, COMPRESSED AIR) ....... 12 2.10 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 12 2.20 Pre-Dive Procedures ............................................................................................................. 12 2.30 Diving Procedures ................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • MV Thailand Aggressor, Similan Islands + [Other Articles
    The Private, Exclusive Guide for Serious Divers April 2017 Vol. 32, No. 4 MV Thailand Aggressor, Similan Islands where have all the sharks gone? Soup! IN THIS ISSUE: MV Thailand Aggressor, Similan Islands .. 1 Dear Fellow Diver: Urban Diving after a Rain Storm....... 2 Deciding to take a dive trip to Southeast Asia Fancy Bikini? ....................... 3 just three weeks before departure meant planning would Have You the Proper Travel Documents? 5 be tricky, but the Thailand Aggressor had space, and Belize, Vieques, Indonesia, Molokai .... 6 Richelieu Rock, often listed as one of the world’s top Award Winning Scuba Travel Guides ... 7 10 dive sites, beckoned me. Though I knew the craft had Laurel Silver-Valker’s Sons Sue ........ 8 mixed reviews, the Aggressor Fleet website offered a Treasure Trove in Lake Travis ......... 9 last-minute 50-percent-off a seven-night charter, which Well-Known Rebreather Diver in the News was too good to pass up, especially after I saw the Again .......................... 10 whale shark images on their website. I was hooked. A Cozumel Tragedy................. 11 Dolphins Getting High? ............. 11 While four of us hung onto a pinnacle at 70 feet at Coral Cuts Can Be Costly ............ 12 Koh Bon, north of the Similan Islands, I thought about The Pros and Cons of Shark- those whale shark images. I had been told that divers Feeding Dives ................... 13 in another boat had seen whale sharks that morning, but Does Human Interaction Affect I’d seen none, and now this was my last dive of the day. Shark Behavior?.................. 14 We had been drifting in a ripping current reminiscent Shark Dives Operating in of Palau’s Blue Corner when we grabbed the rock, not an The Bahamas...................
    [Show full text]
  • The San Diego State University STANDARDS for SCIENTIFIC DIVING Fall 2010 REVISION
    The San Diego State University STANDARDS FOR SCIENTIFIC DIVING Fall 2010 REVISION 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, California 92182-4614 FOREWORD This DIVING SAFETY MANUAL is based upon the American Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS) Standards for Scientific Diving and Certification and Operation of Scientific Diving Programs, November 2006 revision. This manual and the AAUS it is based on, represents the minimal safety standards for state-of-the-art scientific diving. As diving science progresses so shall this manual. It is the responsibility of every scientific diver that this manual always reflects state of the art, safe diving practices. Since 1951 the AAUS scientific diving community has endeavored to promote safe, effective diving through self-imposed diver training and education programs. Over the years, manuals for diving safety have been circulated between organizations, revised and modified for local implementation, and have resulted in an enviable safety record. The Diving Control Board of the San Diego State University wishes to acknowledge the fine work of the AAUS, and in the spirit of the AAUS, has used the aforementioned document as a model for our manual. We have tried to retain the format of the AAUS manual (e.g., sections, numbering, etc.) while adding or changing that which we believe to be necessary to fit the conditions encountered by our divers. The Diving Control Board of SDSU, Fall 2010. Revision History April, 1987 October, 1990 May, 1994 January, 1996 March 1999 Added Sec 7.6.1 Nitrox Diving Guidelines. Revised Appendix 7 and 11. January 2001 Revised Section 1.23.1 DSO Qualifications.
    [Show full text]
  • American Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS) Standards For
    The American Academy of Underwater Sciences STANDARDS FOR SCIENTIFIC DIVING AAUS • 101 Bienville Blvd Dauphin Island, AL 36528 www.aaus.org • [email protected] • 251.591.3775 FOREWORD Since 1951 the scientific diving community has endeavored to promote safe, effective diving through self- imposed diver training and education programs. Over the years, manuals for diving safety have been circulated between organizations, revised and modified for local implementation, and have resulted in an enviable safety record. This document represents the minimal safety standards for scientific diving at the present day. As diving science progresses so shall this standard, and it is the responsibility of every member of the Academy to see that it always reflects state of the art, safe diving practice. American Academy of Underwater Sciences ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Academy thanks the numerous dedicated individual and organizational members for their contributions and editorial comments in the production of these standards. Revision History April, 1987 October, 1990 May, 1994 January, 1996 March 1999 Added Sec 7.6.1 Nitrox Diving Guidelines. Revised Appendix 7 and 11. January 2001 Revised Section 1.23.1 DSO Qualifications. Revised Section 5.31.4 Emergency Care Training. Revised Section 6 Medical Standards. Made Sec 7.6.1 Nitrox Diving Guidelines into Section 7. Added Section 8.0 Scientific Aquarium Diving. Moved Section 7.0 to Section 9.0 Other Diving Technologies. April 2002 Removed Appendix 7 AAUS Checkout Dive and Training Evaluation. Revised Section 5.33.3. Revised Section 4.23.2. August 2003 Section 1.27.3 Delete reference to Appendix 9 (checkout dive). Section 1.4 Remove word "waiver".
    [Show full text]
  • GGD-97-86S World Wide Web Sites: Reported by 42 Federal
    United States General Accounting Office GAO Supplement June 1997 World Wide Web Sites Reported by Federal Organizations GAO/GGD-97-86S Preface This publication supplements our report entitled Internet and Electronic Dial-Up Bulletin Boards: Information Reported by Federal Organizations (GAO/GGD-97-86, June 16, 1997). It contains a listing of approximately 4,300 World Wide Web (WWW) sites that 42 federal organizations reported to us. The definition of a WWW site can vary. Because we were requested by the Chairmen of the Senate Committee on Appropriations and the Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs to identify the number of distinct WWW sites and to encourage consistent reporting, we defined a WWW site as a file or group of files organized under a homepage, that is accessible on the Internet using web browser software. A WWW site’s homepage is typically the index, welcome, or menu page for a distinct WWW activity or service. As expected, federal organizations reported a large number of WWW sites that reflect the large number of activities within the federal government. Although we contacted federal organizations where we had questions concerning whether they understood our definition of a WWW site, due to the large number of reported WWW sites, we could not verify that all federal organizations used our definition. Furthermore, some federal organizations reported that the list they provided of their WWW sites was not in accordance with our definition or was not complete. Some reported that they do not track this type of information and to obtain these data would have involved a major data collection effort.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines for Scientific Diving from Large Research Vessels (September 2011)
    ESDP Consultation Document Number 3 Guidelines for Scientific Diving from large Research Vessels (September 2011) Guidelines for Scientific Diving from large Research Vessels ESDP Consultation Document Nb. 3 Table of Contents 1 - Preface.................................................................................................................................2 1.1 - Rationale......................................................................................................................................................2 1.2 Aims and Objectives..................................................................................................................................2 2 - ESDP Guidelines for Scientific Diving from large research vessels........................................2 2.1- Personal requirements of the dive team .....................................................................................................2 2.2 - Planning and preparation of a scientific dive cruise: Basic Procedures......................................................3 2.2.1 - Dive mission leader and relation with RV Commander........................................................................ 3 2.2.2 - Planning a cruise ................................................................................................................................... 4 2.2.3 - The dive team........................................................................................................................................ 5 2.2.4 - RHIB operation .....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]