Democracia E Imperialismo: Libertad, Poder Y Relaciones Interestatales En

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Democracia E Imperialismo: Libertad, Poder Y Relaciones Interestatales En Autor: Lic. Diego Alexander Olivera Título: Democracia e Imperialismo: Libertad, poder y relaciones interestatales en el pensamiento político griego. Tesis para optar al Título de Doctor en Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos Director: Dr. Fernando Lizárraga (Conicet-UNComa) Co-Director: Dr. Juan Carlos Alby (UNL-UADER-UCSF) Paraná Entre Ríos. 2018 1 Resumen: A raíz de la discusión contemporánea en torno al imperialismo y su relación con la democracia desatada sobre todo a partir del libro de Hardt y Negri (2000), y las repuestas ensayadas al mismo por Ellen Meiksins Wood (2002), la presente investigación apunta a repensar el vínculo entre democracia e imperio en la teoría política clásica. En ese sentido la hipótesis del trabajo es que para el pensamiento político griego Democracia e Imperio responden a dos registros diferentes del ejercicio del poder y por tanto, instituyen dos concepciones, también disímiles, de la libertad. La primera parte apunta a definir el concepto de imperialismo y su aplicabilidad para las sociedades precapitalistas. Por un lado se observa que tanto los conceptos de imperio e imperialismo resultan anacrónicos y eurocéntricos, pues son el resultado de una apropiación del pasado iniciada por el colonialismo europeo del XIX que buscó proyectar hacía atrás las realidades imperiales contemporáneas. Por otro lado aquí se considerara a los imperios de la antigüedad como parte integral de la configuración del Estado, y para demostrarlo se apela a los trabajos del arqueólogo Gordon Childe, el antropólogo Pierre Clastres y el Egiptólogo Marcelo Campagno. Sin embargo, el caso del imperio ateniense escapa a la idea de imperio como configuración estatal producto del límite impuesto por la ciudad como horizonte de referencia de lo estatal en el pensamiento político griego. Se propone pues el concepto de imperio como situación hegemónica para definirlo. La segunda parte se sitúa en la noción de libertad en la filosofía griega en comparación con la idea de libertad que sostiene la modernidad y cómo se relaciona ese concepto de libertad con el de imperio. Siendo coherentes con la hipótesis se señala que los griegos entendían la libertad en el marco de una comunidad democrática como diferente a la libertad que goza una ciudad en el contexto interestatal. En la tercera parte bucea entre los distintos términos que el vocabulario político griego utilizaba para describir una situación de poder, gobierno o dominación. Los términos dinamis, hegemonía, krátos y arkhé son los preferidos a la hora de definir el poder tanto en las relaciones interestatales como en la política interna de la ciudad. La pluralidad de términos está en relación con la novedad del poder, democrático e imperial, en la Grecia del siglo V que ensaya diferentes modos de hacer inteligibles la irrupción de ambos fenómenos. La polarización entre hegemonía y autonomía es constitutiva de la política exterior como la tensión entre el todo y las partes lo es de la democracia. Finalmente, la última parte de la investigación intenta ver en qué momento la ciudad- estado comienza a buscar el acercamiento de ambas experiencias. Se ubica ese instancia en las 2 Confederaciones de ciudades que surgieron con fuerza en el período pos Alejandro Magno (Siglos III-II a.C.). En especial, la Confederación Aquea pudo desarrollar una política expansiva que anexaba ciudades, por la vía de la guerra de conquista, con la particularidad de que una vez incorporada la ciudad era obligada a adoptar una constitución democrática y se integraba como miembro de pleno derecho a la Confederación. Asimismo, a partir del testimonio de Polibio se observa una continuidad de la teoría democrática en el mundo helenístico pero con cambios que facilitaron la conciliación con una coyuntura en que primaban los Estados imperiales. Abstract. On the basis of contemporary discussions on imperialism and its relationship to democracy, a debate that ensued since the publication of Hardt and Negri’s book (2000), and drawing on the responses proposed by Ellen Meiksins Wood (2002), this research is intended to think over the link between democracy and empire in Classical Political Theory. Thus, the hypothesis of this work holds that in Greek political thought democracy and empire respond to different ways of exercising power and, therefore, they also institute two different conceptions of liberty. The first part aims at defining the concept of imperialism and the possibility of applying it to pre-capitalist societies. On the one hand, it its noted that both the concepts of empire and imperialism end up being anachronistic and Eurocentric, since they result from a certain appropriation of the past started by European colonialism in the 19th century, which sought to project onto the past their contemporary imperial circumstances. On the other hand, ancient empires are here considered as integral parts in the configuration of the State, and in order to demonstrate this fact, the works of archaeologist Gordon Childe, anthropologist Pierre Clastres, and Egipstologist Marcelo Campagno are taken into consideration. However, the case of the Athenian Empire does not fit squarely into the idea of empire as a State configuration due to the limits imposed by the city as framework of reference of the State in Greek political thought. To define the Athenian Empire, it is here proposed the concept of empire as an hegemonic situation. The second part deals with the notion of liberty in Greek philosophy as it compares to the idea of liberty held in Modern times and with how this concept of liberty is related to that of empire. Being congruent with the hypothesis of this research, it is argued that ancient 3 Greeks understood liberty within the setting of a democratic community as something different to the liberty enjoyed by a city in an inter-State context. Part Three looks into distinct words that Greek political vocabulary employed to describe a situation involving power, government or domination. Terms such as dunamis, hegemonia, krátos and arkhé are preferred when it comes to define power both in inter-State relations and in the internal political life of the city. This plurality of terms is related to the novelty of democratic and imperial power in 5th Century BC Greece which tries different modes of making the emergence of both phenomena intelligible. The polarization between hegemony and autonomy is constitutive of foreign policies as much as it is the tension between the whole and the part in a democracy. Lastly, the final part of this research intends to depict the moment when the city-state starts to seek an approach between both experiences. This situation is located in the Confederations of cities that emerged steadily in the period post Alexander the Great (III -II centuries BC). In particular, the Achaean Confederation managed to develop a policy of expansion, annexing cities by means of war of conquest, with the peculiar feature that once it was incorporated the conquered city was forced to adopt a democratic constitution and was counted as a full member of the confederation. Besides, drawing on the testimonies by Polybius, it is noted a continuation in democratic theory in the Hellenistic world, which, nevertheless, shows the changes that facilitated the conciliation with a conjunctural moment in which imperial States prevailed. 4 Índice. Introducción: Problema y Metodología. 1. Objeto de Estudio……………………………………………………….9 2. Fuentes………………………………………………………………….15 3. Contexto Historiográfico……………………………………………......19 4. Análisis a Desarrollar……………………………………………………23 Capítulo I: El Imperio Ateniense 1. Imperio e Imperialismo en las Sociedades del Mundo Antiguo………..26 2. Historia y Comparativismo: Sir Moses Finley y el concepto de Imperio en el Mundo Antiguo…………………………………………………………39 3. Entre Estado e Imperio……………………………………………….....50 4. Imperio y Política en Aristóteles………………………………………...64 Capítulo II: Demokratía kaí Eleuthería 1. La Libertad de los Modernos……………………………………………..76 2. La Libertad de los Antiguos I: El nacimiento de la Polis…………………90 3. La Libertad de los Antiguos II: Unidad y División en el pensamiento político griego……………………………………………………………………..107 4. Imperio y Libertad………………………………………………………..127 Capítulo III: Formas de Expresar el Poder: Arkhé, krátos, douleía. 1. La Novedad del Poder…………………………………………………….145 2. Imperio como arkhé……………………………………………………….155 3. Imperio como krátos…………………………………………………….....167 4. Imperio como douleía……………………………………………………...179 Capítulo IV: Más allá de Atenas: Democracia e Imperialismo en el Mundo Helenístico. 1. Imperios Helenísticos………………………………………………………192 2. Democracias Helenísticas…………………………………………………..204 3. La Democracia en Polibio…………………………………………………..213 4. El Imperialismo en Polibio………………………………………………….224 5 Agradecimientos. La presente investigación se enmarca en la formación doctoral realizada en la Universidad Nacional de Entre Ríos. La posibilidad misma de cursar el doctorado y de escribir está tesis es resultado de poder contar con una beca doctoral del Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Mi mayor agradecimiento, por tanto, es para quién confió en mí lo suficiente como para incentivarme a que me postule para dicha beca. Así pues, al Prof. Claudio Lizárraga, Vicerrector de la Universidad Nacional del Litoral y con quién me inicié en la historia antigua, van mis más sinceros agradecimientos por su responsabilidad constante con el desarrollo de los estudios clásicos en el Litoral y por su firme compromiso de hacer
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