IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Συγγραφή : Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Μπαζίνη Ελένη , Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Καμάρα Αφροδίτη , Ντόουσον Μαρία - Δήμητρα , Σπυροπούλου Βάσω Μετάφραση : Κούτρας Νικόλαος , Κούτρας Νικόλαος , Πανουργιά Κλειώ , Πανουργιά Κλειώ (22/3/2007) Για παραπομπή : Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Μπαζίνη Ελένη , Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Καμάρα Αφροδίτη , Ντόουσον Μαρία - Δήμητρα , Σπυροπούλου Βάσω , "", 2007, Εγκυκλοπαίδεια

Περίληψη : Γενικές Πληροφορίες Area: 287.611 km2

Coastline length: 121 km

Population: 30,947

Island capital and its population: Kos (17,890)

Administrative structure: Region of South Aegean, Prefecture of the , Province of Kos, Municipality of Kos (Capital: Kos (17,890), Municipality of Dikaios (Capital: Zipari, 2,355), Municipality of Herakleides (Capital: Antimacheia, 2,205)

Local newspapers: "Vima tis Ko", "Pagkoaiki", "Stathmos", "Kathimerini Dodekanisos"

Local radio stations: Municipal Radio Station of Kos, FM 12, Muzik F.M. 100.3, Super FM, Tzerone FM

Local TV stations: Municipal Television of Kos

Museums: Kos Archaeological Museum, Antimacheia Folklore Museum, Kefalos Folklore Museum

Archaeological sites and monuments: Hellenistic Asklepieion, Ancient Agora, Western archaeological site, Hellenistic odeum, Villa of Roman imperial times (Casa Romana), Ancient theater and temple of Apollo at Kardamaina, Nerantzia Mediaeval Castle, Mediaeval Castle of Palaio Pyli, Antimacheia Mediaeval Castle, Kefalos Mediaeval Castle, Early Christian Basilica of St Stefanos at Kefalos, Early Christian Basilica of St John Kapamas at Zipari, Early Christian Basilica of St John at Mastichari, Acropolis at the ancient deme of Isthmos, Archaeological site of Palatia at Kefalos

Preserved monuments: Many of the buildings of the period of the Italian rule have been declared preserved monuments: The Municipal Market, the Cinema-Theater "Orpheas", Town Hall, The building of Province administration and Court-house, The building "Albergo Gelsomino", The building of the Kos Archaeological Museum

Natural monuments: The saltern at Tigkaki, Dikaios mountain, Psalidi lake have been included in the European network "NATURA 2000". Dikaios mountain, Akrotiri, Psalidi lake and Alyki have been declared Important Bird Areas

Traditional settlements: Antimacheia, Asfendiou, Kos, Pyli

Cultural clubs: Cultural Association of Koeians "FILITAS", Kos Lyceum Club of Greek women, Cultural Association of Asfendiou "Theokritos", Cultural Association of Pyli "Apellis", Cultural Association of Antimacheia "Proodos", Cultural Association of Kardamaina "Argo", Cultural Association of Kefalos, Kos Field Club, Kos Cine Club

Events: "Heppokrateia" at Kos (July-September), "Dikaia" at the Municipality of Dikaios (July-August), "Herakleia" at the Municipality of Herakleides (July-August), "Wine Festival" at Mastichari during the first week of August, "Fish Festival" at Kefalos during the first two weeks of August, "Honey Festival" at Antimacheia during the first two weeks of August, "Fry Festival" at Kardamaina during the first ten days of October

Religious feasts: On St George's day at Antimacheia and at Asfendiou (April 23d), Holy Trinity at Antimacheia, On St Paraskevi's day at Kefalos and at Antimacheia's castle (July 26th), On St Apostles' day at Antimacheia (June 29th), Transfiguration of Saviour at Zipari (August 6th), Dormition of Virgin Mary at Antimacheia and at Kefalos (August 15th), On the eve of Decapitation of St John at Mastichari and at Kefalos (August 28th), Feast of the Presentation at Kefalos (November 21st), Carnival at Kefalos

Sport clubs: Kos Sport Club "Filinos", Kos Cycling Club, Kos Nautical Club

1. Geographical position

Kos, the third in size island of the Dodecanese, is situated between Kalymnos and , at the mouth of the ancient Kerameikos gulf or gulf of Kos. It is one of the most cosmopolitan islands of the Aegean, with beautiful natural environment and antiquities which

Δημιουργήθηκε στις 24/9/2021 Σελίδα 1/12 IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Συγγραφή : Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Μπαζίνη Ελένη , Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Καμάρα Αφροδίτη , Ντόουσον Μαρία - Δήμητρα , Σπυροπούλου Βάσω Μετάφραση : Κούτρας Νικόλαος , Κούτρας Νικόλαος , Πανουργιά Κλειώ , Πανουργιά Κλειώ (22/3/2007) Για παραπομπή : Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Μπαζίνη Ελένη , Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Καμάρα Αφροδίτη , Ντόουσον Μαρία - Δήμητρα , Σπυροπούλου Βάσω , "Kos", 2007, Εγκυκλοπαίδεια bear witness to its age long historical presence.

(Elpida Skerlou)

1. 1. Settings – environment

Since ancient times Kos was renowned for its rich vegetation and mild climate. The morphology of the land is diverse; the southern part of the island is mountainous while the northwestern areas are covered by planes. The island’s highest mountain is Oromedon or Dikaios, 846 m. high, covered by pine forests and cypress trees and provides an important breeding ground for endangered bird species. The island also has two water wildlife reserves, the salt-pan at Tigaki in the northern part of the island and the Psalidi marsh, making it an important stopover for migratory birds, while some beaches are essential breeding grounds for caretta-caretta turtles. The islands’flora is rich and includes almost 1.000 different species of plants. The area which includes the salt-pan at Tigaki, Mount Dikaios and the Psalidi marsh has been included in the Natura European Environmental Network. Finally, Kos boasts therapeutic springs, such as the “Embros Thermi”at Aghios Phokas, Aghios Soulas, the “Piso Thermi”at Aghia Irene, and others.

(Vasiliki Spyropoulou)

2. History

2. 1. Prehistoric years

The first inhabitants arrived on Kos during the Late Neolithic period and the beginning of the Early Bronze Age. Few inhabited locations, scattered all over the island, are known from this period; the most important is the Aspri Petra (White Stone) cave on the southwestern tip of the island (near present day Kefalos).

In Kos town, on the low hill of the Seragion, where nowadays lies the “old town”, a walled settlement was established at the end of the Early Bronze Age (2700-2000/1900 BC). During the Mid Bronze Age (2000/1900-1700 BC), the settlement expanded beyond its fortifications and was, to an extent, influenced by the Minoan civilization.

During the early phase of the Late Bronze Age (1700/1600-1100 BC), the settlement experienced intense building activity. Life was temporarily disrupted by an earthquake but the settlement was rebuilt immediately and did not present signs of decline. The next important landmark is 1450, at which time Mycenaean settlers arrived on the island. Kos gained a significant position in the network of trade routes to the East. The island’s flourishing is further testified by the two domed graves, unique to the Aegean area, which were discovered recently, but also the rich funerary offerings found in other funerary chambers. The settlement’s boom is further testified in the “Neon Katalogo”( “New Catalogue) of the Iliad (B, 676-680), in which Kos and her neighbouring islands are recorded to have participated in the Trojan War with 30 ships.

During the late 10th century BC Dorian settlers, who according to Herodotus (VII, 99), came from Argolis arrived on the island. This period is known to us mainly from the necropolis which was located on the ruins of the older prehistoric settlement and includes graves with rich funerary offerings. Important information on this period is provided by the recently excavated graves in Kos town and the area of Kardamena.

2. 2. Archaic – Classical years

The island’s important growth during the archaic period is also revealed by its participation in the Doric Hexapolis. The fragmentary nature of ancient sources and the lack of archaeological findings led to the theory that the Kos town settlement was abandoned and the capital moved to the other end of the island, near present-day Kefalos. The archaeological findings of the last 20 years however, prove the existence of a thriving town (Kos-Meropida), on the hill of the Seragion. About 1 km to the west, necropolises have been located, although they do not contain rich offerings. The most important finding from this period is the sanctuary found at the “Heracles”location, near the island’s east coast where, amongst others, numerous important votive offerings were discovered, some

Δημιουργήθηκε στις 24/9/2021 Σελίδα 2/12 IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Συγγραφή : Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Μπαζίνη Ελένη , Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Καμάρα Αφροδίτη , Ντόουσον Μαρία - Δήμητρα , Σπυροπούλου Βάσω Μετάφραση : Κούτρας Νικόλαος , Κούτρας Νικόλαος , Πανουργιά Κλειώ , Πανουργιά Κλειώ (22/3/2007) Για παραπομπή : Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Μπαζίνη Ελένη , Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Καμάρα Αφροδίτη , Ντόουσον Μαρία - Δήμητρα , Σπυροπούλου Βάσω , "Kos", 2007, Εγκυκλοπαίδεια imported from Egypt and Syria.

The most important event during this period is the resettlement which occurred in 366/365 BC, with the amalgamation of older settlements around the island to form the new state’s boroughs. The new capital is established at the island’s northeastern tip, on the location of the older Kos-Meropida. The town, according to ancient accounts but also excavated findings, boasted a road network designed according to the hippodamean town-planning system, was protected by walls and adorned by brilliant public buildings and temples. During the 4th century BC, the island fell under the control of the dynast of Karia, Mausoleus and was freed by the generals of Alexander the Great in 334 BC.

2. 3. Hellenistic period

After the death of Alexander the Great, Kos became involved in the dispute among his successors. Throughout the Early Hellenistic period the island was under the influence either of the Ptolemies or the Antigonides. In 309/308 BC, Ptolemy II Philadelphos was born on the island, a fact which in the long term connected the Ptolemies with Kos which is reflected in the establishment of the worship of Philadelphos and his sister, queen Arsinoe, after their deaths. Constant objective of the state of Kos during this turbulent period was the conservation of its independence and its exclusion from the enforcement of taxation. This contributed to the island’s economic robustness which, in turn, led to its elevation to important cultural centre. The Early Hellenistic period is known to us mainly through epigraphic sources and literary accounts, while few monuments have survived due to earthquakes and continuous habitation. The most important monument is the ancient temple of Asklepios located at the homonymous sanctuary. In 242 BC, the inhabitants of Kos achieved the right of immunity for the Asklipieion and at the same time began organizing the Askleipieian festival which took place every five years and had pan-Hellenic appeal.

2. 4. Roman period

The Romans began to involve themselves in the political life of the island from the 2nd century; the islanders gradually developed relationships of political allegiance and submission with the Romans. Throughout the 2nd and 1st centuries BC, Kos participated in most wars in the area in an attempt to conserve its privileges and independence.

Despite widespread political instability, Kos experienced growth and development throughout this period. Particularly in the 2nd century, there was widespread restoration and construction of important public monuments and temples. The sanctuary of Aphrodite and the temple of Hercules in the port area, the town’s Agora, which was greatly refurbished, the altar of Dionysus, built according to archetypes from Pergamum, and the neighbouring Doric temple, the second temple of Asklepeios in the corresponding sanctuary, bear witness to Kos’continuous prosperity. One can visit these monuments in the extensive archaeological areas of the modern town.

After the naval battle at Aktio during the reign of Augustus (29 BC-14 AD), the island temporarily lost its privileges of freedom and tax exemption, which were gradually reintroduced after 52 AD during Claudius’reign. During the reign of Diocletian (284-305), the island was incorporated into the kingdom of Karia (region Cariae) and the insular province (provincia insularum) of the Cyclades.

The island’s flourishing continued, while after yet another destructive earthquake (142 AD), new public works were constructed, such as paved central roads (decumanus maximus, cardo), and the vibrant compounds containing the hot baths and public conveniences, which gave the town its roman character. Private wealth is testified by the opulent houses built along the decumanus (can be visited today in the so-called Western archaeological area and the Casa Romana), which were decorated with rich marble floors and mosaics, wall-paintings and marble-casing, as well as numerous statues, most of which can be seen in the town’s Museum.

2. 5. Byzantine Times

Kos was seriously affected by two large earthquakes in 469 and 554 AD, which destroyed most buildings. From the beginning of the 5th century to the beginning of the 7th century the island was attacked by Vandals, Isaurians, Onogurians, Bulgarians and, possibly, Avaroslavs. In the second half of the 7th century the Arabs also ransacked the island.

Δημιουργήθηκε στις 24/9/2021 Σελίδα 3/12 IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Συγγραφή : Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Μπαζίνη Ελένη , Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Καμάρα Αφροδίτη , Ντόουσον Μαρία - Δήμητρα , Σπυροπούλου Βάσω Μετάφραση : Κούτρας Νικόλαος , Κούτρας Νικόλαος , Πανουργιά Κλειώ , Πανουργιά Κλειώ (22/3/2007) Για παραπομπή : Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Μπαζίνη Ελένη , Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Καμάρα Αφροδίτη , Ντόουσον Μαρία - Δήμητρα , Σπυροπούλου Βάσω , "Kos", 2007, Εγκυκλοπαίδεια

Despite the raids and destructions, the archaeological remains dating from the early Christian period are impressive. The era’s most important monuments are, undoubtedly, the numerous and large basilicas which have been revealed in many areas around the island. Most of these are ornamented with impressive mosaic floors, constructed by local workshops renowned for their artistry. Also, along the island’s extensive shoreline (present day Kefalos, Kardamena and Mastihari), large areas of settlements have been revealed; these included spacious buildings and road networks. Of particular importance were the ceramic workshops. This prosperity was ended by the Arab incursions which forced most of the inhabitants to move inland.

From the 7th to the 11th centuries, available sources are very few. After the defeat of the Byzantines at the battle of Manzikert (1071), the island seems to have received refuges. During the same period the aboot Christodoulos Latrinos also came to Kos; he founded a monastery in the Palio Pylio area, which received privileges from the emperors Nikephoros Botaneiates and Alexios Komnenos. In 1088 Christodoulos exchanged the monastery’s property on Kos with the island of Patmos, where he founded the monastery.

From the beginning of the 12th century, Kos was included in the areas claimed by the Venetians. After the conquest of Constantinople in 1204, Kos together with other islands was surrendered to the Western Emperor.

2. 6. Rule of the Knights

At the beginning of the 14th century Kos was an area of contention between the Venetians and the Knights of the Order of St. John. The island was possibly conquered by the latter between 1306 and 1309, roughly the same time as Rhodes. Until 1337, when Kos passed conclusively to the Knights, it seems to have changed hands often. It is considered possible that it was re-captured by the Venetians while it may have been temporarily returned to Byzantium.

Under the Knights of St. John Kos was an independent administrative unit (prefecture), governed by officials appointed by the Council of Rhodes. The administration was supported by a small number of personnel and a military guard. This effective administration seems to have provided its inhabitants with satisfactory protection. 14th century documents reveal that the governors had to concern themselves with protecting the inhabitants, deal with issues of justice, the safeguarding of property, the rendering of tax privileges and the protection of inhabitants from bad management and administrative arbitrariness as these had occurred during the administration of governor Fantino Querini di Stampalia.

Particular attention was paid by the Knights of St. John to the island’s defensive fortification. One of the most important duties of the governors was the construction, repair and maintenance of the castles which had been erected at strategic locations. Seven castles and smaller fortifications survive to this day, of which the most important are the Castle of Neratzia in Kos town, which extended to the port, the castle of Palio Pylio, in the area where the abbot Christidoulos had established his monastery before relocating to Patmos, and the castle of Antimacheia which dominates the centre of the island.

2. 7. Ottoman period

After the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottomans in 1453, the sultan demanded of the Knights to pay a subordination tax. Their refusal made the island a constant target of attack by the Ottomans, who tried to conquer it numerous times, forcing its inhabitants to abandon their houses and barricade themselves in the castles. The island probably surrendered to the Ottomans after the conclusion of a treaty with the Knights in Rhodes in 1522.

Kos entered the Ottoman Empire’s administrative system and was a kaza seat. A significant number of Muslim settlers came to the island from the 16th century. During the 17th and 18th centuries it seems that the population was split between Muslims and Christians while the island was also inhabited by a small number of Jews. During the 19th century the island’s Muslims were gathered mainly in the urban areas, while the countryside was exclusively Christian.

The island’s economy remained basically agricultural throughout the Ottoman period. Travelers of the time offer vivid descriptions of

Δημιουργήθηκε στις 24/9/2021 Σελίδα 4/12 IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Συγγραφή : Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Μπαζίνη Ελένη , Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Καμάρα Αφροδίτη , Ντόουσον Μαρία - Δήμητρα , Σπυροπούλου Βάσω Μετάφραση : Κούτρας Νικόλαος , Κούτρας Νικόλαος , Πανουργιά Κλειώ , Πανουργιά Κλειώ (22/3/2007) Για παραπομπή : Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Μπαζίνη Ελένη , Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Καμάρα Αφροδίτη , Ντόουσον Μαρία - Δήμητρα , Σπυροπούλου Βάσω , "Kos", 2007, Εγκυκλοπαίδεια the abundance of agricultural products while administrative documents point to a growth in commercial activities. During the Russian-ottoman war in 1788-1792 and the Revolution of 1822, Kos’Greek Christian population was hard-hit by the suspicion of the Ottomans which, in some cases ended in violence. Kos communal self-administration developed during the 19th century, for until then it seems to have been exclusively controlled by the church. In 1843, the board of elders was inaugurated on Kos; this offered its inhabitants a satisfactory breadth of rights. After the revolution of the New Turks in 1908 and the declaration of the constitution, the imposition of compulsory military service strengthened the migratory movement from the Dodecanese toward the Asia Minor coast.

2. 8. Italian Rule

The island was occupied by the Italians in 1912. Their arrival on Kos was initially greeted with acceptance and approval by the inhabitants (94% of who were Greeks), because they thought that they were thus overthrowing Ottoman domination; initially they hoped for autonomy and later for union with . With the peace treaty signed between Italy and Ottoman Empire on 18.10.1912, however, Italy gained a legal right of ownership over the islands. The Italians enforced an effective system of administration and oversaw the construction of widespread public works.

During the next phase of Italian occupation (1923-1943), a broad program of “Italianization”took place in the Dodecanese, under the auspices of the fascist government with significant interventions in education, religious matters, the economy, etc.

The destructive earthquake of 1933 gave the Italian administration the opportunity for a widespread restructuring of Kos town. A new town with modern urban planning was constructed; it incorporated the recently excavated archaeological sites. The adopted patterns offered the town the image of an eastern metropolis, characteristics which survive to this day in many parts of the town.

2. 9. Union with Greece – the situation today

Mussolini’s defeat in 1943 resulted in the island’s German occupation, which ended in 1945 with Germany’s surrender. Kos passed initially to the British and then, like the rest of the Dodecanese was joined with Greece in 1948.

In those days Kos was an island whose economy was based on agriculture. But the rapid growth of tourism since the 1980s led to an abandonment of agriculture. Today, the island is one of the most popular tourist destinations and attracts masses of visitors every year. Its natural beauty, long beaches with clear water, but also its extensive archaeological sites, are some of its highlights. But its environment is currently in a fragile balance: the unending – and not always aesthetically and functionally successful – construction of an increasing number of tourist units has led to the gradual domination of built space over the natural environment.

(Elpida Skerlou)

3. Archeological sites

3. 1. The Asklepieion on Kos (The Sanctuary of Asklepios)

The Asklepieion on Kos was one of the most important sanctuaries dedicated to the healing god Asklepios. It was built on an advantageous site in the environs of Kos and was connected to the island’s Medical School which, according to tradition, was founded by Hippocrates (460-360 BC). Initially, the site of the famous sanctuary was occupied by a shrine and grove of cypress trees dedicated to the worship of Apollo where an altar to Asklepios was erected around the middle of the 4th century BC. The Asklepieion was constructed during the Hellenistic years in two building phases, during the first half of the 3rd century BC and the first half of the 2nd century BC, respectively.

1st building phase: during the first building phase the temple developed on two consecutive levels following a simple but unified architectural plan. The secondary buildings were integrated freely in the surrounding area with emphasis placed on their functional role. At the same time, the shaping of the architectural whole adhered to classical rules of arrangement, avoiding disturbance of the

Δημιουργήθηκε στις 24/9/2021 Σελίδα 5/12 IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Συγγραφή : Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Μπαζίνη Ελένη , Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Καμάρα Αφροδίτη , Ντόουσον Μαρία - Δήμητρα , Σπυροπούλου Βάσω Μετάφραση : Κούτρας Νικόλαος , Κούτρας Νικόλαος , Πανουργιά Κλειώ , Πανουργιά Κλειώ (22/3/2007) Για παραπομπή : Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Μπαζίνη Ελένη , Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Καμάρα Αφροδίτη , Ντόουσον Μαρία - Δήμητρα , Σπυροπούλου Βάσω , "Kos", 2007, Εγκυκλοπαίδεια natural environment. The lower level (dimensions: 93x47 m.), was enclosed by stoas. The second level was built 6 m. higher and housed the sanctuary’s liturgical facilities. The temple’s pre-existing altar was harmoniously incorporated into the new composition while, at the same time a two-column in antis temple was constructed (dimensions: 8,78x15,07), to house the devotional sculptures of Asklepios, his son Mahaonas, and Hygeia. South of the temple a spacious square building was annexed (dimensions: 12,5x13 m.), the so-called “Avaton”, which possibly functioned as an enkoimeterion. East of the altar a colonnade (length: 17,3 m., depth: 6,48 m.), was constructed to house votive offerings. A semicircular podium facing north for outdoor assemblies, which was constructed in the centre of the second level, also dates from the Early Hellenistic years and the sanctuary’s first building phase.

2nd building phase: the compound’s unadorned composition was maintained until the beginning of the 2nd century BC. The spread of the worship and the therapeutic activities of Asklepios, the island’s increasing economic growth and prosperity as well as close relations with Hellenistic rulers contributed to the architectural re-configuration of the Asklepieion. The conversion of the sanctuary into a monumental Hellenistic compound with complicated planning occurred during the first half of the 2nd century BC. The sanctuary, by adopting the new architectural tendencies of the era, developed over three consecutive levels, held up by retaining walls and included a propylo (entrance gate), colonnades, temples, altar, holy grove, as well as various smaller religious and secular buildings, while monumental staircases provided access to the various levels.

Entry to the compound was served by a monumental four-columned propylo and staircase, 11,5 m. wide. The architectural pattern of the lowest level was maintained with Doric colonnades forming its north, east and west sides, while behind the colonnades were various areas intended for pilgrims to the sanctuary. The lowest level included the infirmary’s facilities. The supporting wall which defined the south side of the first level of the sanctuary and supported the second level, incorporated water-fountains essential for the ceremonious therapies, as well as niche adorned by statues. To the west of the ascending staircase was the so-called shrine of Xenophon. It consisted of an apse with temple-shaped façade and was a votive offering by G. Stertinos Xenophon, personal doctor to the emperors of the Claudian dynasty, to Asklepios, the emperor Nero, Hygeia and Hypioni, Asklepios’assistant and wife. During Roman times a compound housing hot and cold baths was constructed (3rd century AD), to the east of the lower level, while to the west public convenience facilities were also added.

The second level buildings of the 1st building phase were harmoniously incorporated into the new monumental compound. The temple of Asklepios was modified, adopting stylistic characteristics from temples in Asia Minor. It consisted of a square pronaos and a cella of equal size, at the end of which was a “treasure”, a stone case which housed the temple’s riches. Around the middle of the 2nd century BC, the temple’s altar was reconstructed in the manner of the famous altar of Pergamon and was adorned by rich architectural and sculptural decorations. During Roman times, around the 2nd century AD, a Corinthian order temple dedicated to the worship of Apollo was added to the east of the Hellenistic altar.

A monumental staircase (length: 38,5 m. and width initially: 18 m. and later: 9,5 m.), led to the highest level which was defined by a Doric colonnade shaped as a Π at the centre of which existed a Doric peripteral temple. The temple’s architecture, which dates from around 170/160 BC, is dominated by classicistic shapes due to the similarities it presented, as far as its planning was concerned, with the Asklipieion in Epidaurus, which were clearly dictated by the rivalry between the two sanctuaries. However, the temple’s details show clear Hellenistic elements. The temple faced north and formed the architectural culmination and epilogue of a series of successively constructed levels. A grove of cypress trees was planted around the temple in memory of the initial wooded shrine and complemented the visual effect of the composition.

The sacred compound’s architecture shows the clear influences of examples from Asia Minor. The Hellenistic plan of continuous ascent, achieved through the construction of successive levels, impressive staircases and recurring colonnades created a multifaceted architectural whole, which gradually revealed its secondary areas. The building compound imposed itself dynamically against the surrounding natural environment, while the perspective awareness and stage-like aesthetics of the space, distinctive characteristics of Hellenistic architecture, were all intended to impress the visitors.

The Asklipieia, pan-Hellenic festivals which included musical and athletic contests, took place every five years at the Asklipieio’s facilities and contributed greatly to the spread of its radiance.

Δημιουργήθηκε στις 24/9/2021 Σελίδα 6/12 IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Συγγραφή : Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Μπαζίνη Ελένη , Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Καμάρα Αφροδίτη , Ντόουσον Μαρία - Δήμητρα , Σπυροπούλου Βάσω Μετάφραση : Κούτρας Νικόλαος , Κούτρας Νικόλαος , Πανουργιά Κλειώ , Πανουργιά Κλειώ (22/3/2007) Για παραπομπή : Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Μπαζίνη Ελένη , Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Καμάρα Αφροδίτη , Ντόουσον Μαρία - Δήμητρα , Σπυροπούλου Βάσω , "Kos", 2007, Εγκυκλοπαίδεια

The earthquakes which hit Kos in 449 and 559 AD, caused damages to the sanctuary’s buildings while the domination of Christianity led to its final decline. During Byzantine years a church was erected there, while the Knights of Saint John of Jerusalem used architectural components from buildings at the Asklipieion as construction material for the erection of their castles. The Asklipieion was discovered by the German archaeologist Rudolf Herzog at the beginning of the 20th century following the intimation of the local history researcher Iakovos Zarraftis, while excavations were later conducted by German and Italian archaeologists.

(Maria-Dimitra Dawson - Afroditi Kamara) (Transl. Klio Panourgias)

3. 2. Casa Romana

The restored Roman residence, known as ‘Casa Romana’, was unearthed following the destructive earthquake that hit the island of Kos in the spring of 1933. It was excavated between 1934 and 1936 by the Italian archaeologist L. Laurenzi, who named the building ‘Casa Romana’, with which it is known until today. After the completion of the excavation, the residence was restored (1938-40) in accordance with the standards of that time.

The residence occupied a prominent spot in the ancient city of Kos: it was located on the south side of the main street which crossed the city W-E (decumanus maximus); it stood W of the central thermae, at a small distance from the south end of the ancient marketplace (agora) of Kos.

Casa Romana was built over the ruins of Hellenistic Period buildings. Walls belonging to that building phase can still be seen on the lower parts of the building’s outer sides. During the 2nd cent. AD, most likely in the destructive earthquake of 142, Casa Romana acquired the characteristics we see today: all the buildings of earlier periods were conjoined and reconstructed so as to form a luxurious residence occupying a whole building block. This residence became the property of a family belonging to the island’s affluent aristocracy. It covered a total area of approximately 2,300 m2 and contained more than 40 rooms.

The building was organized around three distinctive zones delineated by internal courtyards, probably incorporating the architectural choices of the preceding period. Of these courtyards, the east (area XV) included a simple atrium, the west (area XVIII) was encompassed by a Rhodian type peristyle, while the north (XXVIII) was the largest and grandest peristyle with a two-storey colonnade (ditone colonnade). Rooms for the reception of guests were arranged around these courtyards. Such was no doubt the envisaged use of the triklinia (areas XVI, XXVI, XXXIX), i.e. rooms designed for the holding of symposia. Their decoration was especially attuned to the above-mentioned usage: all the floors, whether made of marble (opus sectile) or covered with mosaics, featured an orthogonal ‘panel’in their centre, the so-called emblema (i.e. emblem), which bore a decorative theme and was encompassed by some kind of ornamented frame, where the couches were placed. The walls of the rooms were faced with marble slabs (crustae), a sign of great opulence. Comparably luxurious are other ‘public’spaces that were designed for the reception of guests, like the rectangular room, hexedra, south of the corresponding peristyle (area XXXIX) and room XXI, which was decorated with murals featuring full-length portraits.

An important element in the residence’s decoration was a small group of statuettes, dating from the 2nd cent. BC to the 1st cent. AD, and today exhibited in the Kos Museum. The sculptures, whose themes suggest the creation of an artificial world incorporated in the natural (half-naked Nymphs sitting on a rock, a Satyr, Cupid, Aphrodite, etc.), were chosen as most appropriate for the decoration of the residence’s peristyles, while they gave their owner the aura of an art collector, advertising his elevated social status.

The private areas were not unadorned, although their decoration did not incorporate elements of ‘flamboyant ostentation’. Such are the spaces of the west peristyle; all around a hall (XII) which opened to the peristyle there stood private rooms decorated with murals of vegetable motifs, or, in the case of room XXVII, a depiction of Cupid. Finally, the residence featured other rooms of an ancillary function, such as the room on the NE corner of the house (area I) with its marble basins and a drainage system, or the rooms of the west side (XXX, XXXIII) which were equipped with a furnace.

The ‘Casa Romana’was destroyed in a powerful earthquake, possibly the one of 465 AD, which marked the end of the ancient

Δημιουργήθηκε στις 24/9/2021 Σελίδα 7/12 IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Συγγραφή : Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Μπαζίνη Ελένη , Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Καμάρα Αφροδίτη , Ντόουσον Μαρία - Δήμητρα , Σπυροπούλου Βάσω Μετάφραση : Κούτρας Νικόλαος , Κούτρας Νικόλαος , Πανουργιά Κλειώ , Πανουργιά Κλειώ (22/3/2007) Για παραπομπή : Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Μπαζίνη Ελένη , Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Καμάρα Αφροδίτη , Ντόουσον Μαρία - Δήμητρα , Σπυροπούλου Βάσω , "Kos", 2007, Εγκυκλοπαίδεια world; it was never inhabited again, save for its southern part (this was not included in the building restored by the Italians). This section of the residence encompasses spaces of modest dimensions lacking any element of luxuriousness, which reflects the social changes that had taken place.

(Elpida Skerlou)

4. Ottoman Architecture of Kos

The city of Kos was during the Ottoman Period a small town bearing all the typical characteristics of the so-called bazaar-cities. The tsarsi (market place) was situated at the city centre, on Platanos (plane-tree) Square. Around this commercial street –the only one bustling with life– lay an exclusively Muslim residential area.

4. 1. The Kastro (castle)

Part of the city was surrounded by a defensive wall which included an orthogonal castle, stretching from N to S and built by the Knights Hospitallers in the 14th century. This castle was encompassed by a moat with draw-bridge which later in 1878 became the modern-day Ippokratous Str. This castle was the seat of the military garrison and its facilities were also used as a prison. Apart from the barracks, inside it was the residence of the island’s military governor, a powder magazine and storehouses. After sunset, the Christians, as opposed to the Muslims, were not allowed to enter the castle.

4. 2. The Chora

The heart of Chora was Lodgia Square (a.k.a. Platanos Square). The impressive mosque built in 1786 with the support of admiral Gazi Hassan Pasha looms there. Older building material was used in its construction. Until the earthquake of 1933, next to the mosque stood the canonical court (Mahkemey-i Şeriye). The mosque had a monumental character, and one of its notable features is the double line of windows typical of Islamic Art. Next to the plane tree stands a Moresque fountain of white marble. Close to the mosque and on the mound, where a park lies today, used to be a Muslim cemetery, as testified by two graves still remaining there, dating to the 18th century. East of the Platanos Square and the Lodgia Mosque stands a Turkish bath, known as the “Salt Storehouse”.

4. 3. The quarters

The city outside the walls was arranged into quarters, with a Jewish, a Christian, and a Muslim quarter. The foremost Christian quarter (mahallas) was called Aspa, which today belongs to the parish of Agia Paraskevi, where the customs official Ibrahim Efentis built the imposing Defterdár Mosque (today located on Eleftherias Square). This is a two-storey building of the same style and possibly of the same period as the Lodgia Mosque, and a ottoman fountain stands next to it. On Ifestou Str (also known as Chalouvaziá) stands the Moruk Mosque, dating to the 19th century. A Turkish bath survives opposite of the Eleutherias Square; unfortunately its exterior has been severely altered due to its modern use as a nightclub.

West of Aspa was the Kontopodi, the large Muslim quarter which extended from the port to the SW corner of the city (Palaiologou Square). This Muslim quarter contained the Port Mosque (destroyed in the 1933 earthquake), the Atik Mosque, which was an older mosque refurbished in the 19th century (El. Venizelou Str), and the Old Mosque, dating to the 18th century (Diagoras Square). The small Muslim quarter of Pouzouchtá was situated west of this quarter and between Herodotou Str and the SW end of the port. Along the seashore, on the city’s suburbs were the exohes, tall square residences surrounded by gardens, inhabited by the affluent residents of the island in the mid-19th century. The ambition of all the wealthy 19th century inhabitants of Kos was to acquire a shop in the tsarsi and one exohe.

The small quarter of Stavrou was an extension of the Chora. A stone-built square mausoleum, roofed by the stone sarcophagus of Hatzi Pasha survives at the crossroads between Ippokratous Str and Mitropoleos Str. It is said that the Muslim tekké (dervish lodge) was also situated at the same spot. Finally, inside the large archaeological site of the city’s North Thermae lays another abandoned

Δημιουργήθηκε στις 24/9/2021 Σελίδα 8/12 IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Συγγραφή : Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Μπαζίνη Ελένη , Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Καμάρα Αφροδίτη , Ντόουσον Μαρία - Δήμητρα , Σπυροπούλου Βάσω Μετάφραση : Κούτρας Νικόλαος , Κούτρας Νικόλαος , Πανουργιά Κλειώ , Πανουργιά Κλειώ (22/3/2007) Για παραπομπή : Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Μπαζίνη Ελένη , Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Καμάρα Αφροδίτη , Ντόουσον Μαρία - Δήμητρα , Σπυροπούλου Βάσω , "Kos", 2007, Εγκυκλοπαίδεια

Turkish bath, known as the hamam Mahir Payizanoglou, which dates to the mid-19th century.

(Eleni Bazini) (Transl. Nikolaos Koutras)

5. Traditional and modern architecture

Kos presents particular architectural interest because of the variety of architecture and urban planning it boasts. Apart from the traditional architecture of rural settlements (Asfendio), it is among the islands on which Italian rule has left its indelible mark.

5. 1. Traditional architecture

The island is composed of five settlements, Kos town, Asfendio, Pyli, Antimacheia and Kardamena. Of these, the first four (in Kos town “Halouvazia”or “Halevouzia”) have been declared traditional settlements.

The characteristic style of cottages on Kos is the low and wide single storey house, rectangular in shape, with simple stonework and flat roof. In most cases it became an L shape with the addition of outbuildings. The house’s interior is, as in the rest of the Dodecanese, particularly well equipped, responding to the functional needs of the farming family. Noteworthy is the long wall, known as the kaniotoihos or ganotoihos, upon which plates, picture frames and the house’s mirror were hung.

5. 2. The architecture of Italian rule

Kos town is a unique case among the rest of the Dodecanese which experienced Italian occupation, as it was rebuilt after the destructive earthquake of 1933, according to a new town plan. It was divided into three building zones according to class criteria: the north, central and south. The north section was broken up into small houses, for the town’s working classes (case popolari), the central section consisted mainly of two-storey houses with shops at street level intended for the town’s urban, middle class (palazzine). Finally, the east section contained the gardened mansions of the Italian settlers (villini).

Characteristic elements of Kos’Italian architecture are the extensive areas of greenery around the town, which also included tropical plants, and the public buildings, designed by Italian architects, and constructed both in Kos town and the settlements of Antimacheia and Kardamaina. The buildings constructed before the earthquake (Town Hall, the “Hippocrates”General Hospital/Ospedale Ippocrateo, Government House, and others), differ from those constructed after the earthquake (case del Fascio, Municipal Market, Casa Balilla, and others), regarding their style, as the first are exquisite examples of eclecticism while the latter contain elements of rationalism and fascist architecture.

The period after the union with Greece brought about the tourist development of Kos, equivalent to that of Rhodes. In order for these needs to be met, large hotel units have been constructed on the island creating a new architectural reality.

6. Kos Archaeological Museum

The Kos Archaeological Museum is housed in a two-storey building in the centre of town and contains mainly sculptures found in the town after the 1933 earthquake. It consists of the prehistoric collection with findings from excavations on the hill of Seragia and the Neolithic cave of Aspri Petra in Kefalos, the ceramics collection, the collection of sculptures and mosaic floors, mainly from roman houses. The Museum’s most important exhibits are the mosaic floor which represents the arrival of Asklepios, the headless sculpture of Asklepios holding a cane with a snake coiled around it, a table support (trapezophoros), which represents the hanged Marsyas, the statue of a bearded man with imation which represents Hippocrates, a statue of Hygeia, a statue of Eros (copy of a work by Praxiteles), and others.

7. Popular culture – folk art

Δημιουργήθηκε στις 24/9/2021 Σελίδα 9/12 IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Συγγραφή : Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Μπαζίνη Ελένη , Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Καμάρα Αφροδίτη , Ντόουσον Μαρία - Δήμητρα , Σπυροπούλου Βάσω Μετάφραση : Κούτρας Νικόλαος , Κούτρας Νικόλαος , Πανουργιά Κλειώ , Πανουργιά Κλειώ (22/3/2007) Για παραπομπή : Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Μπαζίνη Ελένη , Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Καμάρα Αφροδίτη , Ντόουσον Μαρία - Δήμητρα , Σπυροπούλου Βάσω , "Kos", 2007, Εγκυκλοπαίδεια

Horse races take place on the feast-day of Saint George at Pyli, while the feast-day of Saint John on the 24th June is celebrated with the customs of fire (torch) and ivy. Over recent years the custom of the torch takes place in a central square of Kos town by the local branch Lyceum Club of Greek Women. Kardamaina boasts a great ceramics tradition; here existed a large number of workshops, the so-called “tsoukalaria”.

(Vasiliki Spyropoulou) (Transl. Klio Panourgias)

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Φιλιππίδης Δ., "Δωδεκάνησα", Φιλιππίδης, Δ. (επιμ.), Νησιά του Αιγαίου: Αρχιτεκτονική, Μέλισσα, Αθήνα 2003, 146-158

Κοντογιάννης Ν.Δ., Μεσαιωνικά Κάστρα και Οχυρώσεις της Κω, Αθήνα 2002

Τσιρπανλής Ζ., Ιταλοκρατία στα Δωδεκάνησα, 1912-1943, ΤΑΠ, Ρόδος 1998

Albertocchi Μ., "La “Casa Romana”", Livadiotti, M.-Rocco, G. (επιμ.), La Presenza Italiana nel Dodecaneso tra il 1912 e il 1948. La ricerca archeologica. La conservatione. Le scelte proggetuali, Atene 1997, 125-130

Albertocchi Μ., "Ρωμαϊκή Oικιστική Aρχιτεκτονική στην Kω: H Casa Romana", Kοκκορού-Aλευρά, Γ. – Λαιμού, A. – Σημαντώνη-Mπουρνιά, E., Iστορία-Tέχνη-Aρχαιολογία της Kω, A’Διεθνές Eπιστημονικό Συνέδριο Kως 1997, Αθήνα 2001, σειρά Δημοσιευμάτων Περιοδικού Aρχαιογνωσία 1, 215-224

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Δημιουργήθηκε στις 24/9/2021 Σελίδα 10/12 IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Συγγραφή : Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Μπαζίνη Ελένη , Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Καμάρα Αφροδίτη , Ντόουσον Μαρία - Δήμητρα , Σπυροπούλου Βάσω Μετάφραση : Κούτρας Νικόλαος , Κούτρας Νικόλαος , Πανουργιά Κλειώ , Πανουργιά Κλειώ (22/3/2007) Για παραπομπή : Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Μπαζίνη Ελένη , Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Καμάρα Αφροδίτη , Ντόουσον Μαρία - Δήμητρα , Σπυροπούλου Βάσω , "Kos", 2007, Εγκυκλοπαίδεια

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Δικτυογραφία : Archaeological World in Roman and Greek World http://www.archaeology-classic.com/Greece/Kos.html Information about the geography of Kos http://www.greeka.com/dodecanese/kos/kos-geography.htm Kos, A guide to the villages http://www.greeka.com/dodecanese/kos/kos-villages.htm Kos, Architecture http://www.greeka.com/dodecanese/kos/kos-architecture.htm Kos, Churches http://www.greeka.com/dodecanese/kos/kos-churches.htm

Δημιουργήθηκε στις 24/9/2021 Σελίδα 11/12 IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ Συγγραφή : Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Μπαζίνη Ελένη , Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Καμάρα Αφροδίτη , Ντόουσον Μαρία - Δήμητρα , Σπυροπούλου Βάσω Μετάφραση : Κούτρας Νικόλαος , Κούτρας Νικόλαος , Πανουργιά Κλειώ , Πανουργιά Κλειώ (22/3/2007) Για παραπομπή : Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Μπαζίνη Ελένη , Σκέρλου Ελπίδα , Καμάρα Αφροδίτη , Ντόουσον Μαρία - Δήμητρα , Σπυροπούλου Βάσω , "Kos", 2007, Εγκυκλοπαίδεια

Kos, Holidays http://www.greeka.com/dodecanese/kos/kos.htm Kos, Information about the history of Kos http://www.greeka.com/dodecanese/kos/kos-history.htm Kos, Local products http://www.greeka.com/dodecanese/kos/kos-products.htm List of sites of Community importance http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2006/l_259/l_25920060921en00010104.pdf Νότιο Αιγαίο: Βιότοποι της περιοχής http://natura.minenv.gr/natura/server/user/region.asp?lng=GR&id=8

Γλωσσάριo : cella Interior enclosed part - nucleus of a temple or other temple-shaped building. corinthian order The most elaborate of the ancient greek architectural orders. It was developed in the 4th century BC in Greece and it was extensively used in Roman architecture. It is similar to the Ionic order. Its capitals being four-sided and composed of a basket-shaped body decorated with volumes and rows of acanthus leaves. doric order, the One of the three orders or organizational systems of Ancient Greek originated on the mainland and western Greece. It is characterized by short, faceted, heavy columns with plain, round capitals (tops) and no base. The capital consists of a necking which is of a simple form. The echinus is convex and the abacus is square. Above the capital is a square abacus connecting the capital to the entablature. The Entablature is divided into two horizontal registers, the lower part of which is either smooth or divided by horizontal lines. The upper half is distinctive for the Doric order. The frieze of the Doric entablature is divided into triglyphs and metopes. A triglyph is a unit consisting of three vertical bands which are separated by grooves. Metopes are plain or carved reliefs.The Doric order comes without an individual base. They instead are placed directly on the stylobate. The capital consists of a necking which is of a simple form. The echinus is convex and the abacus is square. Above the capital is a square abacus connecting the capital to the entablature. The Entablature is divided into two horizontal registers, the lower part of which is either smooth or divided by horizontal lines. The upper half is distinctive for the Doric order. The frieze of the Doric entablature is divided into triglyphs and metopes. A triglyph is a unit consisting of three vertical bands which are separated by grooves. Metopes are plain or carved reliefs.The Doric order comes without an individual base. They instead are placed directly on the stylobate. kaza The basic grade of the Ottoman provincial administration. It included the surrounding region of a city or a town. During the late Ottoman Period it is identified with the kaymakamlık. peripteral temple Having a single row of columns on all sides. peristyle A colonnade surrounding a building or a courtyard . podium The base of a building pronaos The porch in front of the cella of a temple stoa, portico, the A long building with a roof supported by one or two colonnades parallel to its back wall.

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