Social Determinants Health
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
A student-run scientific publication since 1923 Volume 98, Number 2, March 2021 www.utmj.org UTMJUniversity of Toronto Medical Journal S OCIAL DETERMINANT S of H EALT H A student-run scientific publication since 1923 UTMJUniversity of Toronto Medical Journal Table of Contents PREFACE 38 “Doctor Zoom will see you now”: an equity-focused 3 Introduction to 98th volume of the University of Toronto perspective on virtual care in the era of COVID-19 Medical Journal Issue on Social Determinants of Health Evan Tang, Ming K. Li, Eric R. Mauti, Ralph Masi, Maleeha A. Qazi, Mishaal A. Qazi and Yuliya Lytvyn and Robert Goldberg 42 Safeguarding the spiritual care of vulnerable inpatients during health crises EDITORIAL TEAM Nicholas P. Taylor 6 2020-2021 UTMJ Editorial Team 46 COVID-19 in St. James Town: the social determinants of health inequities reflected in Canada’s most diverse neighbourhood AWARDS Avery McNair and Darryl D’Souza 7 Award Winning Articles PRIMARY RESEARCH COMMENTARY 50 Phylogenetic analysis of 48 early SARS-CoV-2 genomes 8 We are not living through the pandemic together Maggie Z.X. Xiao and Dylan Whitney Falan Bennett and Arjumand Siddiqi 56 Experiencing homelessness as a risk factor for negative 13 Human challenge studies for COVID-19 vaccines – treatment outcomes among individuals receiving reckless or resourceful? outpatient treatment for opioid use disorder in the Pranav Tandon United States Erik Loewen Friesen and Samantha Young 18 Ventilator withdrawal for reallocation during a COVID-19 surge needs a deeper discussion Jonathan Breslin and Jill Oliver REVIEWS 22 Connection in the time of COVID-19 63 A systematic review of the literature on the relationship Angela Hu between ACE2 and SARS-CoV infection in animal models Rana Kamhawy, April (YiChen) Liu, Kyrillos Farag, 23 Health, housing and COVID-19: public health efforts are Gurmit Singh, Gilmar Reis, and Lehana Thabane vital in reducing gaps, but change can’t stop there Simisola Johnson 69 A systematic meta-review of predictors of adverse effect development in response to antidepressant medications 26 A feminist science commentary: a socially cognizant Emily Snook, Kelly Perlman, Eleanor H. Brown, Timothé analysis of postpartum depression in the Western world Langlois-Therien, David Benrimoh, Myriam Imaan Zera Kherani Tanguay-Sela, Colleen Rollins, Eunice You, and Marcelo T. Berlim 31 COVID-19 pandemic: implications for First Nations communities in Canada 79 Neurotrauma in Indigenous populations of Canada: Cole Anderson, Cale Leeson, Alexandra Valcourt, challenges and future directions and Diana Urajnik Zaid Salaheen 35 COVID-19 exposes Canada’s ableism Stephanie G. Brooks and Leah Bennett All articles have been internally and externally peer-reviewed. Authors with potential conflicts of interest have been identified where applicable. Front cover illustration by Leah Bennett UTMJ • Volume 98, Number 2, March 2021 1 A student-run scientific publication since 1923 UTMJUniversity of Toronto Medical Journal Table of Contents CASE REPORTS INTERVIEWS 87 Sugammadex as the reversal agent for rocuronium in a 93 Long-term care crisis leadership during COVID-19: patient with autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia: an interview with Dr. Allan Grill a case report Sabrina Campbell Wan Xian Koh 96 Interview with Dr. Danielle Martin 90 Papular elastorrhexis: a rare acquired elastic tissue Huaqi Li and Raumil Patel disease Matthew Ladda and Patrick Fleming 100 Interview with Dr. James Owen Monish Ahluwalia and Sabrina Campbell 103 Interview with Dr. Kwame McKenzie Ryan Daniel and Grace Lee 106 Interview with Dr. Rachel Spitzer Monish Ahluwalia and Sabrina Campbell “Looped in” Cover design by: Leah Bennett t feels good to have the ability to make choices about our health. Get some sleep, take a walk, eat your veggies. But not everyone has the luxury to make these choices. Many Iare restricted by factors that decrease our length and quality of life. It doesn’t feel fair that the quality of our health can be dictated by pre- assigned societal and biological classifications. It is the role of physicians to investigate how factors like these can weave into our lives. Inspecting the social determinants of health impacting each patient can allow physicians to provide equitable healthcare. With each person in front of you, speculate what things are driving them and what is stalling them. I invite you to explore this piece titled “Looped in”. The twelve different social determinants of health contribute to the overall tapestry, representing life and health. Within this piece you may find some hidden trinkets: material from a surgical cloth, a family photo, lace from my grandmother’s tablecloth, an expired bougie, and a text from a friend. Each fibre represents a moment in life, not one untouched by these social determinants of health. 2 UTMJ • Volume 98, Number 2, March 2021 Preface Introduction to 98th volume of the University of Toronto Medical Journal issue on Social Determinants of Health Maleeha A. Qazi, PhD1,2; Mishaal A. Qazi, MPH3; Yuliya Lytvyn, PhD1,2 1 University of Toronto Medical Journal, University of Toronto Medical Society, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 2 Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 3 Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact. Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada here is substantial evidence that social and economic factors facilities in Markham, Ontario at the beginning of the COVID-19 - such as poverty, lack of education, precarious working pandemic. Dr. Danielle Martin, the Executive Vice-President and conditions, and racial discrimination to name a few - play Chief Medical Executive of Women's College Hospital, discussed Ta profound role in creating access barriers to healthcare services her career trajectory towards becoming a leader in healthcare policy and contribute to poor health outcomes.1 These factors, widely and provided advice on how individual physicians can mitigate recognized as the social determinants of health, are shaped by the impact of social determinants of health on their patients. the unequal distribution of resources and power based on social Next, UTMJ spoke with Dr. James Owen, a family physician at St identity and location. Ultimately, social determinants of health form Michael's Hospital, whose practice focuses on HIV primary care the foundation for the widening health disparities experienced by and prevention, 2SLGBTQIA+ health, and the care of vulnerable structurally underserved communities worldwide.2,3 In Canada, for populations. In his interview, he discusses how the COVID-19 example, people with lower income have shorter life expectancies4; pandemic has impacted the way physicians connect with their and racialized populations experience higher rates of chronic diseases patients and the important role patients can play in healthcare policy (e.g., hypertension and diabetes) and medical racism with negative design and implementation. Another interviewee was Dr. Kwame impacts on mental and physical health.5,6 McKenzie, CEO of the Wellesley Institute, Professor of Psychiatry The COVID-19 pandemic has shone a spotlight on the structural at the University of Toronto, and the Director of Health Equity at drivers of health inequities and has emphasized the importance the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health. With his interview, of understanding the relationship between social conditions and he focuses on the fallout we expect from the COVID-19 pandemic, health outcomes. It cannot be denied that the virus is a shared especially its impact on mental health outcomes and urges for a enemy threatening the safety and well-being of the entire world. proactive strategy to provide essential healthcare services for mental The health burdens, experiences, and outcomes, however, are not wellbeing. Finally, the UTMJ also interviewed Dr. Rachel Spitzer, the same for everyone. This public health crisis has reinforced and paediatric and adolescent gynaecologist at Mount Sinai Hospital, exacerbated long existing inequities and chronic disinvestment in who discusses the impact social determinants of health and the public health, which has resulted in certain communities (e.g., Black COVID-19 pandemic has had on this unique patient population. and Indigenous communities, low-income residents, individuals The UTMJ takes pride in supporting manuscript submission experiencing homelessness, immigrants and refugees, and essential by trainees all over the world. In this issue, Emily Snook from the workers) to be disproportionately impacted by higher rates of Department of Medicine, University of Toronto and Kelly Perlman COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, and mortality.5 from the Douglas Mental Health Institute, McGill University received For our issue on Social Determinants of Health, UTMJ invited the first prize trainee submission award. Their co-authored paper, Professor Arjumand Siddiqi, Canada Research Chair in Population entitled “A systematic meta-review of predictors of adverse effect Health Equity, and Falan Bennett, MPH Candidate at the Dalla Lana development in response to antidepressant medications,” reviewed School of Public Health, to reflect on social inequalities perpetuated genetic and non-genetic factors that contribute to antidepressant further during the COVID-19 pandemic. They discuss the role induced adverse effects, which may help with clinical decision racism and capitalism have played in differential health outcomes for making regarding