Native Networking: Telecommunications and Information Technology in Indian Country

DOCUMENT RESUME

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AUTHOR Casey, James; Ross, Randy; Warren, Marcia TITLE Native Networking: Telecommunications and Information Technology in Indian Country. INSTITUTION Benton Foundation, Washington, DC. PUB DATE 1999-04-00 NOTE 70p.; Some graphics may not reproduce satisfactorily. AVAILABLE FROM Benton Foundation, 1634 Eye Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20003 ($12.50); Tel: 202-638-5770; Fax: 202-638-5771; e-mail: [email protected]; Web site: http://www.benton.org/Library/Native. PUB TYPE Guides Non-Classroom (055) Reference Materials Directories/Catalogs (132) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS American Indian Education; *American Indians; Business; Distance Education; Elementary Secondary Education; Federal Indian Relationship; *Financial Support; Information Networks; *Information Technology; *Internet; Resource Materials; *Telecommunications; *Tribal Sovereignty; Tribally Controlled Education; World Wide Web IDENTIFIERS Access to Technology; *Native Americans; Networking

ABSTRACT This report on the status of telecommunications and information technology in Indian Country was created as a tool for reference, training, planning, and general educational purposes to be used by Native Americans, government policy makers, and others. A background section discusses policy and the current state of Native communities with regard to the use of telecommunications and technology. It offers a guide to the existing legal and regulatory parameters of telecommunications and their implications in relation to Indian law and sovereignty issues. Opportunities available to tribes in the commercial and regulatory arenas are outlined, and implications of telecommunications and technology for Native Americans, both positive and negative, are discussed. A directory of information resources and tools outlines telecommunications and information technology practices in Native communities today and includes funding sources (federal, private, and corporate); current Native American telecommunications projects in the fields of education, community networking, the environment, Geographic Information Systems and Global Positioning Satellite, law enforcement, library and museum services, and telemedicine; and technology-focused Native businesses and organizations. Appendices provide a sample survey from the Office of Technology Assessment report, "Telecommunications Technology and Native Americans," which tribes can use to perform their own technology assessments; a glossary of telecommunications terms; and five additional online references. (TD)

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-e, - -6 0 I ,0 - -., I 0 , Benton Foundation

The Benton Foundation works to realize the social benefits made possible by the public interest use of communications. Bridging the worlds of philanthropy, public policy, and community action, Benton ttal seeks to shape the emerging communications environment and to demonstrate the value of BENTON communications for solving social problems. Through demonstration projects, media production and FOUNDATION publishing, research, conferences, and grantmaking, Benton probes relationships between the public, corporate, and nonprofit sectors to address the critical questions for democracy in the information age.

The Benton Foundation's Communications Policy and Practice program promotes public interest values and noncommercial services for the evolving Information Infrastructure through research, policy analysis, print and online publishing, and outreach to nonprofits and foundations. Its Web site provides current information on communications policy and highlights innovative practices of technology by nonprofit organizations.

Executive Director: Larry Kirkman Board of Directors: Deputy Director: Karen Menichelli Charles Benton (President and Chairman), Bob Fumiss, Worth Bruntjen, Communications Policy and Practice Mark Lloyd (General Counsel), Director: Anthony Wilhelm Harold A. Richman, Henry Rivera (Treasurer) Senior Associates: Jillaine Smith, Terry Tinson Saario, Jorge Schement, Kevin Taglang Paul Simon Associate: Rachel Anderson Trustees: Charles Benton, Marjorie C. Benton, Leonard Schrager

1634 Eye Street NW Washington DC 20006 Phone: 202.638.5770 Fax: 202.638.5771 [email protected] www.benton.org

3 Native Networking: Telecommunicationsand Information Technology in Indian Country

This report was written by James Casey (Cherokee), Randy Ross (Ponca Tribe of Nebraska and Otoe Missouria), and Marcia Warren (Santa Clara Pueblo of New Mexico). Edited by Jean Smith

Printed in April 1999 Design: TypeCastingPhotos: PhotoDisc

4 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This report began in 1997 as a market assessment conducted by Marcia Warren for Hughes Global Services in Los Angeles, CA, measuring the use of telecommunications and information technology by Native Americans. The result, after three months of research, interviews, and Internet searches, was a study that just scratched the surface of what was really going on in Indian Countty today. Many people saw the value of a more complete report, and Ms. Warren was encouraged to find a way to make the information available to others working with these issues in Indian Country. "Native Networking: Telecommunications and Technology in Indian Country" was completed as a joint effort between the three authors and the Benton Foundation and assistance from colleagues in Indian Country. It is a testament to the work that is done every day to foster the growth and pride of Indians throughout the country. And consistent with the way we do things in the Native American community, a contribution is always the result of great friendship and cooperation and should be acknowledged. To Roanne Robinson, Alan Mandell, Pat Spears, Bob Gough, Theresa Hopkins, Bill Mehojah, Karen Buller, Frank Blythe, Dave Warren, Alvin Warren, and the rest of the members of "Native Networking"many thanks for sharing your knowledge and expertise in this endeavor. The authors thank Mark Schwene, Vice President of Hughes Global Seryices, without whom this idea would have never been put on paper; Andrew Blau, former Director of the Communications Policy andPractice program at the Benton Foundation, who gave us the means to provide this report to the audiences that need it; and Fred Wood, National Library of Medicine and director of the 1995 OTA study, who provided helpful comments on the report. TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION 1

II. BACKGROUND

How to Use This Report 3 Basic Facts 5 Regulatory Landscape 12 Cybersovereignty and Opportunities for Tribes 15

III. INFORMATION RESOURCES AND TOOLS Funding and Assistance 20 Federal 20 Private 35 Corporate 37 Current Native American Technology and Telecommunications Projects (1994-present) 40 Education 40 Community Networking 42 Environment 45 Geographic Information Systems (GIS)/Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) 45 Law Enforcement 46 Library and Museum Services 47 Telemedicine 48 Native-owned Businesses 50 Computers and Networks 50 GIS/GPS 50 Internet Services and Web Site Development 50 Telecommunications/Microwave/Cellular 51

Tribal Telephone Companies 51 Telecommunications and Technology Organizations (Native-owned and Native-focused) 53 IV. APPENDICES

A.Native American Telecommunications Infrastructure: Survey Instrument (OTA Report) 58

B.Glossary of Telecommunications Terms 60

C.Additional Resources 64 I. INTRODUCTION

Any report on telecommunications and emphasizing their identity and potential. As the information technologies must be economic status of Indian people in general considered a work in progress. Definitive improves and their visibility increases, in both the information on each industry is quickly outdated. mass media and the political arena, the role of However, once compiled, this information can be Native American communities within our mainstream updated and used, and therein lies its value. society will begin to change. This presents a number of interesting possibilities and dilemmas. Without Any discussion about telecommunications, getting into an extensive discussion of tribal technology, and Native Americans must begin with an sovereignty issues here, it can be said that a new acknowledgment of the landmark work, place for Indians will be carved out of the paradigm "Telecommunications Technology and Native that exists today. Telecommunications and Americans" (www.wws.princeton.edu:80/-ota/ns20/ information technology will play a large part in this year_f.html) published in 1995. This 150-page study effort, as Indians begin to use these tools to support from the congressional Office of Technology community-building in all its aspects: economic Assessment (OTA) was the first of its kind, integrating development, education, health, law enforcement, the concepts of telecommunications and technology environmental management, and cultural with Native American issues and activities. It initiated preservation. New partnerships will be formed and a dialogue, and presented a mandate to both Indians new endeavors, unique to the goals and values of and non-Indians to fully explore the opportunities Indian people, will be created. telecommunications technology could offer. However, there is another side to this movement. It is now 1999, and the millennium is quickly Change creates conflict between the old and new, approaching. How much progress has been made? and there will be issues that only the tribes What has been accomplished since 1995? Both themselves can resolve: cultural preservation, identity, questions have positive answers, with some caveats. and values. Are sacrifices being made for the sake of Overall, telecommunications and information "connectivity?" How much a part of the Information technology in Indian communities is no longer a Society does the tribe want to be? What are the rarity. A large number of the 550 federally risks? What are the benefits? These questions must recognized tribes in the United States are involved in be addressed by the tribes and the communities they some way, ranging from connecting their schools to represent, where the dialogue must begin. the Internet to regulating and running It is clear that tribes are moving forward and telecommunications services in their lands. But there building a future as economically viable entities are still many tribes that do not have the funding, the within the United States. For the first time in Native manpower, the time, or the information to get American-U.S. history, Indians have the knowledge, involved with telecommunications and technology. the tools, and the political support to succeed. Their priorities are more immediate: improving the Among the tools recognized by tribes as essential welfare of their communities. Fortunately, more to their future growth are telecommunications and Native organizations and businesses are focusing on information technology, and tribes are looking for telecommunications and technology, broadening the opportunities to acquire the level of technological options for tribes and acquiring the skills needed to infrastructure that will ensure their place on the develop their infrastructures. Likewise, federal Information Superhighway. However, many tribes agencies are utilizing both their technology funds are in the early stages of this endeavor and the and Indian Affairs offices to extend more value of information, education, and networking opportunities to Native communities. A network of (both in the human and computer senses) cannot people and expertise is beginning to form, but like all be overestimated. Tribes must begin at home to new social structures it will take more time and effort define the needs and goals important to their to fully mature. communities, and then reach out and forge the To answer the second question, what has been relationships necessary to achieve those goals. As accomplished, requires more reflection. On one well, federal agencies, foundations, businesses, hand, it would be easy to refer to the "Current and policy makers must include tribes and Indian Projects" section of this report as a measure of people in their scope of telecommunications and what has been achieved. But in reality, the technology growth and opportunities. Only then, accomplishments outlined in this report go beyond when these two spheres meet and a new network the simple measure of who is doing what and where. of relationships is created, will the mandate of the Tribes are entering a new eraan exciting time of Information Superhighway truly be fulfilled.

7 II. BACKGROUND

HOW TO USE THIS REPORT Section III, Information Resources and Tools, is largely a directory, outlining the telecommunications and information technology practices in Native What is this report about? communities today; funding sources (federal, Native Networking: Telecommunications and private, and corporate), current projects in Indian Information Technology in Indian Country is a Country, and technology-focused Native report on the status and resources of businesses and organizations are listed. The telecommunications and technology activity in appendices in Section IV provide a sample of a Indian Country today. Most of the information was survey from the OTA report that tribes can use to gathered from the Internet, as well as from perform their own technology assessments, a organizations and individuals who contributed their glossary of terms, and additional references. knowledge and resources to this report. Unfortunately, information about telecommunications Who is this report for? and technology in Native American communities is This report was written primarily for the two greatly lacking. Many statistics, such as telephone audiences that deal most with the intersection of penetration rates on reservations, were outdated the Information Superhighway and Indian Country: and incomplete. Others were difficult to find, or 1) decisionmakers in tribal governments and simply did not exist. Thus, this report not only businesses, and 2) policy makers (regulatory and reflects the current state of telecommunications legislative) at all levels of government. and technology in Indian Country; it also clearly In addition, the following groups may also find this demonstrates the need to collect more and better report useful: information. Native Americans involved in education, Why has this report been created? telecommunications and technology It was created to serve as a central location where infrastructure development, economic Native Americans, government policy makers, and development, law enforcement, health services, others could access information about and any other organizational structure related to telecommunications and information technology telecommunications and technology. resources. The report is designed as a tool for reference, training, planning, and general Federal grant-giving offices educational purposes. The information is as Congressional committees complete as possible, concise, and to the point. It is meant to provide busy people with off-the-shelf Local and regional policy makers, regulators, facts and references that will make their work and grant-giving organizations that have Native and their decisionseasier. Americans in their constituencies How is it organized? Foundations Section II provides a discussion of policy and the Nonprofit organizations current state of affairs in Native communities Telecommunications and technology regarding the use of telecommunications and businesses technology. It includes a comprehensive treatment of the relationship of Indian law and sovereignty issues Advocacy organizations within the existing legal and regulatory parameters of telecommunications today. The discussion offers a guide to this complicated system, and it also outlines the various opportunities and actions available to tribes, both in the commercial and regulatory arenas. The section then examines the implications of telecommunications and technology for Indian Country. Both the positive and negative scenarios currently facing tribes are discussed. This section will also include background and guidance information, which is crucial to understanding the context of the issues presented throughout the report. How can I use the information in this Lastly, create a network of people, businesses, report? and organizations that will support you in your Recognizing that this report contains a great deal efforts to integrate telecommunications and technology into your activities. Information is of information, the following checklist has been power, and whether it is shared through developed as a guide to the reader. The items computer networks or human networks, it is provide one way to coordinate your thoughts, and may be helpful as a starting point for your own still the most valuable asset to have in any organizational process. endeavor. CHECKLIST FOR FEDERAL AND STATE POLICY MAKERS, CHECKLIST FOR TRIBES, NATIVE BUSINESSES, AND LEGISLATORS, REGULATORS, AND AGENCIES ORGANIZATIONS Decide whether or not your tribe, business, or Actively pursue outreach efforts to communicate with tribes, Native businesses, organization wants to incorporate technology and organizations regarding the impact of and telecommunications into its overall goals and functions. If so, the level of involvement federal and state programs on their telecommunications and technology needs. and the kinds of activities using these tools must be determined. For example, one tribe Provide the means for studies to be done to may wish to start its own tribal telephone collect and analyze statistics and demographic company; another may want to become an information in Indian Country today: for active regulator of existing services on its land. example, telephone penetration rates; Or one school on a reservation may want full percentage of tribal government offices/ Internet access for its students; another may households/businesses with computers; and want limited access with adult supervision. the effect of technology on Native These decisions must be made by those communities. directly involved in order to provide the clearest path of action and the most accurate Consider the concerns of tribes and Native determination of needs. peoples in legislative, constitutional, and regulatory actions in the areas of Once your goals and needs have been telecommunications and technology, and outlined, evaluate the existing include them in your process. telecommunications and technology infrastructure of your tribe, business, or Support pilot programs and test-bed studies. organization. You may use the OTA survey Strengthen the role of each agency's Indian instrument at the end of this report ("Native Affairs office that is involved in these issues. American Telecommunications Infrastructure: A Survey Instrument"), construct your own Realize that this is an ongoing and constantly survey, or consult a professional in the field. changing process. The establishment of an honest and continuous dialogue is the most Based on the results of the evaluation, create a important goal to achieve. list of priorities for the products and services you need. Where do I begin? Develop a budget and timeline to determine the This report is meant to serve as a resource for implementation framework you will use to you. You may begin at any point in the report. It is achieve the infrastructure you want. not necessary to read any one section to prepare for the rest of the book. Go to the section that Use the resources in this report and from other addresses your needs, and use the information at sources to find the funding, loans, assistance will. programs, and/or partnership opportunities that will enable you to achieve your goals. Concurrently, identify any barriers or issues regarding your particular situation and inform your local and state government representatives, as well as Members of Congress and federal policy makers. The more they know about what you are trying to achieve, the better able you and other interested parties will be to begin a process of change.

9 4 BASIC FACTS TABLE 1: Population Profile of Native Americans Before discussing the current state of telecommunications and information technology in Native Americans Population Indian Country, it is necessary to provide some (total estimated 1990 population) context. Like the rest of the country, telecommunications and technology use in Indian American Indians 1,875,000 Country does not exist in a vacuum, separate from Alaska Natives the parts of society that apply them. They are used (52% Eskimo. 12% Aleut. 36% Indian) 86,000 as communication and knowledge tools to support Native Hawaiians the building blocks of a community such as 211,000 education, governance, economic viability, health, Grand total 2,172,000 environment, and law. These structural foundations that support Indian communities are, in many ways, Native Americans living in rural or semi- different from those in the rest of the United rural areas States. For this reason, some basic facts and American Indians figures will be provided in this section to provide a Reservations and trust lands 437,000 context for the issues that will be discussed Tribal Jurisdictional Statistical throughout the report. Areas (Oklahoma Tribal 201,000 Designated Statistical Areas 54,000 NI information was gathered on the Internet, unless otherwise cited. Other rural/semirural History of Contact areas (est.) 250,000 Alaska Natives Two hundred years ago when the federal Alaska Native Village government first encountered Native American Statistical Areas 47,000 populations, conflict and a policy of removal, most often by force, became standard procedure. This Native Hawaiians policy continued throughout the national period of Rural/semi-rural areas (est.) 70,000 expansion, and hundreds of tribes were almost Grand total rural/semi-rural 1,059,000 completely eradicated through war, disease, and numerous relocations to newly established Source: Office of Technology Assessment, 1995, based on information from the 1990 Census of Population in the following U.S., Bureau of the reservations. Census documents: Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1994 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1994); County 8, By the mid-19th century, the United States adopted City Data Book, 1994 (GPO, 1994): 1990, Social and Economic a policy encouraging assimilation. This was Characteristics, Hawaii, 1990 CP-2-13 (GPO, September 1993), and reflected in the creation of the Bureau of Indian "We the First Americans," September 1993. Affairs (BIA) as part of the War Department in 1824, and its transfer to the Department of the Interior in 1849. The BIA's mandate was to act as a mandated by both the Bush and Clinton trustee for tribal lands and monies, and to Administrations. Each federal agency has, or encourage and assist American Indians in should have, a primary contact or office for tribes becoming citizens, undifferentiated from other to consult directly. members of American society. Population Slowly, the scope and perception of Indian law and The federal government currently recognizes more policy changed, notably through the Indian than 550 Indian tribes, including 220 Alaska Native Reorganization Act of 1934 and the Indian Self- tribal or village governments (Indian, Aleut, or Determination and Education Assistance Act of Eskimo). Population figures tallied by the 1990 1975. These laws refocused the issues of Native Census show that the total Native American Americans toward self-governance, autonomy, population is 2,172,000, with approximately half cultural preservation, and the reclamation of each residing in rural or semi-rural locations west of the tribe's future on its own terms. Mississippi River (see Table 1). The population of Today, the federal government has a government- individual tribes can range in size from the 220,000 to-government relationship with tribes, as members of the Navajo Nation to only several

5 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF

Present-

1982 1982 1980 1970 1968 1968 1960 1953 1953 INDIAN REORGANIZATION 1930 1928 (1928 to 1953) 1928 ALLOTMENT & 1911 1901 ASSIMILATION 1891 (1871 to 1928) 1881 1871

1871 FORMATIVE YEARS 1860 1800 (1776 to 1871) 1776

Communications Act of 1934 enacted. Telecommunication Policy No specific policy for Native Americans defined.

Enactment of Telecommunication Policy

Tribal sovereignty and respect for Attempt to destroy self- Renewed respect and recognition traditional forms of self-government,government and diminish tribal landof tribal sovereignty and the right Federal Policy base. to self-government. Movement to reservations.

1. Treaties and other agreements. 1. End of treaty-making (1871). 1. Merriam Report (1928). 2. Congress defines 'Indian Country.' 2. Crow Dog Case (1883). 2. Passage of the Indian 3. Passage of the first Non- 3. Counts of Indian Offenses Reorganization Act (1934). Intercourse Act (1791). established (1883). 4. Passage of the General Crimes 4. Indian Citizenship Act (1924). Enactment of Act (1817). 5. Passage of Major Crimes Act Federal Policy 5. Bureau of Indian Affairs created (1885). as part of War Department in 6. Passage of the General 1824; becomes part of Dept. of Allotment Act (1887). Interior in 1849. 7. Passage of the Assimilative 6. Indian Removal Bill (1830) Crimes Act (1808). 7. Cherokee Cases (1831-1832). Source: This table is based upon an original work by the Falmouth Institute, Inc. based in Fairfax, VA. 1 1 FEDERAL INDIAN POLICY

SELF-GOVERNANCE (1982 to Present)

INDIAN SELF-DEIERMINARON (1968 to 1982) rERMINATION ERA [1953 to 1968)

io activity) FCC adopts a policy in 1978 to FCC's spectrum auction policy extends preferences in 1994 to minorities promote participation of minorities and certain disadvantaged indMduals/entities to assist in the purchasing in broadcasting (little effect on of Personal Communications Systems (PCS). Native American broadcasting Telecommunications Act of 1996 establishes Federal-State Joint ownership). Board to define and implement 'universal service'. Native American Telecommunication Act of 1997 (H.R. 486 and 555) is introduced to House of Representatives.

1. A few tribes participate in FCC's Cellular Spectrum Lottery in 1988, setting up telephone companies. 2. Funding through Dept. of Commerce, Dept. of Education, and Dept. of Agriculture for technology and telecommunications is utilized by tribes from the early 1990's to the present. nother attempt at assimilation of Re-affirmation of tribal sovereignty Continuation of self-determination but with a stronger recognition Idians and destruction of tribal and right to self-govemment. and assertion of self-govemment. overnment.

Passage of H.C.R. 108 1. Passage of the Indian Civil 1. Tribal Tax Status Act (1982). Termination Resolution. Rights Act (1968). 2. Tribes open bingo halls. Relocation of Indians to urban 2. Nixon's message on Indian Self- 3. Cabazon Case (1987). areas. Determination. 4. Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (1988). Passage of laws to terminate 3. Passage of Indian Finance Act (1974). 5. Amendments to P.L. 93-638. over 100 tribes. 4. Passage of Public Law (P.L.) 93- Passage of Public Law 83-280 638 on Indian Self-Determination6. Self-Govemance Demonstration Project (1988). (1963). Act (1975). 7. Duro vs. Reina (1990). 5. Martinez Decision (1978). 8. Congress changes Duro P.L. 100137 (1991). 6. Indian Child Welfare Act (1978). 7. American Indian Religious Freedom Act (1978) .....1....,.... - 12 FIGURE 1. Ten States with the Largest Number of American Indians, Eskimos, and Aleuts

0 Michigan New York O Texas O North Carolina 0 Washington Alaska O New Mexico O Arizona California 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 O Oklahoma Population (in thousands) Source: 1990 Census members in small "rancheria" communities in The reservation system comprises some 53 million California (see Figure 1 and Figure 2). Population acres, about 2.5 percent of the entire surface area estimates calculated by the Census place the of the United States and about 5 percent of the Native American population at 2,369,000 in November 1998, with the projection that it will reach 4,300,000 by the year 2050. TABLE 2: Native Language Use: Of the total Native American population, 39 Regional & Population Distribution percent is young: under 20 years old in 1990 Region # of individuals over (compared with 29 percent of the U.S. total the age of 5 who speak population). The median age is 26 years old, an American Indian compared with the U.S. median age of 33. language at home Languages and Dialects Census information from 1990 showed that there Northeast 5,195 were more than 250 living Native languages and Midwest 23,618 dialects spoken by approximately 282,000 individuals South 29,466 throughout Native communities today. For regional West 223,711 figures, see Table 2. TOTAL 281,990 Natural Resources 1 Source: Bureau of the Census, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, American Indian Languages Spoken at Home by American Indian Persons 5 Years and Over in Households: 1990. Data are estimates based on a sample. (www.census.gov/ FIGURE 2. Distribution of Native American population/estimates/socdemo/race/indian/ailang3.txt, August 1995) Population Reservations West. Add to that the 44 million acres that will be Other and trust transferred to Alaskan Natives by the end of the 2% lands: Alaska century, and the many land claims currently Native villages unresolved in many states on the eastern Urban Areas 33% 50% seaboard. The potential for development on Indian reservations is great: tribes have large mineral holdings (10 percent '411111111111111/ of the nation's coal, 10 percent of the oil, and at least Rural and semi-rural 16 percent of the uranium), as well as 1.5 percent of areas (non- the country's commercial timber and 5 percent of the reservation) grazing land. And tribes have first call on the water in 15% many Ners in the western half of the country.' Source: 1990 Census

' U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Telecommunications Technology and Native Americans: Opportunities and Challenges, OTA-ITC-621 (Washington, DC: US Govemment Printing Office August, 1995): 20.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 13 Education schools that are operated directly by tribes under The Native American education system encompasses contract or grants. These 187 schools (elementary, K-12 schools, tribal colleges (two-year institutions), secondary, and boarding) are located on 63 and four-year colleges. The majority of these reservations in 23 states, and 93.5 percent are institutions are administered by the Bureau of Indian state and/or regionally accredited. To accommodate Affairs' Office of Indian Education Programs (OIEP); Indian students who attend nearby public schools, the tribal colleges however, are run directly by tribes. nine peripheral dormitories have been established on reservations. These are funded by the BIA and The statistics compiled by the 1990 Census show are tribally operated under contracts or grants. In that Native Americans have a lower overall addition, the BIA funds seven off-reservation percentage of graduation rates compared with the boarding schools, four operated by the BIA and rest of the nation. For high school, 65 percent of three operated by tribes through contracts. Native Americans earned their diploma, versus 75.2 percent of students in the United States. The Additionally, the BIA funds 24 tribally controlled college graduation rate for Native Americans was community colleges and operates two: Haskell 9.3 percent (versus 20.3 percent in the United Indian Nations University and Southwestern Indian States) and 3.2 percent (versus (7.2 percent in the Polytechnic Institute. In 1997, enrollment at these United States) for graduate or professional degrees. two institutions reached 1,501 full-time students. However, the picture changes when one looks at According to the BIA's 1997 Goals 2000 Report graduation rates for tribal colleges: more than 30 Card, the BIA has implemented the following percent of Indian students in tribal colleges go on reform strategies into their school system: to further their education, and 90 percent of tribal Goals 2000/School-wide Title I/Professional college graduates find employment. According to Development the American Indian College Fund, this is a direct result of the increased quality and availability Technology Literacy Challenge Grants/Access (including scholarships) of education provided by Native America Initiative the 30 tribal colleges in the United States today.2 Indian Content Standards (developed in eight areas) Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). The Office of Indian Performance-Based Assessment Learning Education Programs (OIEP) serves 49,218 K-12 Record System students and 25,000 post-secondary education students in Bureau-funded schools, community Restructuring of Central Office: two School colleges, and universities. This includes students in Reform Teams and one Special Projects Team dormitory programs who attend public schools, and now in place 10,463 students in residential programs operated or Tribal Colleges. There are currently 30 tribal colleges funded by the BIA. Approximately 5,000 teachers, located across the country. The colleges serve 26,000 administrators, counselors, and support personnel students, ranging in ages from 17 to 70, and offer serve the students in the BIA school system. mainly two-year programs with associate degrees. The BIA directly operates 82 elementary and However, four of the colleges offer Bachelor's secondary schools, and funds 105 elementary degrees, and two have Master's programs.

TABLE 3: Economic Profile of Native Americans

Native American United States Per capita income $8,234 $14,420 Per capita income of American Indians on $4,478 reservations or trust lands Unemployment rate 14.4% 6.3% Poverty rate 31.0% 13.0% Median family income $21,750 $35,225 Median married-couple family income $28,287 $39,584 Median income for families maintained by a female $10,724 $17,414 householder with no husband present Source: 1990 Census

'Lance Thompson, "Winona Ryder Joins a Cause: A Popular Hollywood Star Works her Magic to Help Tribal Colleges." Cowboys and Indians ,Sept. 1988: 84-90.

BEST COPY AVAILABLE Access to Basic Services variety of health and referral services. Indian and Alaska Native people live in some of the The IHS clinical staff consists of approximately most geographically remote areas of the country Most 840 physicians, 380 dentists, 100 physician Alaska Native villages are reachable year-round by air assistants, and 2,580 nurses. IHS also employs only have limited access by water, and have no road allied health professionals, such as nutritionists, connections. On the mainland, many Indian health administrators, engineers, and medical reservations are located west of the Mississippi, where records administrators. the wide-open spaces often mean that the nearest town, city or hospital is several hours away by car. Access to the Internet and Other Network Systems Communications Services. In 1995, the Department of Commerce's Economic and Tribal Schools and Colleges. Out of the 185 Statistics Administration (ESA) released a schools supported by the BIA, 76 schools are Statistical Brief prepared by the Bureau of the connected to the Department of Interior (DOD's Census that cited that 53 percent of Indian homes Internet service ("DOINet"). The majority of those on reservations did not have a telephone (figures are connected by fractional T1 lines. were based on 1990 Census information and were Of the total, 104 (including the 76 mentioned conducted on a sample of reservations that had above) have cable "drops" in the classrooms to 500 or more households).3 (See Table 4.) connect computers once the facilities and In comparison, only 5 percent of homes in the United equipment are ready to do so (some schools are States were without a telephone. Even in rural currently undergoing construction).4 locations, which may serve as a better comparison to Hospitals and Clinics. The Indian Health Service telephone penetration rates on reservations, only 9 has more than 550 "nodes" connected to its percent of homes were without a telephone. closed-network system. These nodes are defined This report does not address the reasons for the low as help facilities, hospitals, and clinics, and are penetration rate of telephones in Indian communities located throughout the country. The IHS network today. Unfortunately, no current data or allows patient data to be transferred between comprehensive studies exist to answer this question. health facilities, as well as administrative and financial data to be passed from the health facilities On August 6, 1998, President Clinton directed the to the 12 area offices, and then to mainframe Secretary of Commerce to report on the state of computers where accounting and third-party billing technology infrastructure needs in Native American is processed. The network also provides e-mail and communities. This report is being prepared in Internet connectivity to all facilities. collaboration with tribal governments and the Department of the Interior. The U.S. Department of The IHS is working on an agreement with the BIA Commerce's Economic Development Agency and the Navajo Nation to share data lines in an (EDA) is coordinating the project, and the final effort to reduce costs. Lines are already being product is projected to be completed by May 1999. shared within the Navajo Nation and between Albuquerque, NM, and Aberdeen, SD. Health Care Services. The Indian Health Service (IHS) is the principal federal health care provider The IHS also provides teleradiology from the and health advocate for approximately 1.5 million Shiprock, NM, hospital to the University of New American Indian and Alaska Native peoples who Mexico.5 belong to more than 550 federally recognized Tribal Governments and/or Official Tribal Web tribes in 34 states. Sites. Tribal Web, a page on the Web site of the IHS services are provided directly and also Seminole Tribe of Florida, currently provides a list through tribally contracted and operated health of federally recognized tribes and Alaska Native programs. Health services also include health care villages. From this list, the tribe has highlighted purchased from more than 2,000 private links to tribes that have official Web sites, which providers. As of March 1996, the federal system the tribe itself confirms for authenticity. As of consisted of 37 hospitals, 64 health centers, 50 August 1998, this site shows that approximately health stations, and five school health centers. In 100 tribes (out of 550) have official Web sites addition, 34 urban Indian health projects provide a accessible to the public.

'Bureau of the Census, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, Housing of American Indians on Reservations: Equipment and Fuels (Statistical Brief): April 1995. ° William Mehojah, Office of Indian Education Programs, Bureau of Indian Affairs, personal interview, June 1998. Dr. Tom Fisher, Indian Health Service, telephone interview, August 1998.

10 Table 4: A Selection of 48 Reservations Listed in the Report

Name of reservation Percent WITHOUT a telephone in their home Acoma Pueblo and Trust lands, NM 30.0 Blackfeet Reservation, MT 31.7 Canaraugus Reservation, NY 20.7 Cheyenne River Reservation, SD 47.8 Colorado River Reservation, AZ-CA 33.4 Colville Reservation, WA 27.8 Crow Reservation and Trust Lands, MT 54.9 Devil's Lake Sioux Reservation, ND 57.4 Eastern Cherokee Reservation, NC 36.8 Flathead Reservation, MT 26.7 Fort Apache Reservation, AZ 64.5 Fort Belknap Reservation and Trust Lands, MT 43.1 Fort Berthold Reservation, ND 43.7 Fort Hall Reservation and Trust Lands, ID 30.1 Fort Peck Reservation, MT 38.1 Gila River Reservation, AZ 77.8* Hoopa Valley Reservation, CA 35.8 Hopi Reservation and Trust Lands, AZ 49.3 Isleta Pueblo, NM 18.5 Jicarilla Apache Reservation, NM 50.6 Lac Courte Oreilles Reservation and Trust Lands, WI 38.0 Laguna Pueblo and Trust Lands, NM 26.0 Lake Traverse (Sisseton) Reservation, ND-SD 50.5 Leech Lake Reservation, MN 31.6 Menominee Reservation, WI 27.9 Mescalero Apache Reservation, NM 58.4 Mississippi Choctaw Reservation and Trust Lands, MS 66.4 Navajo Reservation and Trust Lands, AZ-NM-UT 81.6 Nez Perce Reservation, ID 30.4 Northern Cheyenne Reservation and Trust Lands, MT-SD 61.0 Oneida (West) Reservation, WI 17.3 Osage Reservation, OK 18.2 Papago Reservation, AZ 55.9 Pascua Yaqui Reservation, AZ 26.8 Pine Ridge Reservation and Trust Lands, NE-SD 58.6 Red Lake Reservation, MN 41.0 Rosebud Reservation and Trust Lands, SD 56.2 St. Regis Mohawk Reservation, NY 15.9 Salt River Reservation, AZ 55.1 San Carlos Reservation, AZ 83.9 Standing Rock Reservation, ND-SD 56.8 Turtle Mountain Reservation and Trust Lands, ND-SD 31.8 Uintah and Ouray Reservation, UT 49.1 Warm Springs Reservation and Trust Lands, OR 31.6 White Earth Reservation, MN 35.3 Wind River Reservation, WY 49.3 Yakima Reservation and Trust Lands, WA 24.1 Zuni Pueblo, AZ-NM 32.6 For data on reservations not shown, please contact Robert Bonnette at 301/763-8553.

*Gila River has since improved this figure dramatically by offering telecommunications services through its own Tribal Telephone Company. See the section on "Native-Owned Businesses and Organizations" for specific details.

1 G The following discussion, therefore, will provide a REGULATORY LANDSCAPE framework for further consideration and research in the areas of tribal telecommunications ventures The telecommunications, information, and high and tribal regulation of telecommunications technology industries have become an important services. This framework will take into account the part of daily life in the modern world, virtually application of principles of Federal Indian Law to touching all aspects of our day-to-day lives. The traditional telecommunications regulatory schemes. effects of the availability of the products of these industries, or the total lack thereof, on tribal STATE/FEDERAL REGULATION OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS governments and communities, however, are not To gain an understanding of the issues raised by entirely understood. In particular, the concept of the application of Federal Indian Law to asserting sovereignty in these fields (i.e., utilities, telecommunications regulation, we must first telecommunications, information services, etc.) consider the basic state/federal regulatory has only recently been considered by most tribal scheme. This scheme governs the provision of governments. In the immediate future, tribes will services outside of Indian Country. be forced to address the application of tribal sovereign authority and tribal cultural values to Although most people think of the Federal these industries, not only to ensure that tribal Communications Commission (FCC) when they members have access to important technologies consider the regulation of telecommunications and services, but also to ensure that these same services, jurisdiction over telecommunications is technologies are not harmful to tribal sovereignty, actually divided between the federal and state culture, or existence. governments. The Communications Act of 1934 (the "Act"), as amended by the The telecommunications industry is a highly Telecommunications Act of 1996, expressly regulated industry Any given service or service displaces state jurisdiction to regulate interstate provider may face regulation by federal, state, and and international radio or wire communications. local governments. In most cases, there is little The Act makes, however, an equally clear dispute over the application of such regulation to a reservation of state authority over intrastate given service. The division of federal, state, and communications.' This division raises some local jurisdiction over telecommunications services interesting and often difficult questions for tribes is reasonably well established. The appropriate and tribal businesses, discussed below. application of existing regulatory schemes in the context of services to and by Indian tribes, The Federal Communications Commission however, is far from simple and not well defined. The FCC is an "independent agency" of the U.S. This section will briefly identify some of the more government. Independent agencies are created by significant issues in tribal telecommunications and Congress and are not under the direct control of discuss possible approaches to the regulation of either the executive or the legislative branches. telecommunications services in Indian Country. The FCC is, however, in various ways controlled Through the utilization of available and developing by all three branches of the government that technology, and through the combined efforts of exercise various oversight, budgetary, and tribal nations, corporate America, and the United operational controls over its activities. The FCC is States (under its continuing trust responsibilities9, directed by five Commissioners appointed by the tribes can promote self-determination, sovereignty, President and confirmed by the Senate for 5-year and social and political empowerment well into the terms. One of these Commissioners is then next century. Moreover, technology can help to appointed by the President as Chairperson. achieve these goals without sacrificing tribal The Commission is organized into six operating concepts of community, conservation, and bureaus and a number of other regulatory offices. environmental harmony. The bureaus are: Mass Media, Cable Services, The provision and regulation of telecommunications Common Carrier, Compliance and Information, services is, however, a complex topic. A full Wireless Telecommunications, and International. treatment is well beyond the scope of this report. These bureaus are responsible for developing and

o As a result of the unique relationship between tribes and the United States Government, the United States owes a duty to protect the interests of the various tribes. Established early as a guardian/ward relationship, the Trust Doctrine imposes a fiduciary duty on the United States Government to conduct its authority with respect to Indian tribes in a manner which protects the best interests of those tribes. The United States Supreme Court noted in United States v. Creek Nation, 295 U.S. 103 (1935), that "govemmental power to manage and control Indian property and affairs is not absolute, but is subject to limitation inherent in a guardianship." Id. at 109-10. ' Some telecommunications programs, such as the Universal Service Fund, a fund that subsidizes the provision of basic telephone service to high-cost areas, are, however, administered jointly by the state and federal g1i7ments.

12 implementing regulatory programs, processing wire, and cable. It also is responsible for the applications for licenses or other filings, analyzing licensing of certain wireless telephone systems. complaints, conducting investigations, and taking The Common Carrier Bureau, thus, is responsible part in FCC hearings. Each bureau is further divided for all regulatory aspects of the operations of into numerous functional branch and division offices common carriers. In addition, it is responsible for each with a specific regulatory duty.' implementation and regulation of the Universal Service system. The following are brief descriptions of the bureaus and some of the other Commission offices: Compliance and Information Office of Communications Business Opportunities The Compliance and Information Bureau monitors and ensures compliance with telecommunications Although not one of the major bureaus, the Office law and policy, and supports safety applications of of Communications Business Opportunities radio spectrum. The Bureau also provides the (OCBO) deserves first mention here because it houses the newly appointed "Indian Desk" at the Commission with information needed to develop and FCC. The Commission recently has begun a implement telecommunications policies. It interacts process of informing itself as to its duties and daily with military, state, and local authorities in obligations to federally recognized Indian tribes policing the airwaves to ensure open access to under the Federal Trust Doctrine. The Indian Desk spectrum by the industry and the public. This Bureau is the FCC's primary resource for identification and represents an important resource for all tribal resolution of interference problems. representatives responsible for telecommunications issues and is a good point of first contact. To International reach the Indian Desk, contact Eric Jensen at (202) 418-0928. The International Bureau is responsible for all FCC international telecommunications and satellite The OCBO generally is responsible for providing programs and policies. The Bureau represents the advice to the Commission on issues and policies Commission and the United States, under the concerning opportunities for ownership and auspices of the U.S. Department of State, in contracting by small, minority, and women-owned international conferences involving telecommunications communication businesses. The OCBO also matters. Its other functions include international ensures that small business interests are safety and distress, space and earth stations, considered in all FCC notice and comment cable landing licenses, bilateral discussions, and rulemakings. interaction with other international organizations.

Cable Services Mass Media The Cable Services Bureau administers the The Mass Media Bureau regulates AM, FM, and "Cable Television Consumer Protection and television broadcast stations and related facilities. Competition Act of 1992." The Bureau ensures It assigns frequencies and call letters to stations, that cable rates are reasonable under the law. It is and designates operating power and sign-on and also responsible for regulations concerning "must sign-off times. It also regulates existing stations, to carry," retransmission consent, customer ensure that they operate in accordance with rules services, technical standards, home wiring, and technical provisions of their authorizations. consumer electronics, equipment compatibility, indecency, leased access, and program access Wireless Telecommunications provisions. The Bureau also analyzes trends and The Wireless Telecommunications Bureau developments in the industry to assess the regulates radio stations serving the effectiveness of the cable regulations. communications needs of businesses, individuals, nonprofit organizations, and state and local Common Carrier governments. This Bureau is responsible for all The Common Carrier Bureau regulates wire and domestic terrestrial wireless telecommunications radio common carriers (e.g., local and long programs. The services it regulates include distance telephone companies). It supervises Cellular Services, Personal Communications charges, practices, classifications, and regulations Services (PCS), Paging, Local Multipoint in interstate and foreign communication by radio, Distribution Service (LMDS), and Specialized

The FCC maintains a Web site at http:\\www.fcc.gov. This site contains all of the Commission's orders, public notices, news releases, etc., as well as a number of consumer guides and fact sheets, and is updated daily. The site is an excellent starting place for research into telecommunications issues. In addition, the FCC's rules may be found in Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulation (CFR) and the Communications Act is codified at Title 47 of the United States Code. Information and consumer assistance can be obtained from the Commission by writing to: The Public Service Division, Federal Communications Commission, 1919 M Street, NW, Room 254, Washington, DC. 20554, or by calling 202-418-0200/TTY 202-418-2555.

13 BEST COPYAVAILABLE 13 Mobile Radio, Air-to-Ground, and Basic Exchange State Regulatory Agencies Telecommunications Radio Services (BETRS). The The state regulatory agencies responsible for Bureau's Enforcement Division ensures that O telecommunications are generally the state public wireless telecommunications service providers utilities or service commissions (PUCs or PSCs) comply with the Communications Act, statutes 0 or the state corporation commissions. These and Commission rules, orders and policies. The 0 agencies are responsible for the regulation of Bureau also conducts spectrum auctions. intrastate telecommunications services and the Office of the General Counsel terms and conditions of some federally regulated telecommunications services (e.g., cellular The General Counsel serves as the chief legal services terms and conditions). The primary tasks advisor to the Commission. The General Counsel of the state agencies are the certification of also represents the Commission before the telephone service providers within the state, the federal courts of appeals and recommends promulgation of consumer protection laws, and the decisions in adjudicatory matters before the regulation of rates charged. Each state establishes Commission. its own governing statutes, regulations, and Office of Engineering and Technology O policies. Each of the state regulatory bodies also varies in structure, procedures, and authority. The Office of Engineering and Technology (OED is 0 the FCC's technical adviser on engineering and 0 scientific matters. It is responsible for managing 0 the nongovernment use of the radio spectrum, 0 making recommendations on how the radio 0

spectrum should be used and establishing 0 technical standards for radio services. 0

14 19 0 CYBERSOVEREIGNTY AND 0 commercial television and radio station ownership, 0 wireless services, local telephone operations, and OPPORTUNITIES FOR TRIBES cable services, to name a few. Tribes could invest in such ventures whether the ventures were As is typically the case in matters involving Indian located on or off the reservation. A tribe located in tribes, the application of the principles of federal a highly rural area, for example, could invest in a Indian law to the traditional telecommunications commercial broadcast venture in New York City, regulatory structure is not easy. The extent to the most lucrative broadcast market in the nation. which federal and state regulatory authority over Although such a venture would not bring services telecommunications services in Indian Country directly to tribal members, it would provide exists has never been universally defined. In most significant investment income that could then cases, for example, because the tribes have not support other tribal plans and services. exercised their authority to regulate telecommuni- The political development possibilities provided by cations services within reservation boundaries, the telecommunications technology stem from the old state regulatory agencies have exercised adage, "knowledge is power." Information is the jurisdiction over telecommunications services currency of the information society. The greater and within Indian Country by default. On the other better access that tribes have to information through hand, some states, such as California and Arizona, advanced telecommunications technologies, the recognize their lack of jurisdiction over Indian- more effectively they will be able to control their own

owned and operated telecommunications 0 destinies and respond to potential political threats companies providing service on Indian reservations. 0 and opportunities. Moreover, telecommunications technologies can be used to reestablish links with 0 TRIBAL OPPORTUNITIES tribal members no longer living in Indian Country. These links would serve to strengthen the social and Perhaps the key questions are: what role will cultural fabric of Indian communities and provide for tribes play in the opportunities provided by the expanded human resources. information age, and what will be the impact of 0 state and federal regulations on those The following represent some of the issues and opportunities? Three basic areas of tribal opportunities that tribes should examine: participation are readily apparent: community and Economic Empowerment cultural development, economic development, and political empowerment. The creation of tribal information economies could greatly improve the economic situation of many Community and cultural development is perhaps tribes and their members. Information technology the development area most commonly considered as a means of economic empowerment is for tribal communications. Many projects within essential to the future growth and strengthening of Indian Country fit under this label. Noncommercial tribal life. Correctly applied, however, information radio and television stations have been part of the technologies will bring significant advances to tribal landscape for years, and have as their main tribal financial, economic, social, political, health, purpose the provision of culturally appropriate education, and general welfare. services to Indian communities. Other examples include Internet education and access projects, Tribal information parks, for example, represent a satellite services, and public safety radio means to generate significant economic networks. To the extent that any of these services empowerment in Indian Country. Virtual workforce have been regulated, such regulation has, by and development through the use of information large, been left to state and federal governments. technology and informatics presents opportunities for tribes to provide high-quality, technology labor Pure economic development through workforces at much lower costs than are available telecommunications opportunities is a less in metro urban areas. The development, if common phenomenon in Indian Country. While a necessary, of an information infrastructure will number of tribal nations have developed their own create information empowerment zones. These tribal telephone companies, until recently these zones should be included in the definition of ventures were driven primarily by the desire to economic empowerment zones for given tribal provide much needed services to tribal members communities, and appropriate federal resources and businesses. With recent and continuing should be made available to support their long- significant developments in the multi-billion-dollar term development. telecommunications industry, there are many potential economic development opportunities for With sufficient technology infrastructure, tribes tribal nations. These opportunities include: could take advantage of many of the economic realities of rural life to become competitive in any

2. 0 number of technology industries. The cost of land prospective employers. Providers could for housing, for example, is much lower on coordinate and meet regularly through reservations, which reduces the overall cost of videoconferencing and communicate via the labor. Independent professional workers working Internet without constraints on time or location. A from reservations via affordable access to high- better service-oriented outcome and coordinated speed advanced networking services, such as delivery system would dramatically affect the desktop videoconferencing, Internet access, and outcomes of welfare reform initiatives on the advanced digital telephone services, would be an Indian reservations. attractive independent workforce for the tribe and Emergency paging systems would assist in victim outside companies. protection, and technology solutions in general Health Care could ensure better response time by victims' advocacy groups and by law enforcement. Tribal Telemedicine and telehealth services could law enforcement personnel would be able to become the backbone of health services to Tribal provide better coverage and services with fewer Nations. With the proper infrastructure, they could human resources, utilizing advanced technologies augment existing health care delivery systems to and information infrastructures. directly improve the quality of health care. The economies of cost of health care could be Education and Cultural Self-Determination improved tremendously through technological Many of the tribes around the country already enhancements to current programs. For example, have begun to implement Internet access for the coordination of home health care through education in tribal and BIA schools. The role of wireless communications; wireless Internet education is critical to the future of tribal access; slow-scan wireless video; and integrated development and community response to seamless wireless technologies all could provide conditions and issues. Tribes without tribal higher quality services to Indian communities and 0 colleges or tribally run K-12 schools can consider enhance patient access to health care providers. 0 augmenting education through after-school tribal Other potential advances include using wireless technology learning centers to ensure that technologies for remote cardiac care monitoring, students who are tribal members are not elder medical alert systems, and increased and handicapped in public schools. improved home health care delivery through The archiving and sharing of cultural resources, upgraded providers; as well as increased and and the development of appropriate policies for enhanced 911 services and emergency response care and protection of the resources, are also services using video and audio communications to necessary. Museums across the country are provide patient care and stabilization while in building comprehensive databases to provide emergency transport. In addition, providers could graphical presentations of collections and use digital radio communication and wireless exhibitions. Tribes must work to protect sacred Internet tools to access supervisors, physicians, objects and ensure that privacy and security are and health care databases to ensure optimum care 0 maintained in appropriate instances involving to home shut-in patients. cultural patrimony. Intellectual property is yet 0 Law Enforcement and Social Services another key area for which tribes need to build appropriate responses and policy regarding Advanced information technologies and services cultural property. offer significant opportunities to improve law enforcement, public safety, and social services to Tribal Community Networking and Locally Determined tribes and tribal residents. Law enforcement, for Strategies example, would benefit from improved information 0 The use of information technology and emergent coordination and tracking and monitoring advanced digital technologies for local community capabilities. In addition, emergency response purposes presents significant possibilities for rural times could be improved by advanced and other communities. Interaction and telecommunications technologies. information-sharing among tribal communities Welfare reform programs could be supported would help to develop well-informed tribal through network coordination of information and communities. Such communities are better able to referrals systems found on-line. Workers could 0 respond to new issues and challenges and to 0 seek training and education to conform to a more 0 assist tribal leadership in developing clear advanced workplace and other digitally driven strategies for community programs. A well- employment opportunities, including home informed community will make sound decisions employment through contract arrangement with and, thus enhanced, locally determined strategies

IB will drive community processes to a higher level This role could manifest itself in a number of ways. than ever before. The tribe might, for example, establish rate regulations to ensure affordable rates, or implement Key to the opportunities discussed above is a minimum service benchmarks for services within solid, advanced telecommunications infrastructure. Indian Country. The tribe would also be responsible The following is a list of potential opportunities for for establishing and enforcing taxation of tribal governments and members to help develop telecommunications services, land use restrictions, such infrastructure while, at the same time, consumer protection requirements, and so on. In providing economic development opportunities. addition, the tribe will be the entity most capable of This list is by no means exhaustive, but rather monitoring and influencing federal telecommunica- should provide a starting point for thinking about tions policy that may affect its members. For potential tribal ventures. Tribal governments and example, absent tribal input and consultation, the communities could provide: FCC may not adequately account for tribal needs Local telephone services to tribal members via and concerns when implementing the federal wireline or wireless systems (or both). Service Universal Service Program. Because the program is could be expanded to off-reservation residential crucial to the development and maintenance of and business subscribers. affordable telecommunications infrastructure and services in high-cost areas, including reservations, it Long distance telephone service, both is critical that tribal governments participate in the nationally and internationally. implementation process. Video services, including cable television, As sovereign entities, tribes exercise civil video-on-demand, direct broadcast satellite regulatory authority over lands under their service, and wireless cable. In addition to jurisdiction and activities taking place thereon.° standard programming, a tribe or tribal group Recognizing that the availability of advanced could actually develop a network and provide telecommunications services could offer many Indian programming nationally/internationally. significant economic and social benefits for its Data services and Internet access. Such members, each tribe must evaluate its role and its services could be provided to both tribal obligations with respect to such availability. The members and off-reservation subscribers. obligations that a sovereign nation has to its members likely will require that the tribe act to Distance learning and telemedicine services. ensure the availability and affordability of Each of the above services could be provided using advanced, and in many cases basic, a number of different business models. For telecommunications services. example, a local telephone venture could be wholly owned by the tribe, part of a joint venture with a TRIBAL SOVEREIGNTY/JURISDICTION non-Indian company, or simply contracted for by the tribal government. Although a complete analysis of What are a tribe's sovereign rights in this field? the many business model considerations and issues The answer to this question is not entirely settled. that a tribe must consider is beyond the scope of Indeed, the question has barely even been asked. this discussion, they are vitally important to any However, certain points seem clear and provide tribal venture or program and must be addressed guidance in this area. early in the planning process. Any discussion of sovereignty should begin with the classical definition of the term, not the version TRIBES AS REGULATORS that has been applied to federal-Indian relations. A traditional definition of sovereignty is: "The After considering the issues and opportunities supreme, absolute, and uncontrollable power by carefully, many tribes may choose, for any number which any independent state is governed."0 Chief of valid reasons, not to enter into the telecom- Justice John Marshall acknowledged the absolute munications arena. The analysis of these issues, nature of sovereignty in The Schooner Exchange however, does not end with that decision. Each v. M'Faddon, 11 U.S. (7 Cranch.) 116 (1812) tribe must also carefully consider its role as the (involving the peacetime jurisdiction of United regulatory authority with respect to services States courts over a French warship). Marshall offered on lands under its control.

'A comprehensive 1934 Opinion of the Solicitor of the Department of the Interior concluded that "over all the lands of the reservation, whether owned by the tribe, by members thereof, or by outsiders, the tribe has the sovereign power of determining the conditions upon which persons shall be permitted to enter its domain, to reside therein, and to do business." 55 Interior Dec. 14, 50 (1934)(emphasis added). See also Montana v. United States, 450 U.S. 544 (1981). BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY 1396 (6ED. 1990).

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 17 22 stated that "ftlhe jurisdiction of the nation within actions must be consistent with the precepts of its own territory is necessarily exclusive and tribal sovereignty. A tribe's sovereignty cannot be absolute. It is susceptible of no limitation not diminished by Commission regulations.' imposed by itself."" From this point of view, the As noted above, the authority of states to regulate tribe may do as it pleases with respect to tribal telecommunications matters is less clear, telecommunications services, free from given the existence of disputes over the issue. In intervention by the states or the federal general, however, state regulation does not apply government. on tribal land or against tribal activities:8 Federal Indian Law, however, adds its own twist to Arguments will be made, however, that the states the traditional definition of sovereignty. The have a great interest in regulating tribal Handbook of Federal Indian Law lists three telecommunications and that the tribes have "fundamental principles" that demonstrate the waived and/or acquiesced to state regulation. anomalous and restricted nature of tribal Tribes may prevail with respect to reservation sovereignty: 1) Indian tribes possess all the activities, but will almost certainly be subject to powers of a sovereign state; 2) conquest rendered state regulation for off-reservation activities. Much the tribes to the legislative authority of the United will depend upon how the tribes approach their States and terminated the tribes' external ventures and their own telecommunications sovereign powers, but did not affect the internal policies and laws. sovereign power of the tribes; and 3) these The United States Supreme Court, in Montana v. powers are subject to qualification by treaties and United States,16 stated that a tribe retains congressional legislation.' Under this regime, it "inherent power to exercise civil authority over the appears that the tribes would at least be subject to conduct of non-Indians on fee lands within its federal legislation if directed at the area of reservation when that conduct threatens or has telecommunications and if it was intended to some direct effect on the political integrity, the include the tribes. economic security, or the health or welfare of the This approach to tribal sovereignty raises the tribe."" Because the availability of basic and question of whether the Act, as amended, applies advanced telecommunications services is vital to within Indian Country. To date, the Act has largely the health and welfare of a tribe and its members, been applied to services within Indian Country tribal civil authority over telecommunications because the tribes have not stepped forward to matters must be recognized under Montana. assert their authority. Thus, the situation is largely Because the tribe has jurisdiction with respect to untested. The FCC has never seriously considered activities on tribal lands, any regulatory actions of its regulatory authority within Indian Country, nor a tribe are entitled to recognition by state and has that authority ever been seriously challenged. federal governments:8 As President Clinton stated It is generally, although not universally, held that in an executive memorandum outlining the statutes written to apply to all Americans apply principles to be followed by all executive within Indian Country.'3 Even if a court were to departments and agencies with respect to Indian decide that this were not the case, however, tribes: Congress likely would act quickly to include The United States Government has a unique Indians within the scope of the telecommunications legal relationship with Native American tribal legislation. Even if the FCC has jurisdiction, its governments as set forth in the Constitution of

" Id. at 136. 'FELIX S. COHEN, HANDBOOK OF FEDERAL INDIAN LAW 241-42 (1982). '3 See Id. at 282-286. See e.g. Pyramid Lake Paiute, 354 F. Supp. at 256-57. Courts, federal agencies, and state regulatory agencies have upheld tribal civil authority in numerous contexts, including taxation. See e.g., Washington v. Confederated Tribe of Colville Indian Reservation, 447 U.S. 134 (1980), zoning, see e.g.. Knight v. Shoshone and Arapahoe Indian Tribes, etc., 670 F.2d 900 (1982), environmental protection, see Amendments to the Water Quality Standards Regulation That Pertain to Standards on Indian Reservations, 56 Fed. Reg. 64876 (1991), and the regulation of electrical utilities, see e.g. Letter from the California Public Utilities Commission dated July 14, 1992: Petition of Fort Mojave Indian Tribe for an Advisory Opinion as to Whether its Aha Macav Power Service is Jurisdictional to the Public Service Commission of Nevada, Docket No. 92- 8003 (Oct. 26, 1992). 16450 U.S. 544 (1981). Id. at 565-66. '" See, e.g., Wisconsin Potowatomies of Hannahville Indian Community v. Houston, 393 F. Supp. 719 (W.D. Mich. 1973); Jones v. Meehan, 175 U.S. 1, 28-32 (1899).

23 the United States, treaties, statutes, and court as an underserved minority by the policy makers decisions. As executive departments and and an untapped market by corporations. Any agencies undertake activities affecting Native policy that recognizes tribal sovereignty must be a American tribal rights or trust resources, such product of tribal efforts. Tribes must begin to take activities should be implemented in a a number of important steps to reach this goal. knowledgeable, sensitive manner respectful of tribal sovereignty.19 As an initial matter, tribal governments must begin In keeping with the President's statement, the to educate themselves about these very complex FCC recently has begun the important process of issues. Each tribe must put itself in a position to developing an internal and external government-to- make an educated decision regarding its role in government relationship policy to govern its the provision of telecommunications services on activities relating to or affecting Indian Country. land under its jurisdiction. At the same time, tribal One important aspect of such a policy is the governments should also conduct needs analyses consideration that even if the Act were finally within their communities to determine the exact determined to apply in Indian Country, that nature of the need for advanced telecommunications determination would not necessarily require that all services. Once these needs are identified, they Commission rules and policies apply equally. The can be prioritized and a plan can be formed to government-to-government policy could be written meet them. to recognize concurrent federal/tribal authority. In addition to the necessary education process With such a policy in place, tribes could operate in that the tribes must undergo, the FCC also must accord with FCC technical requirements (so as to be educated with respect to tribal telecommunications avoid interference problems), but could maintain issues. Tribes should participate as much as greater control over other aspects of possible in the proceedings and other outreach telecommunications regulation. Thus, for example, activities at the FCC. A proactive approach now a tribe could inform the FCC that it would be could avoid years of catch-up and defensive building a radio station on the reservation and that reaction to FCC policies and decisions that do not all necessary technical considerations had been measure up to tribal expectations. resolved. It might then proceed with construction without FCC "authorization." Such a concurrent Telecommunications technologies offer jurisdictional arrangement could go a long way in tremendous opportunities for tribes and Indian satisfying the needs of all concerned. people. To take advantage of these opportunities, tribes must prepare a well-structured plan of In the coming months, the FCC will be working to attack. Telecommunications issues and disputes address this and other important issues. In can be very controversial and usually are hard addition, it plans to begin a number of proceedings fought by the parties concerned. With a thorough aimed at addressing the severe lack of telephone understanding of tribal needs and the issues service in Indian Country and other underserved raised by telecommunications services in Indian areas. Tribes must position themselves to Country, however, tribes will be better prepared to participate in these proceedings to help the FCC assess the opportunities available in the better understand its role with respect to tribal telecommunications industry. This discussion can telecommunications issues. provide a conceptual outline, but much more work will need to be done. NEXT STEPS Despite the current efforts by the FCC, when Indians are considered in the context of telecommunications issues, they are merely seen

Govemment-to-Govemment Relations With Native American Tribal Govemments, Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies, 50 Fed. Reg. 22951 (1994).

19 2 4 III. INFORMATION RESOURCES AND TOOLS

information technology into U.S. schools, libraries, FUNDING AND ASSISTANCE and businesses. This section will provide a detailed list of both Native American-focused This chapter lists current sources of funding and programs and federal programs that include assistance for telecommunications and technology telecommunications and information technology in projects, divided into three main areas: their scope of funding. federal funding and assistance sources Private and corporate funding programs have also private funding sources grown, both in scope and funding levels, for telecommunications and technology. Today, up to corporate foundations 400 private and corporate foundations provide Over the past few years, federal funding and grants in these areas. This section will list only a assistance programs have increased dramatically. selection of these programs. However, a directory This is due in large part to the administration's of the 400 foundations, as well as other efforts to integrate telecommunications and resources, is provided at the end of this chapter.

All information in this chapter has been obtained directly from the Internet, unless otherwise cited. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT FUNDING AND ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS

Information in this section is organized alphabetically by agency

Please note that each agency offers a variety of programs. Information about telecommunications and information technology funding is often included under larger funding categories such as education, telemedicine and health, economic development, or government services.

Program funding levels and deadlines are not provided. For detailed information, please call the contact directly or access the Web site listed.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA) State and Tribal Environmental Justice (STEJI Grants www.epa.gov Program Daniel Gogal, STEJ Grants Manager Small Grants Program Office of Environmental Justice Office of Environmental Justice (OEJ) Programs Tel: 202-564-2576 or 1-800-962-6215 Environmental Protection Agency [email protected] 401 M Street, SW es.epa.gov/oeca/oej/98grants.html Washington, DC 20460 The STEJ Grants Program was created to Tel: 800-962-6215 (24-hour Hotline) provide financial assistance to state and tribal es.epa.gov/oeca/oej/98grants.html environmental departments that are working to The OEJ Small Grants Program was established address a number of environmental justice in 1994 to assist community-based objectives and goals, which include: enhancing organizations (i.e., grassroots groups, churches, the state or tribal govemment's effectiveness in or other nonprofit organizations) and federally complying with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of recognized tribal governments.to sponsor 1964; providing financial and technical resources and/or plan to carry out projects to address to develop an enabling infrastructure at the local environmental justice issues. These state/local community level and tribal/community projects can include a telecommunications level; and setting up model programs to address and/or technology element. enforcement and compliance issues in affected environmental justice (EJ) communities.

rf,r 20 FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION [FCC] billing, collection, and disbursement functions for wwwicc.gov schools, libraries, and rural health care providers.

Indian Desk The SLC and RHCC provide all other functions, such Eric Jensen as administering the application process, creating and Deputy Director, Office of Communications maintaining a Web site to post service applications, Business Opportunities and performing outreach and public education Federal Communications Commission functions needed to administer the schools, libraries, 1919 M Street, NW, Suite 644 and rural health care programs. Further information Washington, DC 20554 about these programs is provided below. Tel: 202-418-0928 Lifeline Assistance and Link-Up America Programs Fax: 202-418-0235 [email protected] USAC also administers the federal programs designed to provide low-income consumers with assistance in The Indian Desk was recently created to address the obtaining and maintaining telephone service: specific needs and issues that tribes have regarding Lifeline Assistance waives or reduces monthly telecommunications policy developed at the FCC. The subscriber line charges. Indian Desk represents an important resource for all tribal representatives responsible for Link-up America assists customers in defraying telecommunications issues and is a good point of first telephone connection charges. contact. These programs are also funded by all Universal Service Fund: telecommunications service providers. Both programs were expanded as a result of the May Universal Service Administrative Company 1997 Universal Service Order and are governed by (USAC) Part 36 and Part 54 of the "fccrules.htm" FCC's Schools and Libraries Corporation (SLC) Rules. Rural Health Care Corporation (RHCC) The Universal Service Fund was created from a FUNDING PROGRAMS: mandate of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 to Schools and Libraries Corporation (SLC] ensure that all Americans have access to affordable P.O. Box 4217 and qualitative telecommunications services. Iowa City, IA 52244-4217 On May 8, 1997, the FCC complied with this mandate Client Service Bureau: by enacting the Universal Service Order. This Order Toll-free Help Line: 888-203-8100 created a number of policies aimed at ensuring Fax: 888-276-8736 affordable service to all Americans, specifically low- Fax-On-Demand: 800-959-0733 (to request SLC income consumers and those who live in rural, insular, documents) and high-cost areas. The Order also established two [email protected] (schools and libraries only) new funds: one to provide telecommunications [email protected] (service providers only) services discounts to schools and libraries, and wwwslcfund.org another to lower the prices paid by rural health care The Schools and Libraries Universal Service Program providers for telecommunications services. was established as part of the Telecommunications Universal Service Administrative Company IUSAC] Act of 1996 with the express purpose of providing National Exchange Carrier Association (NECA) affordable access to telecommunications services for 1201 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Suite 300 all eligible schools and libraries, particularly those in Washington, DC 20004 rural and inner city areas. Funded at up to $2.25 Tel: 800-438-7206 billion annually, the Program will provide discounts of Fax: 202-663-9065 20 percent to 90 percent on telecommunications www.neca.org/usac.htm services, Internet access, and internal connections.

In 1997, the FCC appointed NECA as the temporary Rural Health Care Corporation [RHCC1 administrator of the support mechanisms that will PriceWaterhouseCoopers LLP fund the universal service programs created by the Attn: RHCC Universal Service Order. The FCC ordered NECA to 1616 North Fort Myer Drive incorporate an independent, nonprofit subsidiary, the Arlington, VA 22209-3195 Universal Service Administrative Company (USAC), Customer Service Support Center Help Line: and two nonprofit, unaffiliated corporations, the 800-229-5476 Schools and Libraries Corporation (SLC) and the rhcc [email protected] Rural Health Care Corporation (RHCC). www.rhccfund.org Currently, USAC has temporary administration over: The RHCC was formed to ensure that rural universal service support mechanisms for high- Americans obtain the benefits of current cost areas and low-income consumers, and telecommunications technology as provided for by the United States Congress, the President of the United States, and the Federal Communications

BEST COPY AVAILABLE 23 21 Commission, through Universal Service support. The FUNDING PROGRAMS: Universal Service Support Program established a fund of up to $400 million annually so that rural Native American Library Services healthcare providers pay no more than their urban counterparts pay for telecommunication services. Native Hawaiian Library Services Contact: Teresa Brown, Program Officer Tel: 202-606-5408 GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION [email protected] www.gsa.gov The Native American Library Services grants provide Office of Information Security MIS) small grants for core library operations of tribes and Cecil Dyer Alaska Native villages; technical assistance for these Deputy Director, OIS-TIR libraries; and enhancement grants to promote 7th & D Streets, SW innovative practices in libraries serving Native Room 5060 Americans and Alaskan Native villages. Washington, DC 20407 Tel: 202-708-6637 The Native Hawaiian Library Services grant provides Fax: 202-708-6646 a single grant to an organization that primarily serves [email protected] or [email protected] and represents Native Hawaiians. The OIS is an award-winning federal organization that Both grants have been issued to libraries for projects provides worldwide information security and involving the use of multimedia technologies and technology services to other federal agencies on a computer training. fee-for-service basis. OIS offers single point-of- contact convenience and worldwide services by "in- NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION place" technical specialists located throughout the (NASA) United States, Europe, and the Far East. www.nasa.gov The OIS is working with government and industry to NASA Education Programs plan and implement the security infrastructure Frank C. Owens, Director supporting government applications such as Education Division electronic commerce, electronic messaging, and NASA Headquarters

initiatives undertaken as a result of the emerging O Washington, DC 20546-0001 information-based technologies. Tel: 202-358-1110 OIS's professional staff provides expertise in areas Learning Technologies Project (lIP) such as firewall technology, intrusion Thomas J. Dyson detection/incident response, network security, Ames Research Center, M/S 269-4 cryptology, risk management, information security Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000 planning, systems engineering, project management, Tel: 415-604-6601 system installation and restoration, and procurement. Fax: 415-604-4036 The OIS strongly supports the goal of developing [email protected] //leam.iw.nasa.gov economic independence for Indian Country, and is http://quest.arc.nasa.gov Quest K-12 Internet aggressively seeking situations that will allow it to Initiative (educator/student support) partner with tribally owned companies and http://observe.iw.nasa.gov The Observatorium enterprises. For more information, call Cecil Dyer at Public access to earth and space science the number above. LTP captures the educational potential of NASA programs and conducts and facilitates educational INSTITUTE OF MUSEUM AND LIBRARY SERVICES (IMLS) projects at all levels of the American educational www.imls.faus system. LTP is a multicenter activity managed by the HPCC LT Project Office at the NASA Ames 1100 Pennsylvania Ave., NW Washington, DC 20506 Research Center in Mountain View, CA. LTP funds Tel: 202-606-8536 (Office of the Director) activities that use the National Information Infrastructure (the Internet) and other technologies to 202-606-8539 (Office of Museum Services) foster reform and restructuring in math, science, 202-606-5227 (Office of Library Services) computing, engineering, and technical education. The IMLS is a federal agency that strengthens museums and libraries to benefit the public. In 1997, LTP's goal is to enhance the knowledge, skills, and abilities of educators and students in science, math, the Institute of Museum Services began technology, and engineering. (This program does not administering library programs that were previously a part of the Department of Education. The new provide financial support.) agency, the Institute of Museum and Library Services, awarded its first library grants in 1998.

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22 FUNDING PROGRAMS: Minority University-Space Interdisciplinary Network (MU-SPIN) Educational Technology Program James Harrington Jr., Project Manager The goal of this program is to research and develop Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 933 products and services that facilitate the application of Greenbelt, MD 20771 technology to enhance the educational process for Tel: 301-286-4063 formal education and lifelong learning. The objectives Fax: 301-286-1775 include the production of technology teaching tools [email protected] (CD ROMs, video, software, etc.); development of www.muspin.gsfc.nasa.gov emerging technologies (or application of existing Dr. Phil Sakirnoto, Manager of Indian Programs technology) to education programs; utilization of NASA Headquarters technology as a means of communication between Washington, DC 20546-0001 educators, federal agencies and communities; Tel: 202-358-0949 training and support regarding the integration of Fax: 202-358-3745 technology into education; and support for research [email protected] into new teaching and learning practices made MU-SPIN is NASA's comprehensive educational possible through technology. initiative for Historically Black Colleges and Mobile Teacher Resource Center (MTRC) Universities and Other Minority Universities Dr. Julia Elam including Tribal Colleges. The program focuses on NAFEO Services, Inc. the transfer of advanced computer networking 5214 Baltimore Ave., Suite 200 technologies to HBCUs and OMUs and their use to Hyattsville, MD 20781 support multidisciplinary research. Phone: 301-779-7100 The MU-SPIN Program offers many valuable and Fax: 301-779-9812 needed services to the university community. These jelam@stwnetcom include hands-on training to faculty and students in The MTRC is a self-contained NASA resource facility accessing resources available over the Internet; designed to support teacher enhancement hands-on training to technical staff in local area and workshops in locations that are often remotely campus network installation, management and user located from NASA facilities. The MTRC consists of support; technical sessions at annual conferences; an 18-wheel tractor trailer that serves as a model and technical video lectures on network-related resource center, carrying educational materials and issues. information to elementary and secondary teachers MU-SPIN is very interested in working with Tribal across the nation. Colleges and would welcome any contact from The MTRC program operates from September to them regarding their needs in this area. Contact May, with equipment modifications and upgrades James Haffington at the number above for more installed during the summer months. The MTRC details. workshop plan emphasizes demonstrations of effective models and teaching methods that teachers NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES (NEH) can use in the classroom. (This program does not www.neh.gov provide financial support.) 1100 Pennsylvania Ave., NW Minority University Research and Education Division Washington, DC 20506 Tel: 1800-NEH-1121 or 202-606-8400 (MIMED) Director. Bettie L. White Division of Research and Education Tel: 202-358-0970 Tel: 202-606-8380 Fax: 202-358-3745 [email protected] www.hq.nasa.gov/office/codee/mured.html Division of Public Programs NASA's Office of Equal Opportunity Programs (Code Tel: 202-606-8267 E) established MURED in 1990 to increase the [email protected] agency's responsiveness to federal mandates related to Historically Black Colleges and Universities and FUNDING PROGRAMS: Other Minority Universities including Hispanic Serving Institutions and Tribal Colleges and Division of Research and Education Universities. MURED is responsible for formulating Education Development and Demonstration and executing the agency's Minority University Grants Research and Education Program (MUREP) budget, Teaching With Technology Grants and for developing agency-wide policies, procedures, and guidelines that enhance the involvement of Humanities Focus Grants HBCUs and OMUs in the agency's mission. Education Development and Demonstration Grants, including "next semester" Humanities Focus Grants, support curriculum and materials development efforts; faculty study programs within and among

23 28 educational institutions; and conferences and National Library of Medicine [NLNO networks of institutions. Through the Teaching with Tel: 301-402-4100 Technology Grants, the Endowment looks to fund www.nlm.nih.gov projects that help teachers use new electronic Office of High Performance Computing and technologies to enhance students' understanding of Communications (OHPCC) humanities subjects. Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) Division of Public Programs Bethesda, MD 20894 This division fosters public understanding and Division of Extramural Programs appreciation of the humanities by supporting projects Bethesda, MD 20894 that bring significant insights of these disciplines to Tel: 301-496-4221 general audiences of all ages through interpretive Fax: 301-402-0421 exhibitions, radio and television programs, lectures, [email protected] symposia, multimedia projects, printed materials, and reading and discussion groups. NLM FUNDING PROGRAMS: Grants support the planning and production of television and radio programs in the humanities Internet Connections Grant Program intended for general audiences; the planning and Frances E. Johnson implementation of exhibitions, the interpretation of Tel: 301-496-4221 historic sites, and the production of related [email protected] publications, multimedia components, and Grants are provided to support Internet connections. educational programs; and the planning and Federal dollars can be used to cover gateway and implementation of projects through the use of books, associated connection hardware; internal access new technologies, and other resources in the equipment, such as personal computers and local collections of libraries and archives in formats such area network costs, are expected to be provided by as reading and discussion programs, lectures, the institution(s). Under this grant program,NLM symposia, and interpretive exhibitions of books, funds domestic, public and private, nonprofit manuscripts, and other library resources. institutions engaged in health sciences administration, education, research, and/or clinical NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH INDIO care, and consortia of health-related institutions. www.nih.gov Information Access Grant Program [Information Access National Institute of Mental Health (NIWI), Office of Rural Grants for Health Science Libraries and Institutions) Mental Health Research [OMER) The Extramural Program Division of theNLMprimarily Armand Checker funds small and medium-sized health institutions such Office of Mental Health Social Science Analyst as community hospitals which have a need for short- NIMH, Room 10-104 term assistance to achieve better access to and 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville MD 20857 delivery of health science information services through Tel: 301-443-9001 up-to-date computer and telecommunications Fax: 301-443-4045 technologies. On-line access toNLMdatabases, NIMH automated fax retrieval system: provision for providing documents, and user training 301/443-5158 (request Item No. 910052) should be elements of the project. Funds either single [email protected] institutions or a consortia of institutions. wvvw.nirnh.nih.gov Information Systems Grant Program ORMHRsupports research grants to study the mental health problems and risks associated with Information Systems Grants are distinguished from rural life; ways that the incidence and prevalence of Access Grants by the scope and nature of the mental disorders can be assessed and lowered; and technological means usedi.e., this grant program ways that service delivery can be made more primarily funds academic health science institutions and accessible and delivered more economically in rural larger hospitals. (The organizational unit within the areas by using telecommunications. For example, institution which is directly responsible for the project's ORMHRfunds telepsychiatry research grants to conduct may be the library or other information stimulate research and demonstration projects in the service/research-related department.) In order to uses of telecommunications for delivery of mental facilitate the utilization of health science information, health services in rural areas.ORMHRfunds funds can be used to establish connectivity of system nonprofit and for-profit organizations. components (e.g., integrating the medical library into an existing network) and to support improvements to the infrastructure. Applicants are encouraged to incorporate on-line access toNLMdatabases and some provision for document delivery into their projects.

2 9 24 MIMS (Integrated Advanced Information Management upon at least two of the following technical capabilities Systems) being developed for the NGIquality of service, medical data privacy and security, nomadic computing, This grant program from the Extramural Program network management and infrastructure technology as Division supports the planning and operation of a means for scientific management, and infrastructure Integrated Advanced Information Management technology as a means for scientific collaboration. Systems (IAIMS) in medical centers and health science institutions and organizations. IAIMS are institution-wide computer networks that link and NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION (NSF) relate library systems with a variety of individual and www.nsf.gov institutional databases and information files within and external to the institutions for patient care, NSF FUNDING PROGRAMS: research, education, and administration. Crosscutting Programs HPCC Program (High Performance Computing and Communications) Knowledge and Distributed Intelligence Health Applications for the National Information Infrastructure teaming and Intelligent Systems Mary V. Adamik, Contracting Officer Division of Research, Evaluation, and Communication Tel: 301-496-6546 National Science Foundation [email protected] 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Room 855 or Arlington, VA 22230 Tel: 703-306-1650 Michael Ackerman, Chief Office of High Performance Computers and www.ehrnsfgov (see "Crosscutting Programs") Communication For detailed information, consult the following Tel: 301-402-4100 program announcements: Learning and Intelligent [email protected] Systems Initiative (NSF 97-18), and Knowledge and This HPCC program supports projects that develop Distributed Intelligence (in progress). and demonstrate the use of the Internet in health Knowledge and Distributed Intelligence care, clinical research, and public health. Examples of projects supported include: testbed networks for NSF is investing in fundamental research and education linking hospitals, clinics, doctors' offices, health designed to realize the full potential of the age of professional schools, health sciences libraries, information. Taking shape within an ambitious, agency- universities, and/or public health authorities to wide effort called Knowledge and Distributed provide two or more of the following applications: Intelligence (KDD, these investments promise to change how we learn and create, how we work, and how we telemedicine or collaborative technology to allow live. KDI is aimed at creating new ways of collecting, multiple health care providers to treat patients transforming, representing, transmitting, and using remotely; information to produce new dimensions of knowledge. creation, transfer, and use of electronic health data; The effort should lead to tremendous increases in decision support and information services for scientific understanding of the roles of intelligence in patients, caregivers, researchers, and/or public complex systems, both natural and artificial. health professionals; Learning and Intelligent Systems collection and management of data for rnultisite clinical research projects; and The Learning and Intelligent Systems (LIS) Program is an NSF-wide program that involves six directorates and transfer of information between the health care is part of the overarching KDI effort. LIS encompasses and public health systems. the study of learning in natural and artificial systems. Biomedical Applications for the Next Generation Internet The goal of LIS is to energize radical and rapid (NM) advances in our understanding of learning, creativity, Mary V. Adamik, Contracting Officer and productMty, as well as to develop the tools that will Tel: 301-496-6546 enhance the human ability to leam and create. The LIS [email protected] program also embraces technology as an integral and unifying component of the education experience. This HPCC program supports projects that demonstrate the use of the NGI capabilities in health Directorate for Computer and Information Science and care, public health and health education, and Engineering (CISE) biomedical, clinical, and health services research. This 4201 Wilson Boulevard program supports test-bed networks linking hospitals, Arlington, VA 22230 clinical practitioners' offices, health professions Tel: 703-306-1900 schools, health sciences libraries, universities, and/or Fax: 703-306-0577 public health authorities to demonstrate revolutionary www.cise.nsf gov applications in health care, health education, and CISE programs improve the fundamental medical research. These links must be dependent understanding of computing and information

25 30 processing in the broadest sense of the terms, information science and engineering activities at enhance the training of scientists and engineers to 0 schools with predominantly minority enrollments. contribute to that understanding, and encourage and Instrumentation: Supports the purchase of facilitate the use of state-of-the-art information special-purpose equipment for research in all technologies and computational techniques in fields of computer and information science and scientific and engineering research. engineering. In addition to supporting research, CISE provides the Special Projects: Supports activities that expand general scientific community with access to advanced opportunities for women, minorities, and persons computing and networking capabilities. Partnerships with disabilities in computer and information for Advanced Computational Infrastructure give science and engineering. access to extremely powerful computing resources, Collaborative Research in Learning Technologies: train users, and develop the software required for Supports research at the interface of education effective use. Networking activities offer and build a and information technology for the future use of national infrastructure for computer and human technology in education. interaction, as well as communication for research and education. In addition, CISE supports capabilities Digital Government Program for rapid prototyping of microelectronic components Division of Experimental and Integrative Activities and systems for research and education, and Room 1160 educational development through various activities National Science Foundation such as educational infrastructure and educational 4201 Wilson Boulevard supplements. Arlington, VA 22230 Tel: 703-306-1980 SELECTED CISE FUNDING PROGRAMS: dgpd@nsfgov The goal of the Digital Government Program is to Division of Networking and Communications Research and fund research at the intersection of the computer and Infrastructure INCRU: information sciences research communities and the NSFNET: Supports the development, mid- to long-term research, development, and implementation, and testing of high performance experimental deployment needs of the Federal networks and related technologies to further the information service communities. collaboration and communications goals of the Within this context, the objective of the Digital research and education communities in the United Government Program is to support projects that States. The program enables novel and/or innovatively, effectively, and broadly address through advanced applications across all disciplines of research the potential improvement of agency, research and education; coordinates connections interagency, and intergovernmental operations with international research partners; and promotes and/or government/citizen interaction. Such the continuing analysis, improvement, and research is expected to enable the generation and evolution of the Internet. use of a continuous stream of advanced information Communications Research: Focuses on research technologies for early adoption and integration into that will facilitate the efficient representation and the Federal information systems community. transmission of information through media that are not always reliable. Rural Systemic Initiatives Directorate for Education and Human Resources Networking Research: Focuses on research to National Science Foundation facilitate the efficient, high-speed transfer of 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Room 875 information through networks and distributed Arlington, VA 22230 systems. Tel: 703-306-1684 Special Projects in Networking and www.ehr.nsf.gov Communications Research: Supports networking and communications research projects that differ The RSI Program completes the trilogy of from those typically supported by other programs Educational System Reform efforts. The RSI goal is in NCRI. to promote systemic improvements in science, mathematics, and technology education for students Office of Cross-Disciplinary Activities (CDAl: in rural and economically disadvantaged regions of Educational Innovations: Supports innovative the Nation, particularly those that have been educational activities that transfer research results underserved by NSF programs, and to ensure into undergraduate curricula in computer and sustainability of these improvements by encouraging information science and engineering. community development activities in conjunction with instructional and policy reform. Research Infrastructure: Supports the enhancement of experimental research capabilities in computer and information science and engineering by providing experimental research facilities, technical staff, and maintenance. A separate element called CISE Minority Institutional Infrastructure focuses on computer and 3 1

28 Advanced Technological Education (ATE) SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (SBA) Division of Elementary, Secondary, and Informal www.sba.gov Education (ESIE) Ajoy K. Sinha National Science Foundation Acting Assistant Administrator 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Room 885 Native American Affairs Arlington, VA 22230 Small Business Administration Tel: 703-306-1614 409 3rd St., SW www.ehrnsfgov Washington, DC 20416 The ESIE Division, along with the Division of Tel: 1-800-U-ASK-SBA Undergraduate Education, supports projects that 202-205-1904 (Mr. Sinha) strengthen the science and mathematics preparation www.sba.gov/financing (for 7(a) Guaranty Loan) (see of technicians who are being educated for the high- "Loan Programs") performance workplace of advanced technologies. www.sba.gov/med (for 8(a) Program) The ATE Program supports the following types of activities involving secondary education: National and SBA LOAN PROGRAMS: Regional Centers of Excellence for Advanced Hai Loan Guaranty Program Technological Education; curriculum and instructional materials development, teacher enhancement, and The 7(a) Loan Guaranty Program is one of SBAs student projects; and workshops, conferences, primary lending programs. It provides loans to small seminars, studies, and other special projects. businesses unable to secure financing on reasonable terms through normal lending channels. The program *Inquiries about postsecondary-level projects for the operates through private-sector lenders that provide ATE Program should be directed to: loans which are, in turn, guaranteed by the SBA. The Division of Undergraduate Education agency has no funds for direct lending or grants. National Science Foundation 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Room 835 Most lenders are familiar with SBA loan programs. Arlington, VA 22230 Interested applicants should contact their local lender Tel: 703-306-1668. for further information and assistance in the SBA loan application process. Information on SBA loan Research on Education, Policy and Practice Program programs, as well as the management counseling Division of Research, Evaluation, and Communication and training services offered by the agency, is also (REC) available from the local SBA office. National Science Foundation 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Room 855 Uses accepted for loan: The proceeds of SBA loans Arlington, VA 22230 can be used for most business purposes. These may Tel: 703-306-1650 include the purchase of real estate to house the www.ehr.nsf.gov business operations; construction, renovation, or leasehold improvements; acquisition of furniture, REC supports projects that merge research with fixtures, machinery, and equipment; purchase of classroom practices, especially those that lay inventory; and working capital. foundations for the use of technology. The Research on Education, Policy, and Practice Office of Minority Enterprise Development (MEM (REPP) Program supports the cultivation of a Program-8a Program research base for implementing innovative K-16 The MED Program was created to assist socially and reform strategies, as well as ways of improving economically disadvantaged businesspersons to gain graduate, professional, informal, and lifelong learning. access to the resources necessary to develop small Topics appropriate for consideration under the REPP businesses and improve their ability to compete in Program include research focused on the use of the mainstream of the American economy. technologyspecifically, how tools that link The best known element of the MED Program is the individuals and institutions dispersed in space and 8(a) Program, named from Section 8(a) of the Small across cultures can be used to teach and learn the Business Act. The 8(a) Program is a business changing content of science and mathematics. development program that provides its participants Topics also include how the evolving capacity of access to a variety of business development computers, including high performance computing services, including the opportunity to receive federal and communications, can improve the teaching and contracts on a sole-source or limited competition learning of increasingly complex content, and alter basis. Under the 8(a) Program, SBA enters into what is taught through the power of technology to prime contracts with federal departments and represent and manipulate concepts, processes, and agencies and subcontracts the performance of work knowledge. to disadvantaged small businesses that are certified participants in the program.

3 2 27 Office of Native American Affairs (ONAA) These goals are met by investing financial resources and providing technical assistance to businesses and The SBA's Office of Native American Affairs cooperatives located in rural communities, and by develops initiatives that ensure Native individuals establishing strategic alliances and partnerships that have access to business-development resources, leverage public, private, and cooperative resources training, and services in their communities. ONAA's to create jobs and stimulate rural economic activity. main focus is economic development and job creation through small business ownership and education. The office works with individual and RES FUNDING PROGRAMS- tribally owned organizations; other federal, state and Business Programs local agencies; nonprofit organizations; and national Native American organizations. Services are Promoting a dynamic business environment in rural delivered through SBA field offices, small business America is the goal of the RBCS Business Programs development centers, and reservation-based Tribal (BP). BP works in partnership with the private sector Business Information Centers (TBICs). and the community-based organizations to provide financial assistance and business planning. BP helps U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE (USDA) fund projects that create or preserve quality jobs and/or promote a clean rural environment. Recipients www.usda.gov of these programs may include individuals, Cooperative State Research, Education, and corporations, partnerships, cooperatives, public Extension Service (CSREES) bodies, nonprofit corporations, Indian tribes, and U.S. Department of Agriculture private companies. Washington, DC 20250-0900 Tel: 202-720-3029 Funding programs include: Business and Industry Fax: 202-690-0289 Direct Loans; Business and Industry Guaranteed www.usda.gov/CSREES Loans; Rural Business Enterprise Grants; Rural * For detailed information, contact the USDA national Business Opportunity Grants; Rural Economic office, your local county extension office (offices Development Loans; and Rural Economic are listed under local government in the telephone Development Grants. directory) or a land-grant university. Cooperative Programs: Rural Technology and Cooperative The new Cooperative State Research, Education, Development Center Grant Program and Extension Service is positioned for the 21st century as a dynamic change agent and international The Rural Technology and Cooperative Development research and education network. In cooperation with Center Grant Program provides grants to public its partners and customers, CSREES provides the bodies and private, nonprofit organizations serving focus to advance a global system of research, rural areas outside the boundary and adjacent extension, and higher education in the food and urbanized area of a city with a population of 50,000. agricultural sciences and related environmental and Grants may be made for the establishment and human sciences to benefit people, communities, and operation of a center for rural technology or the Nation. cooperative development. CSREES links the research and education programs Rural Utility Service (RUM of the USDA and works with: land-grant institutions Orren E. Cameron Ill, Acting Assistant Administrator in each state, territory, and the District of Columbia; or more than 130 colleges of agriculture; 59 agricultural Craig Wulf, Acting Deputy Assistant Administrator experiment stations; 57 cooperative extension Telecommunications Program services; 63 schools of forestry; 16 1890 historically U.S. Department of Agriculture black land-grant institutions and Tuskegee University; Room 4046, South Bldg., Stop 1590 27 colleges of veterinary medicine; 42 schools and Washington DC 20250 colleges of family and consumer sciences; twenty- www.usda.gov/rus/dlt/dlml.htm nine 1994 Native American land-grant institutions; RUS is the federal "point" agency for rural 190 Hispanic:Serving Institutions. infrastructure assistance in electricity, water, and telecommunications. As a federal credit agency in Rural Business - Cooperative Service [RCM U.S. Department of Agriculture the USDA, RUS provides a leadership role in lending Washington, DC and technical guidance for the rural utilities Tel: 202-720-4323 industries. www.rurdev.usda.gov * For detailed information, contact your state USDA RUS FUNDING PROGRAMS: Rural Development office. Telecommunications Loans The mission of RBCS is "to enhance the quality of life for rural Americans by providing leadership in RUS telecommunications lending creates public- building competitive businesses including sustainable private partnerships to finance the construction of cooperatives that can prosper in the global the telecommunications infrastructure in rural marketplace." America. RUS is a vital source of financing and

28 33 technical assistance for rural telecommunications Planning Program for Economic Development Districts, systems. Indian Tribes, and Redevelopment Areas Distance Learning and Telemedicine Grants under this program support the formulation The Distance Learning and Telemedicine Grant and and implementation of economic development Loan Program (DLT) was created to encourage, programs designed to create or retain full-time improve, and make affordable the use of permanent jobs and income for the unemployed and telecommunications, computer networks, and related underemployed in areas of economic distress. technology for rural communities to improve access Local Technical Assistance Program to educational and/or medical services. Grants awarded under the Local Technical The DLT program is "hardware intensive," but other Assistance Program are designed to assist in solving costs, limited to the capital costs of establishing the specific economic development problems, respond project (such as software, training, and technical to developmental opportunities, and build and expand assistance) may be considered. local organizational capacity in distressed areas. The RUS will fund up to 90 percent of the costs of majority of local technical assistance projects might acquiring eligible equipment for requested loans. focus on technical or market feasibility studies of RUS will fund up to 70 percent of the costs of economic development projects or programs. acquiring eligible equipment for grants, combination National Telecommunications and Information grant and loans, and all applications not specifically Administration ENTIAl requesting loans. Roanne Robinson, Special Assistant (Hopi) Rural Telephone Bank U.S. Department of Commerce National Telecommunications and Information The Rural Telephone Bank, established in May 1971, Administration provides a supplemental source of financing under Washington, DC 20230 RUS's telecommunications loan program. The Bank Tel: 202-482-0516 lends to rural telecommunications organizations. Fax: 202-482-1635 [email protected] U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE (DOW www.ntia.doc.gov www.doc.gov Economic Development Administration (EDA) NTIA FUNDING PROGRAMS: Phillip A. Singerman, Assistant Secretary U.S. Department of Commerce Telecommunications and Information Infrastructure 14th & Constitution Avenue, NW, Room 7804 Assistance Program [TRAP] Washington, DC 20230 Stephen Downs, Director Tel: 202-482-5081 Telecommunications and Information Infrastructure Fax: 202-273-4781 Assistance Program [email protected] Office of Telecommunications and Information www.eda.doc.gov Applications National Telecommunications and Information EDA FUNDING PROGRAMS: Administration U.S. Department of Commerce Public Works and Development Facilities Program 1401 Constitution Avenue, NW, Room 4096 Washington, DC 20230 Grants are provided to help distressed communities Tel: 202-482-2048 attract new industry, encourage business expansion, Fax: 202-501-5136 diversify local economies, and generate long-term, [email protected] private sector jobs. Projects funded include: water TIIAP is a highly competitive, merit-based grant and sewer facilities primarily serving industry and program that brings the benefits of an advanced commerce; access roads to industrial parks or sites; port improvements; and business incubator facilities. national information infrastructure to communities throughout the United States. Research and Evaluation Program TIIAP provides matching grants to nonprofit Under the Research and Evaluation program, grants organizations such as schools, libraries, hospitals, and cooperative agreements are awarded: 1) to public safety entities, and state and local undertake studies that will increase knowledge about governments. Grants are used to fund projects that emerging economic development issues, the causes improve the quality of, and the public's access to, of economic distress, and ways to alleviate barriers education, health care, public safety, and other to economic development; and 2) to measure the community-based services. performance and effectiveness of economic development programs.

3 4 29 Public Telecommunications Facilities Planning and College Initiative, which is led by DOE and currently Constmction (PTFP) funds three tribal colleges; and a telecommunications Dennis R. Connors, Director infrastructure project with NASA and Dine College. Public Telecommunications Facilities Program Office of Telecommunications and Information U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Applications www.ed.gov National Telecommunications and Information 600 Independence Avenue, SW Administration Washington, DC 20202-0498 U.S. Department of Commerce 1-800-USA-LEARN 1401 Constitution Avenue, NW, Room 4625 Funding Programs: Washington, DC 20230 Comprehensive Regional Assistance Centers Tel: 202-482-5802 Edith Harvey Fax: 202-482-2156 U.S. Department of Education [email protected] OESE, School Improvement Programs NTIA administers the Public Telecommunications 600 Independence Avenue, SW Facilities Program (PTFP), which assists, through Portals Building, Room 4500 matching grants, in the planning and construction of Washington DC 20202-6140 public telecommunications facilities. Fax: 202-205-5630 Tel: 202-260-1393 Research and Evaluation [email protected] Francine Jefferson, Ph.D. National Telecommunications and Information This program funds 15 grantees that provide Administration comprehensive training and technical assistance U.S. Department of Commerce services to states, local education agencies, schools, 1401 Constitution Avenue, NW, Room 4096 Indian tribes, community-based organizations, and Washington, DC 20230 other recipients of federal funds under the Tel: 202-482-2048 Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA). Fax: 202-501-5136 The purpose of the centers is to help coordinate and [email protected] integrate the implementation of ESEA and other federal education programs with state and local TIIAP is soliciting proposals for research and activities in ways that support federal, state, and evaluation relating to the diffusion of local efforts to improve teaching and learning and telecommunications and information technology increase the academic achievement of all children. applications in the public and nonprofit sectors. Implementing education applications of technology is Specifically. NTIA is interested in funding proposals included in the scope of this program. that pertain to: 1) interoperability and scalability of telecommunications and information technology Regional Technical Support and Professional Development systems and networks; 2) community involvement in Consortia for Technology (11*TECs) the development and implementation of technology Catherine Connor mediated projects; 3) reducing disparities and Office of Educational Research and Improvement providing access to information infrastructure Office of Reform Assistance and Dissemination technologies; 4) telecommunications and information 555 New Jersey Avenue, NW technology-induced organization change, including Washington, DC 20208-5544 emerging forms of partnerships and collaborations; Tel: 202-219-8070 5) innovative techniques and methodologies for Fax: 202-208-4042 evaluating applications of telecommunications and [email protected] information technology projects in the public and This program supports six consortia that conduct nonprofit sectors; and 6) assessments of future regional programs of professional development, information infrastructure needs in these sectors. technical assistance, and dissemination of information resources that address the particular U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE needs of educators and learners. Funds are used by Jerry Franck the consortia to support preservice and in-service Tel: 202-767-4970 training for educators, technology planning Fax: 202-767-5012 assistance, and dissemination of information and [email protected] resources. The consortia identify and disseminate www.defenselink.mil information on planning for the acquisition of The Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Army technology, research and development (R&D) Research Office, and Navy Research Office have solutions, and applications of technology that partnered with tribes and other government improve instruction and student learning. agencies, such as the Department of Energy (DOE) and NASA, in programs aimed to improve the level of science, technology, and mathematics research capabilities among tribal colleges and research institutions. Examples of such programs are the Tribal

30 3 Small Business Innovation Research Program Technology Innovation Challenge Grant Program Office of Educational Research and Improvement Elizabeth Payer 555 New Jersey Ave., NW Office of Educational Research and Improvement Washington, DC 20208-5544 Office of Reform Assistance and Dissemination Tel: 202-219-2004 555 New Jersey Avenue, NW Fax: 202-219-1407 Washington, DC 20208-5544 [email protected] Tel: 202-208-3882 Fax: 202-208-4042 This program funds research projects that propose a elizabeth [email protected] sound approach to the investigation of an important wtnwed.gov/Technology/challenge engineering or scientific question under topics identified each year in the request for proposal. The This program provides grants to consortia to improve purpose of the program is to: stimulate technological and expand new applications of technology that innovation; increase small business participation in strengthen the school reform effort, improve student federal research and development; foster and learning, and provide sustained professional encourage participation by minority and development of teachers, administrators, and school disadvantaged persons in technological innovation; library media personnel. and increase private sector commercialization of technology derived from federal research and Technology Literacy Challenge Fund development. Thomas Fagan U.S. Department of Education School-to-Work Opportunities Act OESE, Goals 2000 National School-to-Work Office 600 Independence Avenue, SW 400 Virginia Ave., SW Portals Building, Room 4000 Room 210 Washington DC 20202-6100 Washington, DC 20024 Tel: 202-401-0039 Tel: 202-401-6222 Fax: 202-205-0303 www.stw.ed.gov [email protected] This Act, signed in 1994, provides seed money to These grants support the development and states and local partnerships of business, labor, implementation of systemic technology plans at the government, education, and community organizations state, local, and school levels to improve the teaching to develop school-to-work systems. It allows states and learning of all children. The four major goals of the and their partners to bring together efforts at program are: 1) All teachers will have the training and education reform, worker preparation, and economic support they need to help all students learn through development to create a system to prepare youth for computers and through the information superhighway, the high-wage, high-skill careers of a global economy. 2) All teachers and students will have modern computers in their classrooms, 3) Every classroom will Star Schools Program be connected to the information superhighway, and 4) Joseph Wilkes Effective and engaging software and online resources Office of Educational Research and Improvement will be an integral part of every school curriculum. Office of Reform Assistance and Dissemination 555 New Jersey Avenue, NW Projects include applying technology to support Washington, DC 20208-5645 school reform; acquiring hardware and software to Tel: 202-219-2186 improve student learning; acquiring connections to Fax: 202-219-2053 telecommunications networks to obtain access to Joseph [email protected] resources and services; ongoing professional development in the integration of technology to This program provides grants to eligible improve the school curriculum; and providing better telecommunications partnerships to encourage education services for adults and families. improved instruction in mathematics, science, foreign language, literacy skills, vocational education, and (Funds are awarded to states. The states then other subjects; and to serve underserved populations distribute most of their funds to local agencies through the development, construction, and selected by competition.) acquisition of telecommunications facilities, equipment, and instructional programming. Grants U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (DOE) are made for: 1) general star schools grants, 2) www.doe.gov statewide grants, and 3) high school completion and adult literacy grants. Grants are also made for a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory special local network project, and for leadership, Steve Grey dissemination, and evaluation activities. American Indian Program Manager Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) Department of Energy/LLNL Field Office P.O. Box 580 Shiprock, NM 87420 Tel: 505-368-5126 [email protected]

31 33 The LLNL's American Indian Program provides a wide codes and management improvements to strengthen range of services to tribes and tribal institutions the governmental functions of tribes and Native needing assistance with telecommunications and American organizations; and establishment of local technology issues. LLNL will, upon request, provide: court systems. human resource-technical assistance (assessments, evaluations, second opinions on questions, etc.); Indian Health Service OHS] planning grants (often in cooperation with other Dr. Richard Church, Associate Director federal agencies); meetings facilitation; and training. or Examples of collaborative projects include a project James Garvie, Acting Deputy Associate Director Division of Information Technology with Dine College funded by the Tribal College Indian Health Service Initiative and a distance-leaming infrastructure project Parklawn Building with the Northem Arizona University. 5600 Fishers Lane Tribal College Initiative Rockville, MD 20857 Estella Ramo, Program Manager Tel: 301-443-1064 Oakland Operations Center www.ihs.gov Human Resources Management Division Thomas J. fisher, Director 1301 Clay Street Information Technology Support Center Oakland, CA 94612-5208 Division of Information Resources Tel: 510-637-1839 Office of Management Support Fax: 510-637-2008 0 Indian Health Service [email protected] 5300 Homestead Road, NE Albuquerque, NM 87110 Funded by the Department of Defense (DOD), the Tel: 505-248-4219 Tribal College Initiative promotes collaborative 0 [email protected] research in major laboratories; strengthens programs 0 in engineering, science and math; funds 0 The IHS is the principal federal health care provider instrumentation purchases; and provides technical 0 and health advocate for American Indian and Alaska assistance to enhance the ability of minority Native peoples, and its goal is to raise their health institutions to successfully compete for DOD funding 0 status to the highest possible level. The IHS currently in the future. Tribal colleges receiving funding include provides health services to approximately 1.4 million the Southwestern Indian Polytechnic Institute, Dine American Indians and Alaska Natives who belong to College, and Crownpoint Institute of Technology. more than 545 federally recognized tribes in 34 states. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Although the IHS mission does not include funding, it (HHS) provides much-needed services through other www.hhs.gov means. The IHS has a system of 37 hospitals, 64 Administration for Native Americans (ANA) health centers, 50 health stations, 5 school health centers, and 34 urban Indian health projects that U.S. Department of Health & Human Services Administration for Children & Families provide a wide range of health and referral services. Administration for Native Americans The IHS Network is a closed-network system that Mail Stop HHH 348F allows all of these health facilities to be connected to 370 L'Enfant Promenade each other and to the Internet. E-mail, patient data, x- Washington, D.C. 20447-0002 rays, and accounting and third-party billing are also Tel: 202-690-7776 handled through the IHS Network. Fax: 202-690-7441 or 8145 The IHS is working on an agreement with the Bureau Internet: www.acf.dhhs.gov/programs/ana of Indian Affairs (BIA) and the Navajo Nation to share ANA promotes the social and economic self- data lines in an effort to reduce costs. Lines are currently being shared within the Navajo Nation and sufficiency of American Indians, Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians, and other Native American Pacific between Albuquerque, NM and Aberdeen, SD. Islanders, including Native Samoans. This goal is The IHS also provides teleradiology from the supported largely through awarding grants with social Shiprock, NM, hospital to the University of New and economic development strategies (SEDS). Mexico. These are competitive financial assistance grants in support of locally determined and designed projects Office of Rural Health Policy UIRHP]: Rural Health Outreach to address community needs and goals. Network Development Grant Programt Eileen Holloran (general info) or Cathy Wasem Examples of the range of projects that help to (telehealth applications) promote the economic and social development of Tel: 301-443-0835 Native Americans include: creation of new jobs and Fax: 301-443-2803 development or expansion of business enterprises Toll-free: 1-888-300-4772 (for application kit) and social service initiatives; establishment of new Fax: 301-309-0579t tribal employment offices; formulation of [email protected] or environmental ordinances and training in the use and [email protected] control of natural resources; enactment of new http://www.nal.usda.gov/ric/richs/funding.htmt

32 3 7 Legislation passed in September 1996 reshaped the result in an improved health care financing and former Rural Health Outreach Grant Program to delivery system. emphasize support for development of self- HCFA solicits grant applications and awards grants sustaining, integrated health care networks in rural for its SBIR Program under a 2-year cycle. In the first areas. However, funding remains available for year, Phase I grants are awarded to establish the informal network projects similar to those funded technical merit and feasibility of proposed research under the original Rural Health Outreach Grant program; i.e., projects that demonstrate new and or demonstration, and to provide information to assess the quality of performance of the awardee innovative models or outreach and health care organization before furnishing further federal support services delivery in rural areas. Grant funds can be used to purchase equipment or vehicles, provided in Phase II. Phase I grant awards are usually that their cost does not exceed 40 percent per year approximately $50,000 for a period not to exceed 12 months. of the federal grant amount. Funds under this program may not be used for the purchase, In the second year of the cycle, a limited number of construction, renovation, or improvement of a the Phase I grantees receive additional funding to building or property. continue the research initiated in Phase I. During Phase II, the grantees actually create the proposed Rural Telemedicine Grant Program product and test it before marketing. Funding Cathy Wasem or Amy Barkin decisions are based on the results of Phase I and the Office of Rural Health Policy technical merit of the Phase II application, including HRSA, 5600 Fishers Lane, Room 9-05 its potential for commercialization. (Only Phase I Rockville, MD 20857 awardees are eligible to apply for Phase ll funding.) Tel: 301-443-0835 Phase II awards usually are approximately $100,000 [email protected] [email protected]. to $150,000, for a period normally not to exceed 12 The purpose of the Rural Telemedicine Grant months. Program is to facilitate the development of rural health care networks through the use of U.S. DEPARTPBENT OF THE INTERIOR [DOD telemedicine, and to develop a baseline of information for the systematic evaluation of BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS (BIA] telemedicine systems serving rural areas. Grants supported under this program aim to "expand access Geographic Data Service Center (GDSC) to, coordinate, restrain the cost of, and improve the 3000 Youngfield St., Suite 230 quality of essential health care services, including Lakewood, CO 80215 preventive and emergency services, through the Tel: 303-231-5100 development of integrated health care delivery 303-231-5120 (Helpdesk) systems or networks in rural areas and regions." Fax: 303-231-5122 The goal of ORHP's Rural Telemedicine Grant [email protected] Program is to improve access to quality health http:/gdsc.bia.gov services for rural residents and reduce the isolation GDSC's mission is to develop and implement of rural practitioners through the use of telemedicine policies, procedures, standards, goals, and technologies. objectives for all spatial data technologies and applications throughout BIA. In accomplishing this Small Business Innovation Research MHO Grants Marilyn Lewis-Taylor mission, GDSC supports tribal and BIA offices in the implementation process. Services and support HCFA Grants Office Health Care Financing Administration include, but are not limited to: Geographic Office of Internal Customer Support Information Systems (GIS) and support; remote Acquisition and Grants Group sensing/image processing; Global Positioning 7500 Security Boulevard, C2-21-15 Systems (GPS); centralized and decentralized Baltimore, MD 21244-1850 computer operations; technical help desk; database Tel: 410-786-5701 development; and training and workshops. Carl Hackerman Office of Indian Education Programs (OlEP) Office of Strategic Planning William (Bill) Mehojah, Deputy Director Health Care Financing Administration 1849 C Street, NW 7500 Security Boulevard, C3-11-17 Mail Stop 3512 Baltimore, MD 21244-1850 Washington, DC 20240 Tel: 410-786-6644 Tel: 202-208-6175 [email protected] www.doi.gov/bureau-indian-affairs.html (BIA) The Small Business Innovation Development Act of www.warrior.unm.edu (OIEP) 1982, as amended, requires federal agencies to The mission of OIEP is to provide quality education reserve a portion of their extramural research and opportunities from eady childhood throughout life, in budgets for an SBIR Program. The principal purpose accordance with the tribe's needs for cultural and of HCFA's SBIR Program is to provide assistance to economic well-being in keeping with the wide diversity creative applicants to encourage innovation that will of Indian Tribes and Alaska Native villages as distinct

38 33 cultural and governmental entities. Funding programs as well as national and community-based and special projects include: Access Native America organizations, to develop, fund, and evaluate a wide (connecting all schools served by the BIA to the range of criminal and juvenile justice programs. Internet), and individual programs through the Branch These programs often include technological of Elementary and Secondary Programs, Branch of components, such as establishing computer Supplemental Support Services, Branch of networks and information management systems. Exceptional Education, Branch of Post Secondary The American Indian and Alaska Native (Al/AN) Education and OIEP Staff Development. Affairs Desk in OJP is responsible for enhancing access to information by federally recognized U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE MOM American Indian and Alaska Native tribes regarding www.usdoj.gov funding opportunities, training and technical assistance, and other relevant information. Office of Justice Programs MR Additionally, the American Indian & Alaska Native Matthew Beccio, Al/AN Affairs Desk Affairs Desk coordinates with the Office of Tribal 810 Seventh Street, N.W. Justice on department-wide Al/AN initiatives. Washington, DC 20531 Tel: 202-514-1251 Fax: 202-514-7805 [email protected] www.oip.usdoj.gov The OJP works within its established partnership arrangements with federal, state, and local agencies,

3 9

34 PRIVATE AND CORPORATE FOUNDATIONS

This section is limited to a selection of private and corporate foundations that have been mentioned in recent articles or publications.

PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS Howard Heinz Endowment 30 CNG Tower 625 Liberty Avenue The following list of private foundations has been Pittsburgh, PA 11522-3199 compiled through new research conducted for this 412-281-5777 report and from the recommendations and citations Contact: Frank Tugwell, Executive Director of limothy Walter, author of "Funding Resources for Community Technology Projects: Focusing on The James Irvine Foundation Community Networks, Neighborhood Telecenters One Market Plaza, Spear Tower, Suite 1715 and Rural Televillages," and Arthur Sheekey, author San Francisco, CA 94105 of "Education and Telecommunications: Critical 415-777-2244 Issues and Resources." *California focused

The foundations listed have at some point funded Joyce Foundation projects relating to telecommunications, technology, 135 South LaSalle St, Suite 4010 or networking in the community and schools. It is not Chicago, IL 60603 assured that they have designated funding programs 312-782-2464 for those issues; the funding may come from another overarching grant area, such as education. To find The W.K. Kellogg Foundation out more about these foundations, go to the nearest One Michigan Avenue. East public library and visit its Foundation Center Battle Creek, MI 49017-4058 collection, which will have detailed information on any 616-968-1611 private foundation you wish to approach. Knight Foundation Annenberg Foundation 2 South Biscayne Blvd., Suite 3800 St. Davids Center, A-200 Miami, FL 33131-1803 150 Radnor-Chester Road 305-539-0009 St. Davids, PA 19087 MacArthur Foundation 610-341-9006 140 South Dearborn St., Suite 1100 The Annie E. Casey Foundation Chicago, IL 60603 701 St. Paul Street 312-726-8000 Baltimore, MD 21202 The John & Mary R. Madde Foundation 410-547-6600 75 Rockefeller Plaza, Suite 1800 Educational Foundation of America New York, NY 10019-6908 35 Church Lane 212-489-6655 Westport, CT 06880-3515 Contact: Andrew Blau 203-226-6498 McKnight Foundation Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation 600 TCF Tower 4900 Oak Street 121 South Eighth Street Kansas, MO 64112 Minneapolis, MN 55402 816-932-1000 612-333-4220 Contact: Marilyn Pidany, Vice President for Ford Foundation Administration 320 East 43rd Street New York, NY 10017 The Charles Stewart Mott Foundation 212-573-5000 1200 Mott Foundation Building Flint, MI 48502-1851 The William & Flora Hewlett Foundation 313-238-5651 525 Middlefield Road, Suite 200 Menlo Park, CA 94025-3495 The David and Lucille Packard Foundation (415) 329-1070 300 2nd Street, Suite 200 Contact: David Pierpoint Gardner, President Los Altos, CA 94022 415-948-7658 www.packfound.org Contact: Colbum S. Wilbur, Executive Director

4 0 BEST COPYAVAILABLE 35 Pew Charitable Trusts Forum works with groups experimenting with One Commerce Square economic development and public interest 2005 Market Street, Ste.1700 applications of new technologies; civil rights and Philadelphia, PA 19103-7017 grassroots community activists; and communications 215-575-9050 policy activists, researchers, and lawyers.

Rockefeller Foundation The nation's largest affiliation of community-based 420 Fifth Avenue technology centers in underserved neighborhoods, New York, NY 10018-2702 CTCNet assists communities in harnessing 212-869-8500 information technology to support their needs. It Contact: Jamie Jensen, Senior Research Associate provides written, electronic, and in-person linkages through its Web site, electronic discussion lists, Schuman Foundation regional and national conferences, and support for 33 Park Street affiliate members through corporate partnerships. Montclair, NJ 07042 201-783-6660 ESRI 380 New York Street The Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Redlands, CA 92373-8100 630 Fifth Avenue, Suite 2550 Contact: Charles Convess New York, NY 10111 Tel: 909-793-2853 212-649-1649 Fax: 909-793-5953 www.esri.com/base/users/conseivation Spencer Foundation consetvation.html 900 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 2800 Chicago, IL 60611 312-337-7000 FUNDING PROGRAMS: Contact: Dr. Patricia Graham, President ESRI Conservation Program [ECM

ADDITIONAL FUNDING SOURCES ECP supports conservation groups and related nonprofit local, international, and indigenous Community Technology Centers Network (CTCNet) organizations in acquiring, learning, and using Education Development Center Geographic Information System (GIS) tools and 55 Chapel-Street methods. ECP has a particular focus on providing Newton, MA 02458-1060 appropriate levels of technology for locally Tel: 617-969-7100 ext. 2727 sustainable programs. Its goal is to build permanent, Fax: 617-332-4318 locally based support structures that provide ongoing Contact: Peter Miller evolutionary growth in GIS skills. For a grant [email protected]. information package/form, send a blank email to www.ctcnet.org/mira [email protected].

The Civil Rights Forum on Communications Policy CTSP System Grants for Conservation Non-Profits 818 18th St., NW, Suite 505 Washington, DC 20006 The Conservation Technology Support Program is a Tel: 202-887-0301 partnership between hardware and software vendors Fax: 202-887-0305 and the nonprofit conservation community to provide www.civilrightsforum.org annual grants of complete GIS centers to grassroots [email protected] organizations active in conservation. The partners are: Hewlett Packard Corp. (PC's, printers, plotters); The CTCNet and the Civil Rights Forum have been Apple Computer (computers, printers, digital designated as Policy Support Organizations of the cameras); ESRI (GIS software, training); Trimble Kellogg Foundation's Managing Information with Navigation (GPS navigation units); GTCO (digitizing Rural America (MIRA) Project, overseeing the boards); lomega, (mass storage); ERDAS Inc, (Image distribution of $70,000 in grants over the remainder Processing); Microsoft (productivity software); of 1999. As determined by the Foundation, the Smithsonian (training); and Conservation GIS Forum and CTCNet will: Consortium (administration). The annual grants may inform and educate rural communities about rural be applied for at [email protected] between October policy; and January 15, and the decision whether or not to use technology to serve rural communities in their continue the program is made each September. policy efforts; and GIS for Native and Indigenous Groups promote a two-way exchange of information with ECP also manages grants to Native American, First rural communities in an effective, inclusive way. Nation, and Indigenous groups woddwide. The The Civil Rights Forum, a project of the Tides Intertribal GIS Council is a Native American Center, connects communications policy to the Association helping in this program. needs of minority and poor communities through national networking, research, public policy monitoring and action, and local organizing. The 41 36 First Nations Development Institute CORPORATE FUNDING SOURCES: 11917 Main Street Fredericksburg, VA 22408 Ameritech Foundation Tel: 540-371-5615 30 S. Wacker Drive, 34th Floor Fax: 540-371-3505 Chicago, IL 60606 Internet: www.firstnations.org 312-750-5223 www.ameritech.corn The First Nations Development Institute is a Native American nonprofit organization founded in 1980 to A01. Foundation promote culturally appropriate economic 22000 AOL Way development by and for Native peoples. The Dulles, VA 20166 organization serves as an educator, advocate, 703-265-1342 researcher, grant-giver, fundraiser, and point of 703-265-2135 fax reference for information, resources, and ideas. E-mail: [email protected] Examples of the funding programs administered by www.aol.com/corp/phil First Nations is the Eagle Staff Fund, which provides Apple Computeg Inc. technical assistance and grants to tribes and One Infinite Loop reservations, or to rural Native nonprofits engaged in Cupertino, CA 95014 community-driven, culturally based economic 408-974-2974 development. www.apple.corn/education OMB Watch Asanté Networldng Grant Program 1742 Connecticut Avenue, NW Asanté Technologies, Inc. Washington, DC 20009-1171 821 Fox Lane Tel: 202-234-8494 San Jose, CA 95131-1601 [email protected] 408-435 8388 http://ombwatch.org/wvvw/ombw/npt www.asante.corn Nonprofits and Technology Project (NTP) MIT Foundation The NTP is coordinated by OMB Watch and includes 1301 Avenue Of The Americas more than two dozen community-based Rm. 3124 organizations, technology programs, and New York, NY 10019 foundations. Its goal is to explore new and powerful 212-841-4747 ways to use technology for civic participation, greater www.att.corn/foundation responsiveness, and more creative and effective Bell Atlantic Foundation forms of democratic intervention in political 1310 North Court House Road, 10th Floor processes. The Awards Project and Pilot Project Arlington, VA 22201 both provide cash awards to existing and new 703-974-8845 projects. Deadline for Awards nominations is May www.nynexfoundation.corn 17, 1999, and for Pilot proposals is May 3, 1999. Contact: James A.Smith, Director

BellSouth Foundation CORPORATE FOUNDATIONS 1155 Peachtree Street NE Atlanta, GA 30309-3610 The following selection of corporate foundations was 404-249-2414 compiled from new research conducted for this www.bsf.org/bsf report and from "Funding Resources for Community Contact: Patricia L. Willis, President Technology Projects: Focusing on Community Networks, Neighborhood Telecenters and Rural Cisco Networldng Academies Program Televillages," and "Education and Telecommunications: Cisco Systems, Inc. Critical Issues and Resources." 170 West Tasman Drive San Jose, CA 95134-1706 When considering corporate partners and/or funding 408-526-4000; 1800-553-NETS (6387) sources, it is important to explore your local and www.cisco.com/edu state resources. Local companies or branch offices of major corporations may have community-focused Compaq programs that might fit your needs. Some companies Compaq's Teaching with Computer Technology handle their partnership or funding programs through Grant Program their Marketing or Public Relations departments. 23052 Alicia Parkway #H414 These are potential points of contact. Mission Viejo, CA 92692 800-AT-COMPAQ www.compaq.com/education/k12

n BEST COPYAVAILABLE 4 37 Digital Equipment Corporate Giving Program Microsoft Corporation 111 Powder Mill Rd, MS01-1/L14 One Microsoft Way Maynard, MA 01754-2571 Redrnond, WA 98042-6399 508-493-9210; 508-493-9210 206-882-8080 www.digital.corn/info/cornrnunity/contrib.html www.microsoft.corn/giving Contact: Jane Hamel, Manager, Corporate Contact: Barbara J. Dingfield, Manager of Corp. Contributions Contributions

General Electric Company Fund Mitsubishi Electric America Foundation 3135 Easton Tpke. 1150 Connecticut Avenue NW Fairfield, CT 06431 Suite 1020 www.ge.com/fund Washington, DC 20036 203-373-3216 www.rnitsubishielectric.com/rnea/groups/rneafhtml Contact: Edith Nelson 202-857-0031 [email protected] NEC Foundation Of America GTE Foundation 8 Old Sod Farm Road One Stamford Forum Melville, NY 11747 Stamford, CT 06904 www.nec.com 203-965-3620 516-753-7021, 1800-338-9549 www.gte.com Contact: Maureen V. Gorman, Vice President Oracle Corporation"Oracle's Promise" 500 Oracle Parkway, MS50P428 Hewlett-Packard Foundation Redwood Shores, CA 94065 P.O. Box 10301 415-506-7000 Palo Alto CA, 94303-0890 www.oracle.corn/promise www.corp.hp.com/Publish/UG Contact: Deborah Choyne 415-857-3053 Pacific Telesis Foundation (PacTel) IBM Corporate Contributions Program 130 Kearny St., Room 3309 Old Orchard Road San Francisco, CA 94108 Armonk, NY 10504 415-394-3693 914-765-5242; 914-765-7617; www.pactel.corn 914-765-6435 Contact: Jere A. Jacobs, President WWW. ib m . co m/IBM/IBMG Ives Contact: Stanley Litow, Director, Corporate Support Panasonic Foundation programs 2 Panasonic Way, 7G7-A Secaucus, NJ 07094 Intel Foundation 201-392-4131 5200 NE Elam Young Pkwy www.panasonic.corn Hillsboro, OR 97124-6497 Contact: Dr. Sophie Sa, Executive Director 503-696-8093 www.intel.corn/intel/community/grants.htm Sprint Foundation 2330 Shawnee Mission Pkwy Intel Corporate Contributions Westwood, KS 66205 Dept. JF3-127 913-624-3343 5200 N.E. Elam Young Pkvvy www.sprint.com/sprint/overview/cornmun.html#4 Hillsboro, OR 97124-6497 503-264-1869 Toyota USA Foundation wvvw.intel.corn/intel/community/contributions 19001 S. Western Ave. Torrence, CA 90509 Lucent Technologies Foundation 310-618-6766 600 Mountain Avenue, Suite 700 www.toyota.corn/inside toyota/application Philadelphia, PA 19103-7017 Contact: William Pauli, Administrator 908-582-5210 www.lucent.com/what/cornmunity U.S. WEST Foundation Contact: Marianne Carlton 7800 E. Orchard Road, Suite 300 E-mail: [email protected] Englewood, CO 80111 303-896-9967 MCI Foundation www.uswf.org 1801 Pennsylvania Avenue NW Contact: Jeanne Bistranin, U.S. WEST Foundation RPO Washington, DC 22206 202-887-3247 Xerox Corporation www.mci.corn P.O. Box 1600 Contact: Charles Sweeney, Director Stamford, CT 06904 www.xerox.corn Contact: Joseph Cahalan, Vice President, Corp. Communications and Public Relations

38 4 3 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

Education and Telecommunications: Critical Issues Telemedicine Research Center and Resources. Arthur Sheekey, Information (http://tie.telemed.org) Gatekeepers, Inc., 1997. The Telemedicine Research Center, an Oregon- Funding Resources for Community Technology based not-for-profit research organization, provides Projects: Focusing on Community Networks, an on-line source of information called the Neighborhood Telecenters and Rural Televillages. Telemedicine Information Exchange (TIE). TIE is a Timothy Walter, Aspen Institute Rural Economic comprehensive database of information on Policy Program, 1997. This 10-page guide lists telemedicine that includes a bibliographic database of foundation and federal funding programs targeted to more than 1,000 citations from a variety of sources, Internet access. The 1996 edition is available free on- information on the funding availability and agencies line at www.aspeninst.org/rural/ for telemedicine, and a list of more than 100 Funding for Information Technologies. Foundation telemedicine projects in the United States, including Center, 1997. descriptions, contact names, funding sources, and technology used.

4 4

39 CURRENT NATIVE AMERICAN TECHNOLOGY AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS PROJECTS [1994 TO PRESENT]

EDUCATION

Access Native America (Bureau of Indian Affairs] technology was the most cost-effective. Once operational, the AIHEC-Distance Learning Network The goal of this project is to connect all schools and will be used to deliver and receive telecourses, regional offices under the Bureau of Indian Affairs videoconferences, and in-service training for faculty (BIA) jurisdiction by the year 2000. The Office of and staff. In addition, it will be available for the Indian Education Programs will be facilitating the various federal, state, and tribal employees to use. procurement and installation of all the infrastructure (Source: materials provided by Native American necessary to connect each BIA school to the Public Telecommunications, 1997). Department of Interior's Internet backbone CDOInet"). Connectivity in the classroom will: Dine College: The Navajo Learning Network Project improve education management through the use This project establishes educational and community of new software and interactive tools; and activities on a single virtual campus linking improve and expand education applications educational institutions being developed by the through the establishment of partnerships with Navajo Nation. The Navajo Learning Network project companies and nonprofit organizations to provide team will provide training and will work closely with the latest innovative ideas and technology in the faculty to develop effective strategies for utilizing classroom. information technology as a teaching and leaming tool in a way that is sensitive to the learning styles of Out of the 185 schools supported by the BIA, 76 are Navajo schoolchildren. (Source: National Science connected to the Internet and 104 are Internet-ready. Foundation 1995 Awards listing). (Source: "Access Native America" brochure and personal interviews with William Mehojah, Deputy Electronic Pathways: Native American Community Alliance Director, Office of Indian Programs, Bureau of Indian and Technology Project Affairs, 1998). Funded by NASA, this project targets Native AD-Nations Alliance for Minority Participation Grant (AMP) American communities and schools in Arizona/New Mexico, South Dakota, and Oklahoma. It will assist This is a partnership between Salish Kootenai schools and communities to develop or expand local College, Montana State University, and the American Community Alliances whose purpose is to improve Indian Higher Education Consortium (AIHEC). The upon and continue reforms in mathematics, science, project's main objective is to create new retention and technology. The project will assist the Alliances and education programs to reverse the to engage in dialogue and to develop action plans to dropout/stopout rates of American Indian students further community-school interactions and by: creating a telecommunications network to share involvement in education. The project is also classes among alliance schools; easing the transfer developing a database of success stories and credit process; implementing better support services examples where technology has been used in Native to keep students in school; asking businesses, American communities and schools. industries, foundations, and professional organizations to take a more active role in science, The three communities participating in this pilot project engineering, and mathematics education for are: Tahlequah, OK (Woodall School, Northeastern minorities; and beginning a mentor program. (Source: Oklahoma State University); Kyle, SD (Little Wound The Ethnic Newswatch, Char-Koosta News, 1994). School, American Horse School, Oglala Lakota College); and Shiprock, NM (Central Consolidated American Indian Higher Education Consortium (AIHEC) School District #22, Navajo Community College, Distance Learning Network Navajo Department of Education). (Source: Electronic The AIHEC Telecommunications Project is comprised Pathways,/hanksville.phast.umass.edu/defs/ of 29 tribal and BIA-controlled community colleges independent/ElecPath/elecpath.html, 1998). and universities located in 12 states. Of these 29 Educational Native American Network (ENAN) colleges, 25 are located on tribal nations in remote areas of the country. The purpose of the project was The ENAN project started almost seven years ago to develop and implement a plan to connect the through the funding of the Bureau of Indian colleges in a seamless telecommunications system Affairs/Office of Indian Education Programs. It was to share limited educational resources. After an the first computer network devoted to American extensive study of all available telecommunications Indian Education and is often called the "Grandfather technology, it was determined that satellite of Indian Networking." 45 40 When it began, ENAN was a small pilot project to the Internet. Development of curriculum will be designed to network Western New Mexico and standards-based, collaborative, and sensitive to Eastern Arizona BIA/OIEP schools. It was known as Native American learning styles and culture. A variety the Eastern Navajo Area Network, and was designed of databases and electronic bulletin boards will be to foster communications between BIA/OIEP established for access by other Native American teachers, students, and adrninistrators. schools and communities. (Source: National Science Today, ENAN has expanded its scope as the Foundation 1995 Awards listing). Educational Native American Network and has grown Native American Educational Services (NAES ) College, into an extensive network that links together Chicago, II. teachers, students, administrators, and parents. It provides full Internet connection to more than 100 NAES College created a telecommunications BIA/OIEP schools (with SLIP service available on network linking its central facility in Chicago with two demand), and will soon begin ISDN service to urban Native American campuses in Minneapolis and selected schools to provide TCP/IP connection to Chicago, and with the Fort Peck Reservation in reservation sites that otherwise could not afford such Montana and the Menominee Reservation in service. Wisconsin. The network enables distance learning among the four campuses and provides students and In addition, ENAN is a participating member in the teachers with access to the College's vast Native Four Directions Project, which is a U.S. Department American library and special collections in Indian law, of Education Challenge Grant. ENAN's role is to public policy, child and family issues, environment, provide technical support to participant schools and history. NAES is the only private Indian- regarding Windows NT. controlled college in the United States offering an Four Directions (40) Project MIA and National Museum of academic program that is community-based and the American Indian INMAIll culturally relevant to Native communities. (Source: "TIIAP Brings Connectivity to American Indian and Currently in its collaborative planning and Alaska Native Communities," U.S. Department of development phase, the "Four Directions (4D) Commerce, 1998). Program" aims to bring together the technology and resources of both the BIA Office of Indian Education Native American Public Telecommunications (NAPT): Tribal and the NMAI. Two scenarios are currently under Information Infrastructure Project discussion. One is the development of "virtual tours" This planning project will create a national of the NMAI's exhibit facility in Manhattan, NY (the demonstration project for American Indian tribal George Gustav Heye Center) on the NMAI Web governments to participate in the National page. The second is the development of a "virtual Information Infrastructure (NII). Objectives include: museum" utilizing the cultural materials of the NMAI improve access by tribal governments to the Nil; and the community. In essence, the 4D is a BIA interconnect tribal governments and link them to project that will electronically link Indian schools federal and state governments and agencies; using the Internet and provide new technology increase educational opportunities through access to opportunities to Native American students in eight the NII; enhance the education of children through states. The 4D home page is challenge.ukans.edu. access to remote resources and specialized (Source: E-mail correspondence September 21, personnel; and identify training resources necessary 1998, from Keevin Lewis, Community Services to ensure full utilization after interconnection. Six Coordinator for NMAI in Washington, DC). tribes form the core group for this project: Southern NASA Tri-State Education Initiative Ute Tribe, Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, Sisseton-Wahpeton NASA's Stennis Space Center in Mississippi will Sioux Tribe, Campo Band of Mission Indians, and the work in partnership with the Mississippi Choctaw Turtle Mountain Chippewa Tribe. The project has Tribal Council to enhance existing mathematics, been completed, and a final report on its results can science, and technology education programs and to be found in the source cited for this project create new vocational and technical training descnption or at vvvvw.nativetelecom.org. (Source: programs. NASA will establish a teacher Tribal Information Infrastructure Planning Project: enhancement center at the Choctaw reservation, and Final Report, December 1996). both NASA and the Mississippi Band of Choctaw will actively conduct education activities within Navajo Education Technology Consortium (NETC) Mississippi and throughout parts of Alabama and In 1997, NETC was awarded a five-year, $7.6 million Tennessee. (Source: NASA press release, May 5, Challenge Innovative Technology Grant to improve 1995). the use of technology through professional National Indian Telecommunications Institute (NITI): Native development throughout the Navajo Nation. Its main goal and activity is to provide training to educators in American Mathematics and Science Technology Program the consortium's school systems, primarily by NITI will provide technical, educational, and personnel emphasizing the use of technology to support the support in Native American rural and reservation academic standards that are required by all school communities and schools to improve K-12 systems. NETC is a consortium composed of K-12 mathematics and science education through access public school superintendents, selected BIA or

46 41 Contract Schools, local and state educational Telecommunications, which will provide support to organizations, and higher education institutions on or expand Native American implementation of near the Navajo Nation in Arizona, New Mexico, and technology. (Source: National Science Foundation Utah. (Source: e-mail message from Gloria Hale- 1995 Awards listing.) Showalter, Secretary/Treasurer of NETC and United Tribes Technical CollegeConnecting North Dakota's Assistant Superintendent, Window Rock Unified School District, Fort Defiance, Kayenta, Arizona. E- Tribal Colleges: The Internet Comes to Indian Country mail: /[email protected]). This project will provide educational activities included on a connections grant to link five tribally Stone Child College fon behalf of AIHEC): Networking controlled community colleges in North Dakota to Infrastructure for Native American Education AIHEC the Internet. The colleges will work with North Consortium Dakota's sophisticated higher education network to This project will provide new networking and training accomplish the connection, and will receive training programs for both video and data networks to from Electronic Pathways, an organization devoted to improve science and mathematics education for helping American Indians connect to the Internet. American Indians. The project will include the 29 (Source: National Science Foundation 1995 Awards AIHEC institutions and will result in the development listing). of an Associate's Degree Program in

COMMUNITY NETWORKING

Utah - Colorado - Arizona - New Mexico Rural Systemic Complex will be connected to the Internet for Initiative (UCAN/RSI) scientific and educational use. In the future, the Cherokee Nation is planning to link all Cherokee The UCAN/RSI, together with New Mexico Nation offices. (Source: U.S. Congress, Office of Highlands University and six coalitions, will provide Technology Assessment, Telecommunications selected rural school districts catalytic support for Technology and Native Americans: Opportunities and comprehensive programs that will broaden the Challenges, 1995). impact, accelerate the pace, and increase the effectiveness of improvements in science, Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Telecommunications mathematics, and technology. The programs will Committee, Oakville, Washington include significant involvement of the local The Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis formed the communities in the design and implementation of five-person Communication, Information, and change as well as in the sustaining of that change. Technology Committee in 1993, after a series of These changes will be conducted by integrating demonstrations and training from the U.S. Department cultural traditions with science, mathematics, and of Agriculture (USDA) Extension Indian Reservation technology education; local economic development; Program. Spurred by this activity, the Affiliated Tribes of communication; and access to resources. Coalition Northwest Indians (ATNI) in Portland recently created a members: New Mexico Counties and Schools similar committee, the Telecommunications and Coalition; Colorado Plateau Coalition; Ute Technology Committee. ATNI has 50 member tribes Tribes/Four Corners Coalition; New Mexico Tribal from Montana, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Alaska Coalition; Southern Colorado Coalition; and Arizona (Native villages). (Source: U.S. Congress, Office of Tribal Coalition. (Source: UCAN/RSI brochure). Technology Assessment, Telecommunications American Indian Radio on Satellite (AIROSI Technology and Native Americans: Opportunities and Challenges, 1995). The AIROS network is a national distribution system, seven days a week, for Native programming to tribal Council of Athabascan Tribal Governments, Fort Yukon, communities and to general audiences through Alaska Native American and other public radio stations. This project brings Internet access to 11 remote Programs include: "Native America Calling," Alaskan villages, as well as technical support and "Alter*Native Voices," "Different Drums," training. (Source: "TIIAP Brings Connectivity to "Signals," and "Windsongs." (Source: materials American Indian and Alaska Native Communities," provided by Native American Public U.S. Department of Commerce, 1998). Telecommunications, 1997). Dine College (NCR Tsai le, AZ Cherokee Nation Telecommunications Activities, Oklahoma Dine College created a virtual campus by connecting In one project, the Cherokee Nation developed a the seven Dine College campuses to the Internet via financial information system for the Department of wireless technology. The network enhances student, the Interior's Office of Self-Governance. In another teacher, and citizen access to a wide range of project, in partnership with NASA Science Internet, services, including education, economic the Sequoyah High School and W.W. Keeler development, health, and government services. The

42 4 7 TIIAP project is the foundation for a long-term related government official, as well as tribal telecommunications and information technology environmental grassroots organizations. Contact development plan for the Navajo Nation. (Source: Person: Michelle Biehl, NAU, (520)-556-7471, ext. "TIIAP Brings Connectivity to American Indian and 231. (Source: "Electronic Communications Alaska Native Communities," U.S. Department of Projects/activities in Indian Country," Commerce, 1998). www.muspin.gsfc.nasa.gov, 1997).

EPA Office of Water Connecting Tribes La Plaza Telecommunity Foundation, Inc., Taos, NM EPA's Region 5 (Chicago Office) is working with tribal La Plaza is demonstrating a telecommunications representatives to place 184 surplus 486 computers network that is bringing Internet access to the with Region 5 Tribes via BIA, loaded with new, free citizens of this rural community, including Taos Internet access software developed by EPA Region 5 Pueblo. Citizens are able to access important health SRF program. Contact : Claudia Johnson, EPA 312- care, government, education, and economic 886-6108. (Source: "Electronic Communications development information through public access Project/Activities in Indian Country," computers in the community. The project is also www.muspin.gsfc.nasa.gov, 1997). providing culturally relevant information on self-care for diabetes, which is prevalent in Native American Fort Berthold Community College, New Town, ND populations. (Source: "TIIAP Brings Connectivity to The college is developing a reservation-wide American Indian and Alaska Native Communities," telecommunications system to provide education, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1997). culture, and training for the Three Affiliated Tribes (Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nations). (Source: Lawrence Livermore Laboratory Field Office - Indian Issues "TIIAP Brings Connectivity to American Indian and Points of Contact Communications Project Report Alaska Native Communities," U.S. Department of This project supports the informational needs of the Commerce, 1998). Department of Energy (DOE) Indian Issues Points of Indian Circle (www.indiancircle.com) Contact (POCs) through the application of current electronic telecommunications technologies. These Indian Circle was created and is maintained by the technologies include: electronic mail (e-mail), Seminole Tribe of Florida. It is a web ring connecting automated distribution e-mail listservers, and the the Internet web pages of federally recognized implementation of the World Wide Web information American Indian Tribes. (A web ring is a way to group resources. The project encompasses two phases. together sites by linking them together in a circle, or The first phase involves the improvement of ring.) From Indian Circle, one will be able to reach communications pathways between DOE most American Indian Tribes on the Internet. headquarters, in Washington DC, and the DOE Currently, there are approximately 100 active links to Indian Issues POCs, located at the various DOE Field official tribal Web sites on Indian Circle. (Source: Offices throughout the United States. The second www.indiancircle.com and personal interviews). phase deals with improvement of communication between the POCs and their respective tribal Indian Net - a project of Native American Public contacts by compiling information on obstacles and Telecommunications (NAPT) and Americans for Indian remedying them with the application of current Opportunity (AIM telecommunications technologies. Phase two will Indian Net, founded in 1990, is the first national also continue maintenance and updates of computer network to provide civic information useful implementations put in place during phase one. to American Indians and Alaskan Natives. This The project is also intended to model a 'piggyback' information is provided to anyone with access to a approach to the creation of information services. In computer, modem, telecommunications software, the piggyback approach, costs are minimized and telephone. Indian Net services are also available throughout use of existing infrastructure, rather than via the Internet. When fully developed, Indian Net will the purchase of dedicated equipment. In the POC be multipurpose, acting as a clearinghouse for Communications Project, all Internet information federal information and opportunities that pertain to services are contributed by DOE offices that have Indians and creating a setting for tribes to develop surplus computing resources. This approach results profiles about themselves. (Source: Americans for in a great cost savings over typical approaches to Indian Opportunity literature). the creation of Internet information services. Internet and E-mail Environmental Education Training Contact: Steve Grey 505-386-5120 or Project [email protected]. (Source: "Electronic Communications Projects/activities in Indian The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Country," www.muspin.gsfc.nasa.gov, 1997). sponsors e-mail and Internet training for tribes located throughout the Colorado Plateau. A total of Minneapolis American Indian Centez Minneapolis, MN four courses was offered December 1996-May The goal of this project is to create a network to 1997; two at Northern Arizona University, one at promote access to a wide range of social services NCC Shiprock, and one at Southwest Indian for American Indians living in an urban area, while Polytechnic Institute (SIR). The courses were free to also developing communication capacities within the any tribal environmental, natural resource, health, or Twin Cities American Indian community, the larger

43 4 8 Twin Cities community, and selected tribal to OSMNET. The project would be interested in governments. (Source: "TIIAP Brings Connectivity to sharing circuits and/or equipment. Contact Person: American Indian and Alaska Native Communities," Mike Casey, DOI (202) 208-2577. (Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, 1998). "Electronic Communications Projects/activities in Indian Country," www.muspin.gsfc.nasa.gov, 1997). Native American Public Telecommunications (NAPTI: Tribal Information Infrastructure Project Oneida Nation Telecommunications Infrastructure Development, Oneida, New York This planning project will create a national demonstration project for American Indian tribal Includes fiberoptic wiring to government offices, governments to participate in the National community centers, and new houses. Internet Information Infrastructure (NII), the national access is provided by NYSERNet, Inc. First tribal telecommunications superhighway. Objectives home page (http://nysernet.org/oneida) tells the include: improve access by tribal governments to the story of culture and community development. national communication and information (Source: materials provided by Native American infrastructure; interconnect tribal governments and Public Telecommunications, 1997). link them to federal and state governments and Rural Development Council Telecommunications Training agencies; increase educational opportunities through access to the information superhighway; enhance the USDA is sponsoring rural development councils in all education of children through access to remote of the Western states. These councils have resources and specialized personnel; and identify sponsored telecommunications training. USDA is training resources necessary to ensure full utilization coordinating these programs with EPAs Office of after interconnection. Six tribes form the core group Regional Operations and State/Local Relations. for this project: Southern Ute Tribe, Eastern Band of Seventy-five percent of funding is from federal Cherokee Indians, Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, sources, 25 from States. Contact Person: Paul Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe, Campo Band of Guthrie, EPA (202) 260-4071. (Source: "Electronic Mission Indians and the Turtle Mountain Chippewa Communications Projects/activities in Indian Tribe. The project has since been completed, and a Country," www.muspin.gsfc.nasa.gov, 1997). final report on its results can be found in the source cited for this project description or at Southern Ute Indian Tribe, Ignacio, CO wvvw.nativetelecom.org. (Source: Tribal Information The Tribe has created a community network Infrastructure Planning Project: Final Report, providing Internet access to the Ignacio Community December 1996). (Southern Ute Tribe, Ignacio Public Schools, and Fort Lewis College). After experiencing the benefits of Navajo Nation Telecommunications Partnerships and information technology, the community is contributing Planning, New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah ongoing costs to continue the project. In addition, Individual projects include Internet access through community members are purchasing computers at an the Crownpoint Pilot Project and the Information increased rate, with the Tribe offering special rates to Technology Office's development of the Technology members who purchase home computers. The and Information Resource Plan. Partnerships to project has enhanced tribal activities, has created develop telecommunications human resources and new partnerships among various organizations in the infrastructure are forming with Crownpoint Institute Ignacio Community, and will serve as a model for of Technology, Navajo Community College, National other Native American tribes and their communities. Aeronautics and Space Administration, Los Alamos (Source: "TIIAP Brings Connectivity to American National Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Indian and Alaska Native Communities," U.S. Laboratory, University of New Mexico, and Northern Department of Commerce, 1998). Arizona University, among others. (Source: U.S. White Mountain Apache Tribe, Whiterivez AZ Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Telecommunications Technology and Native This project has brought the vast resources of the Americans: Opportunities and Challenges, 1995). Internet to the reservation for the first time. The resulting community-wide network enhances student, Office of Surface Mining (OSM) Connecting Tribes teacher, and citizen access to education, economic OSM has currently connected the Hopi offices in development, health, and government service Flagstaff to the Department of the Interior's Wide information. The Tribe has worked with the Arizona Area Network (DOINET) via 56 Kbps leased lines Public Service Company and the local ISP to secure from US West. There are additional plans to connect a toll-free local connection to the Internet. In addition, the reservation offices at Kykotsmovi and another a T-1 line is being run out to the reservation. (Source: effort underway to connect the Navajo at Tuba City, "TIIAP Brings Connectivity to American Indian and Window Rock, and Shiprock. There also is interest in Alaska Native Communities," U.S. Department of the Crow Tribe in Southern Montana. These Commerce, 1998). connections are to an IP network and/or the Internet, and are at least 56 Kbps connections. Cisco routers are used to connect their LANs to the DOINET and

4 3 ENVIRONMENT

The Colorado Plateau Information Netwmt fCPIN1 funds are for a minimum of $75,000. At this point, enough funds are not available to provide each tribe This Internet site was developed and is currently with assistance. Contact Person: Jim Sappier (617) maintained by the Colorado Plateau Field Station (a 565-3935. (Source: "Electronic Communications unit of the U.S. Geological Survey Forest and Projects/activities in Indian Country," Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center in Corvallis, www.muspin.gsfc.nasa.gov, 1997). OR) for the purpose of developing, distributing, and archiving geo-referenced and biological research data Mni Sose Intertribal Water Rights Coalition, Inc., throughout the Colorado Plateau. It is part of a Rapid Citg SD collaborative effort involving the EPA and the National Park Service (NPS), and its mission is to The Coalition designed a telecommunications network provide information conceming the Colorado Plateau linking 23 tribes in Montana, South Dakota, North ecosystem to researchers, natural resource Dakota, Kansas, and Nebraska. The network provides managers, collaborative planning organizations, greater communications among the Tribes, enhances Native American tribal members, policy makers, access to government information, and assists with graduate students, and interested members of the managing natural resources on the tribal lands. The public. (Source: www.nbs.nau.edu). wide area network has reduced the Tribes' isolation and made it possible for them to work cooperatively Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission, Portland, OR with other entities in developing water resources in the Missouri River Basin. The project has had the added A telecommunications network was established benefit of bringing together the tribal leaders through a linking the Yakima, Warm Springs, Umatilla, and Nez series of partnership-building meetings. All active Perce Tribes. The network enhances the Tribes' participants in the project are either enrolled members ability to manage fisheries in the Columbia River of a Tribe, live in the reservation communities, or work Basin. (Source: "TIIAP Brings Connectivity to extensively with Native Americans. Using computer- American Indian and Alaska Native Communities," aided research, the Tribes have identified several U.S. Department of Commerce, 1998). environmental problems in the Missouri River Basin. EPA Region 1 Tribal Environmental Programs On-line For the first time, Tribes have been able to seek information about the nature, cause, and effect of Each of the nine tribes located in EPA Region 1 have environmental problems, and computer technology electronic communications capability with EPA and has allowed the Tribes to access a number of have access to the Internet. The computers and agencies involved in environmental issues. (Source: access development were made possible through "TIIAP Brings Connectivity to American Indian and EPA's General Assistance Program (GAP) funds. The Alaska Native Communities," U.S. Department of GAP is used specifically for building the capacity of Commerce, 1997). tribal government environmental programs. The GAP

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) AND GLOBAL POSITIONING SATELLITE SYSTEMS (GPS)

According to the Intertribal GIS Council, over 150 2. The Intertribal GIS Council was formed by 50 tribes currently use GIS and GPS information today. tribes who run their own GIS programs to serve GIS is a computer-based technology used for as a forum for sharing knowledge, data, sophisticated mapping and land or data management. experience, and concerns. It maintains a database Beyond the basic topographical sites shown on of its members and conference participants. For maps, GIS has the ability to connect standard map more detailed information on the types of projects features with cultural, historic, scientific, or other GIS Council members are conducting, contact related information in whatever combination Beth Wenstrom, IGC Board Member at 916/566- appropriate for the user. These systems together are 7520. being used by tribes with a land and resource base in 3. ESRI is a company that produces GIS software need of management or with intentions to reclaim and, through the ESRI Conservation Program formerly held lands. (ECP), supports conservation groups and related Three main organizations provide support to tribes nonprofit local, international, and indigenous working with GIS and GPS: organizations in acquiring, learning, and using GIS tools and methods. ECP has a particular focus on 1. The Geographic Data Service Center (GDSC) in providing appropriate levels of technology for Lakewood, CO, is a part of the BIA and serves as locally sustainable programs. Its goal is to build a central processing unit for information, training, permanent, locally based support structures that and service to tribes regarding GIS and GPS.

45 BEST COPY AVAILABLE SG provide ongoing evolutionary growth in GIS skills. The Haskell GIS program is increasing employment For more information, contact Charles Convess opportunities and providing students with valuable at 909/793-2853, ext. 2488. skills that they can take back to their respective tribes or villages. (Source: Haskell Indian Nations Specific projects include: University, www.haskell.edu, 1999). Haskell Indian Nations University GIS Program and The Pueblo of Jemez - Los Alamos Pueblo Project RAPP] Laboratory Working with the DOE and the Los Alamos National Haskell Indian Nations University, in partnership with Laboratory, as well as other agencies/institutions, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), BIA, and EPA, the Jemez LAPP Program utilizes computer-aided- has developed a GIS program on the Haskell drafting (CAD), an advanced GIS, and 12-channel Campus in Lawrence, KS. The purpose of the GPS to record, quantify, and analyze natural and program is to provide GIS educational opportunities cultural resources that are of significance to the and work experience to American Indian and Alaskan People of the Pueblo of Jemez. The knowledge Native students at Haskell and to provide educational gained enables the Tribe to effectively identify and outreach and GIS application support to tribes. The assess any adverse impacts to the significant GIS program at Haskell includes: resources that may be connected to past, present, teaching introductory courses in GIS technology; and future activities of the Los Alamos National continuous maintenance and development of a Laboratory. In addition, it equips tribal leaders with a GIS laboratory that utilizes advanced computer detailed, visually oriented database that permits technology, which can be easily accessed by effective consultation, monitoring, and management. students and by tribes: and (Source: "Native GIS,"www.cycorca/neto/ natvgis.htm, 1997 - no longer active). providing practical work experience for students by having them participate in tribal, BIA, USGS, and other federal-agency GIS projects.

LAW ENFORCEMENT

Dakota Territory Chairmen's Council, Eagle Butte, SD response unit to effectively and immediately respond to the needs of battered women, and build linkages The Dakota Territory Chairmen's Council will launch with service providers within the Hopi Tribe and with an inter-tribal program to address the growing other tribes, counties, and the state. This proposal problem of domestic violence. Under the direction of sets out a comprehensive plan to implement the Hopi an attorney and a project coordinator hired with grant Family Relations Ordinance passed in May 1996. funds, and in collaboration with nonprofit service (Source: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of organizations, the Chairmen's Council and its 16 Justice Programs Violence Against Women Grants member tribes will work together to develop uniform Office, www.ojp.usdoj.gov, 1997 Project Summaries). laws and policies for all the tribes regarding the mandatory arrest and prosecution of primary The Oglala Lakota Nation of Pine Ridge, SD aggressors in domestic violence cases. The project The Oglala Lakota Nation will create a collaborative also will develop and implement a computer network and coordinated system to respond to domestic system linking all 16 member tribes to assist tribal violence on a reservation that spans 7,000 square police, prosecutors, and courts in handling domestic miles in three counties of South Dakota. They will violence offenders and to assist service develop a central registry for protection orders and a organizations in protecting victims. In addition, the centralized computer information system of project will develop uniform policies regarding inter- offenders for use by law enforcement, probation, and jurisdictional enforcement of protection orders; court officers. The tribe will hire two law enforcement provide training and develop training materials for officers for the eastern and western substations on tribal law enforcement officers, tribal prosecutors, the reservation who will specialize in responding to and tribal judges; and coordinate community domestic violence, two probation officers to responses to domestic violence. (Source: U.S. supervise batterers, and two advocates to assist Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs victims and coordinate with law enforcement to Violence Against Women Grants Office, ensure victim safety. Advocates also will assist in www.ojp.usdoj.gov, 1997 Project Summaries). developing and implementing policies, protocols, and Hopi Tribe, Kykotsmovi, AZ procedures to guide the tribal and criminal justice systems' response to domestic violence. (Source: The Hopi Family Protection Initiative is part of an U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice overall community process that will implement an Programs Violence Against Women Grants Office, effective, comprehensive response to violence www.ojp.usdoj.gov, 1997 Project Summaries). against native women. This project will establish a centralized, computerized registry to monitor and track violence against native women, create a central

46 The Osage Nation of Pawhuska, Osage, OK Sac and Fox Nation, Stroud, OK Through this grant, the Osage Nation will develop a Through this grant, the Sac and Fox Nation will computerized information tracking system that will develop a computerized information tracking system provide law enforcement agencies throughout Osage that will provide criminal justice professionals and the County with information about perpetrators of judicial system of the Sac and Fox Nation with domestic violence and their victims. The Osage information about perpetrators of domestic violence Nation's prosecutors, court personnel, social services and their victims. This will allow service providers of workers, and parole and probation officers will also the Sac and Fox Nation's criminal justice system to have access to this information. This will allow all have information which will enable them to approach service providers in the Osage Nation's criminal each domestic violence case in the most appropriate justice system to have information that will enable manner, thereby increasing the probability that the them to approach each domestic violence case in the offender will be held accountable and the victim will most appropriate manner, thereby increasing the be provided with safety. (Source: U.S. Department probability that the offender will be held accountable of Justice, Office of Justice Programs Violence and the victim's safety will be assured. (Source: U.S. Against Women Grants Office, www.ojp.usdoj.gov, Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs 1997 Project Summaries). Violence Against Women Grants Office, www.ojp.usdoj.gov, 1997 Project Summaries).

LIBRARY AND MUSEUM SERVICES

Four Directions MID Project 1BIA and National Museum of Oracle Promise [partnership with Los Alamos National the American Indian (NMAI) Laboratory], Santa Clara Day School, Espanola, NM Currently in its collaborative planning and The Santa Clara Day School has received network development phase, the "Four Directions (4D)" computers through the Oracle's Promise, a Program aims to bring together the technology and philanthropic initiative of Oracle Corporation resources of both the BIA Office of Indian Education chartered with providing network computers to and the NMAI. Two scenarios are currently under economically challenged, disenfranchised public discussion. One is the development of "virtual tours" schools. Oracle's Promise was introduced on June of the NMAI's exhibit facility in Manhattan, NY (the 24, 1997, when Oracle Corporation announced a George Gustav Heye Center) on the NMAI web $100 million donation to be used for providing page. The second is the development of a "virtual network computer access to every child in America. museum" utilizing the cultural materials of the NMAI The donation was made in support of America's and the community. In essence, the 4D is a BIA Promise-The Alliance for Youth, a multiyear, national project that will electronically link Indian schools campaign created to further the mission and goals of using the Internet and provide new technology the Presidents' Summit for America's Future. opportunities to Native American students in eight (Source: www.oracle.com/promise, 1999). states. The 4D home page is http://challenge.ukans.edu. (Source: E-mail Santa Clara Pueblo Community Libram Espanola, NM correspondence September 21, 1998, from Keevin The Santa Clara Community Library received funding Lewis, Community Services Coordinator for NMAI in in 1999 from the National Institute of Library and Washington, DC). Museum Services Native American Library Services Program to conduct a two-year project that will: Digital Desert Librarg Santa Clara Day School, Espanola, NM facilitate access by the Santa Fe Indian School and This project is a partnership of the Santa Clara Day Santa Clara Day School libraries and their School, New Mexico State University, and the students to the Santa Clara Community Library's Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural extensive book photo and archive collection of History Seeds of Change Program. The project will general Indian and Pueblo-specific materials support the development of the Day School's through the establishment of an Interlibrary loan Schoolyard Habitat and Community Garden through system (via Athena software). the integration of technology into the curriculum created around the garden. Each partner will provide enhance collection for, and increase outreach to, the Day School with assistance in the areas of video underserved groups in the community (preschool production, electronic mail, Internet access, digital children, working adults, GED students, senior database development, and laser disc technology. citizens, and handicapped individuals, etc.). The result will be a living laboratory and microcosm provide computer and Internet training classes to of the important aspects of Santa Clara Pueblo that the community. exists for the Day School students as an interactive develop the Santa Clara Community Library's educational tool and electronic resource. (Source: capacity as a multimedia resource center for the materials provided by Robin Rodar, Santa Clara Day community and tribal government by establishing School, and http://horizon.nmsu.edu/ddl, 1999). tribal archives of documents, historical papers,

') 47 BESTCOPYAVA1LABLE correspondence, photos, etc. These materials will technical assistance for these libraries, and be organized into a rotating exhibit of 300 works to enhancement grants to promote innovative practices be installed at the library and the Puye Cliffs in libraries serving Native Americans and Alaskan historic landmark with the objective of educating Native villages. More than 200 tribes and Native visitors and community members about the villages received funding in 1998. The Native importance of protecting ancient dwellings and Hawaiian Library Services grant provides a single culture. grant to an organization that primarily serves and (Source: materials provided by Robin Rodar, Santa represents Native Hawaiians. Both grant programs Clara Day School, 1999). have provided grants to libraries for projects involving the use of multimedia technologies and 1998 Native American Library Services Program Grants computer training. (Source: www.ilms.fed.us, 1999) (Institute of Library and Museum Services) This program provides small grants for core library operations of tribes and Alaska Native villages,

TELEMEDICINE

Alamo Navajo School Board, Magdalena, NM health aides who communicate with doctors by phone. They have spent the first year of a three-year The School Board is developing two-way, interactive grant providing health aides in these villages with e- videoconferencing to connect the Alamo Health mail and a multimedia computer so they may become Center and the Indian Health Service's Albuquerque familiar with computer technology. (Source: Indian Hospital to provide diagnostic services. Telemedicine Research Center, (Source: "TIIAP Brings Connectivity to American http://tie.telemed.org/TIEmap.html). Indian and Alaska Native Communities," U.S. Department of Commerce, 1998). The North Slope Borough (NSID-AuroraNet Project, Barrow, AK Alaska Telemedicine Project The NSB-AuroraNet project is opening up existing There are currently seven radiological sites telecommunications infrastructure for multiple uses, participating in the Alaska Telemedicine Project such as providing greater opportunity for Borough through Providence Health Systems in Alaska residents (75% Inupiat, Northern Eskimo) to better (Cordova, Homer, Dutch Harbor, Kodiak, Valdez, access health care information through distance Nome, and Seward). The Alaska Telemedicine delivery of medical information. The network, a Informatics Project will provide e-mail, conferencing, partnership of the NSB, NSB School District, and the ability to transfer quicktime movies and digital Ilisagvik College, and the Arctic Slope Native images using First Class Software. This software will Association, will connect eight rural, isolated North be distributed to all health care professionals in the Slope communities to the 14-bed hospital in Barrow. state for free. AT&T Alascom is supporting this (Source: "TIIAP Brings Connectivity to American project through the use of their statewide x.25 Indian and Alaska Native Communities," U.S. network and ATU Telecommunications is supporting it Department of Commerce, 1998). through the use of local dial-in lines, ISDN modem links, and a POP connection to partners Providence Northwest Portland Area Indian Health Board, OR Alaska Medical Center and KAKM-TV (PBS). This system currently has 400 users. The Health Board is developing the Circle of Health: Information Infrastructure for the Northwest Tribes to Future projects include working relationships with facilitate disease surveillance and the collection and NASA to provide health care for rural Alaska with a analysis of epidemiology information in geographically home health nursing wireless demonstration project; remote tribal communities. The project connects eight with the military for beta testing technologies; and tribal health facilities to the Indian Health Service, the with Apple Computer and Tether less Washington State Network, and the Internet, and Communications for the exploration of various 0 allows Washington State tribes to use electronic wireless technologies and applications to ATP communicable disease reporting systems. (Source: partners in the Russian Far East and the Circumpolar "TIIAP Brings Connectivity to American Indian and region. The Alaska Telemedicine Project is interested Alaska Native Communities," U.S. Department of in partnering with anyone who has narrow bandwidth Commerce, 1998). constraints and interests. (Source: Telemedicine Research Center, http://tie.telemed.org/TIEmap.html). Oklahoma Medical Information Network, Center for Telemedicine Distance Delivery Consortium, Bethel, AK The Oklahoma Medical Information Network is a pilot The Distance Delivery Consortium has a hospital in project between three rural facilities and an urban Bethel that serves a region the size of Ohio, with 52 center. The Center for Telemedicine at the University surrounding villages that are served by community of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center is responsible

48 5 3 for the project connecting the Choctaw Memorial The Native American community in the Pacific Hospital (rural hospital), Konawa Health Clinic (rural Northwest (including Alaska) will be involved in all clinic), the Carl Albert Indian Hospital (rural Indian phases of this project. Contact: Sherrilynne Fuller, hospital), and the Veterans Administration Hospital in Ph.D. University of Washington 206-616-5808. Oklahoma City. The services currently provided are (Source: "Electronic Communications primary reading teleradiology, emergency reading Projects/activities in Indian Country," teleradiology, remote diabetic retinopathy screening, www.muspin.gsfc.nasa.gov, 1997). and information services. (Source: Telemedicine Research Center, http://tie.telemed.org/TIEmap.html). Impact of Telemedicine Technologies and Applications on the Health Care System in Rural Alaska Og lala Sioux Tribe, Pine Ridge Reservation The objectives of this project are to replicate existing The tribe is developing a digital wireless network for and developed Alaska Telemedicine testbeds by home health care. The network uses a paging modifying, interfacing, and expanding successfully system to coordinate responses from health services deployed telemedicine technologies, and to evaluate and emergency services to high-risk patients. the impact of these technologies on the health care (Source: "TIIAP Brings Connectivity to American system in rural Alaska for cost, quality of care, and Indian and Alaska Native Communities," U.S. access to care by rural Native Alaskans where and Department of Commerce, 1998). when it is needed. Contact: Frederick W. Pearce, Ph.D. University of Alaska at Anchorage, 909-786- Internet Training for Rural Alaska Hospitals 4183. (Source: "Electronic Communications Because of the extreme isolation of health care Projects/activities in Indian Country," providers working in Alaska rural areas and the rapid www.muspin.gsfc.nasa.gov, 1997). rate of turnover of the professional staff, the Pacific Northwest Regional Medical Library plans to fund a Project to Provide Vital Health Information to Health subcontract with the University of Alaska at Professionals in Rural and Urban Settings Across the Anchorage to provide Grateful Med and Internet Northwest training to 18 rural villages: Barrow, Nome, Bethel, The University of Washington Academic Medical Kotzebue, Dillingham, Kodiak, Soldotna, Homer, Center regional telemedicine network will connect Valdez, Cordova, Juneau, Sitka, Dutch Harbor, health professionals and patients from big cities, Haines/Skagwag, St. Paul, Ketchikan, and Kake. small towns, and vast expanses of sparsely Thirteen of these sites were equipped and trained for populated areas of Washington, Wyoming, Alaska, Grateful Med searching through two previous Montana, and Idaho to provide timely access to vital National Library of Medicine (NLM) grants. The health information. The University of Washington will remaining five hospitals, which were not participants link clinical and public health partners at selected in earlier projects, expressed interest in Grateful sites in this five-state area via a regional telemedicine Med and Internet training. A needs assessment and network that includes a World Wide Web interface to evaluation will be conducted for each hospital. Site electronic medical records; secure clinical e-mail for visits will be conducted for all sites, and Grateful clinician-to-clinician and clinician-to-patient Med clinics for site personnel and clinicians from interactions; electronic delivery and management of remote village clinic providers. The project also will x-rays and other clinical images; and access to include outreach visits to local health care providers medical library resources, such as MEDLINE and full- not affiliated with the site facility. Technical text journals. This innovative network will allow assistance will be provided on an as-needed basis. clinicians to consult with one another, health For more information, access the NLM site at: professionals and their patients to confer, and all to www.nlm.nih.gov or the Grateful Med site at: access medical information. (Source: "Electronic http://igm.nlm.nih.gov. (Source: "Electronic Communications Projects/activities in Indian Communications Projects/activities in Indian Country," www.muspin.gsfc.nasa.gov, 1997). Country," www.muspin.gsfc.nasa.gov, 1997). Tribal Connections Project Pacific Northwest Regional Medical Library at the University of Washington Project: Planning and Evaluating The Regional Medical Library at the University of Health Information Outreach to Native Americans and Other Washington has received special funding from NLM to help from 10 to 12 tribes and Native villages in Underserved Communities Alaska, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington The purpose of this project is to develop models of connect to the Internet. The aim of this project is to health information outreach that will support provide access to health information, thus minimizing systematic evaluation of the implementation and isolation and improving access to remote social and impact of outreach programs sponsored by NLM. health resources. This project will work with the The project will: formulate clear, measurable many agencies, programs, schools, and departments objectives for information outreach to minority or on reservations and in Native villages that have a underserved communities, including American stake in the health of their communities. Connectivity Indians and Alaskan Natives; develop outreach to the Internet will be planned so that tribal resources models; assess the strength and depth of the will be leveraged and optimal benefits will be variables and relationships in the models; develop an delivered from Internet information resources and evaluation instrument; offer a continuing education communication within the community. (Source: course; and test the model(s), instrument, and guide. www.tribalconnections.org, 1999).

5 4 49 NATIVE-OWNED BUSINESSES

The following businesses and organizations represent only a portion of those that exist in Indian Country. A full directory would extend beyond the scope of this work. Two sources that may provide a more comprehensive list of Indian-owned businesses are the Small Business Administration (which houses a database of information on minority businesses eligible for government contracting) and regional business directories, such as the Northwest Native American Business Directory.

BUSINESSES

COMPUTERS AND NETWORKS Uniband Inc. fa business of the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians] Accutech Northwest P.O. Box 1059 Hwy 5 West 9400 SW Barbur Blvd. Belcourt, ND 58316 Portland, OR 97219 Tel: 701-477-6445 or toll-free: 800-254-0650t Tel: 503-245-7530 Fax: 701-477-6448 Fax: 503-245-2776 www.uniband.corn Computer service and sales to government and LAN telecommunications support and corporate clients. microcomputer, Internet/Intranet, and software Amerind, Inc. support services are offered through locations in 1310 Braddock Place Albuquerque, NM and Washington, DC. In addition, Alexandria, VA 22314-1648 document imaging, telemarketing and data entry Point of Contact: Tony Kamas services are offered in Belcourt, ND and in various Phone: 703-836-5900 locations around the state and across the country. Fax: 703-836-8691 615/6PS Enterprise engineering, intelligent information systems & systems engineering and integration Timberhill Mapping 2255 NW 25th Street CN/NET Chickasaw Nation Internet Services and Smoke Corvallis, OR 97330 Signals Computer Company Tel: 541-753-6851 1500 North Country Club Road Fax:541-753-6851 Ada, OK 74820 Tel: 580-332-0033 or toll-free 888-266-3844 GPS and mapping services for industries in the www.chickasaw.corn natural resources and utilities areas. Internet services and training; computer products and services INTERNET SERVICES AND WEB SITE DEVELOPMENT

Laducer & Associates, Inc. 0 ATIIN, Inc. 201 Missouri Drive One Technology Center Mandan, NDt 58554 1155 University Blvd SE Tel: 701-667-1980 Albuquerque, NM 87106 Fax: 701-667-2970 Tel: 505-843-4292 www.laducercom Fax: 505-246-2891 [email protected] Computer-specific information management services, wwwatiin.COM including business development, project management, technical assistance, financial Web services; telecommunications infrastructure and assistance, market research, feasibility studies, and Web technology consulting; Web technology training procurement support. CN/NET Chickasaw Nation Internet Services and Smoke Straight Arrow Computers, Inc. Signals Computer Company 737 North Adams Street 0 1500 North Country Club Road McMinnville, OR 97128 Ada, OK 74820 Tel: 503-434-4319 Tel: 580-332-0033 or toll-free 888-266-3844 Fax: 503-434-5462 www.chickasaw.corn Computer sales, service and support networking, Internet services and training; computer products including software and hardware installation and o and services printer maintenance.

50 INDIANnet United Native American Telecommunications, Inc. (UNAT) Native American Public Telecommunications (NAPT) James (Jim) Bradley, President P.O. Box 83111 331 E. 87th Avenue Lincoln, NE 68501 Anchorage, AK 99515 Tel: 402-472-3522 Tel: 907-349-7017 Fax: 402-472-8675 Fax: 907-349-7019 [email protected] www.unat.corn http://indiannet.indian.com/ Founded in 1992. UNAT operates as a public utility Web site development and is licensed by the FCC as an interstate long- distance company. It provides telecommunications Red Road Web Development Co. services in the U.S. and internationally, and has 1545 Holly St. recently joined in partnership with Electronic Data Denver, CO 80220 Systems Corporation (EDS) to provide a variety of Tel: 303-321-3318 telecommunications services to rural Alaskan [email protected] communities. vvvvvvredroad.net Services: network engineering design; project Internet service provider and web development management; network construction and installation; research; ongoing service and TELECOMN1UNICATIONS/MICROWAVE/CELLULAR support; sales and marketing support; customized telecommunications training; and tele-fraud and ATIIN, Inc. security reviews. One Technology Center 1155 University Blvd SE Products: voice, data, and video network design Albuquerque, NM 87106 and integration using fiber optics, wireless, and Tel: 505-843-4292 satellite communications technologies. Fax: 505-246-2891 Customers/projects: U.S. Military, United [email protected] Nations, Pacific Air Forces. Intemet: www.atiin.com Web services; telecommunications infrastructure and TRIBAL TELEPHONE COMPANIES Web technology consulting; Web technology training Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe Telephone Authority Mescom Enterprises, Inc. J.D. Williams, Director (subsidiaries: Nansat, Mescom Telecommunications, P.O. Box 810 Eagle Butte, SD 57625-0810 Nansys, M.S.D. and Iowa Hill Telephone Company) Tel: 605-964-2600 Headquarters Office P.O. Box 18040 Fax: 605-964-1000 www.crstta.com San Jose, CA 95158 Tel: 800-298-0123 The C.R.S.T. Telephone Authority is wholly owned by Fax: 800-756-3726 the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe and has been in business since 1958. Its service area covers 4,600 Family of companies that provide services including: square miles in which 2,600 access lines serve 19 telecommunications systems, satellite networks, network systems, teleconferencing and data transfer, communities. The company has 90 miles of fiber optic cable that connects long distance toll-handling automatic teller machine and point of sale terminals. facilities and modem digital switching in five Pacific Natcom, Inc. exchanges. Services provided include: long distance Emily Doss (Itsatawi of Pit River), President telephony, Internet connectivity and service, paging, P.O. Box 4196 or1055 Mt. Hood Ave. cable, direct-to-home satellite service, cellular phone Salem, OR 97302 service and, through its divisions, office supplies and Woodbum, OR 97071 equipment and propane gas sales. In addition, Tel: 503-982-5058 C.R.S.T. has holdings in the South Dakota Network Fax: 503-982-5157 (which handles toll traffic switching) and Express Communications, Inc. (a toll marketing company). Cellular microwave and tower service Gila River Telecommunications, Inc. (GRTI) Spirit Communications, Inc. Darrell Get-laugh, Chairman Clyde L. Stryker, CEO & President Board of Directors 20493 SW Avery Ct. Box 5015 Tualatin, OR 97062 7065 W. Allison Drive Tel: 503-612-0600 Chandler, AZ 85226-5135 Fax: 503-692-0914 Tel: 520-796-3333 www.spiritcommunications.com Fax: 520-796-7534 Data and voice wiring, data electronics, fiber optics, vvvvw.gilanet.net telephone systems, office furniture, surveillance GRTI was established in 1988 and currently has equipment, southwest microwave.

56 51 more than 3,000 lines, including business, residence, Tohono O'Odham Utility Authority and private line circuits. Approximately 48 percent of P.O. Box 816 these are business lines. The state-of-the-art Sells, AZ 85634 telecommunications system currently consists of Internet: www.toua.net seven central offices (with plans for an eighth), Tel: 520-383-2236 equipped with Nortel DMS10 digital switching Fax: 520-383-2218 equipment. Fiber optic cable connects all central www.toua.net offices, and serves 10 Digital Loop Carrier In May 1970, the Papago Tribal Utility Authority was concentrator units. The total system consists of formed by Tribal Resolution to operate electric, approximately 117 miles of fiber optic cable and 342 water, and wastewater utilities. In 1987, what was miles of buried copper cable. GRTI offers customers then called PTUA took over communications service optional calling plans and services such as Centrex, and became the Tohono O'Odham Utility Authority CLASS, and Custom Calling features. (TOUA). At that time there were 324 customers; Other enhanced services offered by GRTI are today there are 2,300 telephone customers. In cellular, paging, Internet, and Satellite TV (DBS). September 1996, TOUA became a local Internet New services being planned include Voice Mail and provider to service the Tohono O'odham Nation. ISDN. The company is finalizing its own telephone Members of the management board include: Lester directory as well. S. Ormsby, Director; Alfred R. Williams, Director; GRTI is also a 25-percent owner of the Gila River Lyle L. Donavan, Chairman; George Esquivel, Cellular General Partnership, serving the Rural Director; Harriet Toro, Treasurer; and Virgil Lewis, Service Area 5 in Arizona. The service area includes Secretary. a portion of the Interstate 10 corridor between Phoenix and Tucson, as well as all of Pinal and Gila San Carlos Apache Telecommunications Utility (SCATU) counties. Brent Kennedy, General Manager Box 158 Hopi Tribe San Carlos, AZ 85550 Wayne Taylor, Vice Chairman Tel: 520-475-2433 P.O. Box 123 Fax: 520-475-9946 Kykotsmovi, AZ 86039 In 1994, the San Carlos Apache Tribal Council Tel: 520-734-2441 established SCATU. Now in the early stages of Fax: 520-734-2435 operating an independent telephone company, (Currently in development). SCATU purchased the 475/San Cados Exchange (which exists completely within reservation Ft. Mojave Telecommunications, Inc. boundaries) from US West in 1997 and today serves Jose Matanane, Acting General Manager 714 subscribers. Additional subscribers and service P.O. Box 9879 areas within the reservation boundary are provided Ft. Mojave, AZ 86427 service from off reservation central offices (US Tel: 520-330-2500 West) and will be acquired in the near future. Plans Fax:520-330-2525 have also been made to secure loan funds to replace Fort Mojave Telecommunications was established as existing central office equipment with a new digital a tribally chartered company in 1988 and currently switch host, which will provide toll recording, equal provides telecommunications and cable television access, SS7 and wide band capabilities on the new service to four exchanges in Arizona, California, and host switch. Additionally, SCATU will install two Nevada. FMTI has 609 active service lines and its digital remote switches and upgrade the existing toll network is connected with 26 miles of fiber optic interconnect facilities to fiber optic cable. While this cable and terminal equipment. Because of its is being done, SCATU will also provide subscriber network flexibility (add/drop optic equipment and cable to the underserved areas of the reservation. digital line carrier), FMTI can provide total digital The 714 customers represent only one-fourth of the service to any location on the reservation. In addition, projected customer base. FMTI provides 24-hour emergency service, 7 days a week.

Navajo Nation Communications & Utility Delfred Smith, Director of Communications Utilities P.O. Box 2892 Window Rock, AZ 86515 Tel: 520-871-7740 Fax: 520-871-7741 (Currently in development).

52 TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATIONS (NATIVE-OWNED AND NATIVE-FOCUSED]

American Indian Higher Education Consortium (AIHEC) Electronic Pathways 121 Oronoco Street Connie Buffalo (Chippewa), Executive Director Alexandria, VA 22314 John J. Hoover, Ph.D., Director of Educational Tel: 703-838-0400 Programs and Evaluation Fax: 703-838-0388 University of Colorado wwvv.aihec.org CU Campus Box 456 Boulder, CO 80309 Distance-learning consortium utilizing satellite Tel: 303-492-5593 networks with membership of 31 tribal colleges and Fax: 303-492-1585 educational institutions, including the American Indian http://hanksville.phast.umass.edu/defs/independent College Fund. /ElecPath/elecpath.html American Indian Science and Engineering Society MISES) [email protected] Sandra Begay-Campbell, Executive Director Electronic Pathways is a national nonprofit 5661 Airport Blvd. organization whose primary mission is to ensure that Boulder, CO 80301-2339 underrepresented and underserved individuals, Tel: 303-939-0023 ext. 23 schools, and communities have equal access and bioc02.uthscsa.edu/aisesnet.html opportunity to fully participate in the advantages of AISES is a private, nonprofit organization that today's technological and information age, with a nurtures building of community by bridging science particular emphasis on mathematics and science and technology with traditional Native values. educational reform as well as career development. Through its educational programs, AISES provides Electronic Pathways works with other organizations opportunities for American Indians and Alaska with a similar mission to provide high quality training, Natives to pursue studies in science, engineering, products, and other support to educators, business, and other academic arenas. The trained community members, and business people to professionals then become technologically informed facilitate their effective use of technology to improve leaders within the Indian community. AISES is a teaching and learning, quality of life, career membership organization that is divided into several development, and business efficiency in underserved regions. It has more than 3,100 members in various communities. categories, including science and engineering professionals, college and pre-college students, and Projects include: other supporters. Native American Community Alliance and Programs and activities include: Technology Project Career placement services for college students: A Career Communications Network for Women and resume database, on-line placement services, and Girls (WORKREADY) a summer internship program have been Environmental Science Careers for Women developed by AISES, and more than 30 students have been placed in federal agencies. This The Falmouth Institute, Inc. Richard Phelps, President program is expected to expand significantly in coming years. 3702 Pender Drive, Suite 300 Fairfax, VA 22030 College Success Program: With funding from the Tel: 703-352-2250 or toll-free: 800-992-4489 Intel Corporation and in partnership with the Gila Fax: 703-352-2323 River Reservation and the Santa Fe Indian High www.falmouthinst.corn School, AISES is launching the College Success Program to increase retention among first-year The Falmouth Institute is a nationally known and college students in the Southwest. This program respected training and consulting organization that promises to become a model for nationwide provides quality training courses, consulting, and expansion. cost-effective technical assistance to American Indian and Alaska Native communities. The Institute Through the AISES-U.S. Department of offers hundreds of workshops and courses every Transportation Cooperative Agreement, AISES year on topics ranging from Indian law and provides information and services to Minority sovereignty to management and professional Business Enterprises, including tribal and Indian- development, and publishes the "American Indian owned businesses in the states of Colorado, Report" monthly. Utah, Wyoming, Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota.

58 53 Interagency American Indian Telecommunications NPS Infrastructure UAITU Working Group Bob Faithful Primary Contact: 202-208-7555 Danny Gogal Fax 202-208-7555 EPA Environmental Justice Office Tel: 202-564-2576 Department of Education/Department of Interior Ed Simermeyer The Office of Environmental Justice at the EPA ED/DOI E0 13021 Analyst established the IAITI Working Group in January 1997 202-208-7956 in response to the growing need for tribal access to Fax 202-208-7508 the government's electronic data and information. The mission of the Working Group is to discuss, Bureau of Land Management plan, and coordinate the programs and activities of Marilyn Nickels federal agencies that involve tribal governments, Native American Coordinator communities, and organizations in efforts to enhance 202-452-0330 telecommunications in Indian Country. The objectives Fax 202-521-7701 are to: [email protected] provide a forum for federal agencies to share Marcia Moore information regarding their telecommunications NEPA Policy Implementation plans, projects, and activities in Indian Country; [email protected] support and facilitate coordination among federal Department of Commerce agencies, and encourage more effective and Roanne Robinson efficient use of federal resources in strengthening National Telecommunications and Information telecommunications in Indian Country; Administration seek input and guidance from tribal government 202-501-2564 officials, communities, and organizations regarding Fax 202-482-1635 the nature and extent of the programs and [email protected] activities of federal agencies on NASA telecommunications in Indian Country; and Phil Sakimoto communicate information about federally 202-358-0949 sponsored telecommunications activities and Fax 202-358-3745 projects in Indian Country to all interested parties, [email protected] particularly to tribal governments, and to all James Harrington interested federal agencies. 301-286-4063 The IAITI meets quarterly and has representation Fax 301-286-1775 from 11 federal agencies. [email protected] Department of Energy (DOE) MEMBERS: Vicki Thornton Office of Intergovernmental Affairs Department of Defense: USAF 202-586-5499 Jerry Franck Fax 202-586-0143 Air Force Office of Scientific Research [email protected] 202-767-4970 Fax 202-767-5012 Steve Grey jerome.franck@afosrafmil LLNL at NCC Shiprock 505-386-5126 USAF Fax 505-368-5164 Chris Hughes Steve.GreyOquickmaiLlInl.gov 202-767-6962 Fax 202-767-5012 National Science Foundation (NSF) Chris.Hughes@afosrafmil Gerald Gipp 703-306-1685, ext. 5826 EPA: Office of Environmental Justice ggipp@nsfgov Danny Gogal Jody Chase Office of Environmental Justice 703-306-1685, ext. 5826 202-564-2576 [email protected] Fax 202-501-0740 Linda Warner [email protected] 703306-1690 Fax 703-306-0456 Department of Interior: OSM Mike Casey lwamer@nsfgov Network Systems Support 202-208-2577 [email protected]

54 5 9 Health and Human Services: IHS Lauren Bernally James Garvie NCC Shiprock Office of Information Resources Management 505-368-3596 301-443-1064 Fax 505-368-4868 [email protected] [email protected] Gary Hartz Jon Wilson Environmental Health and Engineers NCC Shiprock 301-443-1247 520-523-1817 Doug Black Fax 520-523-1266 Office of Tribal Activities [email protected] 301-443-1104 Institute for Community Networking (ICN) ACF Dr. George Baldwin, Director Roger Iron Cloud Tel: 408-582-3625 Div of Tribal Ser./Agency for Children and Families Fax: 408-582-3566 202-401-9307 [email protected] Fax 202-401-4687 http://indian.monterey.edu/info.html rironcloud@acfbhhfgov Dr. Jim May Assistant to the President National Institutes of Health [NMI Tel: 408-582-3524 Fred Wood Fax: 408-582-3566 Office of Health Information and Programs Development [email protected] 301-496-2311 The Institute for Community Information Resources Fax 301-496-4450 is a division of CSU Monterey Bay. The Institute [email protected] promotes the academic study of civic networking. Currently, the ICN has three projects underway: the USDA: Rural Utility Service (RUM INDIANnet Census Information Project, the Native Alan Stephens American Public Telecommunications Woildwide Rural Utilities Service Web site Project, the Cradleboard Indian On-Line 602-280-8700 Education Project, and the National Museum of the Fax 602-280-8707 American Indian Technology Plan. HUD Intertribal Council On Utility Policy IICOUPI Francis (Lou) Gros-Louis Pat Spears, President Code Talk P.O. Box 831 202-755-0102, Ext. 115 Rosebud, SD 57570 Fax 202-755-0182 Tel: 605-856-2173 Fax: 605-856-2140 NON-FEDERAL (INTERESTED PARTIES) [email protected] Stephanie Gajar Robert P. Gough, Secretary MicroStrategy, Inc. P.O. Box 453 703-848-8768 River Falls, WI 54022 (H) 301-656-8310 Tel: 715-426-1415 *51 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] ICOUP was formed in 1995 to increase the dialogue Gary Coulter between individual tribal governments and the federal Formely with NASA government regarding tribal opportunities, rights, and 719-333-6006 obligations as they relate to telecommunications and Fax 719-333-2420 other utility issues. As President, Pat Spears has led [email protected] this effort by working directly with tribes and Paul Deshler representing the tribal perspective on the Local and Colorado Plateau Research Station NAU/USGS State Government Advisory Committee of the FCC. 520-556-7471 Fax 520-556-7500 Intertribal GIS Council Bill Northover, IGC Chairman [email protected] Confederated Tribes of Umatilla Michelle Biehl P.O. Box 638 Northern Arizona University (NAU) Pendleton, OR 97801 520-556-7471 Ext. 231 Tel: 503-276-3447 [email protected] Fax: 503-276-3317

55 60 The Intertribal GIS Council (IGC) is a national Native Native American Public Telecommunications (NAPT) nonprofit organization dedicated wholly to promoting Frank Blythe, Executive Director tribal self-determination by improving management of P.O. Box 83111 geographic information and building intertribal Lincoln, NE 68501 communications networks. The IGC was established Tel: 402-472-3522 in 1993 to educate Native people and tribal Fax: 402-472-8675 organizations about the many applications of spatial vvww.nativetelecom.org data technology, and to promote the successful use The mission of NAPT is to inform, educate, and of GIS for effective management of native land and encourage the awareness of tribal histories, cultures, associated natural, human, and cultural resource languages, opportunities, and aspirations through the values. fullest participation of American Indians and Alaska Cloann Villegas, IGC Vice Chairman Natives in creating and employing all forms of Confederated Salish & Kootenai Tribes educational and public telecommunications programs P.O. Box 278 and services, thereby supporting tribal sovereignty. Pablo, MT 59855 Services provided include: Tel: 406-675-2700 American Indian Radio on Satellite (AIROS): a Fax: 406-675-2713 national distribution system for Native Lucy Benally, IGC Secretary/Membership programming to tribal communities and to general White Mountain Apache Tribe audiences through Native American and other P.O. Box 700 public radio stations, as well as the Internet. Whiteriver, AZ 85941 INDIANnet: a partnership of NAPT and American Tel: 520-338-5315 Indians for Opportunity (Al0) provides Web site Fax: 520-338-5388 development for tribal communities. Crystal Bond, IGC Treasurer Cherokee Nation National Indian Telecommunications Institute (NITI) P.O. Box 948 Karen Radney Buller, President Tahlequah, OK 74465 110 N. Guadalupe, Suite 9 Tel: 918-456-0671 Santa Fe, NM 87501 Fax: 918-456-6485 Tel: 505-986-3872 Fax: 505-989-4271 Dan Hall, IGC Board Member www.niti.org Colville Confederated Tribe P.O. Box 150 NITI is a Native-founded and run organization Nespelem, WA 99155 dedicated to using the power of electronic Tel: 509-634-8800 technologies to provide American Indian and Alaskan Fax: 509-634-4116 Native communities with extensive educational tools, Ken Pabich, IGC Board Member equal opportunity, and a strong voice in self- Oneida Nation of Wisconsin determination. Projects and services include teacher P.O. Box 365 support and curriculum development, Internet Oneida, WI 54155 training, Web design, Web site storage, listserv Tel: 414-490-6833 management for indigenous groups, on- and off-site Fax: 414-490-6836 technical support, and specialized listserv set-up. Beth Wenstrom, IGC Board Member National Tribal Telecommunications Alliance (NTTA) Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians Darrell Ger laugh, President 1816 Tribute Road, Suite 100 J.D. William, Vice President Sacramento, CA 95815 Box 5022 Tel: 916-566-7520 7065 W. Allison Fax: 916-566-7526 Chandler, AZ 85226 Tel: 520-796-N7TA MIGIZI Communications, Inc. Fax: 520/796-7535 3123 East Lake Street Minneapolis, MN 55406 The NTTA was formed in 1997 and is currently Tel: 612-721-6631 composed of five tribally owned and operated Fax: 612-721-3936 companies and two tribal telephone entities in [email protected] development. The purpose of the organization is to www.migizi.org provide a forum for tribally controlled telephone companies to share business growth opportunities, MIGIZI Communications is a nonprofit organization discuss effects of regulation on industry, and address providing services to the American Indian community. issues affecting tribal telephone companies. Member Its mission is to provide information to the public; companies are: Gila River Telecommunications, Inc.; educate elementary, secondary, and adult students Cheyenne River Sioux Telephone Authority; Fort using the tools of communication; and commit Mojave Telecommunications, Inc.; Tohono O'Odham resources to address problems in partnership with Utility Authority; San Carlos Telecommunications, the the American Indian community. Hopi Tribe and the Navajo Nation.

56 61 National Museum of the American Indian (NMAI) teleconferencing as enabling technologies for training Rob Billingsley and cultural presentations. These presentations will 470 L'Enfant Plaza, Suite 7103 then help to link NMAI with Native and non-Native Washington, DC 20560 communities, tribal museums, and schools. Tel: 202-287-2525 Ultimately, the museum's goal is to use this Fax: 202-287-2033 technology as a means to extend NMAI out to Native robac.si.edu America, and just as important, to continue to broaden NMAI's ongoing collaboration with Native Technology development at NMAI, along with other communities. technology programs at the Smithsonian Institution, incorporates multimedia and the Internet to present Project TribalWeb www.dragondata.com/breed/pweb.html cultural information. Project TribalWeb is a coalition of American Indian Plans for NMAI technology include access to internal webmasters dedicated to helping all Indian Nations sources of information (including descriptions of and nonprofit organizations that serve the American objects in the museum's one-million-object collection) Indian People to establish a presence on the Internet. and to other cultural sites on the World Wide Web. Services provided by Project TribalWeb are NMAI is a multisite museum, with an exhibit facility in completely free to qualifying organizations, and Manhattan, NY (the George Gustav Heye Center); a include: Web design, HTML writing, and graphic research facility in the Bronx, NY (whose collection design services; and, if needed, data entry and will begin to move to a new research center in scanning of material for the Web site requested. (The Suit land, MD opening in 1999); and a new museum only cost will be the server space needed to house on the Washington National Mall in the year 2002. the Web site, which can be none to minimal Linking all of these facilities together as one depending on the needs of the tribe or organization). enterprise will always be of primary importance to the Only legitimate American Indian Tribal organizations museum's technology program. Further, the (federal or state recognized) or nonprofit Indian multimedia nature of Native American cultural service groups may apply for a site design. The materials (art, crafts, song, dance, and story-telling) person(s) applying must represent the group in an clearly supports the development of an advanced official capacity. Project TribalWeb will not create multimedia technology program incorporating the "unofficial" sites. Web, wireless communications, digital imaging (both still and moving), distance learning, and video Please access the Web site above for information on teleconferencing. For example, the museum's how you can utilize this service, or if you are an community services program hopes to use distance American Indian webmaster, how you can become leaming, radio broadcasting, and video involved in this effort.

6 2

57 IV. APPENDICES

APPENDIX A Native American Telecommunications Infrastructure: Survey Instrument A. NAME AND ADDRESS OF TRIBE, NATION, voice mail service digital data VILLAGE, OR COMMUNITY: communication Name C. OTHER TELECOMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS Address Please indicate which of the following telecommunication and information services are used by Person(s) responding to this survey: your local high school, community college, library, Name hospital, and tribal government (write 'S for local K-12 school, 'C' for community college, 'L' for library, 'H' for Address if different from above hospital, and 'G' for local government): personal computers CD-ROM Phone No. computer networking Fax No. Internet electronic mail Internet electronic mail address electronic bulletin board Dial-up electronic mail address 0 videoconferencing and phone number 1-way video, 2-way audio 2-way video B. BASIC TELEPHONE PROVIDER AND SERVICE Name and address of telephone company(ies) serving slow scan video full motion video your reservation, village, or community: 0 over telephone lines over satellite links Name over fiber optic link Address 0 D. PERSONAL COMPUTERS IN THE HOME AND Phone No. BUSINESS Fax No. Please indicate the percentage of homes and businesses that have microcomputers and modems: Is this telephone company (write 'yes' where applicable): percentage with personal computers fully tribally owned?' partially tribally % homes % businesses owned? percentage with modems tribally operated? staffed by tribal % homes % businesses members? E. CABLE TELEVISION SERVICE What percentage of tribal homes and businesses have telephones? Name and address of cable television company(ies) serving your reservation, village, or community: % homes % businesses Name For homes without phones, which reasons apply? If

more than one reason applies, please rank 1, 2, 3 ... o Address where 1is the most important. 0 Phone No. do not want phone phone service too 0 Fax No. expensive 0 Is this cable TV company (write 'yes' where applicable): phone service other reason 0 not available (please state) fully tribally owned? partially tribally owned? tribally operated? staffed by tribal Please indicate the type of telephone services available members? to tribal homes and businesses (write 'H' for homes, 'B' for businesses, 'H-B' for both). What percentage of tribal homes have cable TV? basic single-line service basic party-line % homes service touchtone service call-waiting service (continued on next page)

58 63 For homes without cable TV, which reasons apply? If fully tribally owned? partially tribally more than one reason applies, please rank 1, 2, 3... owned? where 1is the most important. tribally operated? staffed by tribal do not want cable TV cable TV service too members? expensive Name and address of local radio station: cable TV not available other reason Name (please state) Address Phone No. For areas with cable TV service, please indicate: Fax No. number of channels of basic TV service number of public access channels G. DIRECT BROADCAST SATELLITE AND WIRELESS SERVICES number of premium or pay TV channels Does your area have (write 'yes' where F. OVER-THE-AIR BROADCASTING SERVICES applicable): Does your area receive over-the-air broadcast direct broadcast satellite television service? television signals (yes or no)? If yes, how many channels can be received? satellite telephone service? % What percentage of tribal homes have a cellular telephone service? television? pager service? For homes without a TV, which reasons apply? If more than one reason applies, please rank 1, 2, 3... where 1 If yes to any of the above, please list the is the most important. company(ies) providing service below: do not want TV cannot afford TV set Name too few or no TV other reason (please Address signals available state) Phone No. Fax No. Does your area receive over-the-air radio signals H. TELECOMMUNICATIONS PLANNING (yes or no)? Does your tribe, village, or community have (write 'yes' If yes, how many stations can be received? where applicable): % What percentage of tribal homes have a radio? a telecommunications plan For homes without a radio, which reasons apply? If more a telecommunications planning committee or than one reason applies, please rank 1, 2,3... where 1is council the most important. a telecommunications training program do not want radio a telecommunications educational program at a cannot afford radio receiver community college or high school too few or no radio stations available If yes, please provide details. other reason (please state) Does your area have a local radio station (yes or no)? If yes, is this radio station (write 'yes' where applicable):

THANK YOU IN ADVANCE FOR YOUR COOPERATION.

' NOTE: Throughout this survey instrument, please interpret "tribe" to mean, as appropriate for yourown geographic location, American Indian tribe or Nation, Alaska Native tribe or village, or Native Hawaiian community (to the extent applicable).

Source: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology, Assessment, Telecommunications Technology and Native Americans: Opportunities and Challenges, (~w.wws.princeton.edu:80/-ota/ns20/year f.html) OTA-ITC-621 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, August 1995), Appendix C.

s 4 59 BESTCOPY AVAILABLE APPENDIX B

Glossary of Telecommunications Terms

LEGISLATIVE/REGULATORY Exchange Access: the offering of access to telephone exchange services or facilities for the purpose of the Access Charge: charges long distance providers pay to origination or termination of telephone toll services. local telephone service providers for use of the local network to complete long distance calls. In 1996, the Information Service: the offering of a capability for largest local exchange carriers, including the Bell generating, acquiring, storing, transforming, processing, Operating Companies and GTE, received about $23 retrieving, utilizing, or making available information via billion from interstate access service charges. telecommunications; it includes electronic publishing, but does not include any use of any such capability for Access Line: the circuit between a telephone subscriber the management, control, or operation of a and the local switching center. telecommunications system or the management of a Advanced Television Services: television services provided telecommunications service. using digital technology. Interconnection: equal access to networks between High Definition Television MOTT: refers to digital systems incumbent and competitive local exchange carriers. that offer approximately twice the vertical and Interexchange Carrier WM telecommunications providers horizontal resolution of standard analog systems that provide service between local service areas. available today. Standard Definition Television (SDTV) 0 refers to digital systems with approximately equal Interiata Service: telecommunications between a point resolution of standard analog systems available today. located in a local access and transport area (LATA) and a point located outside such an area. Affiliate: a company that (directly or indirectly) owns or controls at least 10% of another company. Internet: an international network of computer networks with common protocol standards. Basic Service: the minimum set of capabilities deemed necessary for use of the public telecommunications Local Access and Transport Area (LATA): a contiguous geographic network. Current basic service includes an access line area established before the Telecommunications Act of (usually one-party, analog, rotary dial), access to local 1996 by a Bell operating company such that no and long distance calling, access to emergency calling exchange area includes points within more than one (911), and access to voice/nonvoice relay service. metropolitan statistical area, consolidated metropolitan statistical area, or state. Bell Operating Company MOD a local telephone company formerly owned by AT&T. Local Exchange Carrier any company that is engaged in the provision of telephone exchange service or exchange Cable Service: one-way transmission of video programming access. to subscribers. Network element: a facility or the equipment used in the Calling Number Identification Service (CND: caller ID. With a provision of a telecommunications service. The term display unit attached to a telephone and subscription to includes subscriber numbers, databases, signaling this service, a caller's number is identified on incoming systems, and information sufficient for billing and calls. collection or used in the transmission, routing, or other Common Carrier an entity that provides a public provision of a telecommunications service. communications conduit without regard to content. Number portability: allows consumers remaining at the same location to retain their existing telephone numbers Customer Premises Equipment (CPO: equipment employed on the premises of a person (other than a carrier) to when switching from one carrier to another. originate, route, or terminate telecommunications. Public Rights-of-Way: use of public resources for creation or Flat Rate Service: set monthly fees for unlimited service. maintenance of infrastructure. Telecommunications: the transmission, between or among Dialing parity: a company that is not an affiliate of a local phone company is able to provide phone services in points specified by the user, of information of the user's such a manner that customers have the ability to route choosing (including voice, data, image, graphics, and their calls automatically without the use of any access video), without change in the form or content of the information. code. Telecommunications Carrier any provider of Eligible Telecommunications Carrier a telecommunications carrier is eligible to receive universal service support if it telecommunications services. A telecommunications offers phone service to all customers throughout a carrier shall be treated as a common carrier under this service area without preference and it advertises the Act only to the extent that it is engaged in providing available supported services through the mass media. telecommunications services.

GO 6 5 Telecommunications Equipment: equipment, other than discontinuous electrical signal carries digital information customer premises equipment, used by a carder to in binary fashion. Data is represented by a specific provide telecommunications services, and includes sequence of off-on electrical pulses software integral to such equipment (including Domain: The name of a computer or network on the upgrades). Internet, specifically the characters to the right of the Telecommunications Service: the offering of telecommunications "@" sign, indicating the organization and the type of for a fee directly to the public, or to such classes of organization (mil: military; .org: nonprofit; .edu: users as to be effectively available directly to the public, educational institution; .com: commercial, etc.) that regardless of the facilities used. operates that domain or the physical location of the computer (i.e. .ca: Canada, .uk: United Kingdom). VChip: a device which can be programmed to block programming from being viewed on a television. All TV E-mail: Electronic Mail. Messages are composed on sets sold in America have included the VChip since computers and then sent over a network to other January 1, 1998. A complementary ratings system of network users in electronic form. television programming debuted in January 1997. Encryption: The transformation of data into a form TECHNICAL readable only by using the appropriate key, held only by authorized parties. The key rearranges the data into its Archie: A utility that allows one to search for files on original form by reversing the encryption. publicly accessible sites. Archie stores a database of ftp sites that allow "anonymous" public access as well as Fiber Optic Cable: bundles of thin glass filaments through the available files. which light can travel. Fiber offers greater transmission capacity with less interference than metal cables. ADSL: asymmetric digital subscriber line. A line, similar in appearance to a regular telephone line, enables a File Transfer Protocol (FTP): the first and most fundamental telephone company to deliver digital video to way to transfer files to and from remote computer sites. subscribers at about 1.5 Mbpsadequate for VCR "Anonymous ftp" refers to being able to access public quality video. Current versions can reach 6 Mbps. file archives without a password (Login: anonymous; Password: your e-mail address). Bandwidth: The transmission capacity of a telecommunications link (e.g., 64 kbps). In computer Gopher An Internet tool developed at the University of networks, greater bandwidth indicates faster data- Minnesota that offers a simple method of perusing and transfer capabilities. retrieving information on the Intemet. Gopher provides an easy menu-based means of navigating and searching Bit: A binary digit, the smallest unit of information in a for useful information, without having to know exactly computer, represented as a 0 or 1. One character is where the desired resources are stored. A user must typically seven or eight bits in length. have an account from an Internet service provider with direct access to the Internet. Some Gopher sites allow bps: Bits per second, used to refer to transmission "telnet" logins for those without Gopher client software. speeds of sending data (e.g., 2400 bps, 14,400 bps, etc.). Speed takes on particular importance when using Host: On the Internet, a host, or host computer, can on-line Internet services. See also "kbps." serve as both way station and entry point for network users. Hosts serve information to remote users, for Byte: A collection of bits used to form a character or example via World Wide Web or Gopher. They also some other information. provide access to the Internet for local usersthose Client End-user computer on a network (local or capable of logging in through a particular account. Internet). Hypertext The World Wide Web is built around this Communications Protocol: A collection of rules that ensure concept. Documents are formatted with special tools compatibility of transmitting and receiving equipment. that permit authors to link information to other Protocols usually have three main parts: the method by documents of relevance elsewhere on the Internet. The which data is coded; the method by which codes are Web is composed of "pages," documents written in received; and the methods used to establish control, hypertext, or Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML). detect errors and failures, and initiate corrective action. Using this information, graphic browser Mosaic or Netscape display images and text. By clicking on Data Compression: reduces the number of bits of highlighted text, one can move to related information information needed to store or transmit messages. and images located anywhere around the world, reading Digital Switch: a computer that electronically routes and accessing countless pages of on-line information in digitally encoded messages through a network. Digital various media (audio, video, pictures, etc.). A non- switches operate faster, more effectively, and with graphical browser called Lynx also enables access to greater flexibility than analog switches. Hypertext documents, with keystrokes instead of a mouse. Direct Broadcast Satellite (HIS): video programming transmitted from a satellite directly to customers' Integrated Services Digital Network (ISON): a receiving equipment. telecommunications system which converts voice, data, and video into digital signals for high speed transmission Digital Transmission: transmission of data, audio, or video over existing telephone networks. ISDN is built on two messages in discrete codes generated by computers. A

61 6r3 main types of communications channels: a B channel, Server The main computer on a network, including local which carries data at a rate of 64 Kbps (kilobits per area networks (LANs) and hosts on the Internet. So sec.), and a D channel, which carries control information called because it "serves" software or information to at 16 or 64 kbps. An ISDN-linked modem is about ten the "client" computers on the network. times faster than a standard modem connected to a Service Provider: A company or other organization that regular telephone line. provides e-mail or Internet connectivity, typically for a kbps: Kilobits per second, e.g., 14.4 kbps. fee. Leased line: A dedicated telephone line for whatever SOP and PPP: Serial Line Internet Protocol or Point-to- purpose designated by the lessee. Leased lines are Point Protocol. These protocols are used to establish capable of higher transmission speeds for data real "TCP/IP" Internet connections dial-up lines, as communications than regular telephone lines and are opposed to leased lines. often required for large computers with multiple users TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, connecting simultaneously to the Internet. TCP and IP are two open protocol standards used Listserv: E-mail-based discussion forums on a particular among computers connected to the Internet, allowing topic to which e-mail users subscribe. The listserv different computer systems and platforms to share data distributes all e-mail received to the list address to each seamlessly. TCP/IP forms the foundation for Internet subscriber on the list, making it a powerful means of communications, upon which such services as Gopher distributing information widely. and the World Wide Web can be provided. Lynx: A text-based Web browser. Lynx is a useful tool Telnet: A method of connecting from one host computer that allows users without full Internet connections to system to another via the Internet. Telnet allows users peruse and download resources on the World Wide to log into accounts on remote systems, and retrieve Web, albeit without all the graphics and sound. Users text-based information from a remote host. must have an on-line account; at the main prompt, type UNIX: The most popular operating system for host lynx, and use the keystroke instructions at the bottom of computers on the Internet. One does not need to be a the screen. UNIX specialist to tap the resources of the Internet, but Modem: a device that converts digital signals generated it helps to know a few fundamental commands. Many of by a computer into analog signals for transmission over the commands are similar to those in DOS. telephone lines. Modems also convert analog signals Veronica: A utility that searches for files located on from telephone lines into digital signals for computer use. (The term is short for modulator, demodulator.) Gopher servers. Veronica searches all known Gopher servers and keeps a database catalog. To search this Newsgroup: A system for conducting discussions on the catalog, simply "point" a gopher client to the University Internet. Newsgroups are like worldwide bulletin boards: of Minnesota and look under "All the Gopher Servers in mail is stored in a central location and those interested the World." in the topic of the discussion group may read and post WAIS: Wide Area Information Server. A method for messages without actually receiving a copy of each putting database information on-line for access across posting. Unlike listservs (which automatically send the Internet. messages to subscribers' mailboxes), participation in USENET newsgroups is passive, and requires "reader" WWW: World Wide Web. The newest and increasingly the software to be able to read and post. most popular service on the Internet, WWW is a "hypertext" information system capable of presenting Node: Any computer connected to a network. Typically also refers to a host computer on the Internet. multimedia information (audio, video, graphics, etc.) to those with a "direct connection" to the Internet. It requires Offline: The absence of connection to another computer. a SL/IP, PPP, or some other dedicated Internet connection In an "offline" mail system, the user reads and writes e- and browser software (like Mosaic or Netscape). Users mail messages in an editor without a modem connection without such a dedicated connection, but who still have an to a remote computer. Another piece of software then online account, can use a non-graphical, text-based automatically establishes a connection to a remote host browser called Lynx. computer, sends and receives accumulated e-mail, then hangs up. This is less interactive than on-line systems, BROADCASTING AND CABLE but tends to be cheaper for the user and is sometimes a AM: Amplitude modulation. necessity in areas with particularly bad telephone lines. Analog: A continuous electrical signal that carries Online: A "live" connection to another computer. In an on- information in the form of variable physical values, such line e-mail system, a user works directly with a remote as amplitude or frequency modulation. host computer, reading and sending e-mail while connected to that computer. Interactive Internet functions, Basic Cable Service: A bundle of programming services on like WWW and Gopher, require an on-line interface. cable systems which are regulated by local franchising authorities under the 1992 Cable Act. This will include Point of Presence (POP): the physical location where all local broadcasting signals and PEG (public, calls are routed to for transmission by a long-distance educational, and government) access channels. (interexchange) carrier.

62 6 7 Closed Circuit: The method of transmission of programs FM: Frequency modulation. and other material that limits its target audience to a specific group rather than the general public. Geostationani Orbit An orbit approximately 22,300 miles above the earth where satellites circle the earth at the Coaxial Cable: Cable with several common axis lines under same rate the earth rotates. a protective sheath used for cable television signals. HON High definition television. Common Carrier A telecommunications company that provides communications transmissions services to the Hertz: A measurement of frequency. One cycle per public. Local telephone companies have been second equals one hertz (hz). recognized as common carriers. ITFS: Instructional Television Fixed Service. OBS: Direct broadcast satellite. Unlike larger and more MDS: Multipoint distribution service. expensive satellite receivers, DBS receivers are relatively inexpensive, can be 18 inches in diameter, and Shortwave: Transmission on frequencies of 625 MHZ. capable of delivering up to 500 TV channels. DBS Transponder: Satellite transmitter/receiver that picks up signals are sent in a digital format. signals transmitted from earth, translates them into new Directional Antenna: An antenna that directs most of its frequencies, amplifies them before transmitting them signal strength in a specific direction, rather than at into new frequencies, and amplifies them before equal strength in all directions. transmitting them back to the ground. Downlink: Earth station used to receive signals from Uplink: Earth station used for transmitting to satellites. satellites.

GS 63 APPENDIX C.

Additional Resources

Providing a comprehensive list of Web sites would be Index of Native American Resources on the Internet another publication in itself. For a more complete listing, hanksville.phast.umass.edulmisc/NAresources.html you may perform your own search on the Internet or Karen M. Strom, creator and webmaster refer to published directories, such as the 1997-98 Extensive directories of information can be found at this "Native American Internet Guide," by Martha and John site, with topics ranging from art to government. Crow (published by Todd Publications, www.toddpublications.com: ISBN 0-915344-78-5). This Native Net niikaan.fdl.cc.mn.us/natnet directory lists over 1,200 Web sites for Native American Gaty Trujillo, creator and webmaster groups, organizations, nations, businesses, and individuals. \ Native Net is a Web site designed to promote dialogue and understanding regarding indigenous peoples of all CodeTalk www.codetalkied.us parts of the world. It provides a set of electronic mailing This Web site (named after the Native American Code lists and archives and maintains a list of references to Talkers, heroes of World Wars I and II) is sponsored by relevant information on the Web. all federal agencies currently operating Native American NativeWeb wwwmativeweb.org programs. It is an information-sharing network for, and about, Native Americans. Examples of information Marc Becker, creator provided at this site include: government program This Web site is designed as a resource for indigenous information, an electronic consultation feature, and links peoples worldwide. It provides a resource center, a to other Native American Internet information. community center, e-mail lists, message boards, and job openings.

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