DOCSLIB.ORG

Determination of Onchocerca Volvulus Strains Prevalent in the Nkwanta North District of Ghana

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Determination of Onchocerca Volvulus Strains Prevalent in the Nkwanta North District of Ghana University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DETERMINATION OF ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS STRAINS PREVALENT IN THE NKWANTA NORTH DISTRICT OF GHANA BY ROWLAND ADUKPO (10508507) THIS THESIS IS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, LEGON IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MPHIL MICROBIOLOGY DEGREE UNIVERSITY OF GHANA COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES FEBRUARY, 2019 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other institution. I have duly acknowledged references made to other authors’ work in the reference section of this thesis Signature………………………………. Date……………………………… ROWLAND ADUKPO (STUDENT) Signature……………………………… Date……………………………… DR. SIMON KWAKU ATTAH (SUPERVISOR) Signature……………………………… Date…………………………… DR. PATIENCE B. TETTEH-QUARCOO (SUPERVISOR) i University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DEDICATION To Hetty and Gabriella ii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My sincere thanks and appreciation go to my supervisors, Dr. Simon K. Attah and Dr. Patience B. Tetteh-Quarcoo for their patience, invaluable support and guidance throughout my course work and during the preparation of this thesis. Special appreciation also goes to Prof. Yaw Afrane and Prof. Kwamena W. C. Sagoe for their encouragement. I wish to also express my profound gratitude to Dr. Michael Osei-Atweneboana, Head of the Biomedical and Public Health Research Unit of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) for his mentorship and direction and also for allowing us to use the laboratory for the bench work. Special thanks also go to the staff of the Biomedical and Public Health Research Unit and the Molecular Biology Laboratory (CSIR) especially Dr. Samuel Armoo, Edward Jenner Tettevi, Queenstar Naa Dedei Quarshie for their support. Special mention is to be made of Mr. Isaac Owusu Frimpong for whom I am eternally grateful to for his technical support and guidance during the molecular work. God bless you Ike for your sacrifice. My appreciation also goes to Dr. Laud Boateng and his team at the Nkwanta North District Health Directorate of the Ghana Health Service for facilitating the community entry and data collection. I want to thank especially Mr Amatus Nambagyira and Dominic Nanga both of Nkwanta North District Health Directorate and Mr. Reuben Tettey Martey and Michael Dicko of the Pentecost Health Centre, Kpassa, for their support on the field. I also wish to thank all the chiefs, elders and community leaders in the study communities. iii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Additionally, I am eternally indebted to my wife Ms. Henrietta Appiah who is always available to tell me in that sweet assuring voice “Rowland, you are capable, go for it”. To my siblings and family, I say thank you for your love and support. Also to my very good friends; Francis Dzidefo Krampa of West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), Israel Mensah-Attipoe of the Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Allied Health Sciences and Richard Kutame of the National Public Health and Reference Laboratory, Korle-Bu for the diverse roles they played in making this work a success. And finally, to God be the glory and great things He has done. iv University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ........................................................................................................................................... i DEDICATION .............................................................................................................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................................... x ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................. xi CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................................... 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 General introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Research problem ............................................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Justification ....................................................................................................................................... 5 1.4 Aim of the study ................................................................................................................................ 5 1.5 Specific objectives ............................................................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................................... 6 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................................... 6 2.1 Onchocerca volvulus ......................................................................................................................... 6 2.2. The genome of Onchocerca volvulus ............................................................................................... 8 2.2.1 The coding sequence .................................................................................................................. 8 2.2.2 The non-coding sequences ......................................................................................................... 9 2.3 Life cycle of Onchocerca volvulus .................................................................................................. 10 v University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 2.4 Epidemiology and socioeconomic significance of Onchocerca volvulus ..................................... 12 2.5. Clinical manifestations and pathogenesis of onchocerciasis ...................................................... 15 2.5.1 Ocular onchocerciasis .............................................................................................................. 15 2.6 Parasite, vector and host dynamics of onchocerciasis ................................................................. 21 2.7 Laboratory diagnosis of Onchocerca volvulus .............................................................................. 24 2.7.1 Skin snip microscopy ............................................................................................................... 25 2.7.2 Mazzotti test ............................................................................................................................. 25 2.7.3 Immunological tests ................................................................................................................. 26 2.7.4 Molecular techniques ............................................................................................................... 26 2.8 Onchocerciasis control .................................................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................................... 31 3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS .......................................................................................................... 31 3.1 Study area and population ............................................................................................................. 31 3.2 Sample size calculation ................................................................................................................... 33 3.3 Sampling techniques ....................................................................................................................... 33 3.3.1 Community selection and inclusion criteria .......................................................................... 33 3.3.2 Participants selection ............................................................................................................... 34 3.3.4 DNA extraction of O. volvulus from skin snips ...................................................................... 35 3.3.5 Onchocerca volvulus DNA amplification using diagnostic primer ...................................... 35 CHAPTER FOUR ....................................................................................................................................... 38 4.0 RESULTS ............................................................................................................................................. 38 vi University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh 4.1 Analysis of skin snip microscopy and O. volvulus DNA PCR results ......................................... 38 4.1.2 Analysis of skin microscopy and DNA PCR results by occupation ..................................... 39
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ghana Marine Canoe Frame Survey 2016
    INFORMATION REPORT NO 36 Republic of Ghana Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture Development FISHERIES COMMISSION Fisheries Scientific Survey Division REPORT ON THE 2016 GHANA MARINE CANOE FRAME SURVEY BY Dovlo E, Amador K, Nkrumah B et al August 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................................... 2 LIST of Table and Figures .................................................................................................................... 3 Tables............................................................................................................................................... 3 Figures ............................................................................................................................................. 3 1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 4 1.1 BACKGROUND 1.2 AIM OF SURVEY ............................................................................................................................. 5 2.0 PROFILES OF MMDAs IN THE REGIONS ......................................................................................... 5 2.1 VOLTA REGION .......................................................................................................................... 6 2.2 GREATER ACCRA REGION .........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Ghana Poverty Mapping Report
    ii Copyright © 2015 Ghana Statistical Service iii PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The Ghana Statistical Service wishes to acknowledge the contribution of the Government of Ghana, the UK Department for International Development (UK-DFID) and the World Bank through the provision of both technical and financial support towards the successful implementation of the Poverty Mapping Project using the Small Area Estimation Method. The Service also acknowledges the invaluable contributions of Dhiraj Sharma, Vasco Molini and Nobuo Yoshida (all consultants from the World Bank), Baah Wadieh, Anthony Amuzu, Sylvester Gyamfi, Abena Osei-Akoto, Jacqueline Anum, Samilia Mintah, Yaw Misefa, Appiah Kusi-Boateng, Anthony Krakah, Rosalind Quartey, Francis Bright Mensah, Omar Seidu, Ernest Enyan, Augusta Okantey and Hanna Frempong Konadu, all of the Statistical Service who worked tirelessly with the consultants to produce this report under the overall guidance and supervision of Dr. Philomena Nyarko, the Government Statistician. Dr. Philomena Nyarko Government Statistician iv TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................... vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Volta Region
    REGIONAL ANALYTICAL REPORT VOLTA REGION Ghana Statistical Service June, 2013 Copyright © 2013 Ghana Statistical Service Prepared by: Martin K. Yeboah Augusta Okantey Emmanuel Nii Okang Tawiah Edited by: N.N.N. Nsowah-Nuamah Chief Editor: Nii Bentsi-Enchill ii PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENT There cannot be any meaningful developmental activity without taking into account the characteristics of the population for whom the activity is targeted. The size of the population and its spatial distribution, growth and change over time, and socio-economic characteristics are all important in development planning. The Kilimanjaro Programme of Action on Population adopted by African countries in 1984 stressed the need for population to be considered as a key factor in the formulation of development strategies and plans. A population census is the most important source of data on the population in a country. It provides information on the size, composition, growth and distribution of the population at the national and sub-national levels. Data from the 2010 Population and Housing Census (PHC) will serve as reference for equitable distribution of resources, government services and the allocation of government funds among various regions and districts for education, health and other social services. The Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) is delighted to provide data users with an analytical report on the 2010 PHC at the regional level to facilitate planning and decision-making. This follows the publication of the National Analytical Report in May, 2013 which contained information on the 2010 PHC at the national level with regional comparisons. Conclusions and recommendations from these reports are expected to serve as a basis for improving the quality of life of Ghanaians through evidence-based policy formulation, planning, monitoring and evaluation of developmental goals and intervention programs.
    [Show full text]
  • Health Care and Infrastructure in Accra, Ghana
    Health Care and Infrastructure in Accra, Ghana Jennifer L. Pehr Advanced Issues in Urban Planning 27 April 2010 Page 1 of 21 Introduction Ghana, located in West Africa, was the first of the colonized countries in Africa to declare its independence. Accra is Ghana‟s capital city, and serves as the geographic and economic gateway to this region. The city‟s diverse economy is home to both local and regional traders as well as many international companies. Since its independence, Accra‟s population has increased rapidly. In 1957, the city had a population of approximately 190,000 (Grant &Yankson, 2003); today, the city‟s population is estimated to be over three million (Millennium Cities Initiative website). Accra experienced a period of rapid spatial expansion in the 1980s, and has been urbanizing rapidly ever since. Much of the city‟s growth has not been planned, and as a result, Accra‟s spatial expansion in recent years has occurred in some of the poorest areas of the city. This unfettered and unplanned growth has had severe implications for the population of Accra, and is most pronounced in the lack of basic urban infrastructure, including water and sanitation, transportation, education and health care in many parts of the city. In January 2010, Accra partnered with the Millennium Cities Initiative (MCI) to become a “Millennium City.” MCI works with underserved urban areas in sub-Saharan Africa to help them eradicate extreme poverty and to attain the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) (MCI website). To fully realize a city‟s social and economic potential, needs assessments are conducted in many areas, including education, gender, water and sanitation, health and opportunities for economic development and foreign direct investment.
    [Show full text]
  • Nkwanta North District Assembly
    Contents 1 PART A: STRATEGIC OVERVIEW OF THE NKWANTA NORTH DISTRICT ASSEMBLY ......................... 5 B) POPULATION .................................................................................................................................. 5 1.1 D) DISTRICT ECO NOMY ......................................................................................................... 6 1.1.1 I I) AGRICULTURE ............................................................................................................. 6 1.1.2 Industry ........................................................................................................................... 7 1.1.3 Services ........................................................................................................................... 7 REPUBLIC OF GHANA 1.1.4 II) ROADS ......................................................................................................................... 8 1.1.5 III) EDUCATION ................................................................................................................ 8 1.1.6 IV) HEALTH ...................................................................................................................... 9 1.1.7 V) ENVIRONMENT ......................................................................................................... 10 COMPOSITE BUDGET 1.1 1 WATER AND SANITATION ................................................................................................. 10 VI) TOURISM .................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Nkwanta North District Assembly
    Contents 1 PART A: STRATEGIC OVERVIEW OF THE NKWANTA NORTH DISTRICT ASSEMBLY ......................... 4 1.1 B) ESTABLISHMENT ................................................................................................................ 4 C) POPULATION .................................................................................................................................. 4 1.2 D) DISTRICT ECONOMY .......................................................................................................... 4 1.2.1 I I) AGRICULTURE ............................................................................................................. 4 1.2.2 II) ROADS ......................................................................................................................... 4 REPUBLIC OF GHANA 1.2.3 III) EDUCATION ................................................................................................................ 4 1.2.4 IV) HEALTH ...................................................................................................................... 5 1.2.5 V) ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................................... 5 COMPOSITE BUDGET VI) TOURISM .................................................................................................................................... 5 THE ASSEMBLY BROAD OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................... 6 FOR 2018-2021 1. GOAL/MISSION ..........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Flooding in the Greater Accra Region Claims 12 Lives on April 15, 2019
    Flooding in the Greater Accra Region claims 12 lives on April 15, 2019 BACKGROUND/ DEMOGRAPHY Map of the Greater Accra Region ü The Greater Accra Region is the administrative capital of Ghana, occupying a total land area of 3,245 square kilometres. ü In terms of population, it is the second most populous region after the Ashanti Region, with a population of 4,010,054 according to the 2010 population census. This accounts for 15.4 per cent of Ghana’s total population. © Wikipedia ü Politically, administration of the region is organized through the Local Government system. Under this administration system, the region is divided into five districts namely Accra Metropolitan Area, Tema Municipal Area, Ga East District, Ga West District, Dangme West District and Dangme East District. ü The Accra Metropilitan Area is administered by a Chief Executive, representing the Central Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Accra_Region#/media/ Government but deriving authority from an File:Districts_of_the_Greater_Accra_Region_(2012).svg Assembly headed by a Presiding Member elected from the members of the Assembly. ü In the last few years, severe floods hit the capital city, Accra. For instance, on June 3rd 2015, heavy rains caused flooding that impacted many parts of the Greater Accra Region. Over 200 people lost their lives, many were displaced and a number of properties destroyed. ü In addition to this, are the costs of disrupted livelihoods and economic activities coupled with health risks brought about by the floods. INCIDENT PROFILE Following the recent rains that hit some parts of the country, 12 lives have been lost in the Greater Accra Region.
    [Show full text]
  • Association Between Geography and Diseases in Ghana
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH Place, People and Diseases: Association Between Geography and Diseases in Ghana Michael Kwame Dzordzormenyoh, Ph.D.1, Divine Mawuli Asafo 2, Theresa Domeh3 1 Postdoctoral Fellow, Center for Black Studies Research University of California, Santa Barbara 2 Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Urban Studies & Planning University of Sheffield, UK 3 Undergraduate Student, Department of Geography & Regional Planning University of Cape Coast, Ghana ABSTRACT There is a growing field of literature addressing the relationship between geography and health. A person’s physical environment has the potential to present various risks or protective factors that may influence health. Exploring this relationship within Ghana’s Ledzokuku-Krowor municipality broadens the field of literature on this topic as it relates to West African communities. Identifying frequently reported diseases from health care professionals and residents provides a look into the major health outcomes in the region. This manuscript is exploratory and could lay the groundwork for future researchers to further investigate potential risk factors that contribute to high rates of disease (e.g., malaria, hypertension, rheumatism). KEY WORDS Geography, Disease, Healthcare & Ghana INTRODUCTION Africa provides an unbounded scope for the practice of geography (place of residence and work), disease and health. The nature and purpose of the nexus between geography and disease varies in definition (McGlashan, 1972; Hunter, 1974; Pyle, 1976; Abalo et. al., 2018; Tutu & Busingye, 2020). Africa provides infinite examples of the nexus between geography and disease. In the continent, man and environment are closely linked in a complex relationship which frequently presents conditions of disequilibrium whereby diseases flourish and health is impaired (Tilley, 2004; Emmanuel et.
    [Show full text]
  • Explain & Contain Every Case During 2005!
    Public Health Service Centers for Disease Control DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES and Prevention (CDC) Memorandum Date: June 20, 2005 From: WHO Collaborating Center for Research, Training and Eradication of Dracunculiasis Subject: GUINEA WORM WRAP-UP #153 To: Addressees Explain & Contain Every Case During 2005! GHANA REDUCES CASES BY -56% IN JANUARY-MAY 2005 The National Program Coordinator of Ghana's Guinea Worm Eradication Program (GWEP), Dr. Andrew_Seidu-Korkor of the Ghana Health Service, reports that during January-May 2005, Ghana detected 2,263 cases of dracunculiasis, in 420 villages, which is a reduction of -56% from the 5,176 cases detected in Ghana during the same period of 2004 (Figure 1). 300 of the villages had indigenous cases. 98% of Ghana's cases in 2004 were reported from only 25 districts (Figures 2 and 3). Figure 1 GHANA GUINEA WORM ERADICATION PROGRAM NUMBER OF CASES OF DRACUNCULIASIS REPORTED BY EPIDEMIOLOGIC YEAR: JULY-JUNE 2002- 2003; JULY-JUNE 2003-2004; AND JULY-JUNE 2004-2005* 1,600 2002-2003 2003-2004 2004-2005 1,400 1,339 1,245 1,200 1,133 996 990 1,000 944 940 903 907 905 800 785 785 712 665 NUMBER OF CASES 600 558 539 544 520 474 496 482 439 457 400 393 387 257 278 234 230 203 200 142 158 115 131 38 *Provisional 0 Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Two districts, Nkwanta (Volta Region) and Tolon-Kumbungu (Northern Region), that together reported 35% of Ghana's cases in 2004, have recorded reductions of -90% (from 1,006 to 97 cases) and -11% (from 452 to 404 cases), respectively, in cases during Jan.
    [Show full text]
  • GNHR) P164603 CR No 6337-GH REF No.: GH-MOGCSP-190902-CS-QCBS
    ENGAGEMENT OF A FIRM FOR DATA COLLECTION IN THE VOLTA REGION OF GHANA FOR THE GHANA NATIONAL HOUSEHOLD REGISTRY (GNHR) P164603 CR No 6337-GH REF No.: GH-MOGCSP-190902-CS-QCBS I. BACKGROUND & CONTEXT The Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Protection (MGCSP) as a responsible institution to coordinate the implementation of the country’s social protection system has proposed the establishment of the Ghana National Household Registry (GNHR), as a tool that serves to assist social protection programs to identify, prioritize, and select households living in vulnerable conditions to ensure that different social programs effectively reach their target populations. The GNHR involves the registry of households and collection of basic information on their social- economic status. The data from the registry can then be shared across programs. In this context, the GNHR will have the following specific objectives: a) Facilitate the categorization of potential beneficiaries for social programs in an objective, homogeneous and equitable manner. b) Support the inter-institutional coordination to improve the impact of social spending and the elimination of duplication c) Allow the design and implementation of accurate socioeconomic diagnoses of poor people, to support development of plans, and the design and development of specific programs targeted to vulnerable and/or low-income groups. d) Contribute to institutional strengthening of the MoGCSP, through the implementation of a reliable and central database of vulnerable groups. For the implementation of the Ghana National Household Registry, the MoGCSP has decided to use a household evaluation mechanism based on a Proxy Means Test (PMT) model, on which welfare is determined using indirect indicators that collectively approximate the socioeconomic status of individuals or households.
    [Show full text]
  • National Communications Authority List Of
    NATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS AUTHORITY LIST OF AUTHORISED VHF-FM RADIO STATIONS IN GHANA AS AT THIRD QUARTER, 2019 Page 1 of 74 OVERVIEW OF FM RADIO BROADCASTING STATIONS IN GHANA Section 2 of the Electronic Communications Act, 2008, Act 775 mandates that the National Communications Authority “shall regulate the radio spectrum designated or allocated for use by broadcasting organisations and providers of broadcasting services”; “… determine technical and other standards and issue guidelines for the operation of broadcasting organisations …” “… may adopt policies to cater for rural communities and for this purpose may waive fees wholly or in part for the grant of a frequency authorisation”. The Broadcasting service is a communication service in which the transmissions are intended for direct reception by the general public. The sound broadcasting service involves the broadcasting of sound which may be accompanied by associated text/data. Sound broadcasting is currently deployed in Ghana using analogue transmission techniques: Amplitude Modulation (AM) and Frequency Modulation (FM). Over the last two decades, AM sound broadcasting has faded, leaving FM radio as the only form of sound broadcasting in Ghana. FM radio broadcasting stations are classified for the purpose of regulatory administration of the service towards the attainment of efficient use of frequency. The following is the classification of FM radio broadcasting stations in Ghana. (1) Classification by Purpose: a) Public – all stations owned and operated by the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation (GBC) and/or any other station established by the Government of Ghana by a statutory enactment. b) Public Foreign – stations established by Foreign Governments through diplomatic arrangements to rebroadcast/relay content from foreign countries e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • The Composite Budget of the Ada East District Assembly for the 2014 Fiscal Year
    REPUBLIC OF GHANA THE COMPOSITE BUDGET OF THE ADA EAST DISTRICT ASSEMBLY FOR THE 2014 FISCAL YEAR For Copies of this MMDA’s Composite Budget, please contact the address below: The Coordinating Director, Ada East District Assembly Greater Accra Region This 2014 Composite Budget is also available on the internet at: www.mofep.gov.gh Ada East District Assembly Page 1 Contents SECTION I: ASSEMBLY’S COMPOSITE BUDGET STATEMENT BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................................. 4 PERFORMANCE ........................................................................................................................................... 8 Health Status ......................................................................................................................................... 11 Education ............................................................................................................................................... 13 SOCIAL INTERVENTIONS ........................................................................................................................ 15 Poverty Reduction/Employment ......................................................................................................... 15 Water Provision ..................................................................................................................................... 16 Gender Issues ......................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]