MM6 – Structural Design Concepts

5.1 Classification of ETFE-Foil constructions due to the kind of pre-stress pneumatical pre-stressed ETFE-foils mechanical pre-stressed ETFE-foils (multi- layer construction) (single- layer construction)

Atrium Petrol Station Germering, 2003, E.ON Info-Centre, Kochel/Walchensee, 2001, 64 m² (8 x 8 m Pneu), Photograph: L. Schiemann 390 m², Photograph: K. Moritz

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz, 09/2009 Dr.-Ing. Lars Schiemann Chapter 5 - Constructions 5.1 MM6 – Structural Design Concepts

5.2 Examples - pneumatical pre-stressed systems

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz, 09/2009 Dr.-Ing. Lars Schiemann Chapter 5 - Constructions 5.2 MM6 – Structural Design Concepts

5.3 Examples - mechanical pre-stressed systems

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz, 09/2009 Dr.-Ing. Lars Schiemann Chapter 5 - Constructions 5.3 construction mechanical pre-stressed pneumatical pre-stressed method

boundary planar spacial planar spacial MM6 – Structural Design Concepts

circle, ellipsoid 5.4 Matrix: Different Shapes of ETFE-Foil- polygone Constructions

square

rectangle

rhomb

triangle

Source: K. Moritz, PhD, 2007

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz, 09/2009 Dr.-Ing. Lars Schiemann Chapter 5 - Constructions 5.4 MM6 – Structural Design Concepts

5.5 Geometries, pre-stress-Methods of ETFE-Foil-Constructions

Single-Layer-Systems Polygone mechanical pre-stressed Systems without pre-stress 10 % 3 % Rhomb Boundary Geometry pre-stress-Method

Circle, Ellipsoid

Square Multi-Layer-Systems pneumatical pre-stressed 87 % Triangle, Trapezoid

Rectangle Source: K. Moritz, PhD, 2007

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz, 09/2009 Dr.-Ing. Lars Schiemann Chapter 5 - Constructions 5.5 MM6 – Structural Design Concepts

5.6 Utilisations and Applications of ETFE-Foil-Constructions

Infrastructure (Terminals, Trainstations) Application Atria, Skylights Petrol Stations 35 % Halls, Pavillions Sportfacilities 33 % Others (Collectors, Sculptures a.s.o.)

Scools, Universitys Canopies, Walkways Labors, Storages, Greenhouses Stadia, Grandstands 14 % Zoological Gardens 2 % Façades, Windows Museums, Pavillions Other Applications 8 % 3 % Indoor Applications Swimmingpools 5 %

Offices, Residential Accommodations Utilisation Source: K. Moritz, PhD, 2007

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz, 09/2009 Dr.-Ing. Lars Schiemann Chapter 5 - Constructions 5.6 MM6 – Structural Design Concepts

5.7 Location of ETFE-Foil-Constructions

Hungary Location (State) Slovenia Singapoore Location (Continent) Mexico America 1.3 % Africa 0 % Japan India Australia 0.9 % Asia 2.2 % Denmark Australia USA France Europe 95.5 % Austria Switzerland Netherlands Great Britain Source: K. Moritz, PhD, 2007

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz, 09/2009 Dr.-Ing. Lars Schiemann Chapter 5 - Constructions 5.7 MM6 – Structural Design Concepts

5.8 Kinds of pneumatical pre-stressed Constructions

Source: K. Moritz, in: Stahlbau, 05/2007

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz, 09/2009 Dr.-Ing. Lars Schiemann Chapter 5 - Constructions 5.8 MM6 – Structural Design Concepts

5.9 Air Management

Source: K. Moritz, in: Stahlbau, 05/2007

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz, 09/2009 Dr.-Ing. Lars Schiemann Chapter 5 - Constructions 5.9 MM6 – Structural Design Concepts

5.10 Air-Supply

Air Supply, Project Riem, Photograph: Air Inlet, Project Scene Lab, FHG IBP, Covertex GmbH, 2002 Holzkirchen, Photograph: K. Moritz, 2004

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz, 09/2009 Dr.-Ing. Lars Schiemann Chapter 5 - Constructions 5.10 MM6 – Structural Design Concepts

5.11 Classification of cushions due to the number of layers

2-layer-cushion nominal Inner pressure pi,nom = 250 – 400 Pascal

3-layer-cushion, flat middle maximal inner pressure layer Pi,max = 800 – 1,000 Pascal

3-layer-cushion, curved middle layer

3-layer-cushion, flat middle layer, separated layers

3-layer-cushion, curved middle layer, separated layers Source: L. Schiemann, 2008

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz, 09/2009 Dr.-Ing. Lars Schiemann Chapter 5 - Constructions 5.11 MM6 – Structural Design Concepts

5.12 FE-Analyses of an ETFE-Foil cushion

a) Ground plan of a 5.8 x 3.0 m cushion

b) Isometric view of a 5.8 x 3.0 m cushion, made of 4 panels

Source: K. Moritz, PhD, 2007

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz, 09/2009 Dr.-Ing. Lars Schiemann Chapter 5 - Constructions 5.12 MM6 – Structural Design Concepts

5.13 Welded ETFE-Seam

Welded seam (continiuos-method), Photograph: K. Moritz

ETFE-welding-machine for ETFE-foils (non-continues-method), Photograph: Eichenhofer, Illertissen, Germany

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz, 09/2009 Dr.-Ing. Lars Schiemann Chapter 5 - Constructions 5.13 MM6 – Structural Design Concepts

5.14 Cutting Pattern

Panel 1 and 4 Panel 2 and 3

Stress optimised cutting pattern, 5.8 x 3.0 m cushion, Source: K. Moritz, PhD, 2007

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz, 09/2009 Dr.-Ing. Lars Schiemann Chapter 5 - Constructions 5.14 MM6 – Structural Design Concepts

5.15 Straight cut (without patterning)

Panels 1 - 4

Straight cut, 5.8 x 3.0 m cushion, Source: K. Moritz, PhD, 2007

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz, 09/2009 Dr.-Ing. Lars Schiemann Chapter 5 - Constructions 5.15 MM6 – Structural Design Concepts

5.16 Influence of Patterning on the stresses

Normal stresses in x-direction (11) and in y-direction (22) , inflation: 2.000 Pa, left hand side: stresss optimised cutting pattern, right hand side: without cutting pattern (straight cut), K. Moritz, PhD, 2007

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz, 09/2009 Dr.-Ing. Lars Schiemann Chapter 5 - Constructions 5.16 MM6 – Structural Design Concepts

5.17 Shear stresses and main stress axis

Shear stresses (12 = 21), inflation: 2.000 Pa, left hand side: optimised cutting pattern, right hand side: without cutting pattern (straight cut), K. Moritz, PhD, 2007

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz, 09/2009 Dr.-Ing. Lars Schiemann Chapter 5 - Constructions 5.17 MM6 – Structural Design Concepts

5.18 Expansion Joints (steel structure) spring metal sheet

Expansion joint (elongation (steel) because Temperature +/- 13 mm)

Rain Gutter, Expansion Joints, 3D-Visualisation, covertex GmbH, Obing, 2004

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz, 09/2009 Dr.-Ing. Lars Schiemann Chapter 5 - Constructions 5.18 MM6 – Structural Design Concepts

5.19 Flexible Aluminium Extrusion Profiles

ETFE-Foil-cushion (2 layers) Extrusion Profile Segments (aluminium) Bolts (steel) Boundary-Profile (EPDM) cord edge (EPDM-Keder) Rain Gutter (sub structure, steel) Rain Gutter Sealing (polyolefine)

Aluminium-extrusion-profile, Allianz Arena covertex GmbH, 2005

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz, 09/2009 Dr.-Ing. Lars Schiemann Chapter 5 - Constructions 5.19 MM6 – Structural Design Concepts

5.20 1:1 Mockups

Allianz Arena, Photographs: covertex GmbH, 2004 - 2005

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz, 09/2009 Dr.-Ing. Lars Schiemann Chapter 5 - Constructions 5.20 MM6 – Structural Design Concepts

5.21 Support Reactions

Source: K. Moritz, 2007

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz, 09/2009 Dr.-Ing. Lars Schiemann Chapter 5 - Constructions 5.21 MM6 – Structural Design Concepts

5.22 Water Drainage

Operation state

Allianz Arena: 1.920 roof cushions provided with a water drainage, Operation breakdown (e.g. covertex GmbH 2005 breakdown of air supply)

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz, 09/2009 Dr.-Ing. Lars Schiemann Chapter 5 - Constructions 5.22 MM6 – Structural Design Concepts

5.23 3-Layer-Cushions as Changeable Sunshade

permeable

closed

Festo centre of technology, Esslingen, Germany, 2000, changeable sun screen system Photograph: Foiltec GmbH using a 3-layer-ETFE-cushion, source: Foiltec GmbH

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz, 09/2009 Dr.-Ing. Lars Schiemann Chapter 5 - Constructions 5.23 MM6 – Structural Design Concepts

5.24 Cushion-Integrated Sunscreen

Cushion-integrated retractable membrane, Cushion-integrated permanent lamellas made of ETFE- Source: K. Moritz, T. Brengelmann, L. foils (Patent: John Höpfner, Munich), Source: K. Moritz, T. Schiemann, in: Detail, 7/8 2005 Brengelmann, L. Schiemann, in: Detail, 7/8 2005

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz, 09/2009 Dr.-Ing. Lars Schiemann Chapter 5 - Constructions 5.24 MM6 – Structural Design Concepts

5.25 Garland Boundaries

Steel-Cable in an ETFE-foil-pocket Garland-shaped plain-coil-chain made of stainless (garland-boundary), Scene Laboratory, steel, ETFE-foil with gripped cord edge, E.On Info FHG-IBP, Holzkirchen, Germany, Centre, Kochel, Germany, 3D-visualisation covertex Photograph: L. Schiemann GmbH, 2001

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz, 09/2009 Dr.-Ing. Lars Schiemann Chapter 5 - Constructions 5.25 MM6 – Structural Design Concepts

5.26 Vents

Vents, wooden frames with ETFE-foil-cushions, FHG-IBP, Holzkirchen, Germany, Photograph: K. Moritz

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz, 09/2009 Dr.-Ing. Lars Schiemann Chapter 5 - Constructions 5.26 MM6 – Structural Design Concepts

5.27 Cable supported girders

IABG Ottobrunn, 2006, Photograph: L. Schiemann

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz, 09/2009 Dr.-Ing. Lars Schiemann Chapter 5 - Constructions 5.27 MM6 – Structural Design Concepts

5.28 Cable supported girders

IABG Ottobrunn, 2006, Photograph: L. Schiemann

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz, 09/2009 Dr.-Ing. Lars Schiemann Chapter 5 - Constructions 5.28 MM6 – Structural Design Concepts

5.29 Cable supported girders

IABG Ottobrunn, 2006, Photograph: L. Schiemann

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz, 09/2009 Dr.-Ing. Lars Schiemann Chapter 5 - Constructions 5.29 MM6 – Structural Design Concepts

5.30 Cable supported ETFE-Foils

National Stadium , 2008, roof cladding made of ETFE-Foils, completion covertex GmbH, K. Moritz: National Stadium in Beijing, in DETAIL 7/8, 2008

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz, 09/2009 Dr.-Ing. Lars Schiemann Chapter 5 - Constructions 5.30 MM6 – Structural Design Concepts

5.31 Cable supported ETFE-Foils

National Stadium Beijing, 2008, roof cladding made of ETFE-Foils, completion and photograph: covertex GmbH, K. Moritz: National Stadium in Beijing, in DETAIL 7/8, 2008

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz, 09/2009 Dr.-Ing. Lars Schiemann Chapter 5 - Constructions 5.31 MM6 – Structural Design Concepts

5.32 Cable supported ETFE-Foils

National Stadium Beijing, 2008, roof cladding made of ETFE-Foils, completion covertex GmbH, K. Moritz: National Stadium in Beijing, in DETAIL 7/8, 2008 Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz, 09/2009 Dr.-Ing. Lars Schiemann Chapter 5 - Constructions 5.32 MM6 – Structural Design Concepts

5.33 Cable-net supported ETFE-Foils

IHK Würzburg, 2003, low-point umbrellas, completion and photograph: covertex GmbH

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz, 09/2009 Dr.-Ing. Lars Schiemann Chapter 5 - Constructions 5.33 MM6 – Structural Design Concepts

5.34 Cable-net supported ETFE-Foils

IHK Würzburg, 2003, low-point umbrellas, completion and photograph: covertex GmbH

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz, 09/2009 Dr.-Ing. Lars Schiemann Chapter 5 - Constructions 5.34 MM6 – Structural Design Concepts

5.35 Cable-net supported ETFE-Foils

IHK Würzburg, 2003, low-point umbrellas, completion and photograph: covertex GmbH

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz, 09/2009 Dr.-Ing. Lars Schiemann Chapter 5 - Constructions 5.35 MM6 – Structural Design Concepts

5.36 Cable-net supported ETFE-Foils

IHK Würzburg, 2003, low-point umbrellas, completion and photograph: covertex GmbH

Dr.-Ing. Karsten Moritz, 09/2009 Dr.-Ing. Lars Schiemann Chapter 5 - Constructions 5.36