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The Plant Press THE PLANT PRESS Volume V, No. 4 Newsletter of the Friends of the Herbarium Autumn 2001 Lobelias—Beautiful Components of Our Fall Flora he almost unnaturally brilliant red of the cardinal flower in The three species mentioned so far are among those most wetlands in late summer draws attention to their genus, widely distributed in Tennessee and in the eastern half and mid- T Lobelia. The lobelias are in the Campanulaceae or bellflower western regions of country as a whole, the others being pale-spike family, a rather small family whose flowers, ironically, are mostly lobelia (Lobelia spicata Lam.) and downy lobelia (Lobelia puberula blue, the cardinal flower (Lobelia cardinalis L.) being an exception. Michaux). (The first three must have been known in Europe early The other two genera in the family that are commonly found in in the history of plant classification, as the “L.” in their names gives our region are Campanula, the bellflowers, and Tr iodanis Linnaeus, the father of scientific classification, as the authority for (formerly called Specularia), the Venus’ looking-glass, a those names.) There are numerous other species, of course—in somewhat weedy winter annual familiar in lawns and North America, there is at least one species of lobelia present in gardens. At first glance, neither of these looks much every state and almost all the provinces of Canada, and like the lobelias in flower, and in fact the family is many more species occur in Latin America. The south- divided into two subfamilies, the bluebells or bellflow- ern states have the greatest diversity of species. Very ers (not the same as Virginia bluebells) and the lobelias. few species in North America are exotics (non-native), The lobelias have a tubed, two-lipped flower, with two but a surprising number are endemic to a single state narrower lobes or “ears” above and three wider lobes (i.e. are found nowhere else), particularly Hawaii. below. A closer look will reveal an interesting struc- Look for the cardinal flower and the great blue lobelia ture: there is a split in the corolla tube through in low woods and wet meadows and along stream which emerges a tube formed by the banks. The color of the cardinal flower, united stamens (male flower parts). In the named for the similarity to the color of cardinal flower and some other species, the robes of a Roman Catholic cardinal, this tube has a tuft of white hairs at the tip. is unmistakable. The great blue lobelia is the After the pollen is shed, the style and the stigma largest blue species, and the flower is striped (female flower parts), with its branches folded with white on the lower lobes. The downy and pale- together, emerge through this tube. spike lobelias are found in drier meadows and woodlands. The genus is named for Mathias de l’Obel (1538- Indian-tobacco is the commonest lobelia, occurring in fields, 1616), Flemish botanist and physician to James I of England roadsides, gardens, and other open areas. The inflated flower during a period in history when botany and medicine were closely base, which develops into a swollen seedpod, is conspicuous. connected through the medicinal uses of plants. Lobelias have an —Yolande Gottfried acrid milky or yellow-milky sap, and many of them are toxic and/or References: have medicinal uses. For example, great blue lobelia (Lobelia • Chester, Edward W., B Eugene Wofford, and Robert Kral. 1997. Atlas of Tennessee Vascular Plants. siphilitica L.) is given its scientific name for its supposedly curative Misc. Publ. No. 13, The Center for Field Biology, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN. • Godfrey, Robert K. and Jean W. Wooten. 1981. Aquatic and Wetland Plants of Southeastern United properties in that disease. Indian-tobacco (Lobelia inflata L.) States: Dicotyledons. The University of Georgia Press, Athens. • Kartesz, John T. 1999. Synthesis of the North American Flora [computer file]. North Carolina Botanical contains lobeline sulfate, which has been used in anti-tobacco Garden, Chapel Hill. therapy, and the plant also has been used as a stimulant, • Krochmal, Arnold, Russell S. Walters, and Richard M. Doughty. 1969. A Guide to Medicinal Plants of antiasthmatic, and expectorant in cases of bronchitis. Appalachia. USDA Forest Service Research Paper NE-138. • Midgley, Jan W. 1999. Southeastern Wildflowers. Crane Hill Publishers. All species of lobelia have been used historically for multiple •Peterson, Roger Tory and Margaret McKinney. 1968. A Field Guide to Wildflowers of Northeast and disorders by Native Americans and in folk and herbal medicine. North Central North America. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. • Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. 1968. Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. The But they can be toxic and even deadly—widespread use of Indian- University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill. tobacco in the 1800’s, for example, resulted in numerous deaths. • Rickett, H.W. and Farrell Grehan. 1964. The Odyssey Book of American Wildflowers. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. Its other common names—gagroot and pukeweed—make it easy • Smith, A.W. 1997. A Gardener’s Book of Plant Names, their Meanings and Origins. Dover to follow the advice of herbalists today who discourage the use of Publications, Inc., Mineola, N.Y. this and all other lobelias. Illustration: Cardinal flower The Sewanee Herbarium: Education — Research — Conservation THE PLANT PRESS From the Editor The Sewanee Herbarium Biology Department e have a special treat coming up treating skin problems, cuts, poison The University of the South this fall. Kathryn Ramseur-Riley, ivy, etc. The seed husks of Plantago 735 University Avenue W artist and daughter of our is psyllium and is used in Metamusil Sewanee, TN 37383 Director Emeritus George Ramseur, is and other products for constipation. creating a drawing for us to use as the The root is a Chinese herb and is WEB SITE “logo” for the Herbarium’s Search for the used in formulas to “drain damp- http://www.sewanee.edu/ Big Trees project. The drawing will be ness”. All in all, not a bad weed, I biology/herbarium unveiled at our open house during would say.” EDITOR Sewanee’s Homecoming Weekend, The second e-mail was from Vicki Mary Priestley October 19. The Ramseur clan has made Funk, Research Scientist and Curator of (931) 598-1997 a generous monetary donation to the the National Herbarium of the [email protected] Herbarium in George’s honor to support Smithsonian Institution. She had heard of CONTRIBUTORS the Big Trees project. The Search has this newsletter and wrote to say that they, garnered a great deal of too, have a quarterly newsletter titled Jon Evans (931) 598-1304 interest locally, including a The Plant Press. She put us on their [email protected] wonderful write-up in the mailing list and asked us to do the Chattanooga Times Free same for them. George Ramseur Press. George and Sandy Baird have Vicki heard about us as a [email protected] done a tremendous job in raising aware- result of a meeting of Yolande Gottfried ness of these monarchs in our midst. herbarium curators at the [email protected] We received two interesting letters Association of Southeastern COMPOSITOR recently. The first is from Friend of the Biologists’ April meeting in New Tammy Scissom Herbarium and Sewanee alumnus Dr. Orleans. Botanist Zack Murrell Jim Scheller who e-mailed in June from of Appalachian State University Larkspur, California: had organized a symposium, at Exotic Pest “I enjoyed the recent Plant Press which Vicki gave an invited talk newsletter, and especially the on Herbaria of the Southeast. Plant Council articles about the Great Tree hunt. The latest issue of that “other” Symposium What a neat idea. A book I think Plant Press (Vol. 4, No. 3) arrived you might like is, The Attentive late this summer. A page-one article The 2002 Southeast Exotic Heart: Conversations with Trees, mentioned former National Pest Plant Council Symposium by Stephanie Kaza, Shambhala Herbarium fern curator, William will be held in Nashville, Publications, 1993, ISBN 1- Maxon. We have records of Dr. Tennessee, Wednesday, April 3, 57062-251-5. It is a lovely Maxon’s visiting our local Marion through Friday, April 5, 2002, at the written book about a woman County, TN, population of the rare Renaissance Hotel. Objectives of this who communes with different trees hart’s-tongue fern around the year interdisciplinary conference are to: and finds out what messages they 1900. Small world! 1) exchange information and technol- have to give us. Our two publications are quite similar, ogy leading to cost-efficient manage- ment of invasive exotic species in “I was interested in Collection with articles on plant groups, conserva- natural areas; 2) provide a forum for Highlights, part II. Record number tion, and staff activities. Of course their participants to develop networks of 1000, Plantago lanceolata (also research interest is worldwide, whereas mutual assistance; and 3) facilitate known as Whiteman’s Footprints by we concentrate on the South Cumberland interdisciplinary dialog between policy the Native Americans because it Plateau and Eastern Highland Rim of makers, land managers, and research- likes disturbed ground-where the Tennessee. The National Herbarium’s ers. Updates on the symposium, a whiteman has walked), although Plant Press is provided free of charge by registration form, a call for papers, and considered a “weed” and an contacting Shirley Maina at an agenda will be posted at the SE- undersirable lawn plant is actually a [email protected]. EPPC web site, www.se-eppc.org. useful medicinal plant. The leaves, —Mary Priestley when mixed with saliva, are good for Illustration: Great blue lobelia Autumn Calendar of Events Lake Cheston Meet at the flagpole in front of Thompson Domain, featuring Sun., Sept.
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