An archaeological survey of the Bald Hill locality Mogollon Rim, north central Arizona
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Authors Wells, Susan Joyce
Publisher The University of Arizona.
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Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/557835 AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY
OF THE
BALD HILL LOCALITY
M0GOLLON RIM, NORTH CENTRAL ARIZONA
by
Susan Joyce Wells
A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the
DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of
MASTER OF ARTS
In the Graduate Col lege
THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA
19 8 1 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR
This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of re quirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library.
Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judg ment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholar ship. in ail other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author.
SIGNED: 5 / % / M Q ■ (// JfJJLz---- 77
APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR
This thesis has been approved on the date shown below:
/9i PAUL R. FISH Date ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The process of completing this thesis required the assistance of many people. My advisor, Paul R. Fish, provided support and guidance throughout this endeavor for which I am very grateful. I know * that my thinking about archaeology w ill always be influenced by Michael
B. Schiffer as he was my first teacher on the subject. Peter J. Pi lies of the Coconino National Forest suggested the use of the Bald H ill survey m ateria l fo r th is thesis and was most h e lp fu l in making the data avaitable to me.
I wish to extend my thanks to Barbara Hall, Pat Stein and John
Madsen who surveyed and explored with me in the project area. Laura
Allen of the Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff and Jan Bell and
Steve Rogers o f the Arizona S tate Museum, U n ive rs ity o f A rizona, Tucson were all very co-operative about granting access to collections in their care.
I am indebted to Bruce Huckell of the Arizona State Museum who examined and identified my projectile points. Kathy Henderson, a doctoral candidate at Arizona State University, Tempe was kind enough to examine my ceramics and discuss her work with the plainware ceramics of the Anderson Mesa area with me. George Ulrich of the U.S. Geological
Survey, Flagstaff patiently answered my questions about the geology of
the area and provided me with information about the source of a m ineral used to temper p o tte ry . iv
Friends who listened patiently and offered advice include
Barbara H a ll, Laura L ev i, Kathy Hubenschmidt and John Madsen. Kathy also assisted with the typing. John helped me get over many of the hurdles that kept popping up as the paper progressed.
The support and encouragement of my parents and family sustained me when I did not want to look at another potsherd or stone tool. I shall always be grateful for their help. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TABLES...... vi i i
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS...... xi
ABSTRACT...... xi i
1. ' INTRODUCTION...... 1
2. THE SURVEY...... 5
3. ENVIRONMENT...... 8
Topography and Geology ...... 9 S o i l s ...... 10 A v a ila b ilit y o f W a t e r ...... 14 Flora and F a u n a ...... 14 C lim a te ...... •...... 18
4. AN EVALUATION OF AVAILABLE DATA ...... ’ ...... “ 20
Sampling Considerations ...... 22 Biases o f the Sampling S trateg ies ...... 24 Alternative Collection Strategies ...... 27 Sample S i z e ...... 28 Dealing with the Data Problems...... 29
5. SITE TYPOLOGY...... 33
Class I : S ites w ith Masonry S t r u c t u r e s ...... 36 I.A O ne-room -structure S ites ...... 37 I.B Multiple-room-structure Sites ...... 37 I.C Sites with More than One Structure ...... 37 I. D Sites with Masonry Structure(s) and Wal1(s) . . . 41 Summary fo r Class I S i t e s ...... 41 Class II: Sites with Resource Processing Features .... 44 I I . A Roasting P it S i t e s ...... 44 I I.B Sites with Bedrock Grinding Surfaces ...... 47 Class I I I : Cavate and C l i f f Dwelling S i t e s ...... 49 I I I . A C a v a te s ...... 49 II I.B C l i f f D w e llin g ...... 49
v vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS— C ontinued
Page
Class IV: O th er...... 51 IV.A Sherd and L ith ic S c a t t e r s ...... 51 IV.B Agricultural Features ...... 51 IV.C Petroglyphs ...... 54 D is c u s s io n ...... 57
6. CERAMICS...... 61
The Ceramic Analysis ...... 63 P la in w a re s ...... 64 Tem per...... 65 Plainwares Which Occur in Small Amounts ...... -67 Named Plainware Types P r e s e n t...... 67 Unidentified Plainware Sherds ...... 74 Intrusive Wares ...... 75 Other Ceramic A r t i f a c t s ...... 77 D is c u s s io n ...... 80 Vessel F o rm ...... 94
7. L IT H IC S ...... 96
L ith ic Product Groups ...... 99 L ith ic A c tiv itie s ...... 100 Results of the Lithic Analysis ...... 108 Raw M a t e r i a l ...... I l l Retouched Tools ...... 115 Uni facially Retouched Tools ...... 117 B ifa c ia lly Retouched Tools ...... 119
8. PERIODS OF OCCUPATION...... 130
The Archaic, Dry Creek Phase: 2000(7)BC to AD 1 .... 135 Squaw Peak Phase: AD 1 to 700 ...... 136 Hackberry and C lo v e rle a f Phases: AD 700 to 900 .... 136 Camp Verde Phase: AD 900 to 1125 ...... 138 Honanki Phase: AD 1125 to 1300 ...... 139 Tuzigoot Phase: AD 1300 to 1400 ...... 140 Protohistoric Yavapai Occupation ...... 142 Modem Uses of the Bald H ill Locality ...... 142 D is trib u tio n o f S ites by Period ...... 143
9. DISCUSSION...... 145
V a ria b le s In flu en cin g Use o f the A r e a ...... 145 vi i
TABLE OF CONTENTS— C ontinued
Page
The S ite C la s s e s ...... 147 Class I Sites ...... 147 Class 11 Sites ...... 1 4 9 Class III Si tes...... 150 Class IV S ite s ...... 151 Possible Forms.of Occupation ...... 152
APPENDIX A: BASKETRY MATERIALS FROM SITE 64...... 157
APPENDIX B: DESCRIPTION OF SITE 342 AND REPORT FROM THE LABORATORY OF TREE-RING RESEARCH ...... 158
APPENDIX C: TUZIGOOT PLAIN TEMPER ANALYSIS...... 160
APPENDIX D: BALD HILL BROWN: NEW TYPE...... 163
REFERENCES CITED ...... 165 LIST OF TABLES
T a b le Page
k. 1 Presence o f Ground Stone as Noted by D iffe re n t Survey Crews ...... 21
4.2 C o llectio n S tra te g ie s Employed and Classes o f A rtifa c ts Noted and/or C o lle c t e d ...... 31
5.1 One Room Structure Sites, Class I .A ...... 38
5.2 Multiple Room Structure Sites, Class I.B ...... 39
5 .3 S ites w ith More Than One S tru c tu re , Class I . C ...... 40
5 .4 Types o f Structures a t Class I.C S i t e s ...... 42
5 .5 S ites w ith Masonry S tru c tu re (s ) and W a ll(s ) ...... 43
5.6 Summary of Class 1 Sites with Masonry Structures ...... 45
5 .7 Roasting P it S ite s , Class I I . A ...... 46
5.8 Sites with Bedrock Grinding Surfaces, Class M .B ...... 48
5.9 Cavate and C liff Dwelling Sites, Class III.A and 11 LB . . . 50
5.10 Sherd and Lithic Scatters, Class IV.A ...... 52
5.11 Sites with Agricultural Features, Class IV.B ...... 53
5.12 Petroglyph S ite s , Class IV.C ...... 55
5.13 Number of Sites in Each Class from Four Surveys Done Along the Mogollon Rim Margin ...... 58
6.1 Bald H ill Ceramic T y p e s ...... 76
6 .2 Class I .A Ce ra m ic s ...... 81
6 .3 Class I.B Ce ra m ic s ...... 83
6 .4 Class I.C Ce ra m ic s ...... 84
6 .5 Class I.D Ce ra m ic s ...... 86
6 .6 Class I I. A C e ra m ic s ...... 87
viii ix
LIST OF TABLES— Continued
Table Page
6 .7 Class II.B C e ra m ic s ...... 88
6 .8 Class I I I . A C e ra m ic s ...... 89
6 .9 Class I II.B Ceramics...... 90
6.10 Class IV.A C e ra m ic s ...... 91
6.11 Summary o f Ceramic Data fo r Each S ite C la s s ...... 92
6 .1 2 Number o f A ll Types and In tru s iv e Types o f Ceramics a t Each S ite , Grouped by S ite C la s s ...... 93
6.13 Average Number of Ceramic Types for Each Site Class .... 95
7.1 L ith ic C o llectio n s by S ite C la s s ...... 98
7 .2 Class I.A L i t h i c s ...... 101
7 .3 Class I.B L i t h i c s ...... 102
7.4 Class I.C Lithics ...... 103
7.5 Class I I.A L i t h i c s ...... 104
7.6 Class II.B Lithics ...... 104
7.7 Class IV.A L i t h i c s ...... 104
7 .8 Summary o f L ith ic s by S ite C la s s ...... 105
7.9 Summary o f L ith ic s Not Using Cortex as a Va r ia b le ...... 106
7.10 C o rtical and N on-C ortical L i t h i c s ...... 109
7.11 Weight o f L ith ic s Grouped by S ite Class...... 110
7.12 L ith ic Raw M ate rials Grouped by S ite T y p e ...... 112
7.13 Number o f Retouched T o o ls ...... 116
7.14 Notched Tools and G raver/E n d scrap ers...... - . 118
7.15 Uni f a c e s ...... 120 X
LIST OF TABLES— Continued
Table Page
7.16 Raw M ate rials Used fo r Uni f a c e s ...... 121
7 .1 7 B if a c e s ...... 123
7.18 Raw M ate rials Used fo r Bi f a c e s ...... 124
7.19 P r o je c tile Points ...... 127
8.1 Relavent Phase Systems and T h e ir Dates ...... 131
8.2 Components of Occupation at the Bald Hill S ite s ...... 134
B. l Summary of Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research Report on Bald H ill S ite 342 ...... 159
C . 1 Tuzigoot V a rie tie s ...... 162 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Page
1.1 Location o f the Said H ill P ro je c t A r e a ...... 2
3.1 S o ils Found in the Bald H i l l L o c a li t y ...... 11
3.2 Vegetative Communities in the Vicinity of Bald Hill . . . . .16
5.1 Location of the Bald Hill S ites ...... 35
5 .2 Petroglyph S ites ...... 56
6.1 Ceramic Figurines ...... 79
7.1 P r o je c tile P o in t s ...... 126
x i ABSTRACT
The nature of archaeological manifestations along the Colorado
Plateau margin above the Verde Valley was unknown until recent surveys by the Coconino National Forest Archaeology Section. A study of the survey data for 83 sites in the Bald H ill locality has shown that prehistoric use of this area extended from Archaic times to protohis- to r ic times w ith the periods o f g re a te s t use from the Camp Verde Phase after A.D. 900 through the Tuzigoot Phase which ended at about A.D. 1400.
Many of the sites have small masonry surface structures.
Several cavates and a large c liff dwelling were also recorded.
Roasting pits and sites with large numbers of ovoid bedrock metates suggest food processing while check dams, terraces and rockpiles
indicate prehistoric agriculture. The variety of site types found in
the study area suggests that occupation varied from temporary campsites
and fieldhouses to permanent year-round habitation sites.
The ceramics collected from the sites included a large number
of sherds of a new type, Bald Hill Brown. This type is distinguished
by the green olivine crystals used to temper the pottery. This
tempering material is available in the study area. This new type
appears to have a very limited distribution. CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Unti1 recently, the archaeology of the lands along the Colorado
Plateau margin above the Verde Valley had been virtually unstudied.
Maps showing the distribution of prehistoric culture groups left this area blank as if it were devoid of evidence of occupation(Colton
1946, 1968). Archaeological surveys mandated by environmental and historic preservation legislation have provided a whole new outlook on this area. Sites ranging from ephemeral camps to permanent habitation sites have been recorded. The site density is in the range of 30 to 40 sites per square mile which is quite high.
The Coconino National Forest has conducted four archaeological survey projects in the Pinyon-juniper Woodland along the Colorado
Plateau margin. The location of these surveys at Bald H ill, FH-9,
Mud Tanks and Ed's point is shown in Figure 1.1. This paper deals with one of these surveys using the data collected from 82 sites in the
Bald Hill locality which is north of West Clear Creek and due east of Camp Verde, Arizona. The site records have been studied and artifact collections from 63 o f the 82 s ite s have been examined.
The archaeology of Bald H ill is considered in the context of what is known about the prehistory of the Verde Valley. The cultural affiliation of this area has traditionally been referred to as Southern
1 2
■ Flagstaff
Window I
▲ STONEMAN LAKE SITE JUZIGOOTi ▲ CHAVEZ PASS
r s . AMONTEZUMA CASTLE
Camp Verde 1, L • BALD HILL West Clear.
■ Modern City
A Archaeological Site ARIZONA
# Survey Area
% Bold Hill A*oject Area
FIGURE 1.1 LOCATION OF THE BALD HILL PROJECT AREA 3
Sinagua. This reflects the belief that a population influenced by the
Sinagua to the north has adapted to the environment of the Verde
Valley. The sim ilarities with Hohokam styles during the early ceramic periods are widely recognized.
The environment of the project area is considered at some
length in Chapter 3. Based on what is c u rre n tly known, i t is assumed
that the prehistoric climate was similar to that found in the area
today. The types of resources currently available in this region
would have provided more than adequate food and shelter for people
either visiting or settling along the Rim.
The survey work in the Bald H ill locality was done over a
period of years by at least 4 survey crews. The observations made
by the crews and the a r t if a c t c o lle c tio n s tra te g ie s were s ig n ific a n tly
d iff e r e n t . This has created a number o f problems when dealing w ith
the data. These are discussed in Chapter 4.
A site typology based on the architecture and features present
on each s ite was imposed on the survey data. In the analysis o f the
ceramic and lith ic artifacts the site typology was used as a framework
fo r grouping s ite data since the number o f a r t if a c t s c o lle c te d from each
site was often quite small.
A good deal o f emphasis has been placed on the plainw are
ceramics found in the project area. This part of 'central Arizona has
a strong plainware tradition. Plainwares do not help date sites or
give clues to ethnic identities, but, based on the materials used in
their manufacture the places of manufacture can often be identified. 4
A new type, Bald H ill Brown has been id e n tifie d in the ceramic collections from the project area. It seems to have been made locally and has a very limited distribution. The diagnostic intrusive ceramics have been used to id e n tify possible occupational components present at the sites.
The Bald H ill lithics seem to represent a discard industry as described by Nelson, Rugge and LeBlanc (1978). A number of the projectile points collected are used as diagnostic indicators.
The periods of occupation of the Bald H ill area seem to extend from Archaic times through the prehistoric ceramic periods and into protohistoric times. Diagnostic ceramics and projectile points, basketry from a cavate and tree-ring dates from a c liff dwelling are used to id e n tify the components o f occupation present a t the various s ite s . A number o f s ite s seem to have been the scene o f m u ltip le occupation episodes.
This study was mdertaken for two purposes. The archaeological sites and the artifact collections from the margin of the Colorado
Plateau are the first sites and artifacts from this area to be described in such detail. Previous references to the sites above the Rim have recognized their potential but have not focused on any particular locality. The other purpose has been to use the descriptive data to make suggestions regarding the prehistoric use of the area. The
limitations of the survey data mean all the interpretations in
this paper are preliminary. CHAPTER 2
THE SURVEY
Recent federal environmental and historic preservation
legislation requires consideration of archaeological resources during
the early stages of most federal land modification projects. Archaeo
logical surveys are the first and often the only step taken in this
process. Two fuelwood sales and a revegetation project proposed by
the Coconino National Forest in Arizona necessitated three such surveys
in the Bald H ill locality. The surveys were accomplished between March,
1979 and August, 1980 by s t a f f members o f the Coconi no N ational Forest
Archaeology Section (Clark and Gratz 1980, Hohmann 1980, Stein 1980,
Wells 1980). Smaller survey projects and reconnaissance survey in the
area by Forest Service staff and Museum of Northern Arizona personnel
recorded a number o f s ite s outside the bounded survey parcels (see
Figure 5.1) bringing the total number of sites recorded for the Bald
Hill local!ty to 82.
This paper attempts to deal with the data available for these
sites. Information for the study was derived from Forest Service
clearance reports, site forms, photographs and artifact collections
when these were available. The data are presented in tables throughout
the paper.
The surveys covered approximately 2 square miles along the
margin of the Colorado Plateau 12 miles due east of Camp Verde, Arizona.
5 6
The legal description of the area under study is Sections 25 and 36 o f T14N R6E and Sections 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 and 32 o f T14N R7E. The locatio n o f the bounded survey areas was determined by Forest Service land managers and planners, not arch aeo lo g ists. Consequently, as fa r as the archaeology of the area is concerned the survey boundaries are completely arbitrary.
The environment of these parcels is fairly homogeneous being
P in yo n -ju n ip er Woodland w ith deep s o ils and a 3 to 5% slope. The reconnaissance surveys did record some sites on the steep basalt rock land that lies below the southern boundaries of the survey parcels.
The surveys were conducted by walking parallel transects over the study area with the crew members spaced 20 meters (60 feet) apart.
This is considered intensive coverage of the survey parcels, the crew size averaged three people. Upon discovery, all sites were recorded on Museum of Northern Arizona site forms which require locational and environmental data, a description and map of the site and its features, information about artifacts present on the site and a description of the collection strategy used. Mapping of each site was done to scale, with measurements being taped or paced,on an 84 x 11 inch sheet of graph paper. The site's location was plotted on USGS topographic maps — either Walker Mountain or Buckhorn Mountain 1:24,000 — and on aerial photographs provided by the Forest Service. Black-and-white photo graphs of the features present on the site were taken along with
locational shots to allow relocation of the site. 7
Limited artifact collections were made at 63 of the 82 sites. There were three different sampling strategies used by the various crews. These were grab samples, controlled 6% random linear transects and controlled 6% random radial transects. The sampling strategies are discussed further in Chapter 4.
All sites were assigned a permanent Coconino National Forest s ite number and an aluminium tag bearing the ap p ro p riate s ite number was a ffix e d to a tre e near the center o f the s ite . The s ite boundaries were marked with brightly colored flagging tape. The clearance reports recommended avoidance of all flagged sites by fuel wood and re vegetation personnel and equipment.
The procedures followed for the Bald H ill surveys are fairly
Standard practice for surveys of this sort. The data collected are on file at the Coconino National Forest Supervisor's Office in
Flagstaff, Arizona. The data collectedwere sufficient to answer the broad questions being asked for the region. However, there were problems using such data to address more specific questions about the
Bald H ill locality. These problems are discussed at some length in
Chapter 4. CHAPTER 3
ENVIRONMENT
The Bald Hi 11 p ro je c t area lie s between the 5600 and 5900 foot elevation contours in Pinyon-juniper Woodland on the margin of the
Colorado Plateau. Bald H ill is the main topographic feature of the
area at an elevation of 6182 feet. It w ill be used as the reference
point when giving distances.to resource areas and other topographic
features. The project area w ill be referred to as the Bald Hill
lo c a lity .
Although the parcels of land surveyed intensively are
arbitrarily bounded, it is possible to define an area bounded by
natural features that is environmentally homogeneous and may well have
been perceived as such in the p ast. The Bald H ill lo c a lity w ill be
defined as that area which is bounded by West Clear Creek Canyon on
the south, the Mogollon Rim escarpment to the west, Wet Beaver Creek
to the north and the Ponderosa pine forest which begins near the Cash
Tank f a u lt to the e a s t. West C lear Creek Canyon and the Rim escarpment
both follow the 5600 foot contour which bounds the project area. Wet
Beaver Creek and the Ponderosa pine forest are both about 8 miles
distant from Bald H ill.
S o ils maps (Wheeler and W illiam s 197*0 and n atu ral vegetation
maps (Brown 1973) indicate the presence of Springervi1le-Gem basaltic
soils and pinyon-juniper vegetation within the project area.
8 9
The three archaeological survey projects done on the Plateau margin south of Vest Clear Creek and North of Fossil Creek (Pi lies 1975.
Kuehn 1976, 1979, Smithwick 1980) reported sites sim ilar to those found at Bald H ill. Since they lie in an area with the same kinds of soils and vegetation, much of what w ill be said about "the Bald H ill environment can apply to this area as well.
Topography and Geology
The most striking physiographic feature visible from the Verde
Valley is the Mogollon Rim of the Colorado Plateau. In terms of the geology, the biotic communities and climate, the 1000 to 2000 foot change in elevation between the lands above the Rim and those on the valley floor is responsible for dramatic differences. These differences are of interest to the archaeologist when considering the availability of resources and suitability for habitation and agriculture in the different microenvironments created by variations in elevation. Variations in elevation affect temperature and rainfall p a tte rn s .
The Mogollon Rim approaches the Verde Valley from the east, turning north at Fossil Creek to parallel the Verde River. Several trib u ta r ie s o f the Verde have carved deep canyons through the face o f the Rim as they flow westward. One such canyon was formed by West
Clear Creek — the southern boundary of the study area.
Geologically the area of the Mogollon Rim under discussion is the margin of the Colorado Plateau. Early or mid-Miocene lowering of the Plateau margin at Cash Tank Fault, 8 miles east of Bald H ill, 10 dropped the Bald H ill locality and the rest of the Plateau margin in
the West Clear Creek region 400 meters. Volcanic infilling occurred during the Miocene and Pliocene. This geologic activity is attested
"...by dramatic thickening of the basalts from less than 30 meters on
the Plateau proper to more than 450 meters west of the Fault" (Ulrich
1981).
The cavates and c liff dwelling recorded for the Bald H ill locality take advantage of the soft layers of volcanic tuff and ash
that are interspersed with columnar basalt along the upper canyon
face. The gradual increase in elevation as one moves east along the
Plateau Margin to the Plateau proper brings one into the Ponderosa
pine forest just beyond the Cash Tank Fault.
Soi Is
A number o f factors in fluence s o il form ation, including the
parent rock material, climate and types of plants and animals found
in the area. The soils in the project area are all "formed in
residuum weathered from basalt" (Wheeler and Williams 1974). Because
basalt resists weathering, these soils are often cobbly and stony.
Figure 3.1 illustrates the distribution of the different soil types
in relation to the surveyed areas. Sites not located within the
bounded survey parcels have been p lo tte d as they occur in several
d iffe r e n t s o il types whereas a l l the s ite s w ith in the bounded survey
parcels occur in a s in g le s o il type. The S p rin g e rv i1le , Cabezon and
Gem series soils found in the project area co-occur with Basalt rock | |springerville cobbly clay ^T^Cabezon very stony clay loam |v^:;|cobezon cobbly cloy loam Basalt rock land
• Sites located outside bounded survey parcels
FIGURE 3.1 SOILS FOUND IN THE BALD HILL LOCALITY 12 land. The scale o f the mapping units used does not show the mixing of these soil types which is prevalent when they co-occur.
The three bounded survey parcels a ll lie on S p rin g e rv i1le cobb.ly clay on a 3 to 5% slope. This type has the g reates t depth —
36 to 60 inches — of those soils in the project area and has a high capacity to supply moisture for plants. By taking certain precautions against erosion (e.g. choosing fairly level areas or constructiong
Check dams or. terraces) it should have been possible to use this land for agriculture in the past. Cobblestones typically cover 15 to 30% of the surface area, grave 1 may cover 10 to 20% while other areas are free of surface fragments. Archaeological surveyors found evidence of prehistoric clearing of cobbled areas in the form of rock piles and cobbles stacked on bedrock. This soil is generally 60% or more montmori1 Ionite clay. The runoff potential of Springervilie cobbly clay is slow when the soil is dry but becomes medium to rapid when the soil is moist.
Gem and Cabezon series soils and Basalt rock land are typically found along slope breaks and along drainages and washes. Gem cobbly clay loam has a minor occurrence in the project area. This soil is
22 to 40 inches in depth. Cabezon very stony clay loam is found on slopes less than 15% and is 8 to 20 inches deep. Cabezon cobbly clay
loam is found along fairly steep slopes — 20 to 60% — and is usually only 8 to 10 inches deep. Basalt rock land forms basalt escarpments, talus slopes and rock outcrops on slopes that range from 20 to 80%.
Figure 3.1 gives one a good impression of how the land falls away to 13 east to form the Rim and to the south along West Clear Creek Canyon if one examines the distribution of Basalt rock land. The cavates and c liff dwelling sites are found along nearly vertical cliffs in the Basalt rock land and are approached by narrow trails that cross talus slopes. Petroglyphs were recorded along these trails. Where the slope is less than 40% and along ledges there are shallow deposits of soil which support some vegetation.
Olivine is one of the volcanically formed minerals which frequently occurs with basaltic soils. Deposits of olivine crystals which are eroding out of the tuff layers being exposed by certain drainages in the vicinity are of interest. These green crystals have been used as tempering material in a plainware found on many of the
Bald H ill s ite s . This plainw are, which has been named Bald H ill Brown, has a limited distribution along the Plateau margin between Wet
Beaver Creek and Fossil Creek. George Ulrich of the USGS in Flagstaff has recently studied and mapped the Colorado Plateau margin in the area of West Clear Creek. He was able to provide me with a map showing the location of olivine-rich basaltic tuff concentrations along the Walker Creek and Walker Basin drainages just 2 miles north west of Bald H ill (Sections 7 and 18, TlAN, R7E). The significance of the olivine deposits and the presence of montmori1lonite clays which have a high shrink-swell potential w ill both be discussed at length in Chapter 6. 14
Availability of Water
West Clear Creek is a perennial stream and is only a mile away from many of the sites in the Bald Hill locality. However, there is a 1600 foot drop in elevation to get to the creek making it an unlikely source of water for the prehistoric inhabitants above the
Rim. A number o f in te rm itte n t drainages run through the area which carry water during the rainy seasons. The drainage which runs through
Parcel B is quite deeply cut into the earth. It forms the side canyon where most o f the cavates and petroglyphs were found. This drainage has natural rock tanks and potholes which were found to contain water, albeit green, brackish water, in both spring and summer months. One such tank occurring ju s t below the canyon rim appears to have been spring fed. The use of tanks as a source of w ater has been documented fo r the Yavapai who liv e d in the general vicinity during the protohistoric and historic periods (Gifford 1936).
Today the area is dotted with modern, man-made earthen stock
tanks that contain water year round. Although there is no evidence
for the presence of such features in the past the potential is there
for water harvesting on a small scale.
Springs in the area may have been another source of water available to prehistoric inhabitants. Although there are no springs on the USGS quad maps, there are, in fact, springs in the area today.
Flora and Fauna
The Bald H ill survey area lies within the Pinyon-juniper b io t ic community o f the Upper Sonoran L ife-zo n e (Lowe 1964). Figure 15
3.2 illustrates the proximity of Bald Hill to other biotic communities both above and below the Mogollon Rim. Grassland and Desertscrub communities are less than 5 miles to the west. Chaparral is 10 miles to the south and the Ponderosa pine transition zone 8 miles to the east of the project area. This wide variety of vegetative zones is due to the differences in elevation, climate, aspect and soil.
Fish and Fish (1977) and Hartman (1976) describe the resources available in each of the biotic communities accessible to the prehistoric inhabitants of the Verde. Given that the Bald Hill locality is interpreted as part of the Verde Valley settlement- subsistence system only the Pinyon-juniper community w ill be discussed at length herein.
The Pinyon-juniper Woodland is characterized by an overstory of juniper and pinyon pine with an understory of grasses and shrubs.
A large number o f plants used by the Yavapai Indians who liv e d in th is region in historic times are found in this biotic community. Mescal, probably the Yavapai's most important plant food, is available for harvest year round (Gifford 1936). Evidence of large roasting pits in the project area suggest that mescal may have been used by both prehistoric and protohistoric peoples. Although the lifeway of the
Yavapai, who were transhumant hunter-gatherers, cannot be successfully used as direct ethnographic analogy for the behavior of prehistoric agriculturalists in the Verde Valley (Fish and Fish 1977), the list of plant and animal species used by the Yavapai does indicate the range of wild food resources potentially utilized prehistorically. 16
'V Pinyon-juniper a Ponderosajmm Pine forest [jjjljj Sonoran desertscrub Desert grassland Chaparral Miles FIGURE 3 . 2 VEGETATIVE COMMUNITIES IN THE VICINITY OF BALD HILL 17
This discussion of available resources is based on the assumption o f a s im ila r past environment. Some h is to r ic changes in the flora and fauna have been documented by Hickey (1973) but limited po llen analysis does not in d ic a te any major changes in clim ate (Fish and Fish 1977).
Besides juniper berries, pinyon nuts and of course mescal, yucca, prickly pear and manzanita are presently growing in the project area. Grasses include blue grama, side-oats grama and western wheat- grass. Snakeweed, rabbitbrush and even some Gambel oak have also been noted. These plants could have provided food for the prehistoric inhabitants of the area as well as providing forage for game animals which today include mule deer, elk, antelope, bear, squirrel, cottontail rabbit, wild turkey, quail and dove (Gifford 1936, Fish and Fish 1977, Wheeler and Williams 197*0- The available trees and brush would probably have provided both fuel wood and materials to use in building shelters. Many of the foods mentioned above required processing by grinding. The large bedrock grinding sites attest to a great deal of prehistoric food processing in the Bald H ill lo c a lity .
Future excavation in the area should provide information
about some of the types of food, fuel and building materials that were
used prehistorically. The cave sites in particular have demonstrated good preservation of macroscopic plant remains including seeds,
corn cobs, roof beams and basketry materials. Although the exact nature of the subsistence base used is not known at this time it is 18 clear that the potential for an adequate, if not bountiful existence is available to a people acquainted with the land.
Clim ate
Based on current paleoclimatic data there is general agreement that no major climatic changes have occurred in the Southwest for at least the last 2000 years (Martin 1963, Van Devender 1977). Minor fluctuations in temperature and rainfall patterns on the Colorado
Plateau have been documented by studies o f the p alyn o lo g ical and tree-ring records (Hevly 1977, Fritts, Smith and Stokes 1965,
Schoenwetter 1962). Fish (197*0 reports similar minor variation in climate for the Verde Valley based on pollen analysis.
The variation in average annual rainfall, temperature and number of frost-free days that is present on the Colorado Plateau today (Schoenwetter and D ittert 1968) may certainly have been present in the past. This would have subjected the prehistoric inhabitants o f the Verde V a lley and the Rim to unpredictable changes in the availability of wild and cultivated food resources from year to year.
The dramatic differences in elevation and soils found in and around the Verde Valley would have allowed people with a flexible subsistence strategy to survive.
Most o f the p ro je c t area lie s above the 5600 fo o t contour and below 5900 feet in the Pinyon-juniper Woodland. Temperatures at this elevation range from 20°F in the winter to the mid-SO's in the summer with an average daily temperature of 48-56°F. The number of frost- free days is between 150 and 200 (Wheeler and Williams 1974), which 19 is well above the 110 days minimally required for maize agriculture
(DeBoer 1978). The southern aspect of the project area allows the rocks to absorb heat from the sun which is then released into the soil at night. Another interesting climatic effect that affects lands above the Rim is that cold air falls during the night making the valley floor cooler than the slopes (Fish 1974, Hack 1942).
As in most of Arizona, the precipitation in the study area falls during two rainy seasons. Summer thunderstorms originate in the
Gulf of Mexico with rain falling mainly during July and August.
Winter storms off the Pacific Ocean are mostly in the form of snow above 4500 feet (Sellers and H ill 1974, Wheeler and Williams 1974).
Fall and spring are generally times of little or no rain. The average annual rainfall for the project area is 15 to 20 inches with 8 to 10 inches falling during the summer (Sellers and H ill 1974). The Verde
Valley averages only 10 to 15 inches per year with less than 6 inches falling during the summer months. The extra few inches of rainfall combined w ith an adequate number o f fr o s t-fr e e days suggest th a t the lands above the Rim would have been plentiful in wild resources and suitable for agriculture assuming a prehistoric climate similar to today's. Earlier opportunities for planting would have allowed e a r lie r harvests which may have been one o f the reasons people chose
to live along the Rim margin. CHAPTER 4
AN EVALUATION OF AVAILABLE DATA
A total of 82 sites has been recorded for the Bald Hill
locality. Each Forest Service site number indicates the region,
forest, ranger district and site. The prefix of all the sites in the project is AR-03~04-01- which is followed by a two or three digit number th at refers to the s ite s . Three crews o f archaeologists
from the Coconino N ational Forest, Crews A, B, and C, surveyed and
recorded sites in areas roughly corresponding to Parcels A, B, and C in
Figure 3.1. Some of the sites recorded fall outside the bounded survey areas. These sites were recorded by the survey crews already mentioned and by a reconnaissance survey crew from the Museum of
Northern Arizona, Crew D. Site 64, a cavate site, was discovered and
reported to the Forest Archaeologist by a hiker.
Having to deal with data collected by three survey crews and
the reconnaissance crew has created many problems with the analysis
of the survey data and the survey collections. There are basic
differences in the perceptions of the different crews regarding
structures, features, artifacts and site size, and there are also
serious problems due to the non-comparability of the artifact
collections.
The recording problem can be illustrated by the incidence with
which ground stone was noted on site forms. Table 4.1 shows the
20 21
TABLE 4.1 Presence of Ground Stone as Noted by Different Survey Crews
Survey Number o f Si tes Number o f Sites Percent with Crew Recorded w ith Ground Stone Ground Stone
A 24 4 17%
B 20 17 85%
C 32 11 34%
D 6 2 33%
Totals 82 S ites 34 w ith 41% w ith Ground Stone Ground Stone 22 number o f s ite s recorded by each crew and the number o f times each noted ground stone. It is clear that Crew B recorded the presence of ground stone a t most o f the s ite s i t recorded (85%) w h ile Crew A seldom recorded any (17%). Crew C's record falls in between (34%).
The number of sites recorded in major site classes by each crew is fairly equal so that does not account for these differences. The way the different crews recorded the ground stone may reflect real differences in the presence of ground stone at sites in the study area. On the other hand, it may reflect differences in visibility in the d iffe r e n t bounded p a rc e ls . Then again, i t may r e fle c t the biases of the different crews — one crew may have sought out ground stone while another may have only recorded ground stone when it was very obvious. This is only one example of the problems involved when dealing with data recorded by different crews. The variety of possible explanations makes" it d ifficu lt to resolve the discrepancies in any satisfactory manner.
Sampling Considerations
Surface collections can and often do yield useful information about archaeological sites. "Properly conducted, a surface collection can yield data on the size and density of the artifactual inventory, on the proportionate constitution of that inventory, on the homogeneity of the distribution of artifacts, and the spatial patterning of objects across the surface of a site"(Redman and Watson 1970:26). The Bald
H ill survey collections were never intended to be used to make inferences at quite that level. The intention was to collect a small, 23 unbiased sample that would reflect the temporal placement and the range of artifact variability present at the site. Although there are problems with almost any sampling strategy used, consistency in sampling does allow one to explain biases and speculate on the quality of the sample. Unfortunately the different crews surveying Bald Hill used three different collection strategies which are responsible for the non-comparability of the artifact collections. The three types of collection' strategies used were grab samples, controlled 6% random linear transects and controlled 6% random radial transects.
A grab sample is a collection of diagnostic and representative artifacts collected judgmentally and subject to conscious or unconscious biases on the part of the archaeologist. A controlled 6% random linear transect collection requires calculation of the area of the site. The number of one meter wide transects needed to cover 6% of that area is then figured. The placement of the transects in
relation to the established datum is determined by a table of random numbers. The artifacts within the random transects are collected and placed in appropriately labelled bags. A controlled 6% random radial transect collection is similar to the linear transect collection except
the transects are positioned as rays that radiate from the datum.
The p o s itio n o f the rays is determined by the use o f a random numbers
ta b le . The numbers chosen become degrees from north in d ic a tin g where
the transects are placed. The limitations of each of these strategies w ill be discussed below. 24
Had any s in g le strate g y been used i t may have been possible to design the artifact analysis to compensate for known biases. How ever, the use of all three has made things much more difficult. By chance, the different collection strategies are fairly evenly distributed among the most frequently occurring site types so that the overall effect of the biases is the same even if it is not clear what that effect is.
From 'the total 82 sites, collections were available from only
63. No artifacts were noted at 8 sites. Collections were not made at 7 sites where artifacts were present. Three collections were missing. The only art?factual material from one site is basketry material which is described in Appendix A.
Biases of the Sampling Strategies
No matter how elaborately a sampling strategy is designed, one ends up sampling the distribution of artifacts in space which may or may not bear a relationship to behaviorally meaningful units.
Natural processes such as erosion and cultural processes such as scavenging or land modification alter the patterning of artifacts on
the surface of archaeological sites. In sites with subsurface
components the surveyor is lim ite d to observation o f only two
dimens ions.
Sampling must be approached with specific research questions
in mind. The collections from the Bald H ill sites were made to allow
dating of the sites based on ceramic data and to determine the
diversity of artifacts present. It is clear that many of the problems 25 encountered in the artifact analysis were created by trying to answer questions developed after the surveys had been completed. However, it s till seems important to discuss the limitations inherent in the sampling strategies used and to suggest other techniques which may have been more a p p ro p ria te .
Thirty-two of the 63 artifact collections were grab samples.
The grab sample is neither random nor representative according to
Redman (197*0* Conscious or unconscious biases figure largely in any grab collection. Although inferences can be made about the types of artifacts present in any grab sample, what about things that are absent? Frequencies in grab samples are almost always skewed towards the unusual, for instance decorated sherds or exotic lithic raw materials. The bias against plainware ceramics, since they may look quite similar in the field, is one of the most serious problems encountered in the temper analysis attempted in this study.
The controlled 6% random linear transect strategy was used on
1? sites; the controlled 6% random radial transect was used on 14 sites.
These techniques are an improvement over the grab samples, however, the sampling universe and the concept o f randomness must be discussed to better understand the limitations of these strategies. Ideally one attempts to sample the surface artifact assemblage present on a site.
Unless the population of the surface artifacts is a known entity it
is really impossible to sample the artifacts. The sampling universe
is not the artifact assemblage but, instead,is space. The problem
o f sampling space can be d e a lt w ith in a number o f ways. 26
Unfortunately, the 6% sample fraction used for both of the randan
controlled strategies samples 6% of space without considering the number of artifacts collected or the distribution of sample units in
relation to the distribution of artifacts over the site. The linear
and radial transects were placed randomly to eliminate biases in their positioning. Randomness is an effective technique when applied to a known universe but is problematic when used to sample archaeological s ite s since the universe o f a r tifa c ts is an unknown. What happened
in many cases was that random units were placed in those parts of the site with the lowest artifact density.
The sampling units were 1 meter wide transects. In most cases
2 transects were sufficient to cover 6% of the site. Two collection
units did not provide systematic coverage of the sites. If the
sampling units happened to fall where there were only a few artifacts
while close by there were hundreds of sherds what do we learn from
the collection? The answer is that we do not learn very much about
the site's artifact assemblage. We learn something about 6% of the
site area, but may not learn very much about the overall character of
the s it e .
Another consideration when making surface collections is the
number of artifacts in the collection. The Bald Hill collections
varied from 1 to 1160 artifacts. Although 1 artifact is not very
informative, a very large collection is not necessariIv more useful
than a moderately sized collection of about 100 artifacts if that
c o lle c tio n has been w e ll designed. More about sample s iz e w ill be 27 discussed below. Based on the average number o f a r tifa c ts c o lle c te d and the potential to more systematically sample a site the controlled 6% random radial was the best of the three sampling schemes used a t the Bald H ill s ite s .
Alternative Collection Strategies
I f one is going to go to the tro u b le o f s e ttin g up a datum point and making controlled collections, a systematic strategy that samples all parts of the site is worth considering. Systematic collection usually involves more sample units than used for the Bald
Hill collections. The units are generally smaller than the Bald
H ill units. Systematic collection strategies have been developed which provide statistically valid samples of artifacts so that statistical analyses can be performed. With practice, these techniques
do not require inordinate amounts of time (Sullivan 1980, K. Henderson, personal communication). The sampling fraction can be flexible so
th a t a s u ffic ie n t number o f a r tifa c ts can be c o lle c te d . A number o f
1 by 1 or 2 by 2 meter units are placed over the site in a systematic
fashion using either a radial or Cartesian coordinate grid system.
The different ways of ordering a systematic sample are discussed by
Redman (1974).
Another alternative is to simply collect artifacts within a cir
cle of designated size placed at the center of those loci on a
site where artifact density is the highest. The collection continues
u n til a s u ffic ie n t number o f a r tifa c ts have been c o lle c te d . (P. Fish
and K. Kintigh, personal communication). This strategy is much less 28 tim e consuming than any o f the c o n tro lle d s tra te g ie s and since a ll the artifacts within the circle are collected, the biases present in grab sampling are avoided.
Neither of these alternatives is extreme and the benefits of each are clear. The systematic collection ensures overall coverage of the site, while the collection circle strategy is quick. Both are more likely to produce a sample that is more representative of the variability and relative frequencies of artifacts present than the sampling schemes used on the Bald H ill sites.
Sample Size
The size of the sample collected is important, especially if quantatitive analyses techniques are to be used. Of course one
cannot c o lle c t more a r t if a c t s than are present on a s it e and one does not want to collect a site out of existence. Based on observation,
it seems that collecting 100 artifacts would have been possible on most of the Bald Hill sites. Collecting 100 artifacts is not an
absolute necessity but 100 is a threshold for using certain q u a n tita tiv e analysis methods (Redman 1974, Fish 1979)• There are
some statistical techniques that can be used on collections with 30
to 100 artifacts. When there are fewer than 20 cases it is even
difficult to use percentages reliably since each individual artifact w ill carry a lot of weight.
For the Bald H ill sites, 36 of the collections had fewer than
30 artifacts, 17 sites had from 30 to 100 and only 10 sites had 100
or more artifacts in their collections. The range was from 1 to 1160 29 a r t if a c t s . Given the s iz e o f the s ite s and the number o f a r tifa c ts on most of them, a systematic collection strategy with a flexible sampling fraction could have been employed to collect a sample of about 100 artifacts from each site without damaging the sites.
Dealing with the Data Problems
I was a member o f Crew C in the summer o f 1980. A fte r being given permission to use the Bald H ill data for this thesis, I was able to visit a number of sites in Parcel B as well as the cavates and c liff dwelling site located just south of Parcel B. Due to time constraints 1 visited fewer than one-forth of the total number of Bald Hill sites.
Short of redoing all the recording and collections, it was up to me to determine how to deal with problematic data from sites I had never visited. My solutions do not conform to the kinds of rigorous analyses of survey data that are currently in vogue. However, I do feel that I have been able to go beyond pure description in my attempts to use the data available to me.
A site typology based on architecture and visible features provides the framework within which most of the data have been examined.
The collections from most of the sites were not of sufficient size to allow the individual site to serve as the unit of analysis. Therefore, much of the assemblage variability is discussed for data grouped by site class. If the Bald Hill locality is the sampling universe and the collections from each site are considered the sampling units the overall collection is a stratified random sample of sorts. Certainly the entire 30 collection somehow approximates a representative sample of the variability present. The differences among the assemblages from the site classes seem to support the site typology. However, future work should focus on designing a better sampling strategy for individual sites so that the site typology can be tested.
Table 4.2 presents the artifact collection data for each site.
The crew that recorded each site and the sampling strategy used are lis te d . C o ntrolled c o lle c tio n s th a t have a grab component are noted as such. The assemblage from each site is described. Ceramics, lithics and ground stone are either present or absent, based on site card in fo rm atio n . When c o lle c tio n s were made, the number o f a r tifa c ts has been entered in place of the "present" symbol. References to the information in this Table are made in subsequent chapters. 31
TABLE 4 .2 COLLECTION STRATEGIES EMPLOYED AND CLASSES OF ARTIFACTS NOTED AND/OR COLLECTED
The sites are grouped by the site classes described in Chapter 5.
§ *— in o •u U) u in w a 8 in O 0) — o "O L_ O Q) u -a o d) E z o <_) CO <2 3 CD CO CLASS' I.A CLASS I.B — 17 D grab 10 . — 16 D grab 8 + 318 A no — + — 313 C grab 10 + + 319 A no + + ' — 324 A no + + 320 A no + + 328 A grab 9 7 — 321 A no — + — 335 A grab 2 4 —
A + + — 325 no 350 B 6%R,g 7 25 A — 327 grab 2 3 358 B 6%R,g 6 1 + A no + + — 333 414 C 6%T 111 99 334 A — grab 2 . ? 464 C 6%T 120 48 + 336 A grab 9 — 3 485 C 6%T 4 5 — 339 A grab 3 1 340 A no + + CLASS I.C 345 ' B 6%R,g 15 28 + 314 c 6%T,g 59 45 + • 349 B 6%R,g 3 28 + 322 A no + + — 326 A — 351 B no + + + grab 11 12 330 A grab 13 6 — 352 B no — — — 331 A grab + 4 356 B 6%R,g 16 3 + 403 B 6%R,g 16 + + 332 A grab 5 4 — - 404 C 6%T 25. 14 + 337 A grab 42 23 — 405 C 6%T,g 13 12 338 A grab 4 1 — 341 A grab 23 13 + 407 C grab 16 4 346 B 6%R,g 853 307 + 409 C 6%T,g 27 7 — 347 B 6%R,g 27 52 + 412 C 6%T 7 11 + 355 B grab 12 10 + 425 C 6%T 16 8 — 357 B 6%R,g 23 5 + 461 C 6%T,g 29 5 — 406 c grab 53 2 + 462 c 6%T,g 11 1 415 C 6%T,g 27 13 — 463 c 6%T,g 19 4 465 c 6%T,g 89 15 + CLASS I.D + ... 484 c 6%T 8 3 14 D grab 51 + 344 B no — + — Crew: A, B, C, D. Collection Strategy: no=none collected, grab=grab sample,6%T= control led big random linear transect,6%R = control led 6% random radial transect, £= controlled plus grab. A r tifa c ts : + = present. — = .not noted by recorders, = number c o lle c te d . 32
TABLE 4.2 Continued
c o — >- V) •W Cl o (/) 0) <0 ■*-> *i — § « «— le 2 4-f B 2 2 V) z o U V) o CD CO
CLASS II.. A 18 0 grab 12 + — 343 B 6%R,g 329 132 + 348 B grab 5 24 + 460 C 6%T,g 54 18 + CLASS I I . B 323 A grab 34 13 + 329 A grab — 13 + 353 B 6%R,g 107 835 + 354 B 6%R,g 96 136 + 359 B no + + + 360 B 6%R,g 17 101 + CLASS 111 .A 15 D grab 16 + + 64 D no —— — 453 C grab 18 + — 454 C grab 33 + + 455 C grab 17 — — CLASS I I I .B 342 B grab 44 + +
CLASS IV. A 309 C grab 1 + — 310 C grab 10 + — 311 C grab 5 + — 312 C grab 1 + — 411 C 6%T,g 44 173 — CLASS IV. B 408 C no + + + 410 C no _ 413 C no — + — CLASS IV. C 451 C no — — — 452 C no — — —
Crew: A, B, C, D. C o llectio n S trateg y: n o = none c o lle c te d , grab = grab sample, 6%T = controlled 6% linear transect, 6%R = control led 6% random radial transect, £= control led plus grab. Artifacts: + = present, —= not noted by recorders, number collected. CHAPTER 5
SITE TYPOLOGY
A useful way to deal with a large number of sites is to develop a s it e typology so th a t groups o f s ite s can be compared and contrasted. Any typology is imposed by the archaeologist as a heuristic device. If the classificatory scheme is well designed
it should find some support in the data which describes the assemblage or non-assemblage variability. When sites are grouped together on the basis of sim ilarities care must be taken not to obscure the variability
present within a single site type. The Bald H ill site typology was
developed to help describe differences in land use patterns in the ......
p roject area.
Architecture and features are the criteria most commonly
used for site classification. Assemblage and non-assemblage
v a r ia b ilit y have been compared to fin d the s im ila r it ie s and d ifferen c es
between the site types. The problems with the survey data — the
different biases and perceptions of recorders and the non-comparable
artifact collections — have already been discussed at some length in
Chapter 4. These problems must be kept in mind when examining the
Bald H ill site typology.
Sit§ cards, clearance reports and the site ledger kept at the
Forest Supervisor's Office were used to compile the information on the
number and kind o f stru ctu res and features recorded fo r each s ite .
33 34
Four major types of sites were defined. Within each type there are a number o f s ite classes. These are:
I . S ites w ith masonry stru ctu res 56
A. O ne-room -structure s ite s 29
B. Mult?pie-room-structure sites 10
C. S ites w ith more than one s tru c tu re 15
D. Sites w ith masonry s tru c tu re (s ) and w a ll(s ) 2
11. Sites with resource processing features 10
A. Roasting pit sites 4
B. Sites with bedrock grinding surfaces 6
111. Cavate and cliff dwelling sites 6_
A. Cavates 5
B. Cliff dwelling 1
IV. Other 10
A. Sherd and lithic scatters 5
B. A g ric u ltu ra l features 3 .
C. Petroglyphs 2 for a total of 82 sites. Architecture takes precedence over features except in the case of resource processing features, most of which also have architecture. The location of the sites is shown in Figure 5.1.
Each site class will be briefly described. Tables 5.1 to 5.12 list the sites in each class, the crew that recorded the site, site dimensions, site area, number of structures, number of features and the presence or absence of ceramics, lithics and ground stone, when the data were available. This allows a comparison of site types. 35 35
x 3 r x
BALD H ILL z x , 6182
X \
1 X i X x
/
x \. a 342-
.Z-- • \. v* ■sMfr v X 408 \ z r z . I V. . / y //-• X. Z x / .z' izy CLASS I C LA S S III z / I# A. one-room-structure # A.cavates Site 64 not shown <1 / B 8. multiple-room-structure B. cliff dwelling / Z m C.more than one structure C LA SS IV 6 1118 S3 D. structure(s) 8 wail(s) A. sherd 8 lithic scatter
CLASS II EEE 8. agricultural features
016 W A. roasting pit % C.petroglyphs @ B. bedrock grinding surfaces j ARIZONA ^B o u n d ed .•* [O lll.A 8 (LB with structures Survey parcels Contour interval = ZOO test A ll site numbers preceded by A R -0 3 -0 4 -0 1
llStile
FIGURE 5.1 LOCATION OF THE BALD H ILL SITES 36
The site typology is based on recorded site characteristics.
There is no doubt that the individual surveyors were influenced by their interpretation of a site's function when they described a site.
Although the possible functions of the various site classes are an important consideration, the site typology w ill first be presented as an interpretation-free classification.
C la s s 'l; S ites w ith Masonry S tructures
There are four types o f s ite s w ith masonry s tru c tu re s . The structures were built of the basalt cobbles available in abundance in the p ro je c t area. The stru ctu res have col lapsed and have been recorded as either rectangular or circular rubble piles. The surveyors recorded the size of the rubble piles in most cases since wall outlines were not d is tin g u is h a b le . Although most o f the stru ctu res have been recorded as surface structures, a few stone-lined pithouses have been recorded.
Several sites also have one or more possible pithouse depressions recorded. Testing w ill be necessary to determine if pithouses of either variety are present.
Speculation on the original height of the walls is missing from most of the site cards and if present suffers from a lack of consistency between crews. Based on personal observation of different structures.
it seems that further refinement of the site typology presently proposed should be possible, but the typology presented herein which sees all masonry structures as equal is all the current data w ill bear. 37 I.A One-room-structure Sites (Table 5.1)
Sites with a single one-room structure make up the single
largest class of sites. Twenty-nine of the total 82 sites, or 35% of
the sites fall into this category. The average size of the sites is
555 square meters, the smallest for the four types of Class I sites.
Class I .A sites range in size from 12 to 1980 square meters. Ceramics and lith ic s were noted on 26 o f the 29 s ite s (90%) w h ile ground stone was noted on only 9 sites (31%).
I.B Multiple-room-structure Sites (Table 5.2)
There are ten s ite s w ith one s tru c tu re th a t has two or more
rooms. The average number o f rooms is 2 .6 per s it e . The estim ate o f
the number o f rooms seems to have been based on e ith e r the s ize o f the
rubble p ile o r the detection o f w a ll alignments d e lin e a tin g rooms. The
sites have an average size of 974 square meters with a range of 238 to
2660 square meters. Ceramics and lithics were present on all Class I.B
sites. Ground stone was noted for 4 of the 10 sites (40%).
I.C Sites with More than One Structure (Table 5.3)
There are fifteen sites in this class. Most of them have 2 to
3 masonry structures. Several of the sites have masonry-lined pithouses
and possible pithouse depressions reported in addition to the surface
masonry s tru c tu re s . The average s ite s iz e is 2577 square meters but
ranges from 340 to 11250 square meters. Class I.C sites have an
average of 2.5 structures per site with a range of from 2 to 6.
Ceramics and lithics are present on all type I.C sites. Ground stone 38
TABLE 5.1 ONE-ROOM-STRUCTURE SITES CLASS I.A ______S i te Si te S ite Ground Crew Ceramics L ith i cs Number Dimensions Area Stone (in meters) (m2) . 17 D 10x10 100 + 318 A 6x7 42 - + _ 319 A - + + _ 320 A _ + + + 321 A - - - + - 325 A + + 327 A - + + 333 A _ + + 334 ' A - + 336 A - - + + - 339 A + + 340 A 10x10 100 + + 345 B 45x44 1980 + + + 349 B 25x23 575 + + + 351 B 11x22 242 + + + 352 B 3x4 12 _ 356 B 30x20 600 . + + + 403 B 13x15 195 + + + 404 C 37x27 999 + + + 405 C 14x11 154 + + - 407 C 20x30 600 + + 409 C 22x20 440 + + _ 412 C 20x70 1400 + + + 425 C 40x30 1200 + + — 461 C 20x20 400 + + - 462 C 20x25 500 + + 463 C 20x30 600 + + - 465 C 40x20 800 + + + 484 C 12x14 168 + + -
29 Average 26 26 9 S ites Size S ites w / S ites w/ S i tes w/ 355m2 Cerami cs L ith ic s Ground Stone
+ = present - = absent or not noted 39
TABLE 5 .2 MULTIPLE ROOM STRUCTURE SITES cLASS l.B Si te Si te Number Si te Ground Crew Dimensions Area o f Ce ramies L ith i cs N umbe r Stone (in meters) (m2) Rooms
16 D 20x20 400 2 + 4- 313 C 70x38 2660 1-2 4- 4- 324 A - - 6 + 4- - 328 A - - 2 4- 4- - 350 B 20x21 420 2 -3 + 4- - 358 B 30x30 900 2-3 4- 4- - 414 C 30x20 600 1-2 4- + 4- 464 C 40x40 1600 2-4 4- 4- 4- 485 C 14x17 238 2-3 4- 4- - 335 A - - many 4- 4- -
10 Average 10 10 4 S ites Si ze Si tes w/ S ites w / S ites w / 974m2 Ce rami cs L ith i cs Ground Stone
+ = present - = absent or not noted 40
TABLE 5 .3 SITES WITH MORE THAN ONE STRUCTURE CLASS I.C S ite Si te Number S ite Ground Crew Dimensions Area of Cerami cs L ith ic s N umbe r Stone (in meters) (m2) Structures
314 C 65x20 1300 2 + + + 322 A -- 3 + + 326 A 20x17 340 3-5 + + _ 330 A 25x25 625 2 + + _ - 331 A 2 + + - 332 A 14x25 350 2 + + 337 A - many + + - 338 A ' - - severa 1 + + 341 A - - 5 + * + 346 B 125x90 11250 2 + + + 347 B 29x55 1595 2 + + + 355 B 19x40 760 2 + + + 357 B 35x40 ' 1400 2 + + + 406 C 110x55 6050 6 + + + 415 C 70x30 2100 2 + + -
.15 Average 2 .5 15 15 7 Si tes S ize . Structures S ites W/ S ites w/ S ites w/ 2577mZ Per S ite Cerami cs L ith i cs Ground Stone
+ = present - = absent or not noted 41 was noted on 7 (4?%) o f the s ite s . The number and types o f stru ctu res occur in different configurations. The variability present at these sites is summarized in Table 5.4 and w ill be discussed further in
Chapter 9.
I.D Sites with Masonry Structure(s) and Wall(s) (Table 5.5)
There are two sites in this class, Site 14 and Site 344. Site
14 has 4 structures, 2 walls and storage caves. It measures 48,400 square meters. Ceramics, lithics and ground stone were all noted.
S ite 344 consists o f a large w all th a t measures 27 fe e t long, 3 to 4
feet thick and is 9 feet high in some places. A single, one-room structure is associated with the wall. No ceramics or ground stone were noted. There was only one flaked stone artifact noted. The site measures 1147 square meters. Both of these sites are located at the edge of West Clear Creek Canyon.
Summary for Class I S ites
The fifty-six Class I sites represent 68% of all the sites
recorded for the Bald Hill project area. As one might expect, the
average size of the sites increases from class to class, first as the number of rooms increases, then as the number of structures increases.
Ceramics are reported for 90% o f the Class I.A sites and 100% of the
Class I.B and I.C sites. Lithics are reported in the same percentages
— 90% for Class I.A sites and 100% for Class I.B and I.C sites.
Ground stone is noted with far less frequency. It is reported 42
TABLE 5 .4 TYPES OF STRUCTURES AT CLASS I.C SITES
S ite N umber Surface Number o f Masonry Possible Numb< o f Masonry Surface Lined Pi thouse Structures Structures Rooms Pi thouses Depressions
314 2 2 1-2 1 - 322 3 1 - 1 1 326 3 -5 3 1 ,1 ,2 1? 1? 330 2 2 M - - 331 2 2 1,1 -- 332 2 1 4 1 - 337 many many - -- 338 several several - -- 341 5 3 1 ,1 ,4 1 1 346 2 1 2-3 1 - 347 2 2 1,1 -- 355 2 2 1,1 - - 357 2 2 1,2 - - 406 6 3 1,1,1 - 3 415 2 2 M 43
TABLE 5 .5 SITES WITH MASONRY STRUCTURE(S) AND WALL(S) CLASS I.D
Si te S i te- Number Number E S ite m Crew Dimensions Area o f o f Number (in meters) (m^) Structures Wal Is <3 Li th cs i
14 D 220x220 48400 4 2 + + +
344 B 37x31 1147 .1 1 +
+ = present . - = absent or not noted on 31% of the I.A sites, 40% of the I.B sites and 47% of the I.C sites. There is a general progression in both assemblage and non
assemblage variability as one moves from Class I.A to I.B to I.C sites.
The presence o f the w alls a t the I.D s ite s makes them somewhat
difficult to place in the progression.
Table 5.6 is a summary of average site size and the.make-up- of the artifact assemblages present for all of the Class I sites.
With the exception of the I.D sites, the Class' I site types are
fairly evenly distributed among the three bounded survey parcels.
Class II: Sites with Resource Processing Features
Ten sites with resource processing features, roasting pits and
bedrock grinding surfaces, form the Class II sites. These sites are
found both with and without masonry architecture. The designation
"resource processing feature site" is not intended as a functional
classification although there is little doubt that processing did
take place at these sites. The title is used to describe the most
prominent features found at these sites.
II.A Roasting Pit Sites (Table 5.7)
There are four sites with roasting pits. Three of these,
Sites 18,343, and 460, have architecture. The average site size is
1790 square meters and ranges from 100 to 4234 square meters. The
smallest site has one structure: the largest has three. Measurements
available for two of the rcasing pits approximate their size as 8
meters in diameter. Ceramics are present at all of the Class I I.A TABLE 5.6 SUMMARY OF CLASS I SITES WITH MASONRY STRUCTURES
Number Ave rage Range Nurnber and % wi th: •Site o f S ite o f S ite Class Sites Size Si ze Ce rami cs Li thics Gr. Stone
I.A 29 555m2 1 2 -1980m2 26 90% 26 90% 9 31%
I.B 10 974m2 238-2660m 10 100% 10 100%' 4 40%
I.C 15 2577m2 340 -1 1250m2 15 100% 15 100% 7 47%
I.D 2 - 1147 - 1 50% 2 100% 1 50% 48400m2
56 Class I Sites make up 68% of the total number of sites recorded. 46
TABLE 5 .7 ROASTING PIT SITES CLASS I I.A
Si te Si te Number S i te Ground Crew Dimensions Area o f Cerami cs Li th i cs Number Stone (in meters] (n r) S tructures
18 D 10x10 100 1 + -
343 B 58x73 4234 3 + + +
348 B 13.5x24 324 0 + + +
460 C 50x50 2500 1 + +
4 Average 4 4 3 Si tes Size S i tes w / S ites w/ S ites w / 1790m2 Cerami cs Li th ics Ground Stone
+ = present - “ absent or not noted 47 sites. Ground stone was noted at 3 of the 4 sites. These sites are found in Parcels B and C and in the southwest corner of the project area.
II.B Sites with Bedrock Grinding Surfaces (Table 5.8)
Five of the six sites in this class have bedrock metates and from 1 to 7 structures present. The other site has only two bedrock grinding slicks and no architecture. The average size of these sites is 43,480 square meters but has been skewed by two p a r tic u la r ly large sites. One of these, Site 353, measures 21,750 square meters while the other. Site 359, is the largest of the Bald Hill sites measuring
220,364 square meters. The other four sites range from 84 to 8888 square meters in size.
The bedrock metates are ovoid and measure approximately
12 inches long, 4 to 6 inches wide and 3 inches deep.
S ite 323 has only one bedrock metate and along w ith S ite 329 which has two grinding slicks is located in Parcel A. The other sites,
353, 354, 359 and 360, all lie in Parcel B and have from 10 to 103 bedrock metetes. Ground stone fragments are found in abundance at the s ite s in Parcel B and are present a t the o th e r two s ite s . Ceramics are noted for 5 of the 6 sites. Flaked stone artifacts are present
at all 6 sites.
Grinding slicks were present at some of the bedrock metate sites. At Site 359, the largest site in the project area, 103
bedrock metates, 7 structures and three roasting pits were recorded. TABLE 5 .8 SITES WITH BEDROCK GRINDING SURFACES CLASS II.B tn U S ite ] S ite N umbe r # o f S o f "i Si te CD Crew Dimension s Area o f Bedrock Grinding L. Number L ith ic s (in meten (m2) Structures Metates S Iicks Ground Stone
323 A 12x7 84 1 1 2 + + +
329 A 30x35 1050 0 . 0 2 - + +
353 B 145x150 21,750 2 54 - + + +
354 B 101x88 8888 2 10 - + + +
359 B 619x356 220364 7 103 - + + +
360 B 81x108 8746 1 + - + + +
6 Ave. Si tes Si ze 5 6 5 43,480 + = present - = absent or not noted Class 111: Cavate and C liff Dwelling Sites The five cavates and one c liff dwelling site all lie outside the bounded survey parcels. One cavate, Site 64, is one-half mile north of Parcel A while the other sites, 15, 342, 453, 454 and 455, are located along side canyons o f West Clear Creek Canyon. III.A Cavates (Table 5.9) The five cavate sites have evidences of masonry walls at the entrance to the cave or within the cave itself. Their size ranges from 4 square meters to 100 square meters for an average size of 40 square meters. Ceramics were recorded at 4 of the 5 sites. Lithics were found at three. Ground stone was noted at 2. Disturbance by pothunters and rodents has inearthed preserved vegetal remains including corncobs and seeds. H is to r ic Yavapai o r Apache basketry was recovered from Site 64. See Appendix A for a description of the basketry materials. I II.B Cliff Dwelling (Table 5.9) Site 342 is a 30 to 50 room c liff dwelling which is the most spectacular site in the project area. Although most of the rooms have been destroyed by erosion or crushed by spalls of columnar basalt from the c liff face directly above the pueblo, there is s till one virtually intact room. Roof beams from this room date the ruin to about A.D. 1320. Ceramics, lithics and ground stone are all present at this site. The c liff dwelling measures approximately 40 by 120 meters. It appears that there were three and possibly even four stories in 50 TABLE 5 .9 CAVATE AND CLIFF DWELLING SITES CLASS I I I . A AND I I I . B S ite S ite Si te Ground Crew Dimens ions Area Cerami cs L ith ic s N umber Stone (in meters) (m^) Cavates 1II.A 15 D 6x5 30 + + + 64 D 1x4 4 - - - 453 C 7x7 49 + + - 454 C 10x10 100 + + + 455 C 4x4 16 + - - C liff Dwelling III.B 342 B 120x40 4800 + + + 51 some places. The structure was built of stone present on the talus slope. Heavy stone was used to construct the lower s to rie s and lig h te r blocks of consolidated volcanic ash were used for the upper rooms. Natural cavates were incorporated into the pueblo, while others were carved ino the soft volcanic tuff layers. A description of the c liff dwelling and a brief summary of the report from the University of Arizona Laboratory of. Tree-Ring Research can be found in Appendix B. Class IV: Other This class includes those sites without architecture. IV.A Sherd and Lithic Scatters (Table 5.10) The sherd and lithic scatter sites range in size from 75 to 3000 square meters for an average size of 1294 square meters. Ceramics and lithics are present at all sites. Ground stone is noted at none. A scatter of artifacts was given the status of a site if 25 or more artifacts were present. Four of the sherd and lithic scatter sites are found in Parcel C. The other lies in Parcel A. IV.B Agricultural Features (Table 5.11) Three sites with agricultural features and no architecture were recorded in the study area. Each site is different so each will be described. Site 4o8 is an "L" shaped check dam which is approximately 11 meters long and 3 meters wide. Ceramics, lithics and ground stone were present. Site 410 is a series of cleared areas 52 TABLE 5.10 SHERD AND LITHIC SCATTERS CLASS IV.A Si te Si te Si te Ground Crew Dimens ions Area Cerami cs L ith ic s N umbe r Stone (in meters) (m2) 309 C 30x100 3000 + + - 310 C 22x18 396 . + + - 311 C 30x25 750 4- + - 312 C 5x15 75 + + - 411 C 45x50 . 2250 + + - 5 Average 5 5 0 Si tes Size _ S ites w/ S ites w / S ites w/ 1294rn Ceramics Li thics Ground Stone + = present - = absent or not noted 53 TABLE 5.11 SITES WITH AGRICULTURAL FEATURES CLASS IV.B S ite S ite Si te Ground Crew Dimensions Area Feature Cerami cs L ith ic s Number Stone (in meters) (m2) 408 C 6x10 60 check + + + dam 410 C 50x50 2500 terraces - -- 413 C 20x10 200 check - + - dam 3 1 2 1 Si tes S ite w / S ites w/ S ite w/ Cerami cs L ith i cs Ground Stone + = present - = absent or not noted. 54 that were created when rocks and cobbles were placed on top of and in between bedrock boulders. It is possible that the stacked rocks were intended to serve as terraces. No artifacts were noted. Site 413 is a semi-circle of stones which stretches across the slope and may be a check dam. Lithics were present on this site. All three of these sites are located in bounded Parcel C. Agricultural features which are noted at other sites include check dams, cleared fields and rock piles. Unfortunately, these features do not seem to have been recorded with any regularity. IV.C Retroglyphs (Table 5.12) Two petroglyph sites, 451 and 452, were found along the talus slope trail leading to cavate sites 453 and 454. Site 451 is a panel measuring 60 by 65 centimeters which shows an upright figure of a man 20 centimeters ta ll. The man is carrying a walking stick. A zigzag line 63 centimeters long is just below the figure of the man (Figure 5.2a). Site 452 consists of three animal figures, each 20 centimeters ta ll, which are probably deer. There is also a lizard-like figure which is 30 centimeters long. The four figures appear on a slab of rock measuring 3 by 5 meters which has become detached from the canyon face and has slid to its present position next to the trail (Figure 5 .2 b ). Retroglyphs are also present at the c liff dwelling, Site 342, and at cavates 15 and 454 as well as at the site with the 27 foot long w a l1, S ite 344. TABLE 5.12 . PETROGLYPH SITES CLASS IV.C Di mens ions Si te o f Crew Moti f N umbe r Panel 451 C 3mx3m Upright man and zigzag line 452 C Imxlm Deer and liz a r d 2 Si tes 56 FIGURE 5.2 PETROGLYPH SITES 57 Discussion The eleven classes of sites distinguished from each other by this site typology cover a wide range of possible functions. The architecture and the artifact collections suggest significant differences in length of occupation or frequency of use and reuse of the sites. Ephemeral camps, fieldhouses and some possible year-round h a b ita tio n sites appear to be present. There is good evidence that food processing and agriculture were done in the project area. The presence of walls at the Class I.D sites which seem to lim it access to these sites has previously been interpreted as indicating defensive fortresses or redistributive centers (Pi lies 1976, Fish and Fish 1977). The individual site classes w ill be examined after the ceramic and l i t h i c c o lle c tio n s have been discussed and the evidence fo r occupation through tim e has been presented. It is interesting to note that several of the classes of sites reported for the Bald HI 11 locality were also found in the areas surveyed along the Rim margin south of West Clear Creek and north of Fossil Creek. Table 5.13 shows the number of each site type reported for the Ed's Point, Mud Tanks, and FH-9 surveys (Pi lies 1975, Kuehn 1976, 1979, Smithwick 1980). For all of these projects Class I.A sites, with single, one-room structures, are by far the largest class of sites making up 55 to 66% of the total number of sites. Even though it is the largest class of sites in the Bald Hill area, only 35% of the sites are Class I.A. This is probably because the kinds of sites recorded during the reconnaissance surveys which were not in the same type of soil and 58 TABLE 5.13 NUMBER OF SITES IN EACH CLASS FROM" FOUR SURVEYS DONE ALONG THE MOGOLLON RIM MARGIN Si te Bald H ill Ed's Point Mud Tanks FH-9 Classes I.A 29 26. 10 14 I.B 10 1 -- l.C 15 3 1 - I.D 2 - - - II.A 4 1 - 4 * 1 I.B 6 - - -* 1 1 I.A 5 - -- II I.B 1 - - - IV.A 5 7 3 4 IV.B 3 7 1 - IV.C 2 2 - - OTHER - - 2 TOTAL 82 47 15 24 *-4 FH-9 sites are called processing sites but it is not clear what kind of processing features are present. 59 vegetation zones increased the number of site classes recorded in the Bald Hill locality. Multiple room structures and sites with more than one structure, Classes I.B and I.C, are far fewer in the other survey areas than they are in the Bald Hill area. No sites with structures and w a lls . Class I.D , were reported even though areas along canyon rims were surveyed for the Ed's Point and Mud Tanks surveys. A few processing sites. Class II, were reported however, the presence of the ovoid bedrock metates found at Bald H ill was not noted. The absence of cavate and c liff dwelling sites, Class III, is not surprising since no canyon faces were included in these surveys. All of the Bald Hill Class III sites were discovered by reconnaissance survey rather than survey related to a Forest Service clearance project. Sherd and lithic scatters, Class IV.A, were found in each of the three project areas. Agricultural feature sites without structures, Class IV.B, were noted by the Ed's Point and Mud Tahks survey crews. Petroglyph sites. Class IV.C, were only reported for the Ed's Point survey area. Examination of the areas surveyed for these projects on USGS topographic maps, s o ils maps and vegetation maps and recognition o f the arbitrariness of the project boundaries with respect to archaeology indicates that the sites recorded in the three survey project areas south of West Clear Creek are similar to those found in the Bald Hill locality. Lack of certain classes of sites in these areas may reflect the placement o f the bounded survey parcels or may r e fle c t real differences between the sites north and south of West Clear Creek. 60 Given the current data, the sim ilarities seem more significant than the differences. Additional survey work w ill be necessary to get a clearer picture of the distribution of the various classes of sites along the Rim margin. CHAPTER 6 CERAMICS Ceramic analysis has long been one o f the key tools used by Southwestern archaeologists. The Southwestern ceramic typology developed in the 1930's Is s till in use today. Most archaeologists recognize the shortcomings of the typology, the main one being that the typology was imposed on the ceramics by the archaeologist and as such represents "arbitrary concepts, not objective reality"(Brew 1946). Ceramics do, however, seem to vary by type in time and space (Colton and Hargrave 1937). Plainwares are generally found to be the local u tility pottery of an area. Decorated wares have the potential to indicate cultural affiliation or trade relationships and in many areas demonstrate a regular change in style through time. In the case of the Bald H ill ceramics the Museum of Northern Arizona Ceramic Series (Colton 1955a, 1955b, 1956, 1958) and the comparative type collections at the Museum of Northern Arizona's Ceramic Repository have been the main resources used to "type" the ceramic collections. People fam iliar with the ceramics of the area, Peter Pi lie s , John Madsen and Kathy Henderson, were kind enough to examine and comment on the collection. The collection is composed of plainwares and decorated types. Two plainwares, Verde Brown and Tuzigoot Plain, and a new type, Bald H ill Brown, seem to have some meaning in terms of the time-space 61 62 concepts that underlie the ceramic typology. These three types represent the locally produced, u tility wares of the Verde Valley and the Colorado Plateau margin in the vicinity of Bald H ill. The identification of the other plainware types represented in the collection should be approached with some caution. The type names were assigned based on the sim ilarity of the sherds to those in the MNA type collection but the use of the name should be considered a descriptive device rather than as a cultural or temporal label. Although it is possible that some or even all of the sherds came from the areas in which these types are the predominant plainwares, it is also possible that they are locally produced wares that merely resemble the named types. This seems to be particularly true in the case of the Sunset and Kinnikinick sherds. The decorated wares, particularly the black-on-white types, are generally considered good markers of time and indicators of cultural affiliation or trade relationships. The seriation of decorated pottery has been based on archaeological survey, stratigraph ic excavation and correlation with tree-ring dated structures and features (Colton and Hargrave 1937, Bretemi tz 1966). Recent work by Fish (197*0 and Hudgens (1975) which suggests the p o s s ib ility o f local production of the decorated wares present in large quantities in the Verde Valley may mean the use of these dates is questionable. Despite the problems with the collection strategy which have already been discussed, it is possible that taken as a whole the Bald H ill ceramic collections are representative of the range of ceramic 63 types present in the survey area although it is unlikely that the relative proportions of each are represented accurately considering the small size of many of the samples. If the entire Bald H ill Locality is considered to be the sampling universe, then certainly the sample on hand is a s t r a t if ie d random sample o f s o rts . The "grab" component present in 55 of the 61 ceramic collections has certainly served to underrepresent the variability present in the plainware at the sites 5nd overrepresent the intrusive decorated wares. The methodology used fo r the ceramic analysis w ill be presented and then the plainwares and the in tru s iv e wares w il l be discussed. Frequencies and percentages of the ceramic types have been organized by site type so that within group and between group variability can be examined. The Ceramic Analysis All of the sherds were labelled with the appropriate site number and then sorted in to more than t h ir t y ceramic types. In the case of the Tuzigoot sherds, they were further divided into seven varieties. The ceramics were sorted with the aid of a comparative type collection which was made up of several sherds of each type from the Bald H ill collection. There was an attempt to include the range of with in-type variability in the type collection. The type collection allowed the maintenance of some consistency in the assignment of sherds to the .various types. A ten-power hand lens was used to examine the cross-section of each sherd at a fresh break under a strong light. Examination of a fresh break was important since the type designation 64 was often dependent on the temper constituents that could be observed in the cross-section. After all of the sherds had been sorted into types, the sherd count fo r each type was entered on the analysis forms th a t had been prepared for each site. Vessel form, bowl, jar or "other", was recorded whenever possible. The determination of vessel form was often based on the condition of the interior surface. Jar interiors are usually Less well finished than the interior of bowls and also may have been subject to more wear from cooking and storage processes (James 1974). A total of 2659 sherds were analysed in this way. Ceramic collections were available for only 61 of the 82 sites recorded in the.Bald Hill locality. The frequencies fo r each s ite and fo r each type were added up and are presented in tables in this chapter. Since the sample size for each site varies from 1 to 853 sherds the ceramic assemblages w ill be examined for individual sites and w ill be grouped together by s ite type. The average number o f a l l types and average number o f decorated types has been c a lc u la te d fo r each class o f s ite as an index of the diversity present at each site. P1 a ? nwa res Plainware ceramics are generally believed to be the locally produced u tility wares of a given culture area (Colton and Hargrave 1937). Although there does seem to be a close correlation between culture groups and types of plainware ceramics, the piainwares are 65 highly dependent on the raw materials available in any locale. Archaeologists have developed a typology that distinguishes between a large number of Southwestern plainware ceramics. Whether or not the potter or the people using the pottery were conscious of the differences seen by archaeologists is a question that may never be answered. The plainwares represented in the Bald H ill survey collections include Verde Brown, Tuzigoot P lain and a new typ e, Bald H ill Brown. Verde Brown and Tuzigoot have been classed as Alameda Brownwares by Colton (1 9 5 8 ). Alameda Brownwares are g en erally associated w ith the Sinagua. Schroeder (1975) and others (Fish 1974, Breternitz i 960, Hudgens 1975) have called Verde Brown a variant of Gila Plain rather than an Alameda Brownware. Without getting into the finer points of th is disagreement i t is c le a r enough th a t the Verde Brown and Tuzigoot Plain were made locally in the Verde Valley and were the u tility wares of the Southern Sinagua. Tempe r As has already been mentioned, the assignment o f sherds to the various types was based on the examination of a clean break under a ten-power hand lens. This allowed study o f the clay body and temper inclusions. Temper, non-plastic inclusions in the paste of a clay vessel (Shepard 1956), is one of the diagnostic traits that is often used to d iffe r e n tia te s im ila r appearing p o ttery types from one another. Its function is to reduce shrinkage and the danger of cracking during 66 the drying and firing of ceramic vessels. The shape of the temper affects the strength of the vessel (Shepard 1956). Ethnographic accounts and observation o f the work o f modem potters have provided the archaeologist with a great deal of informa tion about how tempering materials are selected, prepared and used. Although it is likely that some prehistoric potters took great pains to properly temper a vessel, others seem to have used clays that already had a significant proportion of non-plastic inclusions in the natural state so that the clay was naturally tempered (Weaver 1963). It is difficult to distinguish between these two options in the archaeological record without extensive analysis of both the pottery and clay sources using quantitative techniques such as spectrography or petrography. Without assuming conscious tempering by the prehistoric potter it is s till possible to raise interesting questions concerning temper. Because plainwares make up 90% of the Bald H ill survey collections the variability found in tempering materials became apparent while working with and trying to type the ceramic collections. Schroeder (1975) had already examined the variability present within the type Tuzigoot Plain but had not examined this variability in any rigorous fashion. Examination of the plainwares led to the formal description and naming of a new pottery'type which is distinguished by the green olivine crystals used as tempering material. This new type, Bald H ill Brown is the third most abundant pottery type after Verde Brown and Tuzigoot P la in . 67 Plainwares Which Occur in Small Amounts The plainwares which occur in small amounts were sorted based on comparison with the MNA type collections. TIzon Brown, which is present a t two s ite s in the p ro je c t area, has been associated w ith protohistoric Yavapai occupation in Central Arizona (Euler and Dobyns 1958, Pi lies 1981). Nothing about cultural affiliation or place of manufacture has been advanced for the other types. The type names are used to describe the sherds ra th e r than to place them in time or space. The a v a ila b ilit y o f local raw m aterials needs to be researched at some future time since it is possible that some of these plainwares were made locally. As an example, the crushed basalt temper used in the sherds that were identified as Kinnikinick appears to be significantly different from the crushed basalt temper used in Kinnikinick sherds found in the Anderson Mesa locality (K. Henderson, personal communication). Information about the composition of basalt in the two areas may reveal something about places of manufacture. The plainw are types are described and discussed. The number of sherds 'of each type and the number of sites at which each appears is mentioned along with the dates of each type. Named Plainware Types Present Tuzigoot Plain. Tuzigoot is found in 58 of the 6| ceramic collections making it the most frequently occurring type although in terms o f to ta l number o f sherds i t is second to Verde Brown. I t is a fine pasted ware. The temper varies from small to coarse particles. It 68 forms a continuum with Verde Brown and Ash Creek Brown appearing at the upper end of the spectrum in terms of quality. The type appears •in the Verde Valley at about 1050 and it becomes the dominant plainware by 1150. Seven v a r ie tie s , based on exam ination o f the tempering materials, were defined. They are described in Appendix C. The variability found in the Bald H ill collections was present in the MMA Tuzigoot type sherds. It was also described by Schroeder. The fragment variety temper of Tuzigoot Red and Tuzigoot Plain might well have been derived from breccia conglomerate which occurs in the valley. It consists of porous dark red, light red, brown, orange, yellow and gray volcanic fragments (tu ff), gray rock (limestone?), and sand both clear and colored. Occasional numbers o f large waterwom transparent qu artz and bits of gray rock containing red fragments are also evident. These various materials do occur as temper in varying proportions and combinations (1975:80). The seven varieties of Tuzigoot were distinguished in the sorting process and were used to further subdivide the type. Either because of sampling problems or because there really is no significance to the: variability present in the Tuzigoot sherds, there were no pronounced patterns of co-occurrence of any varieties. The dating of the sites did not reveal any temporal patterns in the occurrence of different Tuzigoot types. The fact that many of the sites seem to have been occupied over a period of many years may be obscuring any temporal d iffe re n c e s . The data from the temper analysis are presented In Appendix C. Although the results are inconclusive and Schroeder did not detect any patterning in the collections he studied, this does not mean that 69 patterning is not present. There may be spatial or temporal differences in either the clay sources used or the tempering materials chosen. This could be tested by studying excavated sherd collections from sites that can be accurately dated. Specialized quantitative analysis of clays and temper constituents would be required. At this stage o f our knowledge o f Verde V a lley archaeology, the amount o f effort required for such a study could probably be better spent pursuing other, more important questions. Bald H ill Brown. Bald H ill Brown is the name given to a new pottery type that was found in the project collections. It is the second most fre q u e n tly occurring type, being found in 49 o f the 61 ceramic site collections. It is the third most abundant type with 442 sherds. This pottery type is also found in collections from the survey areas on the Rim margin just south of West Clear Creek. Appendix D is a formal description of this new type. The pottery is easily recognized by the green olivine crystal temper and by the crazed surface. Crazing indicates excessive shrinkage of the clay. Sherds in which the green crystals are not obvious may be mistaken for poor examples of Tuzigoot Plain, however the crazing and an interior that may exhibit distinct anvil marks, scraping and exfoliation should help distinguish between the two types. Bald H ill Brown sherds do not exhibit the sugary or sparkly effect present on the surface when Tuzigoot sherds are rotated under a strong light. Olivine crystals can usually be detected with a 10-power hand lens. The bright green color is comparable to the color of green 70 bottle glass. The type is easy to distinguish when one looks for the signs. Although this type may have been classed as Tuzigoot Plain in the past, I would argue that Bald Hill Brown is a distinct type which is unique to the greater Bald H ill area. The raw materials are available in the project area and the distribution of the type seems to be extremely limited. Green o liv in e sand deposits are eroding out o f the vo lcan ic tuff layers being exposed in drainages less than two miles north of Bald Hill (G. Ulrich, personal communication). The basaltic soils of the area have a high montmori1 Ionite clay content, at least 60% (Wheeler and Williams 1974). According to Shepard (1956) this kind of clay has a high shrink-swell potential which can cause problems if it is not mixed with other clays when making pottery. The excessive shrinking causes cracking and crazing, two of the characteristics of Bald Hill Brown. The crazing of the Bald H ill Brown may be due to the use of a nearly pure montmori11onite clay or to inadequate tempering. Either the olivine was used in insufficient quantities or it is not a suitable tempering material because of the regularity of the crystals. The Moapa Graywares found in southern Nevada and Utah and in the Arizona Strip, are a crude plainware that are also tempered with o liv in e . The surface is rough to smooth and is often crazed. The clays are derived from basaltic soils (Colton 1952). This pottery type appears to be quite sim ilar to Bald H ill Brown, probably because it is made from similar raw materials. The co-occurrence of olivine temper, basaltic clays and crazed surfaces seems to produce a crude 71 but usable ware. The local availability of these materials in the project makes it unlikely that Bald Hill Brown is related to the Moapa Graywares. The distribution of Bald H ill Brown is limited according to present knowledge of the type. It is not reported for the Verde Valley by Schroeder (1975) who appears to have seriously studied the tempers of plainwares. The FH-9 and Ed's Point survey collections from the Rim margin, south of West Clear Creek have sherds of this type present. Surface collections from sites recorded by Gila Pueblo in the 19201s were examined. The collections are curated by the Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona. Bald H ill Brown was found in collections from the Bull Pen Ranch sites which are located on West Clear Creek just three miles southeast of Bald H ill. These sites are on the floodplain and on bluffs overlooking the creek, rather than on the Rim margin. The presence of Bald H ill Brown at these sites is not surprising. It supports the idea that there may have been some connection between the Valley and Rim sites. What is surprising is that Bald H ill Brown was not found in the Gila Pueblo collections from along the north canyon o f Wet Beaver Creek, ju s t a few miles north o f Bald Hill in an environment quite similar to that of the project area. Since Bald H ill Brown has not been previously recognized It is entirely possible that when present at sites in the Verde Valley it was classed as Tuzigoot Plain. The Bald H ill Brown sherds have been shown to a number o f archaeologists who have done work in Central Arizona and with the exception of the Coconino National Forest 72 Archaeologist, Peter Pi lies, no one was fam iliar with the type. Clearly more work on the distribution of Bald H ill Brown needs to be done. Artifacts collections from the Verde Valley should be examined in some systematic way to see if the type is, in fact, present in the V a lle y . The dating of Bald H ill Brown appears to be coincident with that of Tuzigoot Plain. It occurs with Tuzigoot at 4? of the 49 sites (9&%) where it is found and occurs at 4? of the 58 s ite s (81%) where Tuzigoot was present. Verde Brown occurs throughout the ceramic occupation of the Verde Valley and also occurs with Tuzigoot at a high frequency, 41 of 42 possible times (98%). Verde Brown is found at only 41 o f the 58 s ite s (71%) o f the s ite s where Tuzigoot occurs. The dating o f Bald H ill Brown may be somewhat e a r lie r than Tuzigoot but for now w ill be considered contemporaneous with Tuzigoot Plain, 1050 to 1400. Verde Brown. Verde Brown is the most abundant type in the collection with 1019 sherds but is only the third most frequently occurring type being present in only 42 (70%) of the site collections. The type seems to appear in the Verde at about 700 and although it becomes less abundant after 1150 it is present until 1400. It is tempered with quart?, feldspar, sand and occasionally with mica. Mlngfield Plain. This type is identified by obvious plates of mica schist on the surface. Thirty-one sherds were found in 14 site collections. Wingfield Plain is long lived, 700-1400. 73 Sunset Brown. Sunset Brown is an unslipped variety of Sunset Red. Both types are characterized by black cinder temper in a fine paste. The sherds found at the Bald H ill sites have very eroded surfaces so that the cinder is very obvious. This type may well have been made in the Verde Valley since there are cinder deposits. Schroeder (1975) named a red cinder tempered ware, which he believed to have been locally made, Beaver Creek Red. There are 27 sherds of this type at 13 si,tes. Kinnikinick Brown. Although this type is described by Colton (1958) as having "many green glassy olivine crystals" the type name is used to identify a crushed basalt tempered ware. None of the MNA type collection sherds had any olivine present. Kathy Henderson, who has done extensive work with survey collections from the Anderson Mesa locality examined the Bald H ill Kinnikinick sherds under a binocular microscope. She agreed th a t she would id e n tify them as K in n ik in ic k but stated that the basalt used is significantly different than that used in the sherds from the Anderson Mesa locality. Local variation in the basalt could account for the observed difference. Twenty sherds were present in the collections from 8 sites. Ash Creek Brown. This type is considered to be a v a ria n t o f Verde Brown (Bretemitz 1959> Schley I960). The main difference is the size of the particles used to temper the pottery. They are much smaller grains of quartz and sand than are usually found in Verde Brown. There were 17 sherds from 6 sites. Tlzon Brown. This ware has been associated w ith p ro to h is to ric occupation of Central Arizona (Euler and Dobyns 1958, Pi lies 1981). The Bald H ill Tizon Brownware sherds resembled Cerbat Brown and Tlzon Wiped. Nine sherds were found on twp sites. Diablo Brown. Diablo Brown is identified by the presence of sherd temper. The 3 sherds in the collections were all polished. One had a Gila shoulder. They were from three sites. Hartley Plain. A variety of Tuzigoot plain, this type has a fine sand temper which is probably derived from Supai sandstone. Both sherds of this type were found at a single site. Deadmans Gray. The single sherd identified as this type resembled the pottery associated with the Cohonina culture group that is found north o f the San Francisco Peaks and south o f the Grand Canyon. Clear Creek. This type is tempered with waterworn quartz. Only one sherd was found. Unidentified Plainware Sherds These sherds did not match any of the sherds in the MNA type col lections. Unidentified A. One sherd of this type was present. It is tempered w ith pink sand, has a smooth surface fin is h and is s lig h tly crazed. U n id e n tifie d B. This type has a gray core, a "scum" surface and is tempered with quartz and white opaque particles. Eight sherds were from 4 sites. 75 Unidentified C. This type had a red cinder temper but did not resemble Beaver Creek Red. The surface was eroded on both of the sherds. They are from the same site. in tru s iv e Wares Intrusive wares include both decorated and un decora ted sherds believed to have been made some distance from the Verde Valley and the Bald H ill locality. Although there has been some speculation about the local production of certain decorated types (Fish 1974, Hudgens 1975) the dates and places of origin specified in Colton (1955a, 1956) and Breternitz (1 9 6 6 ).have been used. These types have been adequately described in the literature, so Table 6.1 presents a convenient summary o f the p erio d s, d ates, number o f sherds and number of sites at which the sherds occur for each intrusive type. The Tusayan and L i t t l e Colorado White Wares in the Bald H ill c o lle c tio n seem poorly executed when compared to sherds o f the same types found in the Flagstaff (J. Madsen, personal communication). The interior and exterior surface finish and the design elements are not of the quality expected. At first, the poorly executed Tusayan White Ware sherds that lacked surface decoration were classified as Kana'a Black-on-white but upon discovery of sherds with later styles of decoration and crudely finished surfaces in the MNA type collections these sherds were reclassified as indeterminate Tusayan White Wares. There was only one unmistakably Kana'a sherd in the collection. 76 TABLE 6.1 BALD HILL CERAMIC TYPES Dates, sherd counts ' s 1 tes a t wh 1ch each r /pe appears P I p u l p m P IV in in Lm HACKBERRY CAMP VERDE 1 1 TUZ. O) umiHUNANM AM / 0) 4-J CLOVERLEAF Early | Late 1300- _C in 700-900 900-1125 .1125-1300 1400 1 ^5 VERDE BROWN TUZIGOOT BALD HILL BROWN TUSAYAN GRAYWARE KANA'A B/W BLACK MESA B/W FLAGSTAFF B/W TUSAYAN B/W TUSAYAN CORR. MOENKOPI CORR. LITTLE COLORADO WW HOLBROOK B/W PADRE B/W CHEVELON B/W WALNUT B/W LITTLE COL. CORR. TSEGI ORANGE TSEGI RED/ORANGE JEDDITO B/ORANGE WINSLOW ORANGE WINSLOW POLYCHROME JEDDITO PLAIN JEDDITO YELLOW DEADMANS B/RED HOHOKAM BUFFWARES Colton (1955a, 1955b, 1956, 1958) ^-g jL t j • * » Breternitz (1966) B re tern i tz (I960) and Schroeder (1975) Type tentatively dated in this volume. 77 Other Ceramic Artifacts Worked Sherds. The fragments of four plainware sherd discs were found at Sites 3^3 and 346. These are a roasting pit site and a large multiple structure site. Three of the sherds are Tuzigoot P la in . The o th er is a San Juan Redware sherd. One o f the sherds from Site 346 has a hole drilled through the center of it. Sherd discs have been c a lle d gaming pieces, sp indle w horls, d r i l l weights and buttons (Colton 1946, Caywood and Spicer 1935)• They are found in Flagstaff and in the Verde Valley (Colton 1946, Caywood and Spicer 1935, Barnett 1976, McGuire 1977, Bretemi tz I960, Metcalf n. d ., Fish, Pi lie s , Fish 1980, Hudgens 1975). Unusually shaped sherds. One of the Bald H ill Brown sherds from Site 18, a Class II.A roasting pit site, has several lines of fingernail indentations. A sherd from Site 465, a Class I.A one-room structure site, has fabric impressions on the interior surface. Textile impressed; sherds are reported for Exhausted Cave (Hudgens 1975) and for the Fitzm aurice Ruin (James 1976). A L ittle Colorado White Ware sherd appears to be a handle fragment. It measures approximately 1 inch by three quarters of an inch in cross section and is about 2 inches long. It probably is from a ladle. The fragment was found on Site 406. A Jeddito Plain handle fragment was found on Site 343. It measures approximately five sixteenths of an inch in diameter. 78 An unusual, irregularly shaped plainware rim sherd is from Site 346. It appears to come from a miniature pinch pot. Figurines. Three figurine fragments were in the Bald H ill c o lle c tio n s . They are illu s t r a te d in Figure 6 .1 . They are a ll hand shaped and made out o f plainw are paste. Figurines may have been used for some ceremonial purposes or may have been children's toys. The figurine from Site 342, the Class III.B c liff dwelling, was probably a fo u r legged animal w ith a long neck. The head and two hind legs are missing. The two front legs are quite short, about 3/8 of an inch and the torso is approximately 3/4 of an inch in diameter. The figurine from site 353 is a small, dog-like animal with ears and an open mouth. The tail and the legs are missing. It is 1-3/4 inches long from front to back and without legs its maximum height is 7/8 of an inch. The third figurine fragment is probably a leg from an animal or anthropomorphic figure. It was found at Site 346. Animal effigies and human figurines are reported from the Verde Valley and from Flagstaff. Bowl. A partially restorable bowl was found at Site 455, a Class III.A cavate site. The bowl measures 8 inches in diameter, is 6 inches high and has a s lig h tly everted rim. I t has been blackened by burning. The surface of this Tuzigoot Plain vessel was polished. 79 Site 353 Site 342 Site 346 I Inch FIGURE 6.1 CERAMIC FIGURINES 80 Discussion The ceramic counts for each site are presented in Tables 6.2 to 6.10 grouped by site class. Table 6.11 is a summary of the ceramic data for each site class and for the entire ceramic assemblage. Plainwares represent 90% of the total ceramic collection. This means that 10% of the collection is made up of intrusive wares. In most cases, any intrusive sherds present on the surface of the site that did not fall in one of the collection units were picked up and bagged with the grab sample. This practice no doubt inflated the number of intrusive sherds collected but because it is d ifficu lt to assess how representative any surface collection is, it is unclear how the collection of intrusive ceramics is biased. There is some variance in the percentage of intrusive ceramics present in each class of sites. The range is from 0 to 23%. Problems with comparing the frequencies or percentages of intrusive wares have been demonstrated by Pi lies(1978). Alternatively, he looked at the number of intrusive pottery types rather than frequencies and was able to demonstrate differences between the assemblages of ceramics from excavated field houses and domestic sites in the Northern Sinagua area. The number o f a l l p o ttery types and the number o f in tru s iv e •* types have been c a lc u la te d fo r each o f the Bald H ill s ite s and are presented in Table 6.12. The number of sherds in each collection is also shown in this table. Although it is clear that the size of the collection will in flu en ce the number o f ceramic types in the c o lle c tio n the data in Table 6.12 follow a very irregular progression. This 81 TABLE 6 .2 CLASS I.A CERAMICS 17 327 334 336 339 345 349 356 403 404 o — ? ? VERDE BROWN 0 -2 -0 0 -2 -0 1 1 0 -1 -0 0 -1 -0 0 -2 -0 I 1 ? ? TUZIGOOT PLAIN o o 0 -1 -0 o o 1-4-0 1-1-0 3 -5 -0 1-0-1 0 - 3-10-0 4-0 BALD HILL BROWN 0 -5 -0 1-3-0 0 -1 -0 0 - 3-0 0 -8 -0 1- 9-0 1-8-0 WINGFIELD PLAIN SUNSET BROWN 1- 0-0 0 -0 -1 KINNIKINICK PLAIN 0-1 -0 ASH CREEK BROWN TIZON BROWN DIABLO BROWN HARTLEY PLAIN DEADMANS GRAY CLEAR CREEK BROWN UNIDENTIFIED PLAIN o-o-V WORKED SHERDS . FIGURINES TUSAYAN GRAY WARE 0 -0 -1 KANA'A B/W 1-0 -0 BLACK MESA B/W FLAGSTAFF B/W TUSAYAN B/W TUSAYAN CORR. MOENKOPI CORR. L IT T L E COLORADO WW 0 -0 -1 HOLBROOK B/W PADRE B/W CHEVELON B /U WALNUT B/W L IT T L E COLORADO CORR. TSEGI ORANGE 1-0-1 TSEGI RED/OR. JEDDITO B/OR. WINSLOW ORANGE 0 -2 -0 WINSLOW POLYCHROME JEDDITO PLAIN JEDDITO YELLOW DEADMANS 8/R E D HOHOKAM BUFFWARE SITE TOTALS BY FORM 0 - 10-() 0-2-C ) 0-2-0 2-7-0 1-2-C) 4-10-1 1-2 -0 2 -9 -5 2-1 4 -0 1 4-21-0 SITE TOTALS 10 2 2 9 3 15 3 16 16 25 Key to vessel form: BOWL-JAR-OTHER/INDETERMINATE 82 TABL-E-6*.2 CLASS I.A CERAMICS— Continued ------TOTAL BY 4 0 5 4 0 7 4 0 9 4 1 2 4 2 5 4 6 1 4 6 2 4 6 3 4 6 5 4 8 4 FORM 1rOTAL VERDE BROWN 3 - 0 - 1 0 - 1 - 0 0 - 3 - 0 0 - 1 - 0 0 - 3 - 0 0 - 1 - 1 0 - 0 - 1 0 - 1 - 0 0 - 6 - 0 0 - 1 - 0 1 - 2 7 - 3 31 TUZ1GOOT PLAIN 3 - 4 - 1 0 - 7 - 0 3 - 9 - 0 1 - 3 - 1 1 - 6 - 0 1 - 1 1 - 1 0 - 1 - 0 0 - 0 - 1 4 - 0 -1 6 7 - -1 0 2 2 - 9 2 - 6 1120 BALD HILL BROWN 0 - 4 - 0 0 - 8 - 0 0 - 9 - 0 0 - 6 - 0 3 - 7 - 0 3 - 5 - 0 0 - 1 6 - 0 5 - 1 4- 0 4 - 01 1 5 - 1 3 7 - 1 153 WINGFIELD PLAIN 0 - 0 - 1 0 - 0 - 1 1 SUNSET BROWN 0 - 2 - 0 2 - 0 - 0 3 - 2 - 1 6 KINNIKINICK PLAIN 0 - 1 - 0 0 - 2 - 0 2 ASH CREEK BROWN 0 - 1 - 0 0 - 1 - 0 1 T IZ O N BROWN DIABLO BROWN HARTLEY PLAIN DEADMANS GRAY CLEAR CREEK BROWN UNIDENTIFIED PLAIN 0 - 0 - 1 ^ 1 WORKED SHERDS FIGURINES TUSAYAN GRAY WARE 1 - 0 - 0 1 - 0 - 1 2 | K A N A 'A B/W BLACK MESA B/W 1 - 0 - 0 1 | FLAGSTAFF B/W TUSAYAN B/W - TUSAYAN CORR. MOENKOPI CORR. LITTLE COLORADO WW 1 - 0 - 0 4 - 1 - 1 5 - 1 - 2 8 HOLBROOK B/W PADRE B/W 1 - 0 - 0 1 - 0 - 0 1 CHEVELON B/W 1 - 0 - 0 1 - 0 - 0 1 - WALNUT B /W LITTLE COLORADO CORR. TS EG I ORANGE 0 - 0 - 1 1 - 0 - 2 3 TSEGI RED/OR. JEDDITO B/OR. WINSLOW ORANGE 1 - 0 - 0 1-0* *0 1-0-0 3 - 2 - 0 5 WINSLOW POLYCHROME JEDDITO PLAIN JEDDITO YELLOW DEADMANS B/RED HOHOKAM BUFFWARE S IT E TOTALS BY FORM 3 - 8 - 2 : 0 - 1 6 - 0 5 - 2 1 - 1 2 - 4 - 1 1 - 1 5 - 0 ► 5 - 2 1 - 3 4 - 6 - 1 1-17-1 16-70-3 ! 1 - 7 - 0 5 4 - 2 6 4 - 1 6 3 3 6 SITE TOTALS 1 3 16 2 7 7 16 2 9 11 89 8 9 8 Key to vessel form: BOWL-JIAR-OTHE R dRINIK T E R M llNATE 83 TABLE 6 .3 CLASS I.B CERAMICS TOTAL 16 3 1 3 3 2 8 3 3 5 3 5 0 3 5 8 4 14 464 4R c RY FARM r n r s i VERDE BROWN 0 - 2 - 0 2 - 38 7 - 60 2 - 1 1 - 2 - 0 1 1 - 1 0 3 - 1 1 1 5 TUZIGOOT PLAIN 0 - 6 - 0 0 - 4 - 0 2 - 1 - 0 1 - 2 - 0 0 - 4 - 0 4 - 1 6 - 5 6 - 2 8 - 0 0 - 1 - 0 1 3 - 6 2 - 5 80 BALD HILL BROWN 0 - 2 - 0 0 - 2 - 0 0 - 4 - 0 0 - 2 - 0 0 - 3 - 0 0 - 2 - 0 3 - 22 9 - - 7 2 - 1 5 - 5 1 - 3 5 9 WINGFIELD PLAIN SUNSET BROWN 0 - 1 - 2 0 - 1 - 2 3 KINNIKINICK PLAIN ASH CREEK BROWN 0 - 0 - 1 0 - 0 - 1 1 TIZON BROWN DIABLO BROWN 1 - 0 - 0 1 - 0 - 0 1 HARTLEY PLAIN DEADMANS GRAY CLEAR CREEK BROWN UNIDENTIFIED PLAIN WORKED SHERDS FIGURINES TUSAYAN GRAY WARE 1 - 0 - 0 1 - 0 - 0 1 - 0 - 1 3 - 0 - 1 4 K A N A 'A B /W BLACK MESA B/W 1 - 0 - 0 1 - 0 - 0 1 FLAGSTAFF B/W TUSAYAN B/W TUSAYAN CORR. MOENKOPI CORR. LITTLE COLORADO WW 1 - 0 - 0 1 - 0 - 0 2 - 0 - 0 . 2 HOLBROOK B/W P A D R E B /W CHEVELON B/W W A L N U T B /W 1 - 0 - 0 1 - 0 - 0 1 LITTLE COLORADO CORR. TSEGI ORANGE TSEGI RED/OR. JEDDITO B/OR. WINSLOW ORANGE 1 - 0 ^ 0 0 - 1 - 0 7 - 0 - 1 8 - 1 - 1 10 WINSLOW POLYCHROME JEDDITO PLAIN JEDDITO YELLOW DEADMANS B/RED HOHOKAM BUFFWARE SITE TOTALS BY FORM 0 - 8 - 0 2 - 8 - 0 3 - 6 - 0 0 - 2 - 0 2 - 5 - 0 0 - 6 - 0 1 8 - 8 3 - 1 0 1 9 - 9 7 - 4 1-3-0 4S-2I8-I4 2 7 7 SITE TOTALS 8 10 9 2 7 6 111 1 2 0 4 2 7 7 Key to form: BOWL-JAR-OTHER/ INDETERMINATE 84 TABLE 6 .4 CLASS I.C CERAMICS 314 326 330 332 337 ■ 338 341 346 347 VERDE BROUN 0 - 1 3 -0 0 - 0 -1 0 - 2 -0 0 - 3-1 0 - 1 -0 7-8 1-6 57 TUZIGOOT PLAIN 0 - 2 0 -2 3-3 -0 1- 8 -0 0 - 2 -0 3- 1 0 -0 1- 1-1 2 - 11-1 5 -1 2 -1 4 7-1 5-0 BALD HILL BROWN 0 - 12-1 0 - 2 -0 0 - 0 -1 1- 4-0 0 -3 -0 0 - 3 -0 WINGFIELD PLAIN 0 - 1 -0 0 - 1-1 0 - 1 -0 1- 2 -0 0 -1 -3 SUNSET BROWN 1- 1 -0 KINNIKINICK PLAIN 0 - 1 -0 ASH CREEK BROWN 2 -5 -3 TIZON BROWN 0 - 1-1 DIABLO BROWN hartley p l a in - DEADMANS GRAY 0 - 1 -0 CLEAR CREEK BROWN UNIDENTIFIED PLAIN 0 - 0 - 2 ®0 - 1- 0 ® 0-0-4® WORKED SHERDS 0 - 0 -2 FIGURINES 0 - 0 -1 TUSAYAN GRAY WARE 2 - 1-1 0 - 1-1 1- 0 - 0 2 6 -6 -7 KANA'A B/W 1- 0 - 0 BLACK MESA B/W 1- 0 - 0 1- 0 - 0 FLAGSTAFF B/W TUSAYAN B/W TUSAYAN CORR. 0 - 1 -0 0 -4 -0 MOENKOPI CORR. LITTLE COLORADO WW 11 1- 0 - 0 4 -1 -0 1- 0 -0 3- 0 - 0 3- 0 - 0 HOLBROOK B/W 2 - 1 -0 PADRE B/W CHEVELON B/W WALNUT B/W 0 - 1 -0 LITTLE COLORADO CORR. TSEGI ORANGE 0 - 0 -1 0 - 1 -0 TSEGI RED/OR. JEDDITO 8 /OR. WINSLOW ORANGE 0 - 0 -1 2 -0 -3 WINSLOW POLYCHROME JEDDITO PLAIN 0 - 1 -0 JEDDITO YELLOW DEADMANS B/RED 0 - 0 -1 HOHOKAM BUFFWARE 0 —0 —2 SITE TOTALS BY FORM 3 -4 9 -7 3-7-1 3-9-1 0-4-1 12- 2 8 -2 2 - 1-1 6 - 1 5 -2 4 7 - 1 0 8 -6 9 8 8 - 1 9 -0 59 11 SITE TOTALS 13 5 42 4 23 853 2 7 LK#Y to vessel form: BOWL-JAR-OTHER/INDETERMINATE 85 TABLE 6 .4 CLASS I.C CERAMICS— Continued TOTAL 355 357 406 415 BY FORM TOTAL VERDE BROWN 0 -1 -0 0 -3 -0 0 -2 -0 7-106-659 772 TUZIGOOT PLAIN 1-1 -0 4 -9 -0 3-13-0 2 -3 -0 32-108-18 158 BALD HILL BROWN 1-7 -0 • 1-3-0 2-4-0 0-13-2 5 -5 1 -4 60 WINGFIELD PLAIN 0 -1 -1 0 -1 -0 1 -8 -5 14 SUNSET BROWN 0 -1 -0 0 -1 -0 1-3-0 4 KINNIKINICK PLAIN 0 -1 -0 0 -0 -1 0 -1 -0 0 -3 -1 4 ASH CREEK BROWN 2 -5 -3 10 TIZON BROWN 0 -1 -1 2 DIABLO BROWN HARTLEY PLAIN DEADMANS GRAY 0 -1 -0 1 CLEAR CREEK BROWN UNIDENTIFIED PLAIN 0-1-6® 7 WORKED SHERDS 0 -0 -2 2 FIGURINES 0-0 -1 1 TUSAYAN GRAY WARE 1-0-0 30 -8-9 47 KANA'A B/W 1-0-0 1 BLACK MESA B/W 1-0-0 3 -0 -0 3 FLAGSTAFF B/W 1-0 -0 1 -0 -0 1 TUSAYAN B/W TUSAYAN CORR. 0-1-0 0-6-0 6 MOENKOPI CORR. LITTLE COLORADO WW 1-1-0 9 -2 -1 23-4-1 28 HOLBROOK B/W 1-0-0 2 -1 -0 6 -2 -0 8 PADRE B/W CHEVELON B/W WALNUT B/W 4 -1 -0 4 -2 -0 6 LITTLE COLORADO CORR. 1 -0 -0 1-0 -0 1 TSEGI ORANGE 0 -1 -1 2 TSEGI RED/OR. JEDDITO B/OR. WINSLOW ORANGE 1-0 -0 0 -2 -1 3 -2 -5 10 WINSLOW POLYCHROME o ? JEDDITO PLAIN i 1 JEDDITO YELLOW DEADMANS B/RED 0 -0 -1 1 HOHOKAM BUFFWARE 0 -0 -2 2 SITE TOTALS BY FORM 2-10-CI 8-14-1 24-27-2 2 -2 2 -3 120-313-719 1152 12 SITE TOTALS 23 53 27 1152 Key to vessel form: BOWL-JAR-OTHER/INDETERMINATE 86 TABLE 6 .5 CLASS I.D CERAMICS 14 TOTALS VERDE BROWN 0™11-0 11 TUZIGOOT PLAIN 0 -1 1 -0 • 11 BALD HILL BROWN 0 -1 9 -0 19 WINGFIELD PLAIN SUNSET BROWN KINNIKINICK PLAIN 0 -6 -0 6 ASH CREEK BROWN TIZON BROWN DIABLO BROWN HARTLEY PLAIN 0 -2 -0 2 DEADMANS GRAY CLEAR CREEK BROWN UNIDENTIFIED PLAIN WORKED SHERDS FIGURINES TUSAYAN GRAY WARE KANA'A B/W BLACK MESA B/W FLAGSTAFF B/W TUSAYAN B/W TUSAYAN CORR. MOENKOPI CORR. LITTLE COLORADO WW HOLBROOK B/W PADRE B/W CHEVELON B/W WALNUT B/W LITTLE COLORADO CORR, TSEGI ORANGE TSEGI RED/OR. JEDDITO B/OR. WINSLOW ORANGE 0 -2 -0 2 WINSLOW POLYCHROME JEDDITO PLAIN JEDDITO YELLOW DEADMANS B/RED HOHOKAM BUFFWARE SITE TOTALS BY FORM 0 -5 1 -0 51 SITE TOTALS 51 Key to vessel form: BOWL-JAR-OTHER/INDETERMINATE 87 TABLE 6 .6 CLASS II.A CERAMICS TOTAL BY 18 343 348 460 FORM TOTAL VERDE BROWN 5 -1 8 -0 0-14-0 5-32-0 37 TUZIGOOT PLAIN 1-4-0 l<3-124-12 1-2-0 0 -5 -7 45-135-19 199 BALD HILL BROWN 0 -4 -0 4 -5 5 -0 4 -8 -0 3 -6 7 -0 75 WINGFIELD PLAIN 4 -0 -3 0 -3 -0 4 -3 -3 10 SUNSET BROWN 2 -2 -1 1-0-0 3-2 -1 6 KINNIKINICK PLAIN 0 -7 -0 0 -7 -0 7 ASH CREEK BROWN TIZON BROWN DIABLO BROWN HARTLEY PLAIN DEADMANS GRAY CLEAR CREEK BROWN UNIDENTIFIED PLAIN 0 -2 -0 C 0 -2 -0 ^ 2 WORKED SHERDS 0 -0 -2 0 -0 -2 2 FIGURINES TUSAYAN GRAY WARE 2 -0 -4 1-0-0 3 -0 -4 7 KAN A* A B/W BLACK MESA B/W 2-0-0 2-0-0 2 FLAGSTAFF B/W 1 -0 -0 1-0-0 1 TUSAYAN B/W 4 -0 -0 • 4 -0 -0 4 TUSAYAN CORR. 0 -0 -5 0 -0 -5 5 MOENKOPI CORR. 0 -2 -0 0 -2 -0 2 LITTLE COLORADO WW 4 -0 -6 4 -0 -6 10 HOLBROOK B/W 2 -1 -0 2 -1 -0 3 PADRE B/W CHEVELON B/W - WALNUT B/W 0 -1 -0 6-2-0 6-3-0, 9 LITTLE COLORADO CORR. TSEGI ORANGE 4 -1 -1 4-1 -1 6 TSEGI RED/OR. JEDDITO B/OR. WINSLOW ORANGE WINSLOW POLYCHROME JEDDITO PLAIN 0-2-0 8-0-0 8-2-0 10 JEDDITO YELLOW 1-0-2 1-0-2 • 3 DEADMANS B/RED HOHOKAM BUFFWARE 1-11-0 SITE TOTALS BY FORM 83-212-34 1-4 -0 15-30-9 100-257-43I 400 S ITE TOTALS 12 329 5 , 54 400 Key to vessel form: BOWL-JAR-OTHER/INDETERMINATE 88 TABLE 6 .7 CLASS II.B CERAMICS TOTAL BY 323 353 354 360 FORM TOTAL VERDE BROWN O -O -l 0 -1 2 -1 0 -3 -0 (3-15-2 17 TUZIGOOT PLAIN (1-17-0 5 -2 8 -5 l!5-4 0-6 1-2-2 :27-87-13 127 BALD HILL BROWN 0 -2 -0 2 -2 4 -5 3-15-1 (3-7-0 5 -4 8 -6 59 WINGFIELD PLAIN 1-1-0 1 -0 -0 i0 -1 -0 13-1-0 2 -3 -0 5 SUNSET BROWN 0-1-0 2-4-0 13-1 -0 2 -6 -0 8 KINNIKINICK PLAIN ASH CREEK BROWN TIZON BROWN 0 -0 -7 0 -0 -7 7 DIABLO BROWN HARTLEY PLAIN DEADMANS GRAY CLEAR CREEK BROWN 0 -0 -1 0 -0 -1 1 UNIDENTIFIED PLAIN 0 -0 -1 ^ 0 -0 -1 * 1 WORKED SHERDS FIGURINES 0 -0 -1 0 -0 -1 1 TUSAYAN GRAY WARE 5-3 -1 0 -0 -1 5 -3 -2 10 KAMA* A B/W BLACK MESA B/W 2 -0 -0 2 -0 -0 2 FLAGSTAFF B/W - TUSAYAN B/W TUSAYAN CORR. 0 -0 -1 0 -1 -0 0 -1 -1 2 MOENKOPI CORR. L IT T L E COLORADO WW 0 -2 -0 2 -0 -0 2 -2 -0 4 HOLBROOK B/W 2 -0 -0 1-0-0 3 -0 -0 3 PADRE B/W 1-0-0 1-0-0 1 CHEVELON B/W WALNUT B/W 1-0-0 1-0-0 2-0-0. 2 L IT T L E COLORADO CORR. TSEGI ORANGE 0 -0 -1 0 -0 -1 1 TSEGI RED/OR. 1-0-0 0 -0 -1 1-0-1 2 O ? JEODITO B/OR. 0 -1 -0 I 1 WINSLOW ORANGE WINSLOW POLYCHROME JEDOITO PLAIN JEODITO YELLOW DEADMANS B/RED HOHOKAM BUFFWARE S IT E TOTALS BY FORM 11-21-1! 15-70-22 23-63-1 0 3-12- 2 52-166-31j 254 SITE TOTALS 34 107 96 17 254 K»v tn formr ROWI-.IflR-flTHFR/INnFTFRMINATF 89 TABLE 6 .8 CLASS I I I.A CERAMICS TOTAL BY - 15 453 454 455 FORM TOTAL VERDE BROWN 0 -2 -0 0 -1 -0 0 -1 -0 0 -1 -0 0 -5 -0 5 TUZIGOOT PLAIN 0 -1 1 -0 5 -7 -0 2 3 -6 -0 12-2-2 40-26-2 68 BALD HILL BROWN 0 -3 -0 2 -1 -0 0 -1 -0 2 -5 -0 7 WINGFIELD PLAIN SUNSET BROWN KINNIKINICK PLAIN 1-0 -0 1-0-0 1 ASH CREEK BROWN 2 -0 -0 2 -0 -0 2 TIZON BROWN 0 -0 -1 0 -0 -1 1 DIABLO BROWN HARTLEY PLAIN DEADMANS GRAY CLEAR CREEK BROWN UNIDENTIFIED PLAIN WORKED SHERDS FIGURINES TUSAYAN GRAY WARE KAMA'A B/W BLACK MESA B/W FLAGSTAFF B/W TUSAYAN B/W TUSAYAN CORR. l MOENKOPI CORR. LITTLE COLORADO WW HOLBROOK B/W ' PADRE B/W • CHEVELON B/W WALNUT B/W LITTLE COLORADO CORR. TSEGI ORANGE TSEGI RED/OR. JEDDITO B/OR. WINSLOW ORANGE WINSLOW POLYCHROME JEDDITO PLAIN JEDDITO YELLOW DEADMANS B/RED HOHOKAM BUFFWARE SITE TOTALS BY FORM 0 -1 6 -0 9-9-0 24-8-1 12-3-2 45- 3 6 -3 84 SITE TOTALS 16 10 33 17 84 Key to vessel form: BOWL-JAR-OTHER/INDETERMINATE 90 TABLE 6 .9 CLASS III.B CERAMICS 342 TOTAL VERDE BROWN TUZICOOT PLAIN 15-14-0 29 . BALD HILL BROWN 0 -2 -0 2 WINGFIELD PLAIN SUNSET BROWN KINNIKINICK PLAIN ASH CREEK BROWN 0 -1 -0 1 TIZON BROWN DIABLO BROWN 0 -1 -0 1 HARTLEY PLAIN DEADMANS GRAY CLEAR CREEK BROWN UNIDENTIFIED PLAIN WORKED SHERDS FIGURINES 0 -0 -1 1 TUSAYAN GRAY WARE 2 -0 -0 2 KANA'A B/W BLACK MESA B/W FLAGSTAFF B/W TUSAYAN B/W 1-0-0 1 TUSAYAN CORR. MOENKOPI CORR. LITTLE COLORADO WW HOLBROOK B/W PADRE B/W CHEVELON B/W WALNUT B/W LITTLE COLORADO CORR. TSEGI ORANGE TSEGI RED/OR. JEDDITO B/OR. WINSLOW ORANGE 3 -0 -0 3 WINSLOW POLYCHROME 4 -0 -0 4 JEDDITO PLAIN JEDDITO YELLOW DEADMANS B/RED HOHOKAM BUFFWARE SITE TOTALS BY FORM 25-18-1 44 44 SITE TOTALS Key to vessel form: BOWL-JAR-OTHER/INDETERMINATE 91 TABLE 6 .10 CLASS IV.A CERAMICS TOTAL 309. 310 311 312 411 BY FORM TOTAL VERDE BROWN 0 -1 -0 3 -2 7 -0 3-2 8 -0 31 TUZIGOOT PLAIN 0-1-0 0-1-0 * 3 -5 -2 3 -7 -2 12 BALD HILL BROWN 1-4-1 0 -2 -0 1 -6 -1 8 WINGFIELD PLAIN 0 -1 -0 0 -1 -0 1 SUNSET BROWN KINNIKINICK PLAIN ASH CREEK BROWN 0 -0 -2 0 -0 -2 2 TIZON BROWN DIABLO BROWN 1 HARTLEY PLAIN DEADMANS GRAY CLEAR CREEK BROWN UNIDENTIFIED PLAIN WORKED SHERDS FIGURINES TUSAYAN GRAY WARE 1 -0 -0 1-0 -0 1 KANA’ A B/W BLACK MESA B/W 1 -0 -0 1 -0 -0 1 FLAGSTAFF 8/W TUSAYAN B/W TUSAYAN CORR. MOENKOPI CORR. LITTLE COLORADO WW 1-0-0 1-0 -0 1 HOLBROOK B/W PADRE B/W 0 -1 -0 0 -1 -0 1 CHEVELON B/W WALNUT B/W LITTLE COLORADO CORR. TSEGI ORANGE TSEGI RED/OR. JEDDITO B/OR. WINSLOW ORANGE 0-0-2 0-0-2 2 . WINSLOW POLYCHROME JEDDITO PLAIN 0 -0 -1 0-0-1 1 JEDDITO YELLOW DEADMANS B/RED HOHOKAM BUFFVARE SITE TOTALS BY FORM 0 -1 -0 1 -5 -4 2 -3 -0 1-0 -0 6-34-4 10-43-8 61 SITE TOTALS 1 10 5 1 44 61 Key to form: BOWL-JAR-OTHER/INDETERMINATE 92 TABLE 6.11 SUMMARY OF CERAMIC DATA FOR EACH SITE CLASS I.ALB I.C I.D i i .a ; II.B III.A III.B IV.A. TOTAL VERDE BROWN 31 115 772 11 - 37. 17 5 31 1019 TUZIGOOT PLAIN 120 80' 158. 11 29 199 127 68 12 804 BALD HILL BROWN 153 59 60. 19 2 75 59 7 8 442 WINGFIELD PLAIN 1 14 10 5 1 31 SUNSET BROWN 6 3 i* 6 8 27 KINNIKINICK PLAIN 2 4 6 7 1 20 ASH CREEK BROWN l 1 10 1 2 2 17 TIZON BROWN 2 7 9 DIABLO BROWN 1 1 1 3 HARTLEY PLAIN 2 2 DEADMANS GRAY 1 1 CLEAR CREEK BROWN 1 1 UNIDENTIFIED PLAIN ,A 7B 2C l l 11 WORKED SHERDS 2 2 4 FIGURINES 1 1 1 3 TUSAYAN GRAY WARE 2 4 47 2 7 10 1 73 KAMA'A B/W 1 1 BLACK MESA B/W 1 1 3 2 2 1 10 FLAGSTAFF B/W 1 1 2 TUSAYAN B/W 1 4 5 TUSAYAN CORR. 6 5 2 13 MOENKOPI CORR. 2 2 LITTLE COLORADO WW 8 2 28 10 4 1 53 HOLBROOK B/W 8 3 3 14 PADRE B/W 1 1 1 3 CHEVELON B/W 1 1 WALNUT B/W 1 6 9 2 18 LITTLE COLORADO CORR. 1 1 TSEGI ORANGE 3 2 6 1 12 TSEGI RED/OR. 2 2 JEDOITO B/OR. I 1 WINSLOW ORANGE 5 10 10 2 3 2 32 WINSLOW POLYCHROME 4 4 JEDDITO PLAIN 1 10 1 12 JEDDITO YELLOW 3 3 DEADMANS B/RED 1 , 1 HOHOKAM BUFFWARE 2 2 TOTALS BY SITE CLASS 336 277 1152 51 44 400 254 84 61 2659 93 TABLE 6.12 NUMBER OF ALL TYPES AND INTRUSIVE TYPES OF CERAMICS AT EACH SITE. GROUPED BY SITE CLASS # # OF # OF # # OF # OF SITE OF ALL INTRUSIVE SITE OF ALL INTRUSIVE NUMBER SHERDS TYPES TYPES NUMBER SHERDS TYPES TYPES i 32? 2 2 0 406 53 14 8 334 2 2 0 314 59 10 4 339 3 2 0 346 853 17 8 349 3 2 0 l.D 14 6 412 7 3 1 51 1 II.A 348 2 1 484 8 3 o 5 18 12 336 9 2 0 4 1 460 54 8 - 17 10 4 1 3 462 11 4 1 343 329 17 10 405 13 3 0 II.B 360 17 6 2 34 345 15 5 1 323 9 5 354 96 10 4 356 16 7 2 403 16 4 1 353 107 13 5 407 16 3 0 1 II.A 15 16 3 0 425 16 3 0 455 17 2 0 10 463 19 4 1 453 4 0 454 40 4 25 4 0 33 5 0 409 27 6 3 III.B 342 44 9 4 461 29 6 1 IV.A 465 89 8 2 309 1 1 0 312 1 1 1 i 335 2 1 o 311 5 4 2 485 4 2 o 310 10 4 2 358 6 2 0 411 44 5 1 350 7 3 0 16 8 2 0 328 9 4 2 313 10 5 2 414 111 7 3 - 464 120 7 3 : 338 4 2 1 332 5 3 0 326 11 4 0 355 12 4 0 330 13 5 2 341 23 6 3 357 23 6 3 347 2? 4 2 415 27 6 1 337 42 10 5 94 suggests th a t the number o f types is i n f 1uenced by s ite class as w e ll. The number o f a l l types and in tru s iv e types was averaged fo r each s ite class. The average number and range of ceramic types for each site class are presented in Table 6.13. The significance of these figures w ill be discussed in Chapter 9. Vessel Form The ceramic counts for each site which are presented in Tables 6.2 to 6.10 include vessel form if it was possible to determine i t . The most common vessel form appears to have been the j a r fo r most sites although there are several exceptions. More bowl than jar sherds are present at the Class III.A and III.B cavate and c liff dwelling sites, and there are more indeterminate sherds than either bowls or jars at Site 346, a Class I.C multiple structure site. There is a real distinction between the assigned vessel form of plainware sherds and intrusive, decorated sherds. The plainwares, with the exception of those sites already mentioned, are generally classed as jars based on the shape of the sherd and the condition of its interior surface. The intrusive sherds, many of which have decorated interior surfaces, are classed as bowls. If the wares being called intrusives are indeed tradewares, the predominance of bowls over jars seems logical since it is probably easier to transport bowls since they can be nested. The high jar to bowl ratio present at most sites is difficult to interpret given the nature of the sample. 95 TABLE 6 .1 3 AVERAGE NUMBER OF CERAMIC TYPES FOR EACH SITE CLASS AVE.# RANGE SITE AVE.# AVE.# RANGE INTRUSIVE INTRUSIVE CLASS SHERDS ALL TYPES ALL TYPES TYPES TYPES I.A 16.8 3.85 2 -8 0 .7 0 -3 I.B 30.8 3.67 1-7 1.1 0-3 CO CNl I.C 88.6 7 2 -17 0 -8 I.D 51 6 6 1 1 II.A. 100 7.75 2-17 3.75 1-10 1 I.B 63.5 9 .5 6-13 4 2-5 11 I.A 21 3.5 2 -5 0 0 I I I.B 44 9 9 ' 4 4 IV.A 12.2 3 1-5 1.2 0-2 CHAPTER 7 LITHICS The lith ic assemblage at any archaeological site may reflect one or more of the following activities; primary reduction, secondary reduction, tool modification and/or tool use (Rozen 1979). Differing proportions of retouched tools, flakes, cores, debitage and debris are believed to be indicative of these different activities. Of course, it is often not possible to determine the full range of lithic activities that took place at any site due to natural and cultural disturbance processes. The placement of the collection units, the intensity of unit inspection and the maximum and minimum size of artifacts collected introduces biases that are difficult, if not impossible, to detect and explain. Given the problems with the Bald H ill collections, especially sample size in the case of most sites, the lithics have been grouped together by site class for study. Forty-seven lith ic collections have been examined representing 6 classes of sites. There are three classes of sites with structures, Classes I.A, I.B, and I.C, the two classes of processing sites, II.A and II. B , and a sin g le sherd and l i t h i c s c a tte r , Class IV.A . The collection strategy employed and the overall size of the site have probably been more instrum ental in determ ining the number o f a r t if a c t s collected from each site than the actual density of artifacts. The 96 97 average number of lithic artifacts collected by the different sampling strategies are: Grab Collection 8.2 lithics/site 6% Random Linear 28.0 lithics/site 6% Random Radial 137.8 lithics/site (refer back to Table 4.2 ). There are 18 grab collections with 1 ithics, 17 6% random lin e a r and 12 6% random radial collections. Fortunately all three collection strategies were used within each site class which means that even if the biases are complex, they are sim ilar for each site class. The average number of lith ic artifacts per site seems to vary directly with the average site size for the Class I and Class II sites (see Table 7.1). The fact that the average number of lithic product groups represented in each site class does nor vary directly with the average number of lithic artifacts collected for each site (Table 7.1) is interesting. The average number of lith ic product groups for each site class should serve as an index of the number of activities represented in the material culture. This idea is based on the index of diversity as used by Fish (1976). It was calculated by adding together the number of product groups present at the sites with lith ic artifacts in each class and then dividing the total number of product groups by the number of sites with lith ic collections in that class. The ranking of the sites according to this average is used to interpret the site class data in Chapter 9. 98 TABLE 7.1 LITHIC COLLECTIONS BY SITE CLASS Vli CO CO % N h- Hi h- UJ UJ Hi — =%= O H ix l O H U J h - H - CD CO o < — CD O < — OOOCO — < —i — Ll CO ^ — li- CO ^ — 3 a_ CO CC UJ ^ < IC — OC 3Z — 111 h-CN H H H cx: LU H H qe: UJ H O O QC > — E O — LU > — Qd y j > — QC oc UJ < CO ^ h - - * < ^ < < CL < - J Q . CD CL CLASS I A 550m2 150 8.8 4.2 I B 990m2 184 2 6 .3 5:7 I C 3083m2 497 35.5 5 .4 II A 1790m2 174 58 8 .7 II .B 43,480m2 1098 219.6 9 .8 IV .A 1294m2 173 173 8.0 99 Lithic Product Groups The Bald Hill lithics were sorted into cores, uni faces, bi faces, several classes o f debitage and d eb ris. The amount o f l i t h i c debris and debitage found at archaeological sites usually far exceeds the number of recognizable retouched tools. The lith ic assemblages from Bald Hill are no exception. A modified version of the debitage and debris typology developed by Sullivan (1980) was used to define 8 lith ic product groups. Debris and debitage are studied since the chance that they w ill remain at the location of their production is strong (Sullivan 1980). Cores, uni faces and bifaces are divided on the basis of the presence or absence of cortical surfaces and so form the six other product groups used to classify the artifacts. The fourteen product groups are listed below. Each is briefly described. 1. Complete, non-cortical flake Whole fla k e s , these are rare 2. Complete, cortical flake 3. Broken, non-cortlcal flake A broken flake has the bulb of percussion visible 4. Broken, cortical flake 5. Non-cortical flake fragment The interior surface can be detected but the bulb of 6. Cortical flake fragment percussion is not present 7. Non-cortical debris Any piece of chipped stone on which neither the interior 8. Cortical debris surface nor the bulb of percussion are detectable 9. Non-cortical core Negative bulb of percussion or o th e r evidence th a t one or 10. C o rtic a l core more fla k e s have been driven o f f 100 11. Uni facial retouch, Includes fla k e and core non-cortical tools 12. Uni facial retouch, cortical 13. Bifacial retouch, Includes flake and core non-cortical tools and p r o je c tile 14. Bifacial retouch, cortical points The raw material and weight of each lithic artifact were also recorded. The data for each site are presented in Tables 7.2 to 7.7. Tables 7.8 and 7.9 present a summary of the lith ic data for each site class and are the tables referred to most often in the subsequent discussion. Although there are 14 categories, the lith ic product groups, into which the lithics were classified, only 17 of the 47 lithic collections (3&%) had fourteen or more artifacts. This seems to further justify the grouping of the lithic data by site class rather than individual1y. Lithic Act?vities The lith ic industry represented in the collections from Bald seems to have been a "d iscard industry" (Nelson, Rugge and LeBlanc 1978) wherein flake tools were easily produced, seldom retouched, used for a specific task and then discarded. This con cl us i on is based on the presence of most of the 14 product groups at each site class and on the poor quality of the artifacts. Expedience seems to have been a more important concern than the form or style of the artifacts. Most of the uni facially arid bifacially retouched tools are crude by any standards due to the poor quality of the raw materials, the lack 101 TABLE 7 .2 CLASS I.A LITHICS BROKEN FLAKE I FLAKE FLAKE FRAG. DEBRIS CORE UN I FACE BI FACE TOT .+ - . + - . + - + 327 1 3 336 2 3 339 1 1 345 1 6 8 28 349 4 13 : 8 28 356 1 1 3 404 2 5 1 14 405 1 3 3 12 407 1 1 4 409 3 7 412 3 2 11 425 2 2 8 461 2 5 462 1 1 463 4 465 5 15 484 2 _ 3 TOTAL 150 - = w ith o u t co rtex + = with cortex 102 TABLE 7 .3 CLASS I.B LITHICS BROKEN FLAKE FLAKE FLAKE FRAG. DEBRIS CORE UNI FACE BIFACE TOT ...... - + + + - . + . .T . . . ;+ - + + 328 1 3 2 1 7 335 1 1 1 1 4 350 1 4 9 4 1 1 1 2 2 25 358 1 1 414 9 5 15 2 32 15 1 14 5 1 99 464 9 3 5 ] 11 6 5 3 43 485 1 1 5 CM TOTALS 1 19 11 26 3 56 27 2 2 3 - 184 - = w ithout cortex + = with cortex 103 TABLE 7.4 CLASS I.C LITHICS BROKEN FLAKE FLAKE FLAKE FRAG. DEBRIS CORE UN 1 FACE B1 FACE TOT + t + + + + + 314 1 4 5 4 6 1 13 6 1 2 2 45 326 1 ' 3 2 1 1 2 1 1 12 330 4 1 1 6 331 4 4 332 1 3 4 337 11 5 1 2 1 2 1 23 338 1 1 341 1 6 4 2 13 346 1 14 13 1 4 137 72 2 4 46 4 9 307 347 3 4 2 17 15 2 2 6 1 52 355 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 10 t 357 1 3 1 5 406 1 1 2 415 2 1 1 4 2 3 13 TOTALS 1 5 28 28 11 9 196 113 5 7 66 7 16 5 497 - = w ithout cortex + = w ith cortex TABLE 7.5 CLASS II.A LITHICS BROKEN FLAKE FLAKE FLAKE FRAG. DEBRIS CORE UN 1 FACE B1 FACE TOT H - + + 4 4 4 4 343 13 2 2 35 50 2 4 14 4 2 4 132 348 1 1 1 1 11 3 1 4 1 24 460 4 2 1 1 3 1 18 TOTALS 18 5 4 1 53 53 3 £ 17 5 3 4 174 TABLE 7.6 CLASS II.B LITHICS BROKEN FLAKE FLAKE FLAKE FRAG. DEBRIS CORE UN 1 FACE BIFACE TOT 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 323 2 2 3 2 2 1 1 13 329 1 1 5 4 1 1 13 353 1 76 45 46 16 337 146 10 20 95 27 12 4 835 354 2 19 8 9 7 42 27 3 4 10 3 2 136 360 7 8 4 41 11 4 7 11 5 2 1 101 TOTALS 3 105 62 61 23 428 190 17 31 118 36 18 6 1091 TABLE 7 .7 CLASS IV.A LITHICS BROKEN FLAKE FLAKE FLAKE FRAG. DEBRIS CORE UNI FACE B1 FACE TOT 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 411 13 5 7 3 115 20 4 6 173 - = without cortex + = with cortex 105 TABLE 7 .8 SUMMARY OF LITHICS BY SITE CLASS Frequencies and percentages are given. BROKEN FLAKE FLAKE FLAKE FRAG. DEBRIS CORE UN 1 FACE BIFACE TOTAL .+ - + + + + + + I.A 1 1 16 13 5 5 46 20 5 23 5 2 150 % ' 1 1 11 9 3 3 31 13 3 16 5 3 1 LB 1 20 11 26 3 56 27 2 2 22 11 3 184 % 11 6 14 2 30 15 1 1 12 6 2 I.C 1 5 28;. 28 11 9 196 113 5 7 66 7 16 5 497 % t 1 6 6 2 2 40 23 1 1 13 1 3 1 II.A 18 5 4 1 53 53 3 8 17 5 3 4 174 % 10 3 2 1 30 30 2 5 10 3 2 2 II.B 3 105 62 61 23 428 190 17 31 118 36 18 6 1098 % t 10 5 5 2 39 17 2 3 11 3 2 1 IV. A 13 5 7 3 115 20 4 6 173 % 3 3 4 2 66 12 2 3 TOTALS 2 10 200 124 114 44 894 423 27 53 250 67 51 17 2276 % t 1 9 5 5 2 39 19 1 2 11 3 2 1 - = w ith o u t cortex + = with cortex t = trace 106 TABLE 7.9 SUMMARY OF LITHICS NOT USING CORTEX AS A VARIABLE Frequencies and percentages are given. BROKEN FLAKE FLAKE FLAKE FRAG. DEBRIS CORE UN 1 FACE B1 FACE TOTAL I.A 2 1% 29 19% 10 7% 66 44% 5 3% 31 21% 7 5% 150 1.B 1 t 31 17% 29 16%: ;83 45% 4 2% 33 18% 3 2% 184 I.C 6 1% 56 12% 20 4% 309 63% 12 2% 73 14% 21 4% 497 1 I.A 23 13% 5 3% 106 60% 11 7% 22 13% 7 4% 174 11.B 3 t 16? 15% 84 7% 618 56% 48 5% 154 14% 24 3% 1098 IV.A 18 1% 10 6% 135 78% 4 2%. 6 3% 173 TOTAL 12 1% 324 14% 158 7% 1317 58% 80 3% 317 14% 68 3% 2276 107 of a sophisticated lith ic technology or a lack of concern over the appearance of the finished product. The composition of a lith ic assemblage that might indicate each o f the four l i t h i c a c t iv it ie s mentioned e a r lie r has been characterized by Rozen (1979). Primary reduction. The lith ic assemblage from a site where primary reduction has taken place should include cores and/or core tools, flakes, Broken flakes, flake fragments and debris. Debris should be present in fairly high proportions (Rozen 1979). When contrasted with sites where only secondary reduction has taken place the percentage of artifacts with cortex should be higher at primary reduction sites. Flakes at a primary reduction site may also be la rg e r and one should expect more range in the weights o f the a r tifa c ts (Rozen 1979, S u lliv a n I 980). Secondary reduction. The lithics at a secondary reduction site should include retouched pieces, unfinished and broken tools, flakes, broken flakes, flake fragments and debris. If only secondary reduction took place no cores are expected. The weight of the artifacts should fall within a range narrower;-than that for a primary reduction site (Rozen 1979, S u lliv a n 1980). Tool modification and tool use. Tools w ill most likely be modified and discarded at their place of use. "...(M )ost materials on lithic sites (barring the occasional loss of a functioning artifact) probably represent what was no longer wanted by the inhabitants of the site when they left the locality" (Jelinek 1976:21). Modified tools 108 with the exception of projectile points are often difficult to accurately identify and associate with a known function. It must be remembered th a t the tool found by the arch aeo lo g ist may have been subjected to recycling and reuse and, therefore, not resemble its original form at all (Sullivan, 1980, Prison 1968, Jeltnek 1976). One would expect to find broken and exhausted tools at sites of tool m odification and use (Rozen 1979)♦ A usewear study was not undertaken fo r the Bald H ill a r t if a c t s but use is assumed since the s ite s are interpreted as activity areas. The lith ic assemblage expected at sites of modification and use may be masked by evidence of primary and/or secondary reduction when these lith ic activities co-occur. Results of the Lithic Analysis Based on the expected lith ic assemblages for each activity which were presented above, it appears that five of the six classes of sites studied could have been the location of primary reduction, secondary reduction, tool use and probably even some tool modification. The exception is the Class IV.A sherd and lith ic scatter where primary reduction seems unlikely. At the five classes of sites, Classes I.A, I.B, I.C, II.A and M.B, debris is the largest product group represented. Cores are present at each cl ass of sites and 30 to 52% of the art!facts present have a cortical surface (Table 7.10). Although most of the artifacts, 80 to 89%, weigh less than 10 grams, the range of the artifact weights i s . l to 100 grams fo r the Class I.B and II. A s ite s and .1 to 300 grams for the Class I.A, I.C, and II.B sites (Table 7.11). This is 109 TABLE 7.10 CORTICAL AND NON-CORTICAL LITHICS N CORTICAL NON-■CORTICAL I.A 150 96 64% 54 36% I.B 184 129 70% 55 30% I.C 497 ' 323 65% 174 35% II.A 174 98 56% 76 44% 1 I.B 1098 747 68% 351 52% IV. A 173 145 83% 28 17% TOTAL 2276 1538 68% 738 32% TABLE 7.1] WEIGHT OF LITHICS GROUPED BY SITE CLASS Weight measured in grams. I.A 1 .B I.C 1 I.A 11.B IV.A TOTAL 0 -0 ;9 grams 16 36 83 21 250 100 506 1-1.9 25 27 100 21 233 36 442 2 -2 .9 16 25 66 27 142 14 290 3 -3 .9 25 12 53 20 98 5 213 4 -4 .9 ' 9 15 28 13 70 3 138 5 -5 .9 8 11 25 14 58 9 125 6 -6 ,9 11 7 12 12 39 3 7 -7 .9 7 3 19 6 31 - 66 8-8 .9 2 5 15 5 37 - 64 9 -9 .9 5 6- 8 1 20 1 41 10-19.9 8 26 52 18 76 2 182 20-29.9 8 3 14 4 21 - 50 30- 39.9 2 3 7 4 10 - 26 2 40-49.9 2 2 3 6 - 15 50-99.9 4 3 7 5 2 - 21 100- 299.9 1 - 6 - 5 - 12 999+ 1 - - - - - 1 TOTAL 150 184 497 174 1098 173 2276 I l l consistent with the large range of values expected for sites where primary reduction has taken place. Secondary reduction is suggested by the presence of retouched lithics at all site classes (Tables 7.8 and 7.9). Broken flakes and flake fragments and the small range of weight values for most of the artifacts, 80 to 83%, w ith 2k to kk% weighing less than 2 grams also support the case for secondary reduction. Tool use and modification are suggested by the presence of unifacially and bifacial ly retouched flake and core tools. These tools were most lik e ly made and deposited a t the place where they were used which is consistent with the definition of a discard industry. The Class IV.A sherd and lith ic scatter site is not considered a primary reduction site because of the total lack of cores, the low percentage of cortical artifacts (17%), and the rather narrow range of weights with 171 of the 173 lith ic artifacts weighing less than 10 grams and 79% weighing less than 2 grams. This site, Site 411, has a very high percentage o f d e b ris , 78%, compared to 44 to 63% fo r the other classes of sites. It seems likely that secondary reduction and perhaps some tool modification and use took place at this site. The lack of features and structures indicate short term use of this site. Raw Materi al The lith ic raw materials found in the Bald H ill survey collections are chert, fine-grained basalt, quartzite and jasper. The q u a rtz ite and ja s p e r have been combined in the ta b u la tio n s under "other". Table 7.12 illustrates the frequencies of raw materials for 112 TABLE 7.12 LITHIC RAW MATERIALS GROUPED BY SITE TYPE CHERT BASALT OBSIDIAN OTHER TOTAL I.A 327 2 1 3 336 2 1 3 339 1 1 345 26 1 1 28 349 28 28 356 1 2 3 404 10 4 14 405 10 2 12 407 3 1 . 4 409 5 2 7 412 11 11 425 5 3 8 461 3 2 5 462 1 1 463 2 2 4 465 6 9 15 484 1 2 3 § 117 32 1 150 % 78% 21% 1% I.B 328 7 7 335 4 4 350 23 2 25 358 1 1 414 47 45 7. 99 464 35 8 43 485 5 5 § 121 56 7 184 % 66% 30% 4% 27 18 45 326 5 7 12 330 4 1 1 6 331 4 4 332 4 4 337 12 7 4 23 338 1 1 341 13 13 346 270 33 1 3 307 347 47 2 3 52 355 10 10 357 5 5 113 TABLE 7.12 Continued CHERT BASALT OBSIDIAN OTHER TOTAL l . c 406 1 1 2 415 11 . 2 13 # 409 75 7 6 497 % 82% 15% 1% 1% I I . A 343 110 16 2 4 132 348 23 1 24 460 12 4 2 18 # 145 20 3 6 174 % 83% 12% 2% 3% I I . B 323 6 2 4 , 1 13 329 7 4 1 1 1 13 353 720 94 11 10 835 345 126 9 i 136 360 95 4 1 i 101 # 954 113 17 14 1098 % 87% 10% 2% 1% IV;A 411 167 6 173 97% 3% each s it e . Chert is by fa r the most common raw m a te ria l, making up 84% of the total lithic collection and appearing at 45 of the 47 sites. Basalt is second and although it comprises only 13% of the total c o lle c tio n i t is found in 33 o f the 47 (70%) l i t h i c c o lle c tio n s . Only 1% of the lithic artifacts are obsidian but they are present at 10 sites (21%), while jasper and quartzite make up 2% of the collection and are found at 11 sites (23%). The main reason for the high percentage of chert is probably its availability in the Bald Hill locality (G. Ulrich, personal communication). Chert is also available In the Verde Valley (Fish and Fisn 1977) • The chert used for the lithbc artifacts is of poor quality and may be the reason for the small number of whole flakes. Fine-grained basalt can be found in the rock outcrops that abound in the study area but even though i t has been found a t 70% o f the sites it seems to have been a less desirable raw material than chert. Obsidian, jasper and quartzite were probably procured in limited quantities from among the river cobbles of the Verde River and West C lear Creek (Fish and Fish 1977> G. U lric h , personal communication) or may have been obtained by trade. Nelson, Rugge and LeBlanc (1978) suggest th a t a small q u a n tity o f e x o tic raw m ateria ls in any l i t h i c assemblage is indicative of " ...little time or interest (being) correnitted to the production of stone tools"(p. 201). 115 Retouched Tools Lithics with signs of retouch make up only 17% of the total lith ic artifact assemblage. That 17% is further broken down into 14% with uni facial retouch and 3% with bifacial retouch, including p r o je c tile p o in ts. The number and percentage o f retouched tools fo r each site class are shown in Table 7.13. One^roomsites, Class I.A, have the highest percentage of retouched tools, 25%, while the sherd and lithic scatter, Class IV.A, has the lowest, 5%. As already mentioned, the uni face and b ifa c e core and fla k e tools are not w e ll made indicating a discard industry. Debris is the largest single product group for each site class suggesting a flake technology rather than a preform or biface technology (Sullivan 1980, Rozen 1979). The fact that the small collection of projectile points is mostly Archaic and proto-historic points with only a few attributable to the prehis toric ceramic period further supports this idea. Unifaces and bifaces may make up only 17% of the entire Bald Hill lithic collection but 22% of the obsidian artifacts and 29% of the jasper and quartzite artifacts are retouched tools. This may indicate a concern with the manufacture of retouched tools on the part of the Bald Hill inhabitants- Most of the projectile points are chert but their place of manufacture Is not certain. The points could have been made elsewhere either by the Bald Hill people, if they were involved in some sort of seasonal rounds, or by other people who lost or traded the points. 116 TABLE 7 .1 3 NUMBER OF RETOUCHED TOOLS N RETOUCHED TOOLS DEBRIS, DEBITAGE £ CORES LA 150 38 25% 112 75% LB 184 36 20% 148 80% LC 497 94 19% 408 81% 1 LA 174 29 17% 145 83% II.B 1098 178 16% 920 84% IV.A 173 10 5% 163 95% 2276 385 17% 1891 83% 117 Host of the unifaces and bifaces would be classified as scrapers of some sort. In sorting the retouched tools two distinct features were noted on many of the tools. Some tools were notched while others had sharpened edges that resembled gravers or end scrapers. The notched tools have one or more notches that are about one quarter inch in size. The notches w ill be found along the edges of the tools. In some cases the tool may have other edges that show signs of retouch. The graver or end scraper tools have uni facial or bifacial retouch on one or more pointed edges or corners. The retouched edge is one eighth to one q u a rte r inch across and one e ig h t to one q u a rte r o f an in long. Notched tools represent 18% of the uni faces and 6% o f the bi faces. Graver/end scrapers are 22% of the uni faces and 25% of the bifaces (Table 7.14). That means that about 40% of the uni faces and 31% of the bifaces fall into one or the other of these tool types. Although the function of these tools is not known, their presence on the Bald H ill sites suggests that they are somehow connected to wild or domesticated plant processing activities. Uni facially Retouched Tools The a r t if a c t s in th is class are the second most common product group found at Class I.A, I.B, and I.C sites, and the third most common found at Class II.A and II.B sites. They represent the least common product group found at the Class IV.A site. Most of the tools are broken flake tools, there are several core tools and there are only a few whole flake tools (Table 7« 15). 118 TABLE 7 .1 4 NOTCHED TOOLS AND GRAVER/ENDSCRAPERS UN I FACES § OF UN I FACES NOTCHED TOOLS GRAVER/ENDSCRAPERS BI FACES # OF BI FACES NOTCHED TOOLS GRAVER/ENDSCRAPERS 119 The broken condition of most of the flake tools can be explained in several ways. The retouched flakes may have been broken by use or .the actual retouching may have been done on broken fla k e s . The low frequency of whole flakes in the lith ic assemblage may be due to the poor quality of the lithic raw materials, a lack of skill or a lack of concern on the part of the prehistoric inhabitants. The uni faces have been divided in to whole fla k e to o ls , broken flake tools and core tools. The presence and absence of cortex are used to further divide the artifacts. Table 7.15 presents the frequencies of the uni faces for each site class. Three hundred of the 318 uni faces (94%) are broken flake tools. Those without cortex greatly outnumber those with cortex. Core tools represent 5% of the uni faces while only 1% are unifacially retouched flakes. The data concerning the raw m ateria ls used fo r uni faces is presented in Table 7.16. Chert is the most commonly used raw m ateria l for all uni faces except core tools. Sixty-five percent of the core tools are fine-grained basalt while only 35% are chert. This contrasts with the chert bifacial core tools. The broken uni faces include 4 obsidian and 6 quartzite or jasper tools. Bifacially Retouched Tools Bifacially retouched tools include flake and core tools and projectile points. Flake-and core tools. Five whole flake tools with bifacial retouch (9%), 34 broken flake tools ( 85%) and 3 core to o ls (3%) make 120 TABLE 7 .1 5 UN I FACES WHOLE FLAKE BROKEN FLAKE CORE TOOL TOTAL + + + I.A - - 21 8 2 r 31 21 10 1 .B - - 21 10 2 i 34 I.C - 1 66 5 - i 73 1 I.A 1 - 16 4 - t 22 1 I.B 1 1 115 30 3 4 154 IV.A - - 4 - - - 4 2 2 243 57 7 7 318 -= without cortex + = with cortex 121 TABLE 7 .1 6 RAW MATERIALS USED FOR UN I FACES WHOLE FLAKE BROKEN FLAKE CORE TOOL TOTAL - + ' - ...... + ...... - + I.A 16/5/0/0 6/2/0/0 0/2/0/0 22/ 3^0/0 I.B -- 1 0 /1 1 /0 /0 8 /1 /0 /1 0 /2 /0 /0 0 /1 /0 /0 18/ 15/ 0/1 I.C - 0 /1 /0 /0 5 0 /1 2 /2 /2 5 /0 /0 /0 - 1 /0 /0 /0 5 6 /1 3 /2 /2 1 I.A 1 /0 /0 /o - 1 1 /3 /0 /2 4 /0 /0 /0 - l/O /O /O 17/ 3/ 0/2 1 I.B 1/0/0/0 1/0/0/0 9 5 /1 7 /2 /1 2 8 /2 /0 /0 2 /1 /0 /0 1 /3 /0 /0 128/23/2/1 IV.A - - 3 /1 /0 /0 - - 3/ 1/ 0 /0 2 /0 /0 /0 1/ 1/ 0/0 1 8 5 /4 9 /4 /5 5 1 /5 /0 /1 5/5/0/0 3/4/0/0 2 9 4 /6 4 /4 /6 CHERT/BASALT/OBSIDIAN/OTHER 122 a total of 53 tools. These tools are from 18 different sites. The frequencies for each site class are presented in Table 7.17. Although chert is s t i l l the most commonly used raw m a te ria l i t represents only 60% of all the bifaces in contrast to being 77% of all uni faces and 84% of the entire lith ic collection. The bi facial ly retouched cores are all chert whereas they are all fine-grained basalt if they were uni facially retouched. Five broken flake tools are made of obsidian, quartzite and jasper (Table 7.18). Two of the broken, non-cortical flake tools from Site 353, a Class M.B roasting pit site, are basal fragments of convex base knives or bi face preforms of the type described by Rondeau (n.d .). These knives or preforms appear to have been leaf shaped and are temporally non-diagnostic. If they are preforms they would be the only evidence of point manufacture for the project area. The tip of a chert drill was collected from Site 411 (Class IV.A). A stone hoe or large mescal knife was found on Site 327. It is wedge shaped, made of fine-grained basalt, measures 10.5 inches long, 4.5 inches wide and 1.5 inches thick at the back edge, and is bifacially flaked along the front edge. A tabular, basalt knife which is roughly leaf shaped has a straight base. It is bifacially flaked along one edge and measures 4 inches long and 2 inches wide. It is from Site 323. Projectile points. The artifacts in this class include five nearly complete projectile points, five diagnostic basal fragments and 123 TABLE 7.17 BI FACES - = w ithout co rtex + = w ith cortex 124 TABLE 7.18 RAW MATERIALS USED FOR BI FACES WHOLE FLAKE BROKEN FLAKE CORE TOOL TOTAL .+ + I.A O/l/O/C 2/1/0/0 i / o / o / o 3 /2 /0 /0 1 .B -- 0 /0 /0 /1 - 2 /0 /0 /0 - 2 /0 /0 /1 1 .C 1 /2 /0 /O - 7 /2 /1 /0 1 /2 /0 /O - l/O/O/O i 1 0 /6 /1 /0 II.A - - l/O /O /O 1 /3 /0 /0 - - 2 /3 /0 /0 11.B - 1/0/0/C 8 /2 /1 / I 3 /3 /0 /1 - - ; 1 2 /5 /1 /2 IV.A - • 3 /0 /0 /0 - - - • 3 /0 /0 /0 1/2 /0 /0 1 /1 /0 A 2 1 /5 /2 /2 6 /8 /0 /1 2 /0 /0 /0 l/O /O /O 3 2 /1 6 /2 /3 CHERT/BASALT/OBSIDIAN/OTHER 125 eight non-diagnostic fragments. The complete points and the basal fragments were examined and identified by Peter Pi lies of the Coconino National Forest and Bruce Huckell of the Arizona State Museum. The artifacts are pictured in Figure 7.1. The data regarding the projectile points is presented in Table 7.19. A description of each point illustrated is given below. The numbering used in the figure is also used here. 1. This point is from Site 3^3 which is a Class II.A roasting pit site which has P II to P IV ceramics. The chert base fragment is Archaic in style with side notching and a convex base. 2. This Archaic base fragment is from Site 460, another Class II.A roasting pit site. P III and P IV ceramics are found on the site. The comer notched base has a convex base and is made of chert. 3. Isolated Artifact A is a corner notched, convex base, chert fragment. It is Archaic. 4. Site 357 is a Class I.C multiple structure site. P II and P III ceramics were collected. The base fragment from this site is either from the San Pedro Cochise or from sometime during BM II to P I. It is made of porphoretic Igneous andesite with feldspar inclusions. The base is straight with parallel sides. 5. Is o la te d A r t if a c t B is a h e a v ily damaged, side notched, concave base point. It is made of chert and dates to the ceramic period. 6. Isolated Artifact C is a chert point which is comer notched with a slightly convex expanding base. It is from the ceramic period. 1 2 6 FIGURE 7.1 PROJECTILE POINTS KEY TO FIGURE ?. 1 1. Site 3^3, Archaic base fragment, chert. 2. Site 460, Archaic base fragment, chert. 3. Isolated Artifact A, Archaic base fragment with swallowtail ears, chert. 4. Site 357, base fragment that could either be San Pedro Cochise or ceramic period from BM II to P I, porphoretic igneous andesite •with feldspar inclusions. 5. Isolated Artifact B, from the prehistoric ceramic period, chert. 6. Isolated Artifact C, from the prehistoric ceramic period, corner notched, chert. 7. Site 353, Southern Sinagua style point, 900-1300, chert. 8. Site 346, reworked Southern Sinagua style point, 1000-1400, side notched, chalcedony. 9. Site 346, medial fragment of a serrated-edge point, evidence of reworking to remove a vertical break, not diagnostic, chert. 10. Site 353, Yavapai style point, side and basal notches. Hardscrabble basalt. Patinatlon indicates reuse of old flake — a procurement strateg y th a t has been documented fo r the Apache (Bruce Huckell, personal communication). 11. Site 353, Yavapai style point, side and basal notches, Hardscrabble basalt. (See #10, above). 127 TABLE 7-19 PROJECTILE POINTS DIAGNOSTIC POINT FRAGMENT . BASE I .A 404 " 463 1.0 337 346 . 1 357 1 II.A 343 1 460 1 II.B 323 353 3 IV.A 411 3 Isolated:A 1 B 1 C 1 7 3 8 18 128 7. The point from Site 353, a Class II.B bedrock metate site, is a small triangular chert point with a convex base and slightly convex sides. This style point has been associated with the Southern Sinagua and dates from about 900 to 1300 (P II to P III). 8. The point from Site 346, a multiple structure Class III.C site, is also of a style associated with the Southern Sinagua. It is made of chalcedony. The point was broken and was then side notched. This s ty le point dates from 1000 to 1400 (P II to P IV ). 9. A medial fragment with a serrated edge was reworked in an unsuccessful attempt to remove the scar le ft when the point was broken. This fragment, found at Site -346, the same site where point 8 was found, is not diagnostic. 10. Two points, points 10 and 11 were found at Site 353 (see point 7). These points are small Yavapai style points with side and basal notching. These points were made on old, patinated flakes of hardscrabble basalt. The reuse of flakes of this material is a procurement s tra te g y th a t has been documented fo r the Apache (B. Huckell personal communication). 11. See the description of point 10. The projectile points indicate Archaic, ceramic period and protohistoric occupation of the Bald Hill locality. The points were found on Class I.C multiple structure sites, Class II.A roasting pit sites and Class II.B bedrock metate sites. These are three classes o f s ite s th a t may have been subjected to a number o f periods o f occupation. This shall be discussed further in Chapter 9. 129 The small number o f p r o je c tile points and point fragments make up less than 1% of the entire lith ic assemblage and only 5% of the retouched tools. Fewer than half of the diagnostic points appear to be from the prehistoric ceramic period although there is ample ceramic evidence to suggest use of the Bald Hill locality during the P II to P IV periods. These projectile points and a large, unprovenienced collection of points from the vicinity of Bald H ill that has not yet been analysed suggest that hunting was practiced in the uplands throughout all periods of occupation. 130 CHAPTER 8 PERIODS OF OCCUPATION The ceramics, the diagnostic projectile points, the basketry from cavate Site 64 and the tree-ring dates from the c liff dwelling, Site 342, indicate that the Bald H ill project area was used from Archaic times' through the prehistoric ceramic periods and protohistoric times. Modem use of the area is also known. The occupation of Bald H ill probably ranged from short term hunting and gathering expeditions to activities such as agriculture or plant processing that would have necessitated the construction of structures to allow either short term or year-round habitation of the area. The data regarding site types, ceramics and lithics which were presented in the previous chapters w ill now be integrated into a discussion of Verde Valley archaeology. Evidence for use of the Bald H ill area through time and the types of sites occupied w ill be examined. This chapter is organized by period of occupation going from the Archaic to the prehistoric ceramic periods, the protohistoric and finally the modem occupation of this part of the Colorado Plateau Margin. The period names and dates used follow those defined by Breternitz (I960) for the Verde Valley. The phase names and dates are shown in Table 8.1 along with the names and dates for the phases defined for the Anasazi, the Northern Sinagua (Colton 1946), and the 131 TABLE 8.1 RELEVANT PHASE SYSTEMS AND THEIR DATES S. SINAGUA N. SINAGUA ANASAZI VERDE VALLEY FLAGSTAFF HOHOKAM AD 1400 P IV CLEAR CIVANO TUZIGOOT CREEK a d n o o TURKEY HILL AD 1200 PIN HONANKI SOHO ELDEN AD 1100 PAD. ANG. WIN AD 1000 P I I RIO DE SACATON CAMP VERDE FLAG e a rly AD 900 CLOVERLEAF AD 800 P I SUNSET SANTA CRUZ HACKBERRY AD 700 GILA BUTTE AD 600 BM I I I CINDER PARK AD 500 SNAKETOWN AD 400 SQUAW PEAK AD 300 SWEETWATER AD 200 — BM I I AD 100 ESTRELLA AD 1 100 BC ARCHAIC VAHKI 200 BC 300 BC B re te m i tz Col ton Haury (I960) (1946) (1976) 132 Hohokam (Haury 1976) which provide some perspective regarding the neighboring culture groups. Rather than trying to firmly date the sites based on the presence of diagnostic artifacts, I have used the diagnostics to designate components o f occupation present a t the s ite s . This leaves the p o s s ib ility o f more than one component being present open until further investigation can be done. The nature of the sites suggests that many of the sites may have been subject to multiple occupation episodes although there are also single period occupation sites present in the study area. Of the 34 sites with diagnostic artifacts present 12 of those sites, or more than one third of them, have diagnostic artifacts from more than one period. This implies th a t many o f these s ite s could indeed be m u ltip le component s ite s . If one considers the sampling problems that affect the collections, mainly the small sample size and tha lack of systematic sampling, it seems significant that 34 of the 63 a r t if a c t c o lle c tio n s (54%) have diagnostic ceramics and lithics and that 12 of the 63 collections (19%) have diagnostic artifacts from more than one period. The artifactual evidence for occupation during each period is discussed with references to Verde Valley and Flagstaff prehistory when appropriate. There is artifactual evidence which suggests Archaic through protohistoric use of the area. However, the major occupation seems to have taken place during the Camp Verde (P II), Honanki (P I I I ) and Tuzigoot (P IV) phases. 133 The presence of Tuzlgoot Plain ceramics in 58 of the 61 ceramic collections supports heavy use of the area during the Honanki and Tuzigoot Phases. Tuzigoot P lain appears in the Verde Valley by 1050 (Late Camp Verde) but does not begin to take precedence over Verde Plain until 1150 (Honanki). Given the shift in pla inware ceramics, one expects to find more Verde Brown than Tuzigoot Plain on early sites and more Tuzigoot Plain than Verde Brown of the later sites. However, the number of Verde Brown sherds is greater than the number o f Tuzigoot P lain sherds a t only 8 s ite s and o f those 8 s ite s only 3 have diagnostic Camp Verde artifacts. Of the 5 other sites with more Verde Brown than Tuzigoot sherds, 2 have no diagnostics, 1 has d iagnostic Honanki sherds and 2 have diag n o stic Tuzigoot Phase sherds. Although this may reflect sampling problems it may also suggest extended use or multiple occupation of the sites. There may also have been selection for Tuzigoot Plain vessels if they were smaller than the Verde Brown vessels and more resistant to breakage. Table 8.2 shows the components present a t each s ite based on diagnostic ceramics and projectile points. Diagnostic artifacts were present at only 34 of the 63 sites with collections. This means'that most of the 82 sites in the project are not securely placed in any p eriod. U 4 TABLE 8 .2 COMPONENTS OF OCCUPATION AT THE BALD HILL SITES O t/> G.s I .A 335 II.B 350 17 323 358 318 329 414 319 353 464 320 354 485 321 359 10 360 325 si tes 327 6 l.C sites 333 314 334 III.A 322 336 15 326 339 64 330 340 453 331 345 454 332 349 455 337 351 5 352 338 sites 341 356 11 I.B 346 403 404 347 405 355 407 357 IV.A 406 409 309 415 412 310 15 425 sites 311 461 312 462 411 463 4 465 sites 2 484 IV.C sites 451 29 II.A si tcs 452 18 I.B 2 343 16 sites 348 313 IV.B 460 344 408 4 328 sites 410 413 Key to diagnostics: C-ceramics. P-projectile point. 3 B-basketry, T-tree-ring dates. sites 135 The Archaic Dry Creek Phase: 2000(?)BC to AD 1 An Archaic component is defined on the presence of 3 Archaic style projectile points♦ These are found at Sites 3^3 and 460 and as Is o la te d A r t if a c t A. No s in g le component A rchaic s ite s have been recognized,as the two sites where the projectile points were found have ceramics present. The presence of these points in an upland setting is suggestive of hunting activities on the part of the Archaic people (Fish and Fish 1977, Pi lie s 1981). S ites 343 and 460 are both Class II.A roasting pit sites with diagnostic Camp Verde and Honanki ceramics at Site 343 and diagnostic Tuzigoot Phase ceramics at Site 460. Archaic points do occur on sites with ceramic period remains in the Verde Valley (Fish and Fish 1977) but it is unclear if this reflects actual Archaic occupation at that site or if the artifacts were transported to the site by ceramic period inhabitants reflecting scavenging or reuse behavior. All of the Archaic style points were broken beyond repair. Broken projectile points may be disposed of at their place of use or may'be carried back to the hunting camp. Given environmenta 1 conditions comparable to those of today, it is likely that the Bald H ill locality was used by Archaic hunters. It is also possible that the wild plant resources available in the area were gathered in Archaic times. The types of artifacts associated with Archaic plant processing in the Verde Valley (Fish and Fish 1977) are present in the study area. Their use by Archaic people would be obscured by the ceramic period occupation which followed. 136 A rchaic p o in ts , two P into Basin s ty le and one Gypsum Cave, were recovered in the Mud Tanks survey south of West Clear Creek along the Rim margin (Kuehn 1979). Squaw Peak Phase: AD 1 to 700 A projectile point is the only diagnostic artifact that is indicative of occupation at Bald Hill during this period. The point, from Site 357, is either San Pedro Cochise or BM II to P I. Site 357 id a Class I.C multiple structure site which has Camp Verde Phase diag n o stic ceram ics. During this period in the Verde Valley, clay lined pithouses are the prevailing style of architecture. No possible pithouse depressions are recorded for Site 357 although they are reported for Sites 322, 326, 341 and 406. As with the Archaic, it is difficult to determine if the projectile point reflects use of the area during Squaw Peak times or if its presence is the result of reuse or collection behavior on the part of later inhabitants. More work is needed before anything can be said about this period with confidence. Hackberry and Cloverleaf Phases: AD 700 to 900 By the beginning of the Hackberry Phase, the production of a local plainware pottery, Verde Brown, had begun in the Verde Valley. Verde Brown is present at 42 of the 61 sites from which collections were made but this type occurs from 700 to 1400 (Breternitz I960, Schroeder 1975) so that its presence at two-thirds of the sites does 137 not indicate sudden, intensive use of the Bald Hill locality. Indeed, based on the intrusive ceramics present in the site collections, the occupation of the area again seems minor. A single Kana'a sherd and a Deadmans Black-on-red sherd, both of which are considered diagnostic types of this period by Bretemitz (I960), were collected from Site 3*t6. A Snaketown Red-on-gray sherd and a pre-Sedentary (pre-900) sherd were also found on this site. These artifacts indicate the possibility of some minor occupation during the Hackberry and Cloverleaf Phases. Site 346 is a Class I.C multiple structure site which has diagnostic Camp Verde, Honanki, Tuzigoot and protohistoric phase artifacts as well. Verde Brown sherds do outnumber the Tuzigoot sherds at this site but the diagnostic ceramics indicate that this site was used throughout the entire ceramic period The Stoneman Lake S ite (M e tc a lf n .d .) is some 15 m iles north of Bald H ill above the Mogollon Rim and dates to this period. It is one of the few, if not the only, site along the Rim which has been excavated. Although the srte is south of the Ponderosa pine forest believed to separate the Northern and Southern Sinagua, the ceramics and architecture at the site are more similar to those of Northern Sinagua that to those of the Southern Sinagua of the Verde. This may be because the slite is located along a tra il which connects the Verde V a lle y w ith F la g s ta ff and w ith the Chavez Pass and Winslow areas (Colton 1957, 1964, Fish, Pi lies, Fish 1980). Hackberry and C lo v e rle a f phase s ite s in the Verde have been excavated by Bretemi tz (I960) and McGuire (1977). The evidence for 138 occupation of the Bald Hill locality during this period is difficult to define at this time. However, the lack of Rio de Flag ceramics which make up the majority of the ceramics at the Stoneman Lake Site is a clear indication that the high degree of Northern Sinagua influence seen a t the Stoneman Lake S ite is not present a t Bald H ill The influence of the Hohokam on the occupants of the Verde Valley at this time has long been the subject of discussion and debate (Colton 1946, Schroeder 1975, Bretem itz I960, Pi lies 1976, Fish 1974, Fish and Fish 1977, Fish, Pi lies. Fish 1980). With the exception of two buffware sherds there are no Hohokam artifacts or traits from Bald H ill that shed any light on this matter. Camp Verde Phase: AD 900 to 1125 There is more evidence to suggest the use of the Bald H ill Locality during the Camp Verde Phase than during all of the previous periods combined. Pi lies (1976) sees this as part of the Southern Sinagua expansion into more diverse environmental locales than in the previous phases. The number of intrusive ceramics is not large but they are present in 17 site collections. Black Mesa Black-on white and Tusayan Corrugated, two Tusayan Wares, have been designated the diagnostic ceramic types for this period in the Verde Valley (Bretemitz I960). The Little Colorado White Wares traded during the Camp Verde Phase include Holbrook Black-on-white, Padre Black-on-white, and Ch eve Ion Black-on-white. These five types are present at 17 s ite s suggesting Camp Verde components a t these s ite s . S ix o f these sites also have Honanki diagnostic wares and four have Tuzigoot Phase 139 decorated ceramics. The sites are from six different site classes; sites with structures, Classes I.A, I.B, and I.C, resource processing sites. Classes II.A and I I.B, and 2 sherd and lith ic scatters, Class IV. A. The division between Early and Late Camp Verde is marked by the introduction of Tuzigoot Plain at about 1050. This type gradually replaces Verde Brown as the dominant u tility ware produced in the Verde Valley. Tuzigoot Plain is present in 58 of the 61 Bald Hill ceramic collections including all but one of those that have d iagnostic Camp Verde Phase ceramics. The appearance o f above ground masonry f ie ld house stru ctu res by AD 1000 in the Northern Sinagua territory (Wilson 1969) suggests that surface masonry rooms, which are the most common form o f a rc h ite c tu re in the Bald Hill locality, could have been built in the Camp Verde Phase. Pi thouses with partial masonry construction are fomd in the Verde during this period (Fish and Fish 1977) which may explain those structures described as masonry-lined pithouses in the project area. Honanki Phase: AD 1125 to 1300 The diagnostic ceramic types of the Honanki Phase are Tsegi Orange, Jeddito Black-on-orange, Walnut Black-on-white, Tusayan Black- on-white and Flagstaff Black-on-white. These diagnostic types are present in 12 site collections. They are found at 3 Class I.A one-room structure sites, 1 Class I.B multiple-room structure site, 3 Class I.C multiple structure sites, 3 Class II.A roasting pit sites, 3 Class II.B bedrock grinding sites and at the Class I I I.B c liff dwelling. No Honanki Phase diagnostics were present a t sherd and l i t h i c s c a tte rs , cavates or walled sites. The fact that 48 of the 82 sites have no diagnostic artifacts collected from them is seen as a real problem when dealing with this phase. Although the number of sites with diagnostic artifacts is smaller than either the Camp Verde or Tuzigoot Phases the abundance of Tuzigoot Plain and the evidence from elsewhere along the Rim suggests that the prehistoric activity along the Rim increases during this period (Pi lies 1981). Despite the lack of diagnostic artifacts it seems likely that the Honanki Phase was a time of heavy use of the area. (See also Pi lies 1975). Sites dating to this period have been recorded by surveys o f Rarick Canyon, near Stoneman Lake (M e tc a lf n . d . ) . The appearance o f surface masonry in the Verde V a lle y has been ascribed to this period. Contiguous-room structures may be new during the Honanki Phase but the development of this form of architec tu re is not sudden (Fish and Fish 1977). I t can be traced in the types of structures present in earlier periods. There is at least 1 site with Honanki Phase diagnostic artifacts in the Bald Hill locality. Pithouses are s till found during this time in the Verde and may have been in use along the Rim as w e ll. Tuzigoot Phase: AD 1300 to 1400 The diagnostic ceramics of the Tuzigoot Phase are Winslow Orange, Winslow Polychrome, Jeddito Plain and Jeddito Ye 1 low. The two latter types extend into the protohistoric period. The Tuzigoot 141 Phase diagnostics are found in 17 s ite c o lle c tio n s , the same number in which Camp Verde Phase artifacts were found. Four of these sites also have d iag n o s tic Honanki Phase a r t if a c t s and 4 have diagnostic Camp Verde artifacts. They are found at 4 Class I.A sites, 3 Class I.B sites, 5 Class I.C sites, 1 Class l.D site, 2 Class II.A sites, 1 Class 11I.B site and 1 Class IV.A site. This seems to indicate continued use of the area during this period. In the Verde V a lle y the Tuzigoot Phase is a period o f consolidation. There are about 40 large pueblos and c liff dwellings with an average size of 35 rooms (Fish and Fish 1977). Fieldhouses associated with these pueblos are found as isolated structures and as clusters. The large c liff dwelling. Site 342, which has an estimated 30 to 50 rooms reflects this move into large communities. Until its discovery, it was thought that the Rim was not much used during this period (Pilies 1976). Besides the occurrence of ceramics from this period there are tree-ring dates from this site that place the construction of the rooms s till standing at about AD 1320. There are 9 sites with a single structure dating to this period and 5 with more than one structure. Several of the multiple structure sites are multiple component sites. These small sites on the Rim above the c liff dwelling probably reflect agricultural and gathering activities that may be associated with the subsistence of the people living in the c liff dwelling. There may also be other pueblo and c liff dwelling sites in the vicinity which have not yet been recorded which could account for the seemingly intensive use of this area during the 142 Tuzigoot Phase. The walled site. Site 14, which has diagnostic Tuzi- goot Phase ceramics lends support to the idea that the trends in the Verde regarding types of structures extend to the Rim area as well. Protohistoric Yavapai Occupation Based on the presence o f Tizon Brown Ware and small notched p r o je c tile points a Yavapai component seems to be present in the study area (Dobyns and Euler 1958, Pi lies 1981). Site 353 is a bedrock mortar site* Class II.B , on which 2 Pai style points and several sherds of Tizon Brown were found. Honanki Phase ceramics were also collected at this site. Site 346 has diagnostic artifacts indicating occupation of the site from the Hackberry/CLoverleaf to protohis tonic times. The basketry found at cavate Site 64 may either be Yavapai or Western Apache. The cave itse lf appears to have been used to cache the basketry rather than as a habitation site. The Yavapai were involved in seasonal rounds for hunting and gathering. They grew crops but were not sedentary. They may have had w in te r base camps. As w ith the Archaic and o th er e a rly periods the.length of occupation or use of the sites on which the artifacts were found is difficult to assess. (See Gifford 1936 and Pi lies 1981a for detailed accounts of the ethnography and history of the Yavapai.) Modern Uses of the Bald Hill Locality It is interesting to look at how the study area has been used in modern times. As the area is under the control of the Coconino 143 National Forest the use of the land is carefully regulated and monitored. The result is regulated seasonal use of the area. Although no longer used by people primarily interested in wild or domesticated p la n t foods fo r themselves, the area has been used fo r cattle grazing and hunting. Both of these activities depend on the plant foods present in the area serving as forage. Fuelwood is also procured in this area. These modern day uses have l e f t th e ir marks on the landscape. Clearing land for cattle and building stock tanks have altered the natural environment. The fuelwood sales, which prompted two of the surveys on which this study is based, have also changed the look of things in this area. The general p attern o f land use has the c a t t le grazing above thfe Rim during the summer months and in the valley during the winter. Hunters use the area primarily in the fall. Distribution of Sites by Period The distribution of sites throughout the survey area is fairly even, at least for the three major periods of occupation. Of the two s ite s w ith Archaic period components one is in Parcel B and the other is Parcel C. The s in g le Squaw Peak Phase s ite is located in Parcel A. The Hackberry/Cloverleaf site is in Parcel B. The 17 Camp Verde Sites are distributed as follows: 6 in Parcel A, 6 in Parcel B, 4 in Parcel C and 1 which lie s outside the bounded p arcels. The Honanki Phase s ite s are found in Pardels A, B and C w ith 2, 4, and 4 sites respectively. Two sites are outside the bounded areas. Sites w ith Tuzigoot Phase components are mostly found in Parcel C where there are 9 sites from this period. However there are 2 Tuzigoot sites in Parcel A, 3 in Parcel B and 3 outside the bounded areas. The 2 s ite s w ith p ro to h is to ric components are in Parcel B. CHAPTER 9 DISCUSSION This chapter is organized into three parts. First the reasons th a t the area may have been used p r e h is to r ic a lly are reviewed. Then, the different classes of sites are discussed with references to the ceramic and lith ic analyses and periods of occupation. Finally, suggestions regarding the possible forms of occupation that may have occurred in the.Bald H ill locality are presented. Variables Influencing Use of the Area The use o f the P in yo n -ju n ip er Woodland above the Colorado Plateau margin is not surprising given the wide variety of resources available there. The high site density in the project area suggests that the resource potential of this area was recognized by the prehistoric inhabitants. Resources available in the area include a large number of wild plants and animals. Raw materials are available for making pottery. Stone, timber and brush suitable for making shelters are readily available. The deep pockets of soil that abound in the study area seem to be suitable for agriculture on the small scale at which it seems to have been p ra c tic e d .in the past (Woodbury 1961). The rock p ile s , check dams, terraces, garden plots and cleared areas recorded by archaeologists are good evidence that agriculture was present in this area. 146 The lands above the Rim receive 2 to 4 more inches of rain than fall in the Verde Valley during the summer months. Snow melt provides moisture e a rly in the growing season. The number o f fr o s t-fr e e days actually exceeds the number in the Verde because the cool air drops down the slope at night. These factors suggest real advantages for grow ing crops. Temperatures along the Rim are up to 15°F cooler than the Verde during the summer months making it a more pleasant place to spend the summer. If there are wild resources available and if the land w ill support agriculture, the comfort factor may have been a consideration in some cases. The winters, on the other hand, were pro bably harsh with snow cover during several months of the year. This would probably make the more moderate temperatures of the Verde look appealing. The presence of several permanent habitation sites in the area along with the agricultural potential of the area suggest that factors other than comfort were also at work. The roasting pits and bedrock metate sites are good indicators of food processing in the project area. Roasting pits are known throughout the Southwest (Greer 1965). Use of roasting pits by the Yavapai who occupied Central Arizona is documented by Gifford (1936). The bedrock metate sites have up to 104 grinding features. The metates are ovoid in shape. Similar metates have been reported from a number o f s ite s in north c e n tra l Arizona including the Stoneman Lake S ite (M e tc a lf n . d .) , the G ranite Ledge S ite near Payson (H uckell 1978) and from the area along the East Verde River studied by Peck (1956). The only such bedrock metate reported for the Verde Valley is located 147 near the Beaver Creek Ranger Station (Schroeder 1975). Except for one ovoid bedrock metate pictured in a report on Walnut Canyon (VanVaIkenburg 1961) this type of feature has not been reported for the Northern Sinagua region. The Site Classes The site typology based on architecture and features which was imposed on the Bald H ill sites finds support in the artifactual data as well as in certain non-assemblage characteristics (e.g. site size). The sites in each class w ill be briefly summarized in light of the artifact analyses and the periods of occupation attributed to each class. Class I S ites The sites with masonry structures have from 1 to 3 surface masonry structures. Of the sites with a single, one-room structure ( I .A) 3 have Camp Verde Phase ceram ics, 1 has Honanki, 3 have Tuzigoot and 1 has both Honanki and Tuzigoot. This is a f a ir l y even d is trib u tio n of this site class through time. Among the sites with one multiple- room structure (l.B) there seems to be a minor shift towards the late end of the spectrum with 2 sites having Honanki components, 2 sites having Tuzigoot components and 1 s ite having both Cany Verde and Tuzigoot artifacts. The Class I.C sites which have more than one structure have diagnostics present at 9 sites in varying configurations for a total of 7 Camp Verde components, 3 Honanki and 5 Tuzigoot. There are also an Archaic, a Squaw Peak and a Hackberry/Cloverleaf component. There seem to be at least two kinds of occupation suggested by the Class I.C sites. The first, using Site 346 as an example, has only 2 structures but a'number of components from different periods. This type of site suggests that reuse of sites over time. The reason for this may have been the location of a site in a prime resource gathering area or agricultural area. The other type of site is like Site 341 which has 3 to 5 structures but on ly has diagnostic artifacts from one phase. This suggests occupation during a single phase and may have been a site where all the structures were occupied synchronically. The lack of data from excavation precludes any definite assessment of these two scenarios but the between s ite v a r ia b ilit y suggests th a t a number o f types o f occupation were present. In terms of artifact diversity the average number of all ceramic types, intrusive ceramic types and lith ic product groups are Class 1.A Class 1.B Class I.C Ave. # a 11 ceramic types 3.85 3.67 7.0 Ave.# intrusive ceramic types 0 .7 1.1 2 .8 Ave.# lith ic product groups 4 .2 5 .7 5 .4 The number o f a r t if a c t classes present a t any s ite can be used as a clue to the diversity of activities represented in the material culture (Fish 1976). Depending on the context the number of artifact classes may indicate the relative length of a site's occupation (Schiffer 1975). In the case of the Class I sites the number of ceramic types for the I .A and I.B sites are fairly close but the number of types for the I.C sites is considerably larger which is compatible with the idea that these sites were either used more often 149 or used a g re a te r number o f tim es. The lack o f s ig n ific a n t d ifferen ces in the average number of lith ic product groups suggests that the range of activities for which lithics were required was fairly standard. There was only a single grab collection from one of the two Class I.D w alled s ite s . The use o f the number o f l i t h i c product groups and ceramic types would not be comparable to the averages calculated for the other Class I sites since the collections from these sites included a number of controlled 6% collections in addition to the grab samples. There were Tuzigoot Phase ceramics present at Site 14, the s it e w ith 4 stru c tu re s and 2 w a lls . The storage caves a t th is site make this one of the two sites that can be called permanent habitation with some assurance. Sites 14 and 344 fit into the type of sites known as "fortresses" in the Verde Valley. This type of site was known in both Honanki and Tuzigoot Phases. These sites have been interpreted as either being defensive sites or trading centers (Pi lies 1976). Class 11 Sites The diagnostic artifacts present at the II.A roasing pit sites include 2 Archaic points and ceramics from the Camp Verde Phase a t 1 s it e , from the Honanki Phase a t 2 s ite s and from the Tuzigoot Phase at 2 sites. This suggests that these sites were used throughout the occupation of the Bald H ill locality. Although there is architecture at three of the 4 roasting pit sites it is unclear if all the periods of occupation were associated with the roasting pit features. 150 The bedrock grinding sites. Class I I.B, have diagnostics from the Camp Verde and Honanki Phases as w e ll as evidence"of p ro to h is to ric use o f S ite 353. The absence o f Tuzigoot Phase diagnostics a t these sites is notable. The presence of architecture at all but one of these sites does make the dating o f the grindin g features somewhat d i f f i c u l t . The average- number o f a l l ceramic typ es, in tru s iv e ceramic types and lithic product groups is highest for the Class II sites. ' Class 11.A Class Ave.# all ceramic types 7.75 9 .5 Ave.# intrusive ceramic types ' 3.75 4 Ave. # lith ic product groups 8 .7 9 .8 Given the expanded range of activities suggested by the processing features, these high values are expected. These features were probably located near" prime resource procurement areas. The extended or repeated use o f such s ite s would exp lain the larg e number o f ceramic types present on these sites. Cl ass I I I Sites Given the total lack of diagnostic sherds for the cavate sites the only one it is possible to date is Site 64, which is the cavate where the Yavapai o r Western Apache basketry had been cached. The other cava tes have com cobs and other macroscopic vegetable remains preserved in them. The presence of corn suggests that they were occupied during a time when agriculture was being practiced above the Rim, but i t is d i f f i c u l t to say when th a t may have been w ith any fin e r resol ution. 151 The Class I.B c liff dwelling has diagnostic ceramics from both the Honanki and Tuzigoot Phases. As already mentioned, this site fits into the consolidation seen at about 1300 in the Verde Valley. The tree-ring dates for the standing rooms date these rooms to about AD 1320. This site is the only other site that can convincingly be called a permanent habitation site. The nature of the grab sample from Site 342 is such that the number of types of ceramics or lith ic product groups have no meaning. Class IV Sites The Class IV.A sherd and lith ic scatters have ceramics from the Camp Verde Phase present at 2 sites and from the Tuzigoot Phase at 1 site. The average number of lithic product groups is 8.0 which is large, but, as you may recall there is evidence suggesting a lack of primary lith ic reduction at these sites. The average numbers of all types and intrusive types of ceramics are 3 and 1.2 respectively which are similar to the values at Class I.A and I.B sites. The lack of architecture or other features suggest that these sites were used for only short intervals. They may be associated with resource procurement or may have been campsites. No artifact collections were made on the Class IV.B agricultural sites therefore they cannot be placed in time. The presence of agricultural features at other sites during many periods of occupation suggest that agriculture was practiced throughout the ceramic periods. These sites may be associated with nearby sites that have structures. 152 The petroglyph sites had no artifacts in association with them. They are found along t r a il s leading to cavate S ites 453 and 454. I t is likely that the petroglyphs are contemporary with the occupation of the cavates but since they have not been dated the petroglyphs cannot be dated e ith e r . All of the Class IV sites types are fairly ubiquitous being found throughout the Southwest during the main periods of occupation at Bald H i l l . Possible Forms of Occupation Most of the sites recorded in the Bald Hill locality have only 1 or 2 structures present. That means they are small sites which have generally been associated with limited activity and occupation in the Southwest. Small, single-room sites were first recognized in the Verde Valley by Mindeleff (1896) at the end of the nineteenth century. Using ethnographic analogy, he suggested that these small sites were farming outposts or temporary shelters of some sort. The modern interpretation of these sites must also include the possibility of permanent habitation at such s ite s . Relationships between small sites and the larger communities are illustrated by a number of ethnographic examples presented by Fish and Fish (1978). They argue that no single interpretation of small sites is sufficient given the variability present in the Southwest. Wilcox (1978) distinguishes between several types of small sites. Fieldhouses are structures occupied temporarily while tending agricultural fields. 153 Hamlets are seasonally occupied villages. Farmsteads are small single family year-round structures. The morphological sim ilarity of fieldhouses and farmsteads may make them impossible to recognize in archaeological contexts. Hamlets with several structures could be confused with sites that have been subjected to multiple periods of occupation in close succession. It should be clear that limited activity is difficult to deal with in terms of number of months or years a site is occupied and the frequency of that occupation. This is particular/ true when dealing with survey data. When excavated data from the Rim margin becomes available it would be useful to compare the assemblage and non-assemblage variability present at the upland sites with data available from permanent habitation sites and limited activity sites in the Verde Valley. A study done with the data from excavated sites in the Flagstaff area was able to demonstrate marked differences between the artifact assemblages from small and large sites (Pi lies 1978). Three criteria suggested by Anderson (1969) which must be met if one is dealing with a discernable community with dispersed sites associated with it seem to apply only to the Tuzigoot Phase of occupation in the Bald Hill area. The first is that there must be a contemporary community large enough to serve as a home c e n te r. The c liff dwelling, with 30 to 50 rooms, certainly could have served as a home base for the people living above the Rim during the Tuzigoot period. There may well be other large communities, some even dating to 154 earlier periods but they have yet to be recorded. The other two criteria involve the need for durable construction and furnishings and the capacity to meet all economic and social needs of the community. Again it seems likely that the c liff dwelling would have been ab le to meet these q u a lific a tio n s . The asso ciatio n o f the small sites above the Rim with the c liff dwelling is based on the presence of agricultural fields above the canyon rim and corncobs and other vegetable materials down in the c liff dwelling. There is really nb place along the canyon face suitable for growing crops. As there are no larger sites known for earlier periods there are three possible scenarios. Any and all of these may apply to the situation as it existed in the Bald Hill locality. There is the possibility that there are indeed large communities in this area which could have served as a home base but have not yet been recorded. It is also possible that the prehistoric inhabitants of the area lived year-round at small sites along the Rim in the manner of farmsteads. The possibility of pithouse structures, either unlined or stone-lined, is mentioned in some of the site descriptions of Class I.C sites. A careful study of the architecture of the small structures present in the area which included sane test excavation may help clarify this matter. The third possibility is that there is a close connection between the sma11 sites in the Bald H ill 1 oca1ity and communities in the Verde, The connection between the sites above the Rim and the Verde Valley is suggested by the occurrence of Verde Brown and Tuzigoot 155 P lain in larg e amounts at many o f the Bald H ill s ite s . The m ateria ls used to temper Verde Brown are not available above the Rim nor are the clays used to make Tuzigoot Plain. Bald H ill Brown, the plainware made above the Rim, has a limited distribution but it is found at the Bull Pen Ranch sites which lie on West Clear Creek below the Rim escarpment suggesting some interchange between the two areas. The types of architecture found above the Rim seem to follow the sequence of development known for the Verde Valley. As yet no s ite s lik e the Stoneman Lake s it e , which is more s im ila r to s ite s of the Northern Sinagua region, are known in the Rim area south of Beaver Creek. The e x o tic l i t h i c raw m aterial found in the Bald H ill s ite collections, jasper, quartzite and obsidian, are available from stream beds below the Rim. Based on the evidence presented in this paper it seems likely that further study could confirm one or more of these hypotheses regarding occupation of the study area. Use of the area by people associated with Verde Valley people may indicate the necessity to find additional sources of food because of population pressure or drought. Diversification of the number and kinds of resources and microenviron ments being exploited guarantees survival in an unpredictable environment. A preference for certain foods or resources may have made the lands above the Rim a place chosen for occupation. Whatever the causes, it is clear that the intensive use of the Bald Hill locality by prehistoric peoples merits further investigation. The variability seen in the sites and in the 156 artifact assemblages seems to indicate a wide variety of uses of the area. I t is in te re s tin g to speculate ju s t how long th is phenonenon would have continued to be undiscovered had the archaeological surveys not been required by law. APPENDIX A BASKETRY MATERIALS FROM SITE 64 The information in this appendix is abstracted from Coconino National Forest Site Files and from correspondence between Alexander Lindsay of the Museum of Northern Arizona and Peter Pi lies of the Coconino National Forest. A fragmentary coiled basket and a bundle of devils-claw were discovered by Mr. Dale Little of Flagstaff Arizona in a cavate just a mile northwest of Bald H ill. The materials were found on Forest Service land. They were turned over to Peter Pi lies, Coconino National Forest Archaeologist. A site number, Site AR-03~04-01-64, was assigned to the cavate. The basketry m a te ria ls have been placed on permanent repository at the Museum of Northern Arizona in Flagstaff. Alexander Lindsay of MNA tentatively identified the coiled basket as either Western Apache or Yavapai. The devils-claw (Proboscidea sp.) was bound together with yucca ties. There were two bundles. The bodies o f the claws had been removed from the pieces o f d e v ils -c la w in one o f the bundles. D evils-claw is used to add black patterns to light colored baskets. A conical, twined burden basket was also found with the coiled basket and devils-claw but it is not in the possession of either Mr. Little or the Museum. Further identification of the basketry materials could be aided if the burden basket was made available for inspection. 157 APPENDIX B DESCRIPTION OF SITE 342 AND REPORT FROM THE LABORATORY OF TREE-RING RESEARCH The site consists of a 30 to 50 room c liff dwelling at the base of the latest member of the Hickey Formation at the top of a steep talus slope. There is one completely intact room which has been subjected to some minor potting in the floor. This room was once the first floor of a three or four story structure. The construction of the roof of this room is two 10" diameter beams which are crossed by sixteen 4" beams. These beams are then crossed by reeds which are covered by clay and a layer of stone slabs. Other walls are s till standing but most of the ruin has collapsed. The general construction of the walls is dry laid masonry which has been p lastered o ver. Heavier stone is used fo r the bottom courses while the upper courses: have been cut out of light weight volcanic ash lenses. Storage cists and small cavates have been carved into this volcanic ash. Pictographs are visible on the canyon face above the c liff dwelling. They are done in either black or red paint. Coring of the roof beams allowed dating of several beams. The tree-ring data are presented in Table B.l. 158 159 TABLE B .l SUMMARY OF LABORATORY OF TREE-RING RESEARCH REPORT ON BALD HILL SITE 342 Dating Provenience TRL Number F ie ld Number Species Inside Outside Room 6 , #4 VER-84 6-4 PNN 1260p-1320v #2 VER-82 6-2 PNN 1275p-1321v #6 VER-86 6-6 PNN 1245p-1321v Room 10,#1(2) VER-110 10-1#2 PNN 1282p-1323v Species identification included 6 samples of Ponderosa pine, 4 samples of Pinyon pine, 3 samples of Juniper, 2 samples of a Populus which are probably Cottonwood and 1 sample of a non-conifer that may be Box elder. The report is dated July 12, 1979. The Accession number is A-498. Key to symbols used in the lab report:PNN=Pinyon pine p=pith ring present** v= a subjective judgment that, although there is no direct evidence of the true outside on the specimens, the date is within a very few years of being a cutting date.** **B an n ister and Bryant (1966) APPENDIX C TUZIGOOT PLAIN TEMPER ANALYSIS The Tuzigoot Plain Varieties 1. Paste: fine Temper: little or no temper although very fine gray or red cinder particles are sometimes present. No white opaque fragments. Core: dark . MNA Type Sherd: AT1^960 2. Paste: moderate, cakelike, rough, crumbly. Temper: gray cinder w ith w ater worn q u a rtz , small number o f w hite opaque fragments Core: usually dark, but varies. MNA Type Sherd: AT8691 3- Paste: fin e Temper: moderate number o f w hite opaque fragments evenly distributed, may show through on surface, rounded quartz also present Core: dark to medium dark Comment: thin pottery with smoothed or polished surface. MNA Type Sherd: AT14962 4. Paste: moderate, cake like, rough crumbly. Temper: gray and red fragments and w h ite opaque fragm ents, w ith occasional w ater worn quartz Core: medium to dark Comment: bowl found a t S ite 455 was Tuzigoot #4 v a rie ty w ith a slightly recurved rim. 160 161 5 . Comment: s im ila r to #k but temper fragments more obvious on the surface. This may be because the sherds are more worn. 6. Paste: moderate, cake like. Temper: like #2 but red cinder in addition.to gray cinder and waterwom quartz. Core: ususlly dark, but varies Comment: not Beaver Creek Red since more like Tuzigoot than Sunset. 7. Comment: sim ilar to #2 and #6 but includes mediurn to large . coarse gray fragments MNA Type Sherd: AT867O. 162 TABLE C .l TUZIGOOT VARIETIES #1 n . #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #1 #2 #3 #4 # 5 #6 #7 1 .A 17 1 J A 14 5 1 2 2 1 3Z7 i ILA 18 334 i • 3 1 1 336 1 3 1 343 12 43 2 64 18 34 6 339 1 1 348 1 2 460 1 10 345 4 2 2 i f.B 32 3 4 2 3 12 2 349 1 353 2 14 2 9 5 3 3 356 1 1 354 1 5 3 21 20 6 5 2 2 , 403 360 1 2 1 1 404 4 3 2 2 2 III.A 15 5 6 2 405 3 2 1 453 2 4 2 1 1 2 407 5 2 454 2 1 3 3 20 403 2 1 3 3 3 455 1 1 1 11 2 412 1 1 2 1 425 1 2 4 111^342 1 6 7 3 11 1 461 2 4 3 4 IV.A 309 1 1 462 1 310 1 463 1 311 465 1 7 1 5 2 5 1 312 . 484 2 2 2 411 1 9 I.B 16 2 3 1 313 1 1 1 1 TOTALS ' SITE CLASS 328 2 1 I.A 10 28 1 35 22 20 4 335 350 2 1 I.B 4 12 1 23 27 8 5 358 1 1 1 1 414 4 8 4 7 2 I.C 15 29 8 27 30 41 8 464 1 1 1 . 12 16 2 1 485 1 I.D 5 1 2 2 1 I.C 314 4 2 14 1 1 326 1 3 1 1 1 I.A 12 46 2 67 31 35 6 330 1 3 2 1 1 1 332 1 1 II.B 4 25 5 32 28 22 11 337 1 1 1 4 1 5 III.A 3 . 7 4 15 5 6 28 338 i 2 341 2 10 2 1 LI .B 1 6 7 3 11 1 346 3 9 3 6 3 5 2 1 4 347 2 6 4 4 1 IV.A 1 1 10 355 1 1 357 3 1 1 8 TOT 49 159 29 205 155 143 64 406 5 3 1 3 4 415 1 3 APPENDIX D BALD HILL BROWN: NEW TYPE Named for: Bald H ill locality on the margin of the Colorado Plateau, 12 miles due east of Camp Verde, Arizona. Type specimens: Available at the Coconino National Forest Supervisor's Office, Flagstaff, Arizona. Stage: PI 11 - P IV Time: ca.1100-1400 Probably contemporaneous with Tuzigoot Red and Tuzigoot Plain. Description: Construction: paddle and a n v il Core color: usually the same as the surface color Fired: oxidizing atmosphere Temper:predominantly green olivine crystals which are found in sand deposits eroding out of basaltic tuff layers in the Bald H ill locality, also some white angular fragments. Carbon s tre a k : no Texture of core: medi urn Surface fin is h : e x te r io r rough and sometimes crazed. In te r io r rough, often a n v il marks are e v id e n t. P ittin g . Surface color: reddish-brown Fire clouds: no 163 164 Forms: no whole vessels known but g e n erally appear to be ja r s . Walls; moderate1y strong Fracture: crumbling Comparison: Similar to Tuzigoot Plain in having a fine paste but differs significantly in temper and surface finish. Range: Colorado P lateau Margin south o f Wet Beaver Creek and north o f Fossil Creek above the Verde Valley. Cultural Association: Southern Sinagua REFERENCES CITED Anderson, Keith M. 1969 Archaeology on the Shonto Plateau, Northeast Arizona. Southwestern Monuments Association Technical Series 7. B annister, Bryant, E lizab eth A. M. Gel 1 and John W. Hannah 1966 Tree Ring Dates from Arizona N-Q. Laboratory of Tree- Ring Research, Uhiversity of Arizona, Tucson. Barnett, Franklin 1974 Excavation of Main Pueblo at Fitzmaurice Ruin. Museum of Northern Arizona Special Publication. Breternitz, David A. 1959 Orme Ranch Cave, NA6656. MS on f i l e , Museum o f Northern Arizona, Flagstaff. 1960 Excavations at Three Sites in the Verde Valley, Arizona. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 34. 1966 An Appraisal of Tree-Ring Dated Pottery in the Southwest. Anthropological Papers of the University of Arizona 16 Brew, J. 0. 1946 The Use and Abuse o f Taxonomy. 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