Water Resources of the Batavia Kill Basin at Windham, Greene County, New York

Water Resources of the Batavia Kill Basin at Windham, Greene County, New York U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investgiations Report 98-4036 Prepared in cooperation with New York City Department of Environmental Protection Photo (cover): View of Cave Mountain and ski area looking south from Mitchell Hollow Road, Windham, New York. (Photo by Paul Heisig) Water Resources of the Batavia Kill Basin at Windham, Greene County, New York By Paul M. Heisig U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4036 Prepared in cooperation with the New York City Department of Environmental Protection science for a changing world Troy, New York 1998 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Charles G. Groat, Director The use of trade, product, or firm names in this report is for identification or location purposes only and does not constitute endorsement of products by the U.S. Geological Survey, nor impute responsibility for any present or potential effects on the natural resources of the United States. For additional information write to: Copies of this report can be purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Branch of Information Services 425 Jordan Road Box 25286 Troy, New York 12180 Denver, CO 80225-0286 ii CONTENTS Abstract . 1 Introduction . 1 Approach . 3 Purpose and Scope . 3 Acknowledgments . 3 Physiography and Water Use . 3 Geology . 4 Bedrock . 4 Unconsolidated Deposits . 5 Water Resources . 5 Components of the Hydrologic System . 5 Precipitation . 6 Evapotranspiration . 9 Total Runoff . 9 Recharge . 10 Basinwide Mean . 10 Spatial Distribution. 11 Overland Flow . 14 Water Withdrawals . 15 Downstream Water Diversion . 16 Surface Water . 16 Flow Conditions . 16 Human Alteration of Surface-water Flows . 17 Infiltration Losses from Tributary Streams . 18 Low-flow Frequency and Duration . 22 Frequency Statistics . 22 Duration Statistics. 24 Chemistry . 24 Temporal Variations . 25 Physical Properties, Selected Nutrients, and Turbidity . 25 Inorganic Constituents . 30 Spatial Variations . 31 Ground Water . 35 Sources . 36 Unconsolidated Deposits . 36 Thickness and Classification . 36 Extent and Saturated Thickness of the Stratified-drift Aquifer . 40 Hydraulic Properties . 41 Bedrock . 42 Subsurface Continuity of Natural-gamma Units . 42 Fracture Distribution and Frequency . 43 Saline Water . 47 Hydraulic Properties . 48 Geochemistry of Natural Ground Waters . 57 Chemical Evolution Along Flowpaths . 59 Mixing with Saline Water . 61 Effects of Human Practices on Ground-water Quality . 62 Point-source Degradation . 63 Contents iii Wastewater Disposal . 63 Road-salt Storage . ..

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