Vegetation Book Plant Descriptions

Part Three Plant Descriptions

Page 187 Page 188 Information about the plant Profiles). descriptions • Site preference: Describes the preference of the plant to such things as soil types, This section contains information about selected moisture, aspect, etc. plant species that are found in the Border Rivers - Gwydir catchment. Most of the species • Habit: Describes what the plant looks like, described relate to those that are highlighted such as flower colour, growth form, bark in bold in Part Two: Vegetation Profiles. colour and texture, etc. They represent the species that are of special interest, or those that are of use for revegetation • Flowering: Time of year you would expect purposes. As a total list of plant species for each to see the plant flowering. landform is too large to be accommodated in the • Seed collection: How or when to collect Vegetation Profiles, there may be some species seeds for propagation. described in this section that have not been listed there. The plant descriptions do not describe all • Propagation: Notes the easiest method the plant species that grow in the Border Rivers of propagation, i.e. growing from seed, -Gwydir catchment, because the list would be cuttings, etc. Also see Appendix One for too large. For information on plants that are not further information. described in this section, see the bibliography • Rainfall: Average annual rainfall of the following the plant descriptions (p 277). species’ natural range. Interpreting the descriptions • Values and uses: Lists the species’usefulness, including palatability for livestock, use for The species are listed alphabetically using timber, wildlife habitat, etc. their scientific name. There is a common name index provided at the end of the species • Comments: Any other information that is descriptions, following the bibliography. The of interest or importance. common name, if known, is listed next to the scientific name, and the family that the species As far as possible, jargon and scientific language belongs to is listed on the right. After the species has been minimised in the descriptions. For name there is either an (i) or an (r), which information on any terms that you do not indicates whether they are described for special understand, consult a reputable botany book. interest purposes or if the species is useful for One such book is Name That Flower by Ian revegetation. The other parts of the descriptions Clarke and Helen Lee, 1987, Melbourne are as follows: University Press. The glossary on PlantNet (http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/) is also very • Previous names: Refers to any other useful for technical terms. scientific names by which the species has How the descriptions were put together been known. Many sources were used to gather information • Other names: Refers to other common for the descriptions. The literature that was names by which the plant is known. used is given in a bibliography following the • Habitat: Lists the common pant plant descriptions. Greg Steenbeeke (Office communities in which the species can often of Environment and Heritage NSW) also be found. contributed his knowledge and expertise. • Occurrence: Refers to the Bioregion PLEASE NOTE in which the plant can be found (BBS Because many sources have been used, and the = Brigalow Belt South, DRP = Darling same species can adapt to conditions in two Riverine Plains, NAN = Nandewar, NET different regions, it is important that you use = New England Tablelands. For further seeds from the same region as where you want information see Part Two: Vegetation to revegetate.

Page 189 You should also speak to experienced people, such as nursery staff, before you make a decision on what plants you will use for revegetation. Also, Chapter Twelve in this book provides excellent information about planning for, and carrying out, revegetation work.

Page 190 Abutilon leucopetalum (r) Lantern bush Malvaceae

Previous names: Abutilon calliphyllum Other names: Desert Chinese Lantern. Habitat: Often associated with Bimble Box. Occurrence: DRP, BBS. Site preference: Grows on shallow soils. Grows on rocky hill sides and along edges of ephemeral streams. Habit: Shrub to 1 m high. Leaves with long stalks. Stems and branches covered in very fine hairs. Flowers yellow. Flowering: Spring to summer. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From seed or cuttings. Rainfall: 200-800 mm. Values and uses: Relatively unpalatable to stock. Comments: An uncommon plant.

Abutilon oxycarpum (r) Straggly Lantern Bush Malvaceae

Other names: Lanternbush, Flannel Weed. Habitat: Grows in a variety of vegetation communities. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Rocky hillslopes and stream banks. Grows on red earths with a sandy or clay loam mixture. Habit: Straggly plant to a height of 90 cm. Leaves and stems minutely hairy, giving a velvety feel. Flowering: Summer. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Values and uses: Known to be eaten by stock but little is known of its nutritional value.

Acacia amoena (r) Boomerang Wattle Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)

Habitat: Dry sclerophyll forest and woodland. Occurrence: NAN, NET. Site preference: Rocky sites. Habit: Erect or spreading shrub 0.5-3 m high. Phyllodes straight or sometimes slightly curved and leathery, with a central vein and thick margins. Flowers round yellow to bright yellow or sometimes pale yellow. Pods straight. Flowering: July to October, December. Seed collection: Summer, when pods dry. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 800-1000 mm. Values and uses: Wildlife habitat and food source value. Good small shrub for windbreaks.

Acacia atrox (i) Myall Creek Wattle Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)

Previous names: Acacia sp. 'Myall Creek' Habitat: Eucalypt woodland. Occurrence: NAN (known only from one site near Bingara). Site preference: Hill crest and upper slope. Habit: Shrub 0.5-2 m high, with suckering habit and grey-brown bark. Phyllodes rigid and spiny, with a yellow vein. Round, cream­ coloured to pale yellow flowers. Flowering: Throughout the year. Propagation: No pods or seeds have been seen, appears to reproduce through root suckers. Rainfall: 800-1000 mm. Values and uses: Wildlife habitat. Comments: Endangered species that was only found in the year 2000.

Page 191 Acacia binervata (r) Two-veined Hickory Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)

Previous names: Racosperma binervatum Habitat: Wet or dry sclerophyll forest and in rainforest. Occurrence: NET. Site preference: Sandy or basaltic soils. Habit: Variable species as either an erect or spreading tall shrub to 5 m high or tree to 15 m high with smooth or rough, grey-black or grey-brown bark. Phyllodes smooth, with 2 or occasionally 3 longitudinal veins prominent. 30-50 flowers pale yellow to white round flowers. Flowering: August to November. Seed collection: Collect pods when almost dry, prior to opening and place in paper bags until seeds are released. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 1000-1600 mm Values and uses: Good for windbreaks and a useful wildlife plant that provides shelter and nectar.

Acacia buxifolia (r) Box-leaved Wattle Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)

Previous names: Racosperma buxifolium Other names: Hill Wattle, Box Leaf Wattle. Habitat: Dry sclerophyll forest, woodland and heath. Occurrence: NAN, NET. Site preference: Well-drained soil. Slopes, ridges and often on rocky outcrops. Habit: 1-3 m high erect or spreading shrub with thick blue-grey foliage. Rounded phyllodes to 3 cm long with a central vein. Masses of small, golden, ball-shaped flowers. Pod flat and straight. Flowering: July to November. Seed collection: December to mid-January. Seeds released immediately or within 1-2 days of maturity. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 600-1200 mm. Values and uses: Low-level cover in windbreaks. Good bird habitat and flowers attract butterflies and insects. Good for erosion control as it has fibrous roots. Comments: A hardy species.

Acacia cheelii (r) Motherumbah Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)

Habitat: Dry sclerophyll forest and scrub, eucalypt and Cypress Pine woodland. Occurrence: BBS, NAN. Site preference: Rocky ridges, often in sandy soils. Habit: Erect or spreading shrub or tree to 7 m high or sometimes taller. Phyllodes bluish in appearance, smooth with numerous longitudinal veins. Juvenile phyllodes with a distinct yellow knob at their tip, less noticeable on mature phyllodes. Bright yellow flowers. Flowering: August to November. Seed collection: Summer. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 800-1200 mm Values and uses: Bird and wildlife habitat.

Page 192 Acacia dealbata (r) Silver Wattle Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)

Previous names: Racosperma dealbatum Habitat: Dry sclerophyll forest or woodland. Occurrence: NET. Site preference: Variety of substrates, often on slopes and creek banks. Habit: Tree 30 m tall or a spindly shrub, depending on location. Bark is grey to almost black with deep fissures. Foliage and branches are a creamy-white due to a coverage of short white hairs. Flowers are round, yellow and prolific. Flowering: July to October. Seed collection: November to January. Seeds are dropped soon after maturity so monitor the trees closely and collect seeds by shaking over a sheet placed on the ground. Propagation: From seed that has been scarified with boiling water. Rainfall: 800-1000 mm Values and uses: A fast-growing species that is good for medium level cover in windbreaks. A good plant for erosion control due to its fast growth and suckering habit. Excellent bird, glider and possum habitat. Its structure is great for nesting and foraging. Comments: Lifespan of several decades and seeds are long-lived (~50 years).

Acacia deanei (r) Green Wattle Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)

Other names: Deane’s Wattle Habitat: Grows in a variety of sclerophyll and woodland communities. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Red earths on level plains and also on mountain sides and slopes Habit: Shrub or small tree to 7 m high, with a spread of 4 m. Bark smooth and grey-brown, with green or green-yellow foliage. Phyllodes are dark green. Flowers are round, golden yellow or almost white. Flowering: Throughout the year. Seed collection: Any time of the year after flowering. Propagation: From scarified seed (boiling water). Rainfall: 400-1200 mm Values and uses: Good low level cover in windbreaks and valuable for controlling erosion due to its fibrous roots. Very drought resistant. Comments: Poisonous to sheep and cattle if grazed heavily.

Acacia debilis (r) Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)

Previous names: Racosperma debile Habitat: Dry sclerophyll open forest and woodland. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Sandy soils, often on creek banks. Habit: Erect or spreading shrub to tree 2.5-6 m high. Smooth, greyish or reddish green bark. Phyllodes smooth. Flowers round, bright yellow or yellow. Flowering: July to September. Seed collection: Summer. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 800-1000 mm. Values and uses: Good for attracting wildlife and can also be used for stabilising erosion.

Page 193 Acacia decora (r) Western Golden Wattle Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)

Previous names: Racosperma decorum, Acacia caleyi Other names: Graceful Wattle, Showy Wattle, Western Silver Wattle, Golden Wattle Habitat: Woodlands and grasslands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Well-drained light to heavy soils. Habit: 1-4 m high erect or spreading shrub with narrow, waxy, grey-blue foliage. Flowers bright golden- yellow. Flowering: Spring. Seed collection: December to mid-January. Seeds released with 1-2 days of maturity. Propagation: Scarified seeds and cuttings. Rainfall: 400-1200 mm. Values and uses: Good for low level windbreak planting and recharge control. Good habitat and pollen source for birds and insects. Comments: Regenerates from seed particularly after fire.

Acacia excelsa (r) Ironwood Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)

Previous names: Racosperma excelsum Habitat: Savannah and woodland. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN. Site preference: Red earths and sandy loams. Habit: Erect or spreading tree or sometimes shrub 3-15 m high. Phyllodes smooth, with 3-7 prominent longitudinal veins. Flowers round, and bright yellow. Pod straight and flat. Flowering: March to June. But very irregular and does not flower every year. Seed collection: Spring – summer. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 300-800 mm. Values and uses: Good wildlife habitat, long-lived.

Acacia fimbriata (r) Fringed Wattle Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)

Previous names: Racosperma fimbriatum, Acacia perangusta, Acacia fimbriata var. perangusta, Acacia prominens var. fimbriata Habitat: Eucalypt forest and woodland. Occurrence: NAN, NET. Site preference: Rocky and sandy soil, often along rocky streams. Moist heavy soils. Habit: Erect or spreading shrub or tree to 6 m high. Phyllodes straight or slightly curved with margins fringed with small hairs (sometimes minute). Flowers round, bright yellow and sometimes paler yellow. Pods are thin textured. Flowering: July to November. Seed collection: Summer. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 1000-1600 mm. Values and uses: Wildlife habitat and food source.

Page 194 Acacia harpophylla (r) Brigalow Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)

Previous names: Racosperma harpophyllum Habitat: Forests and woodlands, often forming extensive low forests and scrubs. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN. Site preference: Generally grows best in clay loam soils. Habit: Erect or spreading tree to 20 m, often suckering. Dark, fissured bark. Sickle-shaped grey-green phyllodes to 20 cm long. Flowers are ball-shaped and vary in colour from white to golden-yellow. Flowering: Winter-spring or in response to rain. Seed collection: Late spring - summer. Propagation: From fresh seed, scarification not necessary. Germination rates decline as seeds get older. Grows from root cuttings. Rainfall: 400-1000 mm. Values and uses: Wildlife habitat. Sheep will graze on new suckers. Timber can be used for building and turning work and also firewood. A useful shade tree for warm climates. A hardy tree for areas with low rainfall. Comments: Tree can be coppiced and the suckers can be transplanted. May increase soil fertility. Decomposition may release accumulated calcium.

Acacia homalophylla (r) Yarran Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)

Previous names: Acacia omalophylla, Racosperma omalophyllum Other names: Curly Yarran, Myall, Gidyea, Gidgee, Spearwood Habitat: Grows in a wide variety of soils and vegetation communities. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN. Site preference: Tolerates a wide range of soils. Habit: Shrub or small tree 10 m high, with rough fibrous bark on a sturdy trunk. Greyish-green phyllodes with many fine parallel veins that are only just visible. Flowers golden- yellow to cream. Flowering: August to November. Seed collection: December to January. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 300-600 mm. Values and uses: Windbreaks and firewood. Hard timber valued for woodworking. Comments: Resists frost and drought.

Acacia implexa (r) Hickory Wattle Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)

Previous names: Racosperma implexum Other names: Hickory, Lightwood, Screw Pod Wattle, Broad-leaved Wattle, Bastard Myall. Habitat: Forests and woodlands on shallow soils on riparian, slopes and rocky country. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Well-drained soils in open situations. Habit: Shrub or small tree to 15 m high, often suckering. Phyllodes are light green and sickle-shaped to 20 cm long. Bark is greyish and flowers are pale yellow to almost white. Pods loosely coiled or twisted. Flowering: December to March Seed collection: May take up to 12 months to mature so check trees regularly. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 600-1600 mm. Values and uses: Good for planting in windbreaks and recharge lots on rocky outcrops. Comments: Very hardy and tolerates frost, droughts and wind. Prone to borer and leaf gall.

Page 195 Acacia leiocalyx (r) Curracabah Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)

Previous names: Racosperma leiocalyx Other names: Black Wattle. Habitat: Sclerophyll forest, woodlands and heath. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Sedimentary and granite-derived soils. Habit: Erect or spreading tree or shrub to 6 m high. Slightly corrugated, grey or greyish brown bark. Phyllodes smooth, with 3, or sometimes more, longitudinal veins prominent. Flowers cylindrical, pale yellow or yellow. Flowering: June to October. Seed collection: Summer – autumn. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 800-1600 mm. Values and uses: Wildlife habitat and food source. Good for medium-level cover in windbreaks.

Acacia melanoxylon (r) Blackwood Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)

Previous names: Racosperma melanoxylon Habitat: Moist forest and margins of rainforests on clay and basalt soils. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Deep gullies, and most situations. Habit: Tree reaching to 30 m with variable habit. Phyllodes to 14 cm long, sometimes with a blunt hook. Several widely spaced, well-defined veins. Flowers are cream, ball- shaped. Pod often twisted into a complete circle. Flowering: July to December. Seed collection: Autumn. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 800-1600 mm. Values and uses: A good hardy shade or shelter tree. Larger specimens are a useful timber tree. Comments: Prone to borer attack in warm areas. Has become a weed in South Africa.

Acacia neriifolia (r) Silver Wattle Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)

Previous names: Syn. Racosperma neriifolium Other names: Oleander Wattle. Habitat: Dry sclerophyll forest and woodland. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Granite outcrops and rocky hillsides. Habit: Shrub or tree 3-8 m high. Phyllodes linear, straight or slightly curved, and covered in fine hairs. Flowers round, yellow or bright yellow in clusters. Flowering: July to October. Seed collection: Late spring. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 600-800 mm. Values and uses: Wildlife habitat. Can be planted as a small shelter tree and within windbreaks.

Page 196 Acacia obtusifolia (r) Stiff-leafed Wattle Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)

Previous names: Racosperma obtusifolium Other names: Blunt-leaf wattle. Habitat: Dry and wet sclerophyll forest, woodland and heath. Occurrence: NET. Site preference: Sandy and loam soils, usually sandstone but also basalt. Habit: Tree or shrub 1.5-8 m high. Smooth or corrugated, grey bark. Phyllodes smooth, usually with 2 or 3 or more longitudinal veins more prominent. Flowers pale yellow to cream-coloured in a cylindrical head about 4 cm long. Flowering: December to February. Seed collection: Late summer – autumn. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 1000-1200 mm. Values and uses: Good wildlife habitat and small to medium-sized windbreak species.

Acacia oswaldii (r) Miljee Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)

Other names: Midget Tree, Ram’s Horn Tree, Nelia, Umbrella Bush, Karagata, Nelia. Habitat: Woodlands, grasslands and shrublands. Occurrence: DRP, NAN. Site preference: Heavy to moderately-drained soil. Habit: Densely branched erect or spreading shrub to 6 m high. Sharp tipped phyllodes and large woody twisted seed pods. Flowers golden-yellow or pale-yellow. Flowering: October to December. Seed collection: December to March. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 300-1000 mm. Values and uses: Low-level cover in windbreaks, and long-lived (more than several decades). Will be grazed by stock, but not known to be very palatable. Comments: Drought and frost tolerant.

Acacia paradoxa (r) Kangaroo Thorn Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)

Previous names: Acacia armata Habitat: Found in many different plant communities. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Suits a variety of soil types. Habit: Spreading, prickly shrub to 3 m high and 3-4 m across. Phyllodes to 3 cm long with undulate edges. Stems with stiff spines. Flowers yellow balls. Flowering: July to November. Seed collection: Summer to autumn. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 600-1200 mm. Values and uses: Suitable for road batters and hedges. Excellent species for growing as a paddock hedge. Comments: Very hardy.

Page 197 Acacia pendula (r) Myall Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)

Previous names: Racosperma pendulum Other names: Boree. Habitat: Major river floodplains and is sometimes the dominant species in shrublands and open woodlands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN. Site preference: Needs full sun. Tolerates clay and alluvial soils. Habit: Tree to 10 m with pendulous branches, occasionally spreading. Phyllodes are narrow and grey to a length of 8 cm, with two or three veins more prominent.Flowers are yellow and ball-shaped, and somewhat inconspicuous. Flowering: Mainly summer and autumn (irregular). Seed collection: Spring. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 300-800 mm. Values and uses: Wildlife habitat and also good for firewood. Grazed by stock and is a good source of drought fodder. Can also be planted for shade and shelter. Comments: Frost tolerance not fully tested.

Acacia penninervis (r) Mountain Hickory Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)

Previous names: Racosperma penninerve Habitat: Moist and dry sclerophyll forest and woodland. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Tolerates a variety of soil types. Habit: Shrub or tree from 2-8 m high. Finely or deeply fissured, dark grey to slightly curved, midvein and marginal veins prominent. Flowers round, pale yellow to almost white in clusters. Flowering: Throughout the year. Seed collection: Summer – autumn. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 600-1200 mm. Values and uses: Wildlife habitat and nectar source. Use as a windbreak species. Wood has been used in turning.

Acacia rubida (r) Red-leaved Wattle Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)

Previous names: Racosperma rubidum Other names: Red-stemmed Wattle Habitat: Dry sclerophyll forest and woodland on a variety of soils. Occurrence: NET. Site preference: Elevated rocky sites. Common along roadside verges. Habit: Large, erect shrub, sometimes reaching tree proportions. Phyllodes to 10 cm long, with a hint of red underneath the green colouring. Pinnate phyllodes sometimes also present. Yellow flowers. Flowering: July to November. Seed collection: Summer to autumn. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 1000-1600 mm. Values and uses: Good wildlife species and a fast-growing windbreak tree for the edges. Comments: Very hardy.

Page 198 Acacia spectabilis (r) Mudgee Wattle Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)

Previous names: Racosperma spectabile Habitat: Dry sclerophyll forest and heath. Occurrence: BBS, NAN. Site preference: Likes full sun and good drainage, and sandy or gravelly soils Habit: Large shrub with tree-like form growing to a height of 6 m. Pendulous branches. Phyllodes are divided and trunk is grey- green. Flowers are golden, ball-shaped, and pods long and wide and are purplish in colour. Flowering: July to November. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 600-800 mm. Values and uses: Good wildlife habitat and food source. Not known to be grazed. A source of gums and resins.

Acacia stenophylla (r) River Cooba Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)

Previous names: Racosperma stenophyllum Other names: River Myall, Belalie, Eumong, Gurley. Habitat: Along rivers, creeks and in swampy areas in River Red Gum forests and woodlands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN. Site preference: Heavy clay soils. Habit: Tree from 4-13 m high that often suckers. Fissured, dark grey-brown bark. Phyllodes drooping, straight or curved with prominent veins. Flowers round, cream-coloured to yellow. Flowering: March to August, but irregularly throughout the year. Seed collection: Late spring. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 300-800 mm. Values and uses: Good timber for turning and joinery. Can also be utilised for shade, shelter, firewood, fencing, and riverbank stabilisation. Comments: Has been known to cause skin irritation.

Acacia triptera (r) Spur-wing Wattle Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)

Previous names: Racosperma tripterum Habitat: Mallee, woodland and heath communities. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Sandhills or rocky outcrops. Habit: Dense, spreading shrub to 3 m high by 4 m and more wide. Phyllodes are rigid, sickle-shaped and pointed, with many prominent veins. Flowers are golden and borne in a cylindrical head. Pods usually curved. Flowering: August to November. Seed collection: Late summer/autumn. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 300-1000 mm. Values and uses: A good plant hedge as its sharp phyllodes make it impenetrable. Useful nesting site, especially for small birds.

Page 199 Acacia viscidula (r) Sticky Wattle Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)

Previous names: Acacia sp. C, Racosperma viscidulum Habitat: Dry sclerophyll forest, woodland and heath. Occurrence: NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows in granite soils and on granite outcrops. Habit: Shrub to 4 m high, sometimes 5 m high. Smooth, grey or grey-brown bark. Small branches covered in short, white hairs. Phyllodes straight to slightly curved with several prominent veins. Flowers ball-shaped, light to bright yellow. Flowering: August to October. Seed collection: Summer. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 1000-1600 mm. Values and uses: Good wildlife habitat and food source. Useful planted in a windbreak as a low level species.

Actinotus helianthi (i) Flannel Flower Apiaceae

Habitat: Eucalypt forest on shallow, sandy soil. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Poor sandy soil, with good drainage and full sun. Habit: Perennial herb to 90 cm in height. Flower heads are white to cream and tipped with green. Individual flowers are white to cream. Flowering: Throughout the year but mainly September to November. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From seed. Seeds can take up to one year to germinate. Rainfall: 500-1200 mm.

Ajuga australis (r) Austral Bugle Lamiaceae

Other names: Bugle. Habitat: Occurs in many vegetation communities including mallee, mulga and cypress pine. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows in a wide variety of soil types, from calcareous red soils to skeletal soils on hillslopes. Likes damp or sheltered areas. Habit: Spreading, perennial plant with rosettes of soft leaves. Flowers are on a spike and can be pink, mauve or purple. Flowering: Spring and summer. Seed collection: Collect flower heads as they dry off and place in paper bag. Shake to remove seed and sieve out waste. Propagation: Grows readily from seed and also by division or cuttings. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm. Values and uses: Pioneer species that is good for planting as a ground layer in revegetation schemes.

Alectryon oleifolius (r) Western Rosewood Sapindaceae

Previous names: Heterodendron oleifolium Other names: Bonaree, Boonery. Habitat: Widespread in communities in semi-arid regions. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN. Site preference: Grows in heavy black soils and sandy/limestone soils. Habit: Small tree to 10 m high. Broad, long leaves to a length of 15 cm. Flowers small and cream. Fruit is green, opening to expose red and black seeds. Flowering: Early summer. Seed collection: Late summer. Collect when capsule has split open. Wash seed prior to sowing. Germination rates can be very poor and high temperatures are required. Propagation: From seed and cuttings. Rainfall: 200-800 mm. Values and uses: Excellent for wildlife. Useful for joinery as it has attractive dark timber. Can also be used for fencing. Useful drought forage. Page 200 Allocasuarina inophloia (r) Stringybark She-oak Casuarinaceae

Previous names: Casuarina inophloia Habitat: Woodland. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Ironstone or sandstone ridges, but hardy in most soils. Habit: Small tree to 10 m high with drooping habit but with spreading crown. Bark is brown and fibrous, with a shaggy appearance. Female flowers are bright red, and male flowers are in spikes. Flowering: Winter. Seed collection: Collect cones when they are starting to turn grey/brown and place in paper bags to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 800-1000 mm. Values and uses: Good medium-level tree for windbreaks. Good wildlife habitat and food plant, particularly the flowers which appear in winter. Glossy Black Cockatoo feed tree.

Allocasuarina littoralis (r) Black She-oak Casuarinaceae

Previous names: Casuarina littoralis, Casuarina suberosa. Habitat: Woodland or occasionally tall heath. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Likely to occur on sandy soil, but hardy in a range of soils. Habit: Tree to 15 m high and branchlets to 20 cm long. Flowering: Mainly summer. Seed collection: Late summer-autumn. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 1000-2000 mm. Values and uses: Useful small shade tree. Glossy Black Cockatoo feed tree.

Allocasuarina luehmannii (r) Buloke Casuarinaceae

Previous names: Casuarina luehmannii Habitat: Scattered in woodland. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Non-calcareous soils, more common on sandy soils. Habit: Tree to 15 m high. Bark is rough and deeply fissured. Flowering: Any time of the year but mainly summer. Seed collection: Late summer-autumn. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-1000 mm. Values and uses: Produces a large volume of pollen of average quality. Timber durable but not known to be used for any purpose. Comments: Foliage rarely utilised by stock as it is tough and thick. Glossy Black Cockatoo feed tree.

Alphitonia excelsa (r) Red Ash Rhamnaceae

Other names: Sarsparilla, Soap Tree. Habitat: Scrub and open forest, and on steep gullies and slopes. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Tolerates most soil types. Habit: Tree to 25 m high. Bark grey and leaves shiny green above and silvery grey below. Flowers are small, green and insignificant. Fruits round and black. Flowering: Spring – summer. Seed collection: Collect seed when fruit is black and soft. Propagation: From cuttings and moderate success with seed. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Values and uses: Useful for fodder, shade, small woodwork projects, and firewood. Comments: Used by Aborigines as a medicinal plant and leaves were used as soap.

Page 201 Alstonia constricta (r) Quinine Bush Apocynaceae

Other names: Bitter Bark, Quinine Tree, Fever Bark, Peruvian Bark. Habitat: Woodlands, usually rarer on the plains. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN. Site preference: Grows in most soils, but prefers sandy soils and plenty of sun. Habit: Shrub or tree to 12 m high with fissured bark. Flowers are white and scented. Fruits long and thin. Flowering: Spring. Propagation: From cuttings. Rainfall: 500-1200 mm. Values and uses: Useful shade tree. Comments: Some fodder value, but in large amounts can cause poisoning.

Angophora exul (i) Gibraltar Rock Apple Myrtaceae

Previous names: Eucalyptus exul Habitat: Dry open woodland. Occurrence: NAN. Site preference: Known only from a small stand on open scree on a ridge of acid volcanic outcrops on Gibraltar Rock, west of Tenterfield. Habit: Tree to 8 m high; bark persistent, grey, shortly fibrous, shedding in plates. Adult leaves smooth. Flowering: Unknown. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 1000 mm. Values and uses: A species that needs special management to maintain its population. Comments: Endangered species.

Angophora floribunda (r) Rough-barked Apple Myrtaceae

Habitat: Generally grows along rivers or on undulating country. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Deep alluvial loamy soils, but grows on a variety of soil types. Habit: Tree to 30 m high; bark persistent, grey, shortly fibrous. Adult leaves glabrous, discolorous. Flowering: Late winter-spring. Seed collection: Soon after maturity. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 800-1600 mm. Values and uses: Useful shade tree. High wildlife habitat value. Timber is close-grained but not highly regarded. A high pollen producer but honey is of a low quality.

Angophora leiocarpa (r) Smooth-barked Apple Myrtaceae

Previous names: Angophora costata (in part), Angophora costata subsp. leiocarpa, Eucalyptus leiocarpa. Other names: Gum Myrtle, Apple Tree, Boondah. Habitat: Deep alluvial sandy soils or sandy soils on sandstone. Occurrence: BBS, NAN. Site preference: Sandstone and sandy soils. Habit: Tree to 25 m high; bark smooth, shedding in small scales, pink, grey or cream. Adult leaves smooth. Flowers cream. Flowering: Winter to spring. Seed collection: Soon after maturity. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 800-1000 mm. Values and uses: Valuable wildlife habitat and also a useful shade and shelter tree.

Page 202 Angophora subvelutina (r) Broad-leaved Apple Myrtaceae

Previous names: Eucalyptus subvelutina Habitat: Eucalypt woodland. Occurrence: NAN, NET. Site preference: Deep alluvial soils. Habit: Tree to 20 m high; rough bark persistent and grey, fibrous-flaky. Adult leaves discolorous. Flowers are white. Flowering: Summer. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 1000-1200 mm. Values and uses: Good shade tree. Comments: Tolerance to frost is good.

Aotus subglauca (i) Wild Wallflower Fabaceae (Faboideae)

Habitat: Dry sclerophyll forest. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Sandstone and granite hills. Habit: Many-branched shrub to 1 m high. Stems with white hairs. Flowers yellow with a purple patch in the centre of petal. Flowering: Spring. Seed collection: Summer. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm.

Apophyllum anomalum (i) Warrior Bush Capparaceae

Other names: Currant Bush, Broombush, Mustard Bush, Currant Bush. Habitat: In many communities in semi-arid areas. Occurrence: DRP, BBS. Site preference: Grows on a variety of soil types. Most common on red earths and duplex soil. Habit: Shrub to 3 m high. Young stems white and flowers greenish- white to yellow. Flowering: Spring to early summer. Seed collection: Late summer-autumn. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-800 mm. Values and uses: Very hardy and drought resistant. Young growth and fruit are grazed by stock.

Aristida leptopoda (r) White Speargrass Poaceae

Other names: White Wiregrass, Bunch Spear Grass. Habitat: Grows in grassland and woodland. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Prefers heavy soils. Habit: Tussocky perennial to 70 cm high. Stems erect or ascending and round in cross- section. Leaves to 40 cm long. Flowerhead much-branched. Flowering: Summer or after good rain. Seed collection: Late summer to early autumn. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-800 mm. Values and uses: Palatable to stock when young, but not utilised much after flowering when plant has hardened off.

Page 203 Aristida ramosa (r) Purple Wiregrass Poaceae

Other names: Three-awm Speargrass, Cane Wiregrass, Cane Speargrass. Habitat: Woodlands and grasslands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows on poor soils. Habit: Tussocky, perennial grass to 1 m high. Stems stiff and tough. Flowerhead narrow with side branches more or less pressed against the central stem. Flowering: Spring to autumn. Seed collection: Summer to late autumn. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Values and uses: Only palatable to stock when young. Comments: The seeds often cause irritation to the mouths and eyes of stock.

Arthropodium minus (i) Small Vanilla Lily Anthericaceae

Habitat: Grows in a variety of habitats, but mostly in open grasslands and open woodlands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Loam or clay-loam soils, also on shallow soils on hillsides. Habit: Perennial herb (tuberous) to 50 cm high. Leaves narrow, bluish green and grass-like. Pale lilac flowers in spikes. Flowering: August to December. Propagation: From seed or by division of tubers. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Values and uses: Makes a very small contribution to winter-spring forage in some areas. Comments: Flowers are strongly vanilla-scented on warm days.

Arundinella nepalensis (r) Reed Grass Poaceae

Other names: Darby’s Oats. Habitat: Dry woodland and grassland. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Often grows in drainage lines. Habit: Tall, tufted perennial to 3 m high. Flowerheads are cane-like and up to 40 cm long. Flowering: In response to rain. Seed collection: At least 4 weeks after flowering. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Values and uses: Palatable to stock when young. Comments: Canes have been used for thatching.

Asperula conferta (r) Common Woodruff Rubiaceae

Habitat: Woodlands and grasslands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Tolerates a wide range of soil types. Habit: Tufted perennial forb to 15 cm high. Hairless leaves, except for rigid hairs along the margins and midrib underneath. Flowers creamy – white. Flowering: Spring – summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Values and uses: Extremely drought resistant and will be heavily grazed in the late summer months when other green feed is in short supply. Page 204 Astrebla lappacea (r) Curly Mitchell Grass Poaceae

Other names: Wheat Mitchell Habitat: Grasslands, woodlands and low shrublands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS. Site preference: Heavy grey clay and clay loam soils. Habit: Densely tufted grass to 90 cm high. Stems smooth and erect. Flowerhead a spike to 30 cm long. Spikelets 4 – 6 flowered. Flowering: Summer. Seed collection: Late summer/autumn. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-800 mm. Values and uses: Not of high nutritive value but palatable when young. Older material is only useful for roughage. Long lived. Comments: Can become the dominant species if there is a series of wet summers, but doesn’t like flooding. Valuable wildlife habitat.

Atalaya hemiglauca (r) Whitewood Sapindaceae

Other names: Cattle Bush. Habitat: Found in mixed open forest, also on dunes and crests of mulga communities. Occurrence: DRP, BBS. Site preference: Tolerates a wide range of soil types, including duplex and clay soils, and gravelly, clay loam red earths. Habit: Small to medium-sized tree to 10 m high. Rough bark on trunk and smooth bark on branches. Flowers creamy-green colour in large clusters. Seed with wing. Flowering: Spring – summer. Seed collection: Collect the seeds as they turn brown. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-1000 mm. Values and uses: Good wildlife habitat. Timber not very durable.

Atriplex leptocarpa (r) Slender-fruit Saltbush Chenopodiaceae

Other names: Creeping Saltbush, Long-fruited Saltbush. Habitat: Woodlands, grasslands and low shrublands in the drier areas of the catchment. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Common on duplex soils. Habit: Small, perennial shrub to 30 cm high, with a spreading habit. Flowers in clusters in the leaf angles. Flowering: Most of the year, but mainly spring and summer. Seed collection: Soon after flowering. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-600 mm. Values and uses: Useful for colonising scalded areas. Will be heavily utilised by stock in dry times, but not generally palatable.

Page 205 Atriplex muelleri (i) Mueller's Saltbush Chenopodiaceae

Other names: Lagoon Saltbush, Green saltbush, Queensland Saltbush and Annual Saltbush. Habitat: Mitchell Grass communities. Occurrence: DRP. Site preference: Prefers low-lying areas, on brown clays and occasionally gravely ridges and red earth soils. Habit: Erect shrub, to 40 cm high. Annual, with flowers borne in the leaf angles. Flowering: Most of the year. Seed collection: Most of the year. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-600 mm. Values and uses: Will be eaten by stock when mature, but sheep do not find it palatable.

Austrodanthonia bipartita (r) Wallaby Grass Poaceae

Previous names: Danthonia linkii var. linkii Habitat: Grows in open country. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Prefers heavy clay or loamy soils. Habit: Perennial grass to 70 cm with variable form. Flowerheads branched or spreading. Stems smooth. Spikelets pale-greenish to straw-coloured. Flowering: Throughout the year. Seed collection: Throughout the year. Propagation: From seed. Optimum sowing time is autumn. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Values and uses: Remains green all year and is a valuable fodder source in winter.

Austrostipa scabra (r) Speargrass Poaceae

Previous names: Stipa scabra Other names: Rough Speargrass. Habitat: Found in a wide variety of habitats. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Tolerates a wide range of soil types. Habit: Tufted perennial to 60 cm high. Leaf blade folded or inrolled, smooth to strongly ribbed. Flowerheads to a length of 30 cm. Flowering: Summer. Seed collection: Late summer/autumn. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Comments: Seeds can contaminate wool as a ‘vegetable fault’.

Austrostipa verticillata (r) Slender Bamboo Grass Poaceae

Previous names: Stipa verticillata Other names: Bamboo Grass, Bamboo Spear Grass. Habitat: Woodlands and grasslands in moister areas and along streambanks. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Variety of soil types. Habit: Tufted perennial to 1 m high. Stems stout and erect, becoming slightly weeping at maturity. Leaves to 20 cm long. Flowerheads narrow, growing to a length of up to 40 cm. Spikelets 1-flowered. Flowering: Spring to autumn. Seed collection: Autumn. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 400-1200 mm. Comments: Seeds can contaminate wool as a ‘vegetable fault’.

Page 206 Azolla filiculoides (i) Red Water Fern Azollaceae

Previous names: Azolla filiculoides var. rubra Other names: Red Azolla, Pacific Azolla, Bung Weed, Duckweed. Habitat: Dams, backwaters and lagoons. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Still or very slow-moving water. Habit: A small, free-floating fern. Greenish-red colouring. Propagation: Plants can be divided and transferred easily. Values and uses: Grows rapidly. If added to home ponds, application of fertiliser will speed its growth.

Banksia integrifolia (r) Honeysuckle Banksia Proteaceae

Habitat: Dry sclerophyll forest. Occurrence: DRP, NET. Site preference: Occurs on rocky hillsides and shallow soils. Habit: Tree to 25 m high with rough bark. Leaves to 10 cm long and silver on the underside. Flowers pale yellow on cylindrical spikes. Flowering: January to June. Seed collection: Usually summer, seeds open within a year after flowering. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 400-1200 mm. Values and uses: Important wildlife habitat and food source for a variety of animals, including invertebrates. Comments: One of the few banksias that copes well in clay soils. Valuable wildlife habitat. Used by Aborigines to carry fire (smoking cones can be carried long distances)

Boerhavia dominii (r) Tarvine Nyctaginaceae

Previous names: Boerhavia diffusa, Boerhavia mutabilis Other names: Hogweed, Common Spiderling. Habitat: Open grasslands and woodlands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows on a wide range of soil types. Habit: Prostrate or low-growing perennial. Leaves with margins entire. Flowers pink. Sticky seeds easily attach to hair and clothing. Flowering: Summer – Autumn. Seed collection: Summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 400-1000 mm. Values and uses: Regarded as a crop weed in many areas.

Boronia granitica (i) Granite Boronia Rutaceae

Habitat: Rocky, granite outcrops. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Often found in rock crevices. Habit: Small shrub to 1 m in height. Leaves divided and slightly hairy. Flowers pink and star-like. Flowering: July to October. Seed collection: December. Propagation: From seed. Seed may need pre-treatment to germinate. Rainfall: 600-1000 mm. Comments: This species is listed as endangered.

Page 207 Bothriochloa macra (r) Red Grass Poaceae

Other names: Red-leg Grass, Pitted Beard Grass. Habitat: Open woodlands and commonly found on over-grazed pastures, White Cypress Pine and Bimble Box communities. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Prefers sandy loam to loamy red soils. Habit: Tufted perennial grass to 1 m high, with few leaves. Flowerhead of 1-6 slender spikes. Spikelets paired. Flowering: Summer – autumn. Seed collection: Autumn. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 400-1200 mm. Values and uses: Produces very few leaves so is of low to moderate quality for forage. Good ground cover and persistent on poorer soils.

Brachychiton populneus (r) Kurrajong Sterculiaceae

Habitat: Open forest and woodlands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Tolerates a wide range of soil types, including sandstone, sandy soils, and sandy red earth. Habit: Tree to 15 m high and occasionally taller in forest conditions. Bark smooth and grey. Leaves bright, shiny-green. Flowers are green to cream with red inside and bell-shaped. Fruit a woody pod, with seeds set amongst fine yellow hairs (hairs can be irritating to the skin). Flowering: Summer. Seed collection: Late summer to autumn. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 400-1200 mm. Values and uses: Highly regarded as a fodder tree. Comments: The seed is edible and can be used to make a beverage, not unlike coffee, if roasted. The bark was used by Aborigines to make fish nets and they extracted water from the roots.

Brachyloma daphnoides (r) Daphne Heath Ericaceae

Habitat: Heath, sclerophyll forest and woodland. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Prefers sand or sandy loam, and occasionally clay. Habit: Shrub to 150 cm high. Leaves grey-green in colour. Tubular white flowers. Flowering: August to December. Propagation: Cuttings in late summer. Rainfall: 400-1600 mm. Values and uses: Attractive to wildlife, particularly butterflies. Berries are edible.

Brunoniella australis (i) Blue Trumpet Acanthaceae

Other names: Blue Yam. Habitat: Sclerophyll forest and woodland. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Prefers shade. Habit: Small herb to 15 cm high, leaves around 6 cm long. Mauve-blue flowers with spreading lobes. Flowering: June to September. Propagation: From cuttings. Rainfall: 400-1600 mm. Values and uses: Common plant but usually eaten off. Page 208 Bulbine bulbosa (r) Bulbine Lily Asphodelaceae

Previous names: Bulbinopsis bulbosa Other names: Native Leek, Golden Lily, Native Onion, Onion Weed. Habitat: Woodland, grassland and sclerophyll forest. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows on most soil types except for sands and skeletal soils. Prefers a damp position. Habit: Bulbous herb to 75 cm high with fleshy, hollow leaves. Yellow star-shaped flowers with six tepals, on a succulent stem. Flowering: Spring to early summer. Seed collection: Summer. Propagation: From seed or division of bulbs. Rainfall: 200-1600 mm. Comments: Frost resistant, drought tender. Easily lost through grazing in spring and summer. Bulbs eaten by Aborigines.

Bulbine semibarbata (r) Wild Onion Asphodelaceae

Previous names: Bulbinopsis semibarbata Other names: Small Onion Weed, Native Leek. Habitat: A wide range of vegetation and soil types. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Most common in ephemerally damp sites and disturbed sites. Habit: Annual herb to 50 cm high. Flowers similar to B. bulbosa. Flowering: July to January. Seed collection: Late spring to summer. Propagation: From seed.

Bursaria spinosa (i) Native Blackthorn Pittosporaceae

Other names: Boxthorn, Sweet Bursaria. Habitat: Dry to wet sclerophyll forest and woodlands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Variety of soil types. Common along streams. Habit: Thorny shrub to 5 m in height. Leaves are dark-green and shiny, clustered along the stem. Flowers are creamy-white and numerous near the ends of the branches. Fruit is brown and flat. Flowering: Mainly summer, but can flower throughout the year. Seed collection: Late summer – autumn. Propagation: From cuttings or seed. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Values and uses: A hardy species but it needs some space to grow. Comments: Will grow on salt lake margins. Habitat for parasitic wasps of pest species. The drug aesculin is extracted from leaves and is commercially harvested in areas of Australia.

Caladenia tentaculata (i) Spider Orchid Orchidaceae

Previous names: Arachnorchis tentaculata Habitat: Sclerophyll forest and woodland. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Will grow on clay loams, sand and rocky soils. Habit: Herb to 45 cm high. Sepals and petals with three red/maroon stripes. Labellum green with a maroon tip. Flowering: August to January. Propagation: Special methods are used to raise the seed. Contact Australasian Native Orchid Society for information. Rainfall: <800 mm. Comments: Tubers used by Aborigines as yams.

Page 209 Callistemon pallidus (i) Lemon Bottlebrush Myrtaceae

Habitat: Grows beside streams and in wet rocky places. Occurrence: NAN, NET. Site preference: Most soils suitable, but prefers some sun. Habit: Erect shrub to 5 m high; bark persistent; new growth silvery. Leaves with surfaces conspicuously and densely gland-dotted. Flowers cream to yellow. Flowering: Spring to summer. Seed collection: Late summer, select old capsules and place in a warm place until the seeds are released. Propagation: From seed or cuttings. Rainfall: 1000-1200 mm. Values and uses: Good low-level windbreak species. Attractive to nectar-feeding birds. Comments: A reasonably hardy plant.

Callistemon pungens (r) Myrtaceae

Habitat: In or near rocky creeks. Occurrence: NAN, NET. Site preference: Prefers granite soils. Habit: Shrub or small tree 2-5 m high; branches rigid; new growth silvery. Leaves with upper and lower surfaces with numerous small glands. Flowers 12-14 mm long, purple; anthers purple. Flowering: Summer. Seed collection: Late summer, select old capsules and place in a warm place until the seeds are released. Propagation: From seed or cuttings. Rainfall: 800-1000 mm. Values and uses: Attracts nectar-feeing birds and is a good low-level windbreak species. Comments: Listed as a vulnerable species.

Callistemon viminalis (r) Weeping Bottlebrush Myrtaceae

Previous names: Melaleuca viminalis Habitat: Grows along watercourses; chiefly in sandstone or granite areas, and sandier alluvial flats. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows in most soils but likes full sun. Habit: Shrub or small tree to 8 m high; bark dark, furrowed; branches generally weeping. Leaves with apex acute, lateral veins obscure. Flowers bright red in spikes. Flowering: Spring to early summer and occasionally other times throughout the year. Seed collection: Throughout the year. Put capsules in a paper bag to catch seeds as they release. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 500-1000 mm. Values and uses: A good screening plant and also produces abundant, red flowers. Good for use as stabilisation on riverbanks. Excellent wildlife value for nectar feeding birds and small birds. Comments: Not fully frost hardy, will tolerate lighter frosts.

Callitris endlicheri (r) Black Cypress Pine Cupressaceae

Other names: Black Pine. Habitat: Dry sclerophyll forest and shrubby woodlands on stony hills or ridges. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Well-drained soil in a sunny position on granitic or sandy soils. Habit: Conical tree to 15 m high, with a dense usually green crown. Globular cones either solitary or clustered. Flowering: Spring-summer. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm. Values and uses: Timber is less durable than C. glaucophylla. Good shelterbelt species. Comments: Will tolerate dry conditions. Regarded as an invasive species in some areas.

Page 210 Callitris glaucophylla (r) White Cypress Pine Cupressaceae

Previous names: Callitris huegelii, Callitris columellaris Other names: White Pine, Cypress Pine. Habitat: Dry sclerophyll forest and shrubby woodlands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows mostly on sandy soils or coarse red/brown earths. Habit: Conical tree to 20 m high, often with bluish-grey foliage that can appeaar sparse or patchy. Round cones. Flowering: Spring-early summer. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Values and uses: Regarded as good wildlife habitat and also as a useful windbreak species. Leaf oils used in perfumes. Good timber tree - termite resistant. Comments: Regarded as an invasive native species in some areas.

Calytrix tetragona (r) Common Fringe-myrtle Myrtaceae

Other names: Fringe Myrtle, White Fringe Myrtle Habitat: Grows in heath, woodland and dry sclerophyll forest, widespread on skeletal and sandy soils. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Sandy and gravelly soils on rocky outcrops. Well-drained soils in full or part sun. Hardy to periodic inundation and frost. Habit: Erect or spreading shrub to 2 m high. Bark soft and dark. Small, aromatic green leaves. Flowers white-pink followed by dark, persistent calyx. Flowering: September – February. Seed collection: Late September to March when capsules bronze and start to fall. Propagation: From cuttings 4-5 cm long taken about 3 months after flowering. Rainfall: 600-1600 mm. Values and uses: Low level cover in windbreaks. Flowers attract butterflies and other insects. Good habitat for small birds.

Capparis mitchellii (r) Native Orange Capparaceae

Other names: Wild Orange, Bumble. Habitat: Woodlands and savannah woodlands. Often grow as individuals. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows in drier areas, often as well-drained soils. Habit: Shrub to 6 m high. Branches and leaves a yellowish colour, with paired spines when young. White flowers and large edible fruit. Flowering: Summer. Seed collection: Late summer-autumn. Propagation: From seed and root suckers. Rainfall: 300-800 mm. Values and uses: Excellent fodder when cut in situ. The pulp of the fruit was eaten by Aborigines and bark is used medicinally. Comments: The wood is suitable for turning, carving and engraving.

Page 211 Carex appressa (r) Tall Sedge Cyperaceae

Habitat: Usually associated with water and is common in damp places. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Likes wet places and will tolerate its roots in water. Habit: Tufted plant to a height of 60 cm. Flower spike on stem that is triangular in cross-section. Flowering: Spring-summer. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: By division and seed. Rainfall: 400-1600 mm. Values and uses: Rarely eaten by stock, but good for revegetation of wetlands and river margins. Comments: The leaves were used by Aborigines to weave baskets and other articles.

Carex inversa (r) Knob Sedge Cyperaceae

Previous names: Carex inversa var. major, Carex inversa var. inversa Habitat: Grasslands open forest and woodlands in drier areas. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows on a range of soil types and in a variety of situations, but prefers moist situations. Habit: Loosely tufted plant to 120 cm. Pale to dark yellow-brown seeds on numerous short spikes. Flowering: Spring-summer. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From seed or division. Rainfall: 400-1600 mm. Values and uses: Where it occurs in large numbers it can provide some medium quality forage. Comments: Has been known to become a weed in lawns and gardens.

Carissa ovata (r) Currant Bush Apocynaceae

Other names: Kunkerberry. Habitat: Woodland and shrubland on a variety of soils. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: A very hardy plant in most situations, but frost tolerance is not known. Habit: Spreading, low shrub to 4 m high. Flowers white and strongly scented. Flowering: Summer. Propagation: From cuttings and seed. Rainfall: 500-1200 mm. Values and uses: May be useful as a prickly screen. High wildlife value. Comments: Drought tolerant and probably frost tender.

Cassinia laevis (r) Cough Bush Asteraceae

Other names: Dead Finish, Wild Rosemary, Curry Bush, Wild Curry, Rosemary Bush. Habitat: Grows in a variety of communities, including White Box woodlands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Ridges in stony soils and mallee in red soils; sandy loam soils. Habit: Shrub to 3 m high with woolly stems. Leaves with sticky, shiny surface and woolly underside. Flowers creamy-white in clusters. Flowering: Spring to autumn. Seed collection: Soon after flowering, by placing a bag over flowers as they are very fine and wind-distributed. Propagation: From seed. May take 2-4 weeks to germinate. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Values and uses: Only sparingly grazed and is suspected of poisoning stock. Comments: Has been known to cause coughing and irritation of eyes to people walking through stands.

Page 212 Casuarina cristata (r) Belah Casuarinaceae

Previous names: Casuarina cambagei, Casuarina lepidophloia. Other names: Black Oak, Bull Oak, Swamp Oak. Habitat: Forests and woodlands on sandplains, foothills and floodplains, in low lying areas. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Prefers clay soils but can be found on brown soils, red earths and brown gibber soils. Habit: Tree to 20 m high that frequently produces suckers. Has a dense crown, with dull-olive to grey foliage. Branchlets drooping over most of the tree. Flowering: Summer-autumn, but sometimes flowers in July and November. Seed collection: Late summer-autumn. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-800 mm. Values and uses: Foliage is eaten by stock but of low nutrition value. Timber can be used for floorboards, fencing and fuel. Good for shade and shelter. Comments: Suckers occur readily from exposed roots.

Casuarina cunninghamiana River Oak Casuarinaceae

Other names: River She Oak, Creek Oak. Habitat: Along freshwater streams. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Banks of permanent streams or areas that have permanent water. Habit: Tree to 35 m high with a drooping habit in most branchlets. Male flowers in dense spikes, females in a compact head. Flowering: Any time of the year. Seed collection: Collect cones after they start to go fully brown and place in paper bags to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: Easily raised from seed. Rainfall: 600-1800 mm. Values and uses: Foliage will be utilised by stock during drought. Timber makes an excellent fuel and can be used for woodturning. Good for riparian planting/ rehabilitation in the provinces where it occurs naturally. High wildlife value. Preferred nesting tree of the endangered Regent Honeyeater.

Chenopodium auricomum (i) Golden Goosefoot Chenopodiaceae

Other names: Queensland Bluebush, Northern Bluebush and Bluebush. Habitat: On river floodplains in a variety of communities (woodlands, low shrublands and grasslands). Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grey clay soils, usually in low-lying areas. Habit: Perennial shrub to a height of 1.5 m. Leaves longer than broad with margins entire or lobed at the base of the blade. Flowering: Winter-spring. Seed collection: Summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-600 mm. Values and uses: Useful as a drought resistant fodder although not normally utilised by stock. Comments: Capable of withstanding inundation for short periods.

Page 213 Chenopodium pumilio (r) Small Crumbweed Chenopodiaceae

Other names: Boggabri, Rough-leaved Goosefoot, Clammy Goosefoot. Habitat: Occurs in a wide range of vegetation types. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Prefers red and brown soils. Habit: Prostrate growth to a height of 25 cm and covered with hairs, many of them glandular. Flowers in clusters in leaf axils. Flowering: Spring-summer. Seed collection: Summer-autumn. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: >500 mm. Values and uses: Not generally utilised by stock, but some may be grazed in times of drought. Comments: Emits a strong aroma when crushed.

Chloris truncata (r) Windmill Grass Poaceae

Other names: Umbrella Grass, Star Grass, Blow-away Grass. Habitat: Open forests, woodlands, shrublands and grasslands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Tolerates a range of soil types but is more common on red earths and grey clay soils. Habit: Erect perennial grass to 50 cm high. Flowering: Mainly summer, but sometimes in autumn and spring. Seed collection: Autumn when seed has turned black. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Values and uses: Highly palatable to stock and will tolerate heavy grazing. Comments: Susceptible to heavy frosts but will grow in some sheltered areas.

Chrysocephalum apiculatum (r) Common Everlasting Asteraceae

Previous names: Helichrysum apiculatum, Helichrysum apiculatum var. occidentale, Helichrysum apiculatum var. minor, Helichrysum aff. apiculatum, Helichrysum apiculatum var. racemosum, Helichrysum semiamplexicaule var. simpliciusculum, Helichrysum flavissimum, Chrysocephalum flavissimum. Other names: Yellow Buttons Habitat: Forest, woodlands and grasslands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows in most soils and prefers a sunny position. Occurs in open and disturbed sites. Habit: Perennial herbs to 70 cm high. Silvery-grey to green leaves. Bright yellow flowers borne in clusters. Flowering: Spring-summer. Propagation: From cuttings and seed. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm. Values and uses: Moderately palatable. Comments: Hardy to most frost. Will be lost from pasture if over-grazed.

Page 214 Chrysocephalum semipapposum (r) Clustered Everlasting Asteraceae

Previous names: Helichrysum semipapposum, Helichrysum adonidiforme, Helichrysum apiculatum (Labill.), Helichrysum apiculatum var. occidentale Benth., Helichrysum apiculatum var. minor Benth., Helichrysum aff. apiculatum, Helichrysum apiculatum var. racemosum, Helichrysum semiamplexicaule var. simpliciusculum Domin, Helichrysum flavissimum (Spreng.), Chrysocephalum flavissimum (Spreng.) Other names: Yellow Buttons. Habitat: Woodlands and grasslands on hills and mountains. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Rocky areas. Sandy red soils and shallow stony soils. Habit: Perennial herb to 60 cm high. Stems woolly with very small glandular hairs. Flowers small, yellow and clustered. Flowering: Most of the year but peaks in spring and early summer. Propagation: From cuttings. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm. Values and uses: Remains green throughout summer but is not highly palatable.

Citrus glauca (r) Desert Lime Rutaceae

Previous names: Eremocitrus glauca Other names: Desert Kumquat, Limebush, Native Kumquat, Desert Lemon, Desert Lime. Habitat: Woodlands, shrublands and grasslands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN. Site preference: Usually restricted to heavy brown clays, desert loams and red earths. Habit: Tangled, spiny shrub to 7m in height. Produces suckers, so can become a large thicket. Leaves rounded at the tip. Branches bear numerous straight or curved spines. White, bell-shaped flowers. Fruit is a round berry which is lemon- coloured when ripe. Flowering: Spring. Seed collection: Summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-800 mm. Values and uses: Useful for planting in windbreaks on heavy clay soils. Comments: Fruits are edible and are sought after for ‘bush tucker’.

Clematis glycinoides (r) Headache Vine Ranunculaceae

Habitat: Occurs in a many vegetation communities, but favours forested and wooded communities. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Tolerates a wide range of soil types. Habit: Hardy climber to 5 m high. Leaves toothed to entire and shiny. Flowers white/cream, with four narrow petals and abundant stamens. Flowering: August to January or sporadically at other times. Propagation: From cuttings. Rainfall: 600-1200 mm. Values and uses: Nectar source and habitat for birds and insects. Comments: Has been blamed for poisoning calves and goats.

Page 215 Clematis microphylla (r) Small-leaved Clematis Ranunculaceae

Other names: Old Man’s Beard, Narrow-leaf Headache Vine, Travellers Joy. Habitat: Found in a variety of habitats including woodlands and shrublands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Occurs mainly on loamy soils, but will tolerate a range of soil types. Habit: Climber to 5 m high, with variably hairy stems. Narrow, divided leaves on thin stalks that are occasionally twisted near the base. Flowers creamy-white to yellow, with male and female flowers often occurring on different plants. Flowering: Mid-winter to spring. Propagation: From cuttings. Rainfall: 200-1800 mm. Values and uses: Attractive plant for growing along fences and in gardens.

Convolvulus erubescens (i) Blushing Bindweed Convolvulaceae

Other names: Australian Bindweed, Pink Bindweed, Morning Glory, Australian Dodder. Habitat: Grows in most vegetation communities. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Will grow in most soil types but favours good drainage. Prefers a sunny position. Habit: Trailing plant with very variable leaves. Round, pink or mauve flowers, with a pale greenish throat. Flowering: Throughout the year but more so in early spring to late autumn. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From seed or cuttings. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm Values and uses: Plant persists well in dry times due to its tap root. Seldom abundant but will be grazed by stock. Comments: Regarded as one of the most useful summer-growing native perennials.

Coronidium scorpioides (i) Button Everlasting Asteraceae

Previous names: Helichrysum scorpiodes, Xeranthium scorpiodies Habitat: Stringybark forest. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Prefers clay/loam soils. Habit: Perennial herb to 50 cm high. Stems mostly unbranched and woolly. Yellow flowers are borne on stems 20 cm long. Flowering: Spring. Seed collection: Summer. Propagation: From cuttings or by division. Rainfall: 600-1600 mm Values and uses: Very hardy species and has a tendency to sucker.

Correa glabra (r) Rutaceae

Habitat: Mostly found in open woodland. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows in rocky areas. Habit: Straggly to dense shrub to 2 m high. Stems woody at the base. Leaves dark-green and hairy above, and lime-green and velvety below. Flowers lime-green, tubular. Flowering: Winter – early spring and sporadically at other times. Propagation: From cuttings. Rainfall: 400-1200 mm. Values and uses: Will be heavily grazed if in an accessible area.

Page 216 Correa reflexa (r) Common Correa Rutaceae

Other names: Native Fuschia. Habitat: Dry sclerophyll forest and heath. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Sandstone rhyolite and granite areas. Habit: Shrub to 1.5 m high. Leaves variable in form. Flowers are bell-shaped and can be greenish- yellow to deep red usually with yellow tips. Flowering: April to September and sporadically throughout the year. Propagation: From cuttings. Rainfall: 600-1500 mm. Values and uses: Good low-level addition to windbreaks and shelter-belts. Provides nectar to birds and insects.

Corymbia dolichocarpa (r) Long-fruited Bloodwood Myrtaceae

Previous names: Eucalyptus dolichocarpa Habitat: Eucalypt woodland. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Sandy, alluvial flats. Habit: Tree to 25 m high; bark persistent, red-brown or grey-brown. Adult leaves grey-green, dull. Flowers white or cream. Flowering: Spring. Seed collection: Collect capsules as they are turning green to brown and place in paper bags to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 600-800 mm. Values and uses: Wildlife habitat and windbreak species.

Corymbia tessellaris (r) Carbeen Myrtaceae

Previous names: Eucalyptus tessellaris Other names: Moreton Bay Ash Habitat: Woodlands as dominant or sub-dominant. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows on deep soils and on sandy floodplains. Sometimes found on stony, basalt soils. Habit: Tree to 30 m high; bark persistent to 1-3 m up trunk, grey to grey black, white or grey, shedding in short ribbons or in small polygonal flakes. Adult leaves, bright green to grey-green, dull. Flowering: Spring. Seed collection: Collect capsules as they are turning green to brown and place in paper bags to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 500-1000 mm. Values and uses: Excellent shade and shelter tree. Carbeen open forest is an Endangered Ecological Community.

Corymbia trachyphloia (r) White Bloodwood Myrtaceae

Alternate name: Eucalyptus trachyphloia Other names: Brown Bloodwood. Habitat: Dry sclerophyll woodland. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Shallow infertile soils on sandstone, granite or acid volcanics. Habit: Tree to 25 m high; bark persistent, pale brown or yellow-brown. Adult leaves green or grey-green, glossy. Flowering: Spring. Seed collection: Collect capsules as they are turning green to brown and place in paper bags to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 800-1000 mm. Values and uses: Shade, shelter and wildlife. Timber moderately durable, used for mine props, fencing and fuel.

Page 217 Craspedia variabilis (r) Billy Buttons Asteraceae

Other names: Bachelor Buttons. Habitat: Sclerophyll forest, woodlands and grasslands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows in most soil types and situations. Habit: Perennial herb to 50 cm high. Leaves at the base of the plant. Tiny yellow flowers in head on an erect stem. Flowering: Spring to early summer. Seed collection: Summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 400-1600 mm. Values and uses: Moderately palatable to stock.

Crassula sieberiana (i) Australian Stonecrop Crassulaceae

Other names: Austral Stonecrop, Austral Crassula, Silver Crassula, Sieber Crassula. Habitat: All vegetation communities. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Most common on sandy or loamy soils especially when skeletal or shallow. Habit: Succulent perennial to 20 cm high. Leaves grey-brown to reddish. Pale yellow to red flowers. Flowering: Spring-summer. Seed collection: Capsules (usually containing two seeds) should be collected prior to opening and placed in a paper bag to collect seeds as they are released. Propagation: By division or by seed. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm. Values and uses: Palatable to stock but not present in high enough quantities to be useful.

Crinum flaccidum (r) Darling Lily Amaryllidaceae

Other names: Murray Lily, Macquarie Lily, Desert Lily, Flaccid Lily. Habitat: Open woodlands and grasslands mainly along rivers and sandy floodways. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows in most soils in full sun. Habit: Bulbous plant to 50 cm high, with strap-like leaves 2-3 cm wide. White to creamy, trumpet-like flowers. Forms globular green seeds that persist on inflorescence until the plant breaks down. Flowering: Summer to early autumn. Seed collection: Soon after flowering. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-800 mm. Comments: Bulbs have been used as a flour substitute by Aborigines.

Crotalaria mitchellii subsp. laevis (r) Sand Rattlepod Fabaceae (Faboideae)

Other names: Yellow Rattlepod Habitat: Sandplains and hillslopes. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Granitic or sandy soils. Habit: Woody forb to around 1 m high. Flowers deep yellow and pea-like. Fruit oblong and club-shaped. Flowering: Spring. Seed collection: Summer. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 400-1600 mm. Values and uses: Native legume that fixes nitrogen in woodlands and pastures. Page 218 Cullen tenax (r) Emu-foot Fabaceae (Faboideae)

Previous names: Psoralea tenax Other names: Tough Scurf Pea, Emu Grass. Habitat: Woodland, shrubland and grasslands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Clay soils and in sandy ephemeral creekbeds. Habit: Slender forb to 30 cm high. Leaves dark green. Flowers purple and pea-like. Fruit is a wrinkled black pod. Flowering: Late winter-early summer and also autumn. Seed collection: Summer – autumn. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 400-1600 mm. Values and uses: It can be a nutrition forage species if present in high numbers, and stock find it palatable. Comments: High germination after heavy summer and autumn rain.

Cyanicula caerulea (i) Blue Fingers Orchidaceae

Previous names: Caladenia caerulea Other names: Blue Fairy, Parson-in-the-pulpit, Blue Caladenia. Habitat: Open woodland and scrubland. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Ridges and slopes in skeletal soils. Habit: Herb with a single, narrow leaf. Flower is solitary (very rarely two) and is bright violet-blue to sky blue. Very rarely the flower will be white. Flowering: Winter – spring. Propagation: Special methods are used to raise the seed. Contact Australasian Native Orchid Society for information. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Values and uses: Comments:

Cymbidium canaliculatum (i) Tiger Orchid Orchidaceae

Other names: Black Orchid, Humpty Dumpty, White-tongued cymbidium, Dampy-ampy. Habitat: Hollows of trees in dry sclerophyll forest and woodland. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Hollows and crevices on trees. Habit: Epiphytic orchid with flowering stems to a length of 60 cm. Flowers variable in colour but typically brownish-green with purple or red blotches, and a white labellum with purple marks. Flowering: September to November. Propagation: Special methods are used to raise the seed. Contact local orchid clubs for information. Divide clumps and plant into orchid mixture obtained from nurseries or into the rotten heartwood of dead trees. Rainfall: 400-1200 mm. Values and uses: Wildlife habitat value for smaller mammals and invertebrates.

Page 219 Cymbopogon refractus (r) Barbed-wire Grass Poaceae

Other names: Turpentine Grass, Kangaroo Grass. Habitat: Forests and woodlands on poorer soils. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: On stony soils and stream banks in hilly areas. Habit: Tall, tufted perennial grass to 1.5 m. Stems rigid and smooth. Leaves predominantly basal. Flowerheads narrow, on slender stems. Spikelets two-flowered. Flowering: Spring – autumn. Seed collection: Late autumn to summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Values and uses: Palatable to stock when young. Comments: Re-sprouts after fire.

Cynodon dactylon (r) Couch Grass Poaceae

Other names: Bermudagrass, Water Couch, Creeping finger Grass, Star Grass, Devil Grass. Habitat: Widespread in many vegetation communities. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Tolerates a wide range of soil types from sand to heavy clays, prefers damp areas. Habit: Mat-forming perennial grass to a height of 30 cm. Flowerheads with 2 – 6 spikes arranged in an ‘umbrella-like’ fashion. Spikelets 1-flowered and compressed. Flowering: Mainly summer – autumn. Seed collection: Autumn. Propagation: By division and from seed. Rainfall: 200-1200 mm. Values and uses: Highly palatable to stock and has some nutritional value. Comments: Sometimes an indicator of saline soil if growing in an area where it is not usually seen.

Cynoglossum australe (i) Australian Hound’s-Tongue Boraginaceae

Other names: Forget-me-not, Hound’s Tongue, Australian Forget-me-knot. Habitat: Sclerophyll forest, woodland and sand dunes. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Sandy to sandy clay loam red earths. Habit: Erect perennial to 75 cm high. Flowering: Spring-summer. Seed collection: Late summer-autumn. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm Values and uses: Not noticed as being eaten by stock.

Cyperus difformis (i) Dirty Dora Cyperaceae

Other names: Variable Flat Sedge, Rice Sedge. Habitat: Seasonally wet, open areas. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Wet areas and heavy clay soils preferred. Habit: Tufted plant, with red roots, growing in wet, open situations. Grows to a height of 50 cm. Flowering: Spring-summer. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: Seed or transplant. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm. Values and uses: Has been suspected of sheep deaths, but rarely grazed. Comments: Can become a pest in irrigated crops.

Page 220 Cyperus fulvus (r) Curly Sedge Cyperaceae

Previous names: Mariscus fulvus, Cyperus fulvus var. densespiculatus Habitat: Open woodland or in the understorey of forests. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Moist areas stony, basalt soils in rocky creekbeds and slopes. Habit: Tufted perennial to 50 cm high. Leaves often curly. Nut (seed) yellow-brown. Flowering: Autumn and spring. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From seed, transplant or division. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm. Comments: Widely distributed but not common.

Daucus glochidiatus (i) Native Carrot Apiaceae

Other names: Carrot Weed, Wild Carrot. Habitat: Woodlands, shrubland and grasslands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows on most soil types. Habit: Annual herb to 60 cm high, usually branched from the base. White, rarely pink to crimson flowers, in umbels. Flowering: Spring-summer. Seed collection: Late summer - autumn. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm. Values and uses: Grazed by stock before flowering. Comments: The burrs of Native Carrot may cause matting of wool.

Daviesia genistifolia (r) Broom Bitter Pea Fabaceae (Faboideae)

Other names: Spiny Bitter Pea. Habitat: Sclerophyll communities. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows on sandy soils. Habit: Straggly, multi-stemmed shrub to 2 m high. Awl-shaped leaves. Flowers yellow and red-brown, pea-like. Flowering: Spring. Seed collection: Summer. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 400-1600 mm. Values and uses: Not likely to be grazed because of its spiny leaves. Nectar source for birds and insects. Good nesting sites for birds. High wildlife value.

Desmodium brachypodum (r) Large Tick-trefoil Fabaceae (Faboideae)

Habitat: Open forests, woodlands and grasslands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows on a variety of soils including those rich in silica. Habit: Climbing or erect shrub to 1 m high. Leaves consisting of three leaflets. Flowers purple and pea-like. Flowering: Late spring to autumn. Seed collection: Summer – autumn. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 400-1600 mm. Values and uses: Valuable wildlife food plant and will re-sprout after fire. Readily lost if overgrazed. A native legume that helps to put nitrogen back into the soil.

Page 221 Desmodium varians (r) Slender Tick-trefoil Fabaceae (Faboideae)

Other names: Variable Tic-trefoil, Tick-trefoil. Habitat: Woodlands, shrublands and grasslands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Found growing on red earths. Habit: Trailing or twining perennial to 50cm long. Leaves with three leaflets. Flowers pink and pea-like. Flowering: Most of the year but more so in the warmer months. Seed collection: Summer and throughout the year. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 400-1600 mm. Values and uses: Often grazed. A native legume that helps to put nitrogen back in the soil.

Dianella revoluta (r) Blueberry Lily Phormiaceae

Other names: Blue Flax-lily, Black-anther Flax-lily. Habitat: Sclerophyll forest, woodland and mallee. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Tolerates a wide range of soil types. Habit: Mat-forming, perennial herb to a height of 1 m. Leaves thin and narrow , often with rolled- under edges, and held erect. Flowers purple with yellow anthers. Fruit is a berry. Flowering: Summer. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From seed or by division. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Values and uses: Not known to be grazed by stock. Leaves have been used for fibre.

Dicanthium sericeum (r) Queensland Bluegrass Poaceae

Other names: Silky Bluegrass, Bluegrass. Habitat: Open forests, woodlands, shrublands and grasslands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Most common on clay soils. More common in areas receiving extra moisture during summer from flooding or runoff. Habit: Perennial grass to 1.2 m high. Leaves with prominent white midribs and edges. Flowerhead of 2-7 spike-like branches, the stem with rings of hairs at the nodes. Flowering: During warmer months. Seed collection: Summer and autumn. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 200-1200 mm. Values and uses: Can quickly become rank, so is more palatable to cattle than sheep. Comments: Can become the dominant species if there is a series of wet summers. Queensland Bluegrass dominated grasslands are listed as an endangered ecological community.

Dichondra repens (i) Kidney Weed Convolvulaceae

Habitat: Forest, woodland and grassland. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows in most areas but requires high amounts of water to establish well. Habit: Creeping perennial that produces roots at stem nodes. Leaves are kidney-shaped. Flowers are green and inconspicuous. Flowering: Throughout the year, but mainly in spring and summer. Propagation: By cuttings, division and seed. Rainfall: 600-1600 mm. Values and uses: Low value as forage.

Page 222 Dichopogon fimbriatus (i) Nodding Chocolate Lily Anthericaceae

Previous names: Arthropodium fimbriatum, Dichopogon sieberianus. Other names: Grass Lily. Habitat: Sclerophyll forest, grassland and woodland. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Will grow in a wide range of soils. Habit: Tuberous plant to 1 m high. Two to six delicate, purple flowers at each node, which smell similar to chocolate. Flowering: September to February. Seed collection: Late summer to autumn. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Values and uses: Used as an Aboriginal food plant.

Digitaria brownii (r) Cotton Panic Grass Poaceae

Other names: Woolly Finger, Cotton Grass, Silver Spike Grass. Habitat: Found in many vegetation communities. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows on many soil types, but favours poorer, well-drained soils. Habit: Tussocky, perennial grass to 60 cm in height. Stems numerous and branched, sometimes grooved. Flowerhead to 11 cm long. Leaves curl and twist when dry. Flowering: Spring. Seed collection: Summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 200-1200 mm. Values and uses: Highly palatable and is one of the more desirable species for pastures. Comments: Needs several seasons of high summer rainfall to establish well.

Dillwynia sericea (i) Showy Parrot-pea Fabaceae (Faboideae)

Previous names: Dillwynia sericea subsp. a Habitat: Dry sclerophyll woodland and heath. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Gravelly soils on stony ridges. Habit: Shrub to 1 m high. Stems with dense, spreading hairs. Flowers red and yellow, pea-like. Flowering: Spring – early summer. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm. Values and uses: Not grazed by stock to any great degree.

Dillwynia sieberi (r) Fabaceae (Faboideae)

Previous names: Dillwynia juniperina Habitat: Dry sclerophyll forest and woodland. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows on a variety of soil types, but favours poorer soils. Habit: Shrub to 2.5 m high. Stems slightly hairy. Flowers yellow, brown and pea-like. Flowering: Spring – summer. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 400-1600 mm. Values and uses: Comments: Page 223 Diuris sulphurea (i) Hornet Orchid Orchidaceae

Previous names: Diuris latifolia Other names: Tiger Orchid, Donkey Orchid, Doubletails, Clown Orchid. Habitat: Sclerophyll forest and woodland. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Clay-loam soils usually with some depth. Habit: Seasonal perennial herb to 60 cm high. Leaves paired long and thin, to 50 cm in length. Flowers bright yellow with dark markings. Flowering: September to December. Seed collection: Specialist knowledge needed. Propagation: Special methods are used to raise the seed. Contact Australasian Native Orchid Society for information. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Values and uses: Aboriginal food plant, the tubers are large and nutritious. One of the several ‘yams’ collected for food.

Dodonaea sinuolata (r) Boronia-leaved hop Bush Sapindaceae

Habitat: Open forest or woodland. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows on rocky, shallow soils. Habit: Shrub to a height of 3 m. Leaves much-divided. Flowers small and insignificant in clusters. Winged fruit. Flowering: Summer. Propagation: From cuttings and seed. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Values and uses: Nectar and fruits are valuable food sources for birds and insects. Seeds once used as hop substitute in beer-making.

Dodonaea viscosa (r) Sticky Hop Bush Sapindaceae

Other names: Giant Hopbush, Switch-sorrel, Akeake. Habitat: Open forest and woodlands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Shallow stony soils on hillslopes and ridges. Habit: Erect or spreading shrub to 8 m high. Leaves often entire, though sometimes toothed or wavy. Leaves are also shiny and sticky. Flowers are small and insignificant. 3 – 4 winged fruit. Flowering: Spring. Seed collection: Summer. Propagation: From cuttings or seed. Rainfall: 200-1200mm. Values and uses: Not readily grazed by stock but goats will browse foliage. Maintains soil cover against erosion. Seeds eaten by birds. Medicinal use by Aborigines.

Drosera peltata (i) Pale Sundew Droseraceae

Alternate names: Drosera auriculata Other names: Tall Sundew, Climbing Sundew. Habitat: Woodlands and grasslands. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Shallow, gravelly or sandy soils on footslopes and hillslopes. Prefers moist situations. Habit: Herbaceous plant to 50 cm high arising from underground tuber. Leaves fringed with long, sticky hairs. Flowers pink or white. Flowering: Mainly summer. Seed collection: Summer - autumn. Propagation: From seed or transplants. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm. Values and uses: Can occur in abundance but its palatability to stock is unknown. Comments: Insectivorous plant with sticky hairs that trap insects and feed plant, which in turn adds nutrients to poor soils. Most abundant where soil is damp in the winter-spring period. Page 224 Drosera spatulata (r) Sundew Droseraceae

Previous names: Drosera spathulata Habitat: Near wetlands and in heaths. Occurrence: NAN, NET. Site preference: Prefers moist areas. Habit: Small, rosetted plant to a height of 12 cm. Sticky leaves. Flowers white or pink. Flowering: Spring to summer. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From seed or transplant. Rainfall: 800-1600 mm. Values and uses: Can occur in abundance but its palatability to stock is unknown. Insectivorous plant (see D. peltata).

Einadia nutans (r) Climbing Saltbush Chenopodiaceae

Previous names: Rhagodia nutans Other names: Nodding Saltbush, Native Seaberry, Fishweed. Habitat: Open forests and woodlands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Found mainly on heavy soils, but will grow on a wide range of soil types. Habit: Prostrate or decumbent, herbaceous plant with tough stems. Insignificant flowers with small bright red or yellow fruits. Flowering: Autumn. Propagation: From cuttings or seed. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm. Values and uses: A useful forage species and a good ground cover for banks. Comments: Will withstand very dry conditions and will grow and climb in a wide variety of situations, e.g. fences, trees etc. Tolerant of grazing but needs a good rest to produce large amount of plant matter between grazing periods.

Eleocharis cylindrostachys (i) Spike Rush Cyperaceae

Habitat: Wet or permanently moist, open areas. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows as an emergent aquatic plant and also in wet soil. Habit: Tufted perennial to 50 cm high. Stems round. Nut (seed) shiny, smooth, yellowish-brown. Flowering: Spring-summer. Propagation: By division. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm. Values and uses: Hardy plant for revegetating wetlands within its distribution area.

Eleocharis pallens (r) Pale Spike-Rush Cyperaceae

Other names: Small Spike Sedge. Habitat: In shallow water and edges of swamps, along roadsides, and lakebeds. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows on a range of soils. Habit: Perennial growing to 50 cm high. Very short rhizomes. Stems almost cylindrical. Flowering: Autumn and spring. Propagation: By division. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm Values and uses: Good for vegetating or revegetating wetlands. Comments: Not palatable to stock. Page 225 Enchylaena tomentosa (r) Ruby Saltbush Chenopodiaceae

Other names: Barrier Saltbush, Plum Puddings, Berry Cottonbush. Habitat: Woodlands, shrublands and grasslands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Tolerates all soil types. Habit: Shrub to 1 m high. Flowering: Spring to early summer. Seed collection: Late summer-autumn. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Values and uses: Useful drought reserve but not utilised by stock under normal conditions. The berries are edible and have been used to produce a red dye. High wildlife value. Comments: Common in many situations and is very drought tolerant.

Enteropogon acicularis (r) Curly Windmill Grass Poaceae

Previous names: Chloris acicularis Other names: Large Windmill Grass, Spider Grass, Star Grass, Umbrella Grass. Habitat: Found in a wide variety of vegetation communities. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Tolerates a wide range of soil types but prefers clay soils. Habit: Tussocky perennial grass to 50 cm high. Variable growth form. Leaves bluish-green. Flowerhead of 2 – 14 spikes in an ‘umbrella-like’ form. Flowering: Spring – autumn. Seed collection: Autumn. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 200-1200 mm. Values and uses: Early growth is palatable, but can become hard and rank. Useful pioneer species. Creeping rhizome is a useful soil stabiliser. Comments: Drought and flood tolerant.

Epilobium billardieranum (r) Onagraceae

Habitat: Grows in a wide range of vegetation types in damp situations. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Prefers full sun or part shade and tolerates most soil types. Habit: Erect, perennial herb to 1 m in height. Flowering: Spring – summer. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 400-1200 mm.

Eremophila bignoniiflora (r) Eurah Myoporaceae

Other names: Gooramurra, Quirramurra, River Angee, Creek Wilga, Pombel, Berrigan, Emubush, Swamp Sandalwood, Nut Wilga. Habitat: Woodlands (Coolibah, Black Box, River Red Gum), and Lignum communities. Occurrence: BBS, DRP. Site preference: Grows in periodically flooded heavy clay soils of river and creek floodplains. Habit: Tall shrub or small tree to 7 m high with drooping branches and foliage. Flowers cream­ coloured with purple flecks. Flowering: Mainly spring and summer, but sometimes sporadically throughout the year. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From cuttings. Raising from seed can be difficult, but if used the seeds should be soaked before planting. Rainfall: 300-800 mm. Values and uses: Eaten by sheep and cattle. The fruits are eaten by emus. Can be used to protect waterways. A useful honey species. Comments: Fruits were used as a purgative and the leaves as a laxative by Aborigines.

Page 226 Eremophila debilis (r) Winter Apple Myoporaceae

Previous names: Myoporum debile Other names: Amulla, Creeping Boobialla. Habitat: Open forest and woodland. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN. Site preference: Tolerates a wide variety of soil types. Habit: Prostrate shrub to a width of 2 m sometimes weakly climbing into shrubs. Flowers white to pale-mauve followed by pink berries. Flowering: Spring to summer. Propagation: From cuttings and seed. Place ripe fruit in plastic bag, allow to ferment and sow while fresh. Germination variable. Rainfall: 400-1200 mm. Values and uses: Good ground cover and excellent wildlife habitat and food plant (edible fruits).

Eremophila longifolia (r) Emu Bush Myoporaceae

Other names: Berrigan, Long-leaved Eremophila, Native Plum Tree. Habitat: Woodlands and shrublands. Occurrence: DRP. Site preference: Tolerates many soil types. Habit: Shrub or tree to 8 m high with drooping branches and foliage. Flowers pink to reddish-brown and spotted inside. Flowering: Most of the year. Propagation: From cuttings. Rainfall: 300-800 mm. Values and uses: Readily eaten by stock. Fruits eaten by emus.

Eremophila maculata (r) Spotted Fuschia Bush Myoporaceae

Other names: Native Fuschia, Spotted Emubush, Emubush, Fuschia-bush, Poison Fuschia. Habitat: Woodlands, shrublands and grasslands. Occurrence: DRP. Site preference: Grows in areas that receive run off. Grows on a variety of soils, including heavy clays, clay loams and duplex soils. Habit: Dense shrub to 2.5 m high. Branches slightly woolly. Flowers red, orange or yellow on ‘s’ shaped stems. Flowering: Winter to spring, but sometimes also in summer. Propagation: From cuttings. Rainfall: 300-600 mm. Values and uses: Poisonous to stock. Comments: Aboriginal medicinal plant. High wildlife value.

Eremophila mitchellii (r) Budda Myoporaceae

Other names: False Sandalwood. Habitat: Woodlands on red soil ridges and floodplain rises. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN. Site preference: Grows on a variety of soil types including sandy loam and clay loam red earths, red brown earths and duplex soils. Habit: Shrub or tree to a height of 10 m. Rough, dark brown bark. Leaves bright green, smooth and somewhat sticky. Flowers white or pale cream. Flowering: Mainly spring, with a second flowering in autumn. Propagation: From cuttings. Difficult to raise from seed. Rainfall: 300-800 mm. Values and uses: Good wildlife habitat. Often used as drought fodder and browsed when in reach. Source of essential oils. Useful for firewood, honey, and fence posts. Comments: Drought resistant and long-lived (50-100 years or longer).

Page 227 Erodium crinitum (i) Blue Storksbill Geraniaceae

Other names: Native Crowfoot, Blue Heron’s Bill, Wild Geranium, Native Geranium, Storksbill, Blue Crowfoot. Habitat: Woodland, grassland and saltbush communities. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows in most soil types. Habit: Annual or biennial plant to 90 cm high. Deeply divided leaves. Flowers deep blue. Flowering: July to April. Seed collection: Late spring to autumn. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm. Values and uses: Can be a reliable source of fodder. Comments: High in abundance following high, cool-season rainfall. The fleshy root may have been cooked and eaten by Aborigines.

Eucalyptus acaciiformis (r) Wattle-leaved Peppermint Myrtaceae

Habitat: Sclerophyll woodland. Occurrence: NET. Site preference: Ridges and slopes on poorer soils. Habit: Small to medium-sized tree to 20 m high, bark persistent on trunk and larger limbs. Adult leaves green to grey-green, dull. Flowering: October to November. Seed collection: Collect capsules as they are turning green to brown and place in paper bags to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 1000-1200 mm. Values and uses: Wildlife habitat and windbreaks. Comments: Endemic to NSW, along the eastern margin of the Northern Tablelands. Rare in the Border Rivers - Gwydir catchments.

Eucalyptus albens (r) White Box Myrtaceae

Habitat: Shrubby or grassy woodland. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Prefers medium to higher fertility soils. Habit: Small to medium-sized tree to 25 m high with greyish rough bark over whole trunk and larger branches. Adult leaves pale slate grey to bluish grey or green-grey. Fruit variable with or without stalks, barrel-shaped to slightly urn-shaped. Flowers white. Flowering: March to June Seed collection: Collect capsules as they are turning green to brown and place in paper bags to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 800-1200 mm. Values and uses: Excellent wildlife habitat and food source. High-level shade, shelter and windbreak tree. Durable and strong timber. Excellent firewood. Component of an Endangered Ecological Community. Koala food tree. Comments: Recognised by its smooth branches and greyish leaves. Large buds and fruit often with wax present (prominent on buds and new growth).

Page 228 Eucalyptus andrewsii (r) New England Blackbutt Myrtaceae

Other names: New England Blackbutt. Habitat: Dry sclerophyll woodland and forest. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Deep to shallow soils on rises, usually granite. Habit: Medium-sized to tall tree to 20 m high. With rough bark on trunk and larger limbs. Adult leaves dull or glossy, green to grey-green. Flowers white. Flowering: November to January. Seed collection: Collect capsules as they are turning green to brown and place in paper bags to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 1000-1200 mm. Values and uses: Excellent wildlife habitat and food source. High-level shade, shelter and windbreak tree. Excellent timber for construction and furniture/joinery.

Eucalyptus banksii (r) Tenterfield Woollybutt Myrtaceae

Habitat: Dry sclerophyll woodland and open forests. Occurrence: NAN, NET. Site preference: Tolerates relatively infertile sandy soils. Habit: Small to medium-sized woodland or forest tree to 30 m high. Rough, flaky, loose bark to small branches. Adult leaves glossy green. Flowers creamy-white. Flowering: Warmer seasons. Seed collection: Collect capsules as they are turning green to brown and place in paper bags to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 1000-1200 mm. Values and uses: Excellent wildlife habitat and food source. High-level shade, shelter and windbreak tree.

Eucalyptus blakelyi (r) Blakely’s Red Gum Myrtaceae

Habitat: Grassy woodlands often with box and ironbarks. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Moderately fertile, lighter soil in damper areas. Habit: Tree to 20 m high with smooth, patchy, greyish bark which sheds at intervals throughout the year. Dense, rounded crown. Dull green or grey-green leaves. Flowers are usually white. Flowering: Flowers heavily every 2-3 years from August to December. Seed collection: Early February to late May. Propagation: Collect fruit and place in paper bags when fruit begins turning from green to brown to catch seeds. Rainfall: 800-1200 mm. Values and uses: Windbreaks, erosion control (behind fibrous rooted plants), bird habitat and food source. Also good for stock shelter. Koala food tree. Component of several Endangered Ecological Communities. Comments: Withstands drought, frost and wind reasonably well.

Eucalyptus bridgesiana (r) Apple Box Myrtaceae

Other names: Apple Gum, Apple, Bridges Box, Peppermint. Habitat: Grassy woodland. Occurrence: NAN, NET. Site preference: On drier sites, often shallower soils on slopes. Habit: Small to medium-sized tree to 20 m high with rough bark persistent on trunks and larger branches. Adult leaves are bluish to dark green. Flowers are white. Flowering: January to May. Seed collection: Collect capsules as they are turning green to brown and place in paper bags to catch seeds. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 1000-1200 mm. Values and uses: Excellent wildlife habitat and food source. High-level shade, shelter and windbreak tree.

Page 229 Eucalyptus brunnea (r) Brown Gum Myrtaceae

Habitat: Wet or dry sclerophyll forest Occurrence: NET. Site preference: Moderately fertile soils. Habit: Medium-sized to very tall tree to 35 m high. Smooth bark which is creamy-yellow when first shed. Adult leaves glossy dark green above and pale green below. Flowering: Flowers white. Seed collection: Collect capsules as they are turning green to brown and place in paper bags to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 1000-1200 mm. Values and uses: Excellent wildlife habitat and food source. High-level shade, shelter and windbreak tree.

Eucalyptus caleyi (r) Caley’s Ironbark Myrtaceae

Habitat: Open forest and woodlands. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: On drier, shallower soils of moderate fertility. Habit: Small to medium-sized woodland tree to 25 m high. Ironbark persistent to the small branches and is thick and deeply furrowed. Adult leaves dull, bluish-grey. Flowers white. Flowering: May to February. Seed collection: Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bag to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 1000-1200 mm Values and uses: Excellent wildlife habitat. Shade and shelter tree, and timber can be used for construction, fencing and firewood. Good pollen for honey production.E. caleyi ssp. ovendenii is listed as a vulnerable species and is found only in the Kwiambal area near Ashford.

Eucalyptus caliginosa (r) Broad-leaved Stringybark Myrtaceae

Other names: New England Stringybark. Habitat: Dry sclerophyll or grassy forest and woodland. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Loamy soils of moderate fertility. Habit: Small to medium-sized tree to 25 m high with rough bark throughout. Adult leaves slightly glossy, green. Flowers white. Flowering: April to June. Seed collection: Collect capsules as they are turning green to brown and place in paper bags to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 1000-1200 mm Values and uses: Excellent wildlife habitat and food source. High-level shade, shelter and windbreak tree.

Page 230 Eucalyptus camaldulensis (r) River Red Gum Myrtaceae

Previous names: E. rostrata Other names: River Gum Habitat: Woodlands or forests on grey heavy clay adjacent to permanent water. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN. Site preference: Areas where there is ample underground water and areas where the land is sporadically inundated. Tolerates a range of soil types. Habit: Tree to 40 m high with smooth bark often streaked with red. Crown is large and spreading. Leaves bluish-green. Flowers white. Flowering: Variable but usually December to February, and may only be every few years. Seed collection: September-October. Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bag to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. 35o C is optimum germination temperature. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Values and uses: Excellent wildlife habitat. Timber has been used for firewood, fencing, furniture and parquetry. Valuable as a shade and shelter tree. Flowers produce good pollen for honey. Grubs in the trunks, branches and roots were eaten by Aborigines and the roots were used to make bowls. Comments: Able to withstand drought and is moderately frost-resistant. One of the most widespread Eucalyptus species. Koala food tree.

Eucalyptus campanulata (r) New England Blackbutt Myrtaceae

Alternate names: Eucalyptus andrewsii ssp. campanulata Habitat: Wet or dry sclerophyll forest. Occurrence: NET. Site preference: Moderately to highly fertile loamy soils in wet areas, usually on steep country. Habit: Tree to 30 m high, with persistent bark on trunk and larger branches, shedding in long ribbons. Adult leaves green, glossy to semi-glossy. Pear-shaped fruit. Flowering: Summer. Seed collection: Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bag to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 1000-1600 mm. Values and uses: Excellent wildlife habitat. Excellent for planting in cool, moist climates.

Eucalyptus camphora Warra Broad-leaved Sally Myrtaceae subsp. relicta (i)

Habitat: Waterlogged and swampy areas on poor soil. Occurrence: NET. Site preference: Found in an area North-east of Guyra, and at Bolivia. Habit: Small tree or multi-stemmed mallee to 7 m tall. Lower trunk with fibrous bark and upper branches smooth. Broadly oval leaves. Flowering: February to April. Seed collection: Collect capsules as they are turning green to brown and place in paper bags to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 800-1000 mm. Values and uses: Good for areas that are occasionally waterlogged. Comments: Endangered species. Page 231 Eucalyptus chloroclada (r) Dirty Gum Myrtaceae

Other names: Baradine Red Gum Habitat: Dry sclerophyll woodland, usually with Callitris spp. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN (rare). Site preference: Grows on deep sandsy soils. Habit: Small to medium-sized woodland tree (sometimes multi-stemmed) to 20 m high. Bark is variable, either with loose, rough bark over part or most of the trunk, or shedding to leave a smooth, mottled cream surface. Flowers white. Flowering: September to November. Seed collection: Collect fruits when they are turning from green to brown and place in paper bags to catch the seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 500-800 mm. Values and uses: Valuable wildlife habitat. Timber can be used for fencing or fuel, and valuable shade for stock. Comments: Looks similar to Eucalyptus dealbata but is typically found at lower altitudes.

Eucalyptus conica (r) Fuzzy Box Myrtaceae

Habitat: Grassy or sclerophyll woodland, favouring rolling country to low hills. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Light, loamy soils of medium fertility. Habit: Medium-sized woodland tree to 20 m high. Rough bark persistent on trunk and larger branches. Adult leaves dull green to bluish green. Flowers white. Flowering: June to September. Seed collection: Collect fruits when they are turning from green to brown and place in paper bags to catch the seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 600-1000 mm. Values and uses: Valuable wildlife habitat. Pollen provides excellent honey. Good shelter tree. Fuzzy Box listed as an Endangered Ecological Community.

Eucalyptus coolabah (r) Coolibah Myrtaceae

Other names: Eucalyptus microtheca (of NSW authors) Habitat: Grassy and shrubby woodland on floodplains and on floodplains. Occurrence: DRP, BBS. Site preference: On heavy clay soils, near permanent water or with periodic inundation. Habit: Tree to 20 m high; bark persistent on trunk and larger branches grey with whitish patches, fibrous-flaky, smooth above, shedding in short ribbons. Adult leaves grey-green, dull and pendulous. Fruit capsules small. Flowering: Winter – spring. Seed collection: Collect fruits when they are turning from green to brown and place in paper bags to catch the seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-800 mm. Values and uses: Excellent wildlife habitat as well as a good shade and shelter tree. Good for firewood and fencing. Historically used for wheels and shafts. Termite resistant. Comments: Extremely drought-resistant. Moderately frost-resistant. A component of an Endangered Ecological Community.

Page 232 Eucalyptus crebra (r) Narrow-leaved Ironbark Myrtaceae

Other names: Narrow-leaved Red Ironbark, Ironbark. Habitat: Grassy or sclerophyll woodland or forest. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Tolerates a wide range of soils but is found mostly on shallower or sandy soils of medium fertility. Habit: Tree to 35 m high, with ‘ironbark’ persistent to the medium branches. Bark is deeply and coarsely furrowed, hard, grey to dark-grey. Adult leaves narrow and dull green to bluish green. Flowers creamy-white. Flowering: May to August. Seed collection: Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bag to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 600-1200 mm. Values and uses: High value wildlife habitat. Timber can be used for construction, furniture, fencing and firewood. Good for shade and shelter. Comments: Variable characteristics make it hard to distinguish, and may be divided into several subspecies. Most widely spread of all the ironbarks.

Eucalyptus dalrympleana subsp. heptantha (r) Mountain Gum Myrtaceae

Other names: White Gum, Mountain White Gum, Broad-leaved Ribbon Gum. Habitat: Grassy or sclerophyll woodland or forest. Occurrence: NAN, NET. Site preference: On loamy or sandy soils at higher elevations. Habit: Tree to 40 m high; bark smooth or sometimes persistent on lower trunk (short stocking only), grey, fibrous-flaky, white, grey, pink or yellow above, shedding in long ribbons. Adult leaves green and glossy, juvenile leaves rounded to ovate, often bluish. Flowering: March to May. Seed collection: Collect capsules as they are turning green to brown and place in paper bags to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 1000-1200 mm. Values and uses: Wildlife habitat and food source.

Eucalyptus dealbata (r) Tumbledown Red Gum Myrtaceae

Other names: Hill Red Gum, Inland Red Gum. Habitat: Grassy woodland on skeletal soils usually on basic rocks. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Low and stony outcrops with shallow soils. Habit: Small woodland tree to 15 m high (sometimes taller), usually having a misshapen appearance. Bark sheds in flakes or plates, leaving a smooth surface of a variety of colours. Adult leaves glaucous to dull-green. Flowering: May to November. Seed collection: Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bag to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 500-1000 mm. Values and uses: Excellent wildlife habitat and is a koala food source. Timber is durable and suitable for fencing and construction. Good producer of pollen for honey. Comments: Very similar in appearance to E. blakelyi.

Page 233 Eucalyptus laevopinea (r) Silver-top Stringybark Myrtaceae

Habitat: Abundant in wet or dry sclerophyll or grassy forest. Occurrence: NAN, NET. Site preference: Medium to high fertility soils. Habit: Medium-sized to tall tree to 40 m high with rough bark over trunk and larger branches. Adult leaves are slightly glossy green. Flowers white. Flowering: June to August. Seed collection: Collect capsules as they are turning green to brown and place in paper bags to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 800-1000 mm Values and uses: High-value wildlife habitat and food source.

Eucalyptus largiflorens (r) Black Box Myrtaceae

Habitat: Woodlands on seasonally inundated river flats. Occurrence: DRP. Site preference: Heavy clay soils on alluvial plains. Habit: Small to medium-sized tree to 20 m high with rough and persistent bark to the smallest branches which is thick and shaggy in older trees. Adult leaves dull, grey-green. Flowers white (rarely pink). Flowering: August to January. Seed collection: Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bag to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-600 mm Values and uses: Useful in windbreaks and shelterbelts. Good for fence posts and fuel. Attractive to nectar eating birds attracted to its nectar-rich flowers. Also a good honey species. Comments: Usually recognised by the rough bark, dull, narrow leaves, and particularly by the long, narrow juvenile leaves of coppice stems and seedlings. Needs to be planted close to water in drier regions. Moderately drought and frost resistant, but slow-growing. Component of Coolibah/ Blackbox Woodland Endangered Ecological Community.

Eucalyptus macrorhyncha (r) Red Stringybark Myrtaceae

Habitat: Dry sclerophyll forest or woodland. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Shallow, poor soils on rocky hills. Habit: Small to medium-sized tree to 30 m high though often less, with rough, thick, fibrous and stringy, dark brown bark. Adult leaves slightly glossy, green. Flowers white. Flowering: January to April. Seed collection: Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bag to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 600-1000 mm Values and uses: Good for shade but should be protected to stop cattle ringbarking the tree after its fibrous bark. Good medium level cover in windbreaks and good bird habitat. Comments: It is distinguished from other stringybarks in NSW by its beaked buds and + globular fruit with massive disc. Tolerates dry sites and low temperatures.

Page 234 Eucalyptus mckieana (r) McKie’s Stringybark Myrtaceae

Other names: White stringybark. Habitat: Dry sclerophyll forest or woodland. Occurrence: NAN, NET. Site preference: Poor sandy loam or granite. Habit: Small to medium-sized tree to 25 m high with rough bark throughout. Adult leaves glossy, green. Flowers white. Flowering: March to May. Seed collection: Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bag to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 1000-1200 mm. Values and uses: Good shade and shelter tree. High-value wildlife habitat. Valuable timber tree. Listed as a vulnerable species and also forms part of an Endangered Ecological Community with E. andrewsii.

Eucalyptus melanophloia (r) Silver-leaved Ironbark Myrtaceae

Habitat: Grassy or sclerophyll woodland on lighter soils. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN. Site preference: Areas of deep red sandy soils overlying a clayey subsoil. Habit: Small to medium-sized tree to 20 m high, rarely a mallee. Dark grey to black persistent ironbark to the small branches. Adult leaves very short stalked and bluish to silvery-grey. Flowers creamy-white. Flowering: September to February. Seed collection: Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bag to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 500-1200 mm. Values and uses: Good for wildlife, shade and shelter. Timber is strong but less so than other Ironbarks. Comments: Easiest to recognise of all ironbarks due to its round, glaucous leaves.

Eucalyptus melliodora (r) Yellow Box Myrtaceae

Other names: Yellow Ironbox, Honey Box, Yellow Jacket. Habitat: Grassy and shrubby woodlands and open forests. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Moderately fertile often sandy or alluvial soil. Habit: Medium-sized woodland to occasionally tall forest tree 30 m high with a spreading crown. Bark is variable from mostly smooth to rough covering most of the trunk. Bark may be fibrous, dense or loosely held. Flowers white or occasionally pink. Flowering: September to February. Seed collection: Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bag to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 600-1200 mm. Values and uses: Good for shade and shelter. Timber is durable but hard to work. Large, old trees have aesthetic and wildlife habitat value. Excellent building material and firewood species. Pollen sought after for producing excellent honey. Koala food tree. Comments: Able to withstand moderate frost. Component of an Endangered Ecological Community.

Page 235 Eucalyptus microcarpa (r) Western Grey Box Myrtaceae

Other names: Grey Box, Inland Grey Box. Habitat: Grassy woodland. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN. Site preference: Heavy clay soils or red earths. Shallow soils on ridges in warm to hot climates. Habit: Small to medium-sized tree in woodland or occasionally tall forest tree to 25 m high. Upright crown. Rough and persistent bark over most of the trunk. Adult leaves dull green. Flowers white. Flowering: February to August. Seed collection: Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bag to catch seeds as they are released. Most productive fruits are higher up on the tree. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 600-1000 mm. Values and uses: Useful for fence posts and other farm construction. Produces good pollen for high quality honey. Useful for shade and shelter. Comments: Similar in appearance to E. moluccana and E. pilligaensis, but E. microcarpa has smaller fruit than E. moluccana and larger and duller leaves than E. pilligaensis.

Eucalyptus moluccana (r) Grey Box Myrtaceae

Other names: Grey Box. Previous names: E. hemiphloia Habitat: Grassy woodland or forest. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Loamy soils of moderate to high fertility. Habit: Small to medium-sized tree to 25 m high with grey, rough, persistent bark over the entire trunk and larger branches. Trunk is around half the total height of the tree. Adult leaves pale slate grey to bluish grey. Flowers white. Flowering: March to June. Seed collection: Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bag to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 800-1200 mm. Values and uses: Excellent wildlife habitat. Highly regarded as a timber tree, with strong and durable timber. Comments: Recognised by its smooth branches and broad greyish leaves. Buds and fruit relatively large for a box species. Very similar appearance to White Box, but White Box is glaucous on buds and new growth. Component of an Endangered Ecological Community.

Eucalyptus nicholii (r) Narrow-leaved Black Peppermint Myrtaceae

Other names: Willow Peppermint. Habitat: Grassy or sclerophyll woodland on shallow relatively infertile soils on metasediments and granites. Occurrence: NAN, NET. Site preference: Often grows on porphyry or granite, but will grow on a wide range of soils. Habit: Small to medium-sized tree to 18 m high with rough, persistent bark to the small branches. Bark yellowish-brown to grey- brown with red-brown underlayers. Adult leaves dull, bluish green. Has a tendency towards a weeping habit. Flowers are small and creamy-white. Flowering: March to April. Seed collection: Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bag to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 1000-1200 mm. Values and uses: Good wildlife habitat value. Frost hardy and moderately drought resistant. Comments: Widely grown as an ornamental in south-eastern Australia. Listed as a vulnerable species.

Page 236 Eucalyptus nobilis (r) Forest Ribbon Gum Myrtaceae

Other names: Northern Tablelands Manna Gum, Ribbon Gum. Habitat: Tall grassy or wet forest. Occurrence: NAN, NET. Site preference: Fertile loamy soils. Habit: Medium-sized to tall forest tree to 50 m high (sometimes 70 m). Bark shedding to ground level. Adult leaves glossy, green. Flowers white. Flowering: January to May. Seed collection: Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bag to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 800-1000 mm. Values and uses: High-value wildlife habitat and food source. Good shade and shelter tree. Component of an Endangered Ecological Community.

Eucalyptus nova-anglica (r) New England Peppermint Myrtaceae

Habitat: Grassy woodland or open forest. Occurrence: NAN, NET. Site preference: Found on broad, cold, swampy flats. Habit: Small to medium-sized tree to 25 m high. Bark is rough and persistent on trunk and larger branches. Adult leaves are green to bluish-green. Flowers white. Flowering: January to May. Seed collection: Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bag to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 1000-1200 mm. Values and uses: High-value wildlife habitat and food source. Good shade and shelter tree. Component of an Endangered Ecological Community.

Eucalyptus obliqua (r) Messmate Myrtaceae

Other names: Messmate Stringybark. Habitat: Wet sclerophyll or grassy forest. Occurrence: NET. Site preference: Cold areas of high rainfall on deep fertile soils. Habit: Small to very tall tree to 50 m high and sometimes 90 m, sometimes reduced to a mallee shrub. Brown, fibrous bark extending to the small branches. Adult leaves are large and glossy, green. Flowers white. Flowering: Various times throughout the year. Seed collection: Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bag to catch seeds. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 1000-1200 mm. Values and uses: High-value wildlife habitat and food source. Good shade and shelter tree.

Eucalyptus pauciflora (r) Snow Gum Myrtaceae

Other names: White Sally, Cabbage Gum. Habitat: Grassy, dry sclerophyll woodland. Occurrence: NAN, NET. Site preference: Flat cold sites above about 700 m altitude on deeper soils of varying fertility. Habit: Small to medium-sized (rarely tall, sometimes 30 m) tree with smooth white or greyish bark throughout. Adult leaves glossy, green or blue- green with parallel venation. Flowers white. Flowering: October to January. Seed collection: Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bag to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 1000-1200 mm. Values and uses: Good wildlife habitat and food source. Comments: E. pauciflora often varies from site-to-site, with several subspecies recognised. High frost tolerance. Component of an Endangered Ecological Community. Page 237 Eucalyptus pilligaensis (r) Narrow-leaved Grey Box Myrtaceae

Habitat: Open forests and woodlands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN. Site preference: Light and sandy alluvial flats and outwash at low/medium altitudes. Habit: Small to medium-sized tree to 25 m high with rough, light to medium grey bark persistent over most of the trunk. Adult leaves narrow glossy-green. Flowers white. Flowering: June to August. Seed collection: Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bag to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 600-1000 mm. Values and uses: High value wildlife habitat. Timber is strong and durable. Also valuable for shade, shelter and firewood. Comments: Closely resembles E. moluccana and E. microcarpa, but has glossier leaves than either of these. Named for the village of Pilliga which is an alluvial plain surrounded by grassy woodlands.

Eucalyptus populnea subsp. bimbil (r) Bimble Box Myrtaceae

Other names: Poplar Box, Bimbil Box, Poplar-leaved Box. Habitat: Grassy and shrubby woodland. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN. Site preference: Moderately fertile loamy soils, clay loam to sandy loam texture. Habit: Small to medium-sized woodland tree to 20 m high with rough bark on trunk and larger branches. Bark is grey to grey-brown and persistent to the smaller branches. Adult leaves very glossy green and are broad and rounded (poplar-like). Flowers white or, rarely, pink. Flowering: August to January. Seed collection: Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bag to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-800 mm. Values and uses: Excellent wildlife habitat (Koala food tree and readily forms hollows). Bimble Box is suitable for shelter belts and windbreaks and it is easy to propagate. Excellent fuel. Useful for fence posts, but it is prone to termite attack in the ground. Prefers red soil ridges and not heavy clays.

Eucalyptus prava (r) Orange Gum Myrtaceae

Other names: Moonbi Red Gum, Salmon Gum. Habitat: Dry sclerophyll woodland and open forest. Occurrence: NAN, NET. Site preference: Poor skeletal soils on acid granite, sandstone or quartzite. Habit: Small to medium-sized tree to 15 m high, generally of poor form. Leaves are grey to bluish-grey. Bark looks smooth but is coarsely rough to touch. Flowering: December to February. Seed collection: Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bag to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 800-1000 mm. Values and uses: Excellent wildlife habitat and food source.

Page 238 Eucalyptus sideroxylon (r) Mugga Ironbark Myrtaceae

Other names: Red Ironbark, Mugga. Habitat: Dry sclerophyll woodland. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Low ridges and slopes on loam soil often with high gravel content. Habit: Small to medium-sized or occasionally tall tree to 35 m high. Ironbark persistent on trunk and larger branches, hard and deeply furrowed. Adult leaves dull, green, glaucous or slate grey. Flowers white, pink, red or pale yellow. Flowering: May to November, although it will flower at other times throughout the year. Seed collection: Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bag to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 400-1200 mm Values and uses: Useful for medium to high level windbreak cover. Strong, hard timber used for engineering and fence posts. Posts last in the ground for over 100 years. Excellent habitat, and birds and squirrel gliders are attracted to its nectar. Known to be a food source for the Regent Honeyeater. Comments: Widely planted for its coloured flowers. Moderately frost tolerant.

Eucalyptus stellulata (r) Black Sally Myrtaceae

Habitat: Grassy woodland, usually in association with White Sally, but this species prefers a wetter site. Occurrence: NET. Site preference: Grows on a range of soils but prefers fertile, loamy soils on cold flats at higher altitudes. Habit: Small to medium-sized tree to 15 m high, with rough bark on the lower parts of trunk and smooth, dark grey to oily, olive green above. Adult leaves with a small hooked tip, glossy green with three veins. Flowers white. Flowering: April to October and sometimes into summer. Seed collection: Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bag to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 1000-1200 mm Values and uses: Good as medium-level cover in windbreaks. Excellent wildlife habitat. Comments: It is unrelated to the white sallies (E. pauciflora) and has tight, star-shaped bundles of buds. Does not tolerate drought as well as E. pauciflora, but is much more cold tolerant.

Eucalyptus subtilior (r) Stringybark Myrtaceae

Alternate names: E. stannicola Habitat: Sclerophyll or grassy woodland. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Sandy soils of low to moderate fertility. Habit: Small to medium-sized tree to 20 m high, rough persistent bark throughout. Adult leaves green glossy to semi-glossy. Flowering: Warmer months. Seed collection: Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bag to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 1000-1200 mm. Values and uses: Excellent wildlife habitat. Good windbreak species.

Page 239 Eucalyptus viminalis (r) Ribbon Gum Myrtaceae

Other names: Manna Gum, White Gum Habitat: Grassy woodland or forest Occurrence: NAN, NET. Site preference: Fertile loamy soils. Habit: Medium-sized to very tall tree (sometimes to 50 m) with bark mostly shedding to ground level. Smooth grey to whitish trunk and branches. Adult leaves narrow, green. Flowers white. Flowering: January to May. Seed collection: Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bag to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 800-1200 mm Values and uses: Wildlife habitat and food source (including koalas). Attractive pink or pale yellow to white wood. Comments: Frost-resistant species. Very similar, and often growing with E. dalrympleana, but distinguished by very narrow juvenile leaves and immature epicormic growth. Component of an Endangered Ecological Community.

Eucalyptus viridis (r) Green Mallee Myrtaceae

Habitat: Mallee shrubland to low forest. Occurrence: BBS, NAN. Site preference: Shallow light soils on rocky rises. Habit: Mallee or small woodland tree to 15 m high with rough bark persistent on the lowest part of stems, ribbony and smooth on most of trunk. Adult leaves are glossy, dark green with numerous oil glands. Flowers white. Flowering: November to January. Seed collection: Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bags to catch seeds when released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-800 mm Values and uses: Valuable wildlife habitat. Good for windbreaks and shelter. Comments: An attractive mallee due to its narrow, green leaves.

Eucalyptus youmanii (r) Youman’s Stringybark Myrtaceae

Habitat: Sclerophyll woodland and open forest. Occurrence: NET. Site preference: Poor skeletal soils on rises, shale or acid volcanic geology. Habit: Small to medium-sized tree to 20 m high, with rough bark throughout. Adult leaves slightly glossy, green to blue-green. Flowers white. Flowering: June to August. Seed collection: Collect fruits when turning from green to brown and place in paper bag to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 1000-1200 mm Values and uses: Excellent wildlife habitat. Timber has been used for fence posts. Listed as a Rare or Threatened Australian Plant (RoTAP).

Evolvulus alsinoides (i) Convolvulaceae

Habitat: Eucalypt or Acacia woodlands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN. Site preference: Sandy plains and rocky outcrops. Habit: Herb or shrub, with either erect or ascending branches. Blue flowers are either solitary or in groups. Flowering: Throughout the year. Seed collection: Throughout the year. Propagation: From seed or cuttings. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm. Values and uses: Not present in high enough quantities to be of grazing benefit. Comments: Widespread but not common. Page 240 Ficus rubiginosa (r) Port Jackson Fig Moraceae

Previous names: Ficus sp. A sensu Jacobs and Pickard (1981), Ficus platypoda Other names: Rusty Fig, Rock Fig. Habitat: Dry open forest on hills and rocky riparian areas. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Tolerates a wide range of soil types. Habit: Small shrub or tree to 50 m in height in tall rainforests. Shiny leaves above and rusty hairs on the underside. Flowering: Spring to summer. Seed collection: January to July. Propagation: From seed or cuttings. Rainfall: 400-1200 mm. Values and uses: Excellent shade and shelter tree. Good wildlife habitat.

Fimbristylis dichotoma (i) Common Fringe-sedge Cyperaceae

Habitat: Occurs in a wide range of vegetation communities. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Usually on sandy or loamy soils. In clay soils along river channels. Habit: Slender perennial sedge which grows to a height of 40 cm. Flowers in reddish-brown spikelets. Nuts (seeds) white to yellow in colour. Flowering: Throughout the year. Propagation: By division. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm Values and uses: Will only be grazed when new growth has appeared, after good rainfall.

Galium gaudichaudii (r) Rough Bedstraw Rubiaceae

Habitat: Recorded in many vegetation communities, especially in dry sites. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Stony or rocky areas with shallow soils. Habit: Perennial forb to 30 cm high with square stems. Leaves almost stalkless and roughened. White or yellow flowers are very small. Flowering: Late winter – spring. Seed collection: Summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-1000 mm. Values and uses: Common groundcover component. Comments: May be confused with Asperula conferta which has more leaves per whorl and white flowers.

Galium migrans (r) Rubiaceae

Previous names: Galium sp. A Habitat: Rocky crevices on hillsides. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Shaded or sheltered sites among rocks and logs. Habit: Prostrate perennial with stems to 40 cm long. Leaves in whorls of four around the stem. Flowers cream to yellowish-white. Flowering: Spring – autumn. Propagation: Seed. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm.

Page 241 Geranium retrorsum (i) Common Cranesbill Geraniaceae

Habitat: Woodlands and grasslands. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows in a variety of soil types. Habit: Perennial herb to 50 cm long. Covered with soft hairs. Leaves deeply lobed. Flowers paired, pale pink with yellow veins. Flowering: Spring to early summer. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 400-1600 mm. Values and uses: Not known to be grazed.

Geranium solanderi (i) Native Geranium Geraniaceae

Other names: Austral Cranesbill, Native Geranium, Cut-leaf Cranesbill, Hairy Geranium. Habitat: A variety of woodland and grassland habitats. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows in clay, sandy loam, and sandy skeletal soils on hillsides, flats and rises. Habit: Perennial plant with erect or prostrate stems to 50 cm long. Will sometimes root at stem nodes. Flowers pink and sometimes with yellowish veins. Flowering: Spring – early summer. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 400-1600 mm. Values and uses: Seldom abundant, but is known to be grazed. Taproots roasted and eaten by Aborigines.

Glossogyne tannensis (i) Cobbler's Tack Asteraceae

Previous names: Glossogyne tenuifolia Other names: Native Cobbler’s Tack. Habitat: Grasslands, woodlands and heaths. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Tolerates most soil types. Habit: Perennial herb to 60 cm high. Flowers yellow. Fruit like introduced Cobbler’s Tack but plant rarely with a prominent aerial stem. Flowering: Summer to autumn. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm Values and uses: Often eaten by stock. Comments: Very abundant after good summer rainfall. Dense stands can cause problems for sheep when the barbed seeds stick to the wool.

Glycine clandestina (r) Twining Glycine Fabaceae (Faboideae)

Habitat: Forest, woodlands, heath and grasslands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Tolerates a variety of soil types but grows well on sandy, red earths. In shade or open pastures. Habit: Weakly twining plant with trifoliate leaves. Flowers bluish, purple to pink, and pea-like. Flowering: Throughout the year. Seed collection: Throughout the year. Collect dry pods before they split. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm. Values and uses: Readily eaten by stock and is considered good drought fodder. Comments: A good addition to native pastures. Native legume with wildlife value and adds nitrogen to the soil.

Page 242 Glycine tabacina (r) Glycine Fabaceae (Faboideae)

Other names: Variable Glycine Habitat: Woodlands and grasslands. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows in a variety of soils. Habit: Twining or creeping perennial with trifoliate leaves. Flowers blue, violet or purple and pea-like. Flowering: Summer. Seed collection: Collect pods as they turn black and dry. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 400-1600 mm. Values and uses: Palatable to stock, but only usually present in small patches. Valuable wildlife species. Native legume that adds nitrogen to the soil.

Goodenia bellidifolia (r) Daisy-leaved Goodenia Goodeniaceae

Habitat: Sclerophyll forest, woodland and heath communities. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Often found on sandstone or sandier soils. Habit: Erect species to 60 cm high. Stems often hairy. Flowers lemon-yellow to orange. Flowering: Spring - summer. Seed collection: Summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 400-1600 mm. Values and uses: Good understorey species for native revegetation.

Goodenia hederacea subsp. hederacea (r) Ivy Goodenia Goodeniaceae

Other names: Forest Goodenia. Habitat: Grows in a variety of communities, often on hillslopes. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows on shallow, stony, sandy or loamy soils. Habit: Perennial, trailing or upright species with stems to 25 cm long. Flowers pale-yellow with upper petals down-curved. Flowering: Spring and autumn mainly, but in warmer months. Seed collection: Summer and late autumn. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm. Values and uses: Palatability in pastures not known.

Gossypium sturtianum (i) Sturt's Desert Rose Malvaceae

Other names: Sturt’s Rose, Desert Rose. Habitat: Found mainly in or along stream lines. Occurrence: BBS, DRP, NAN. Site preference: Grows in rocky situations and on shallow soils. Habit: Smooth-stemmed shrub to around 1 m high. Flowers pale purple, with a red blotch at the base of each petal. The five petals overlap greatly to form a bell-shaped flower. Flowering: Early spring – summer. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From cuttings or seed. Rainfall: 300-800 mm. Comments: An uncommon shrub.

Page 243 Grevillea beadleana (i) Beadle's Grevillea Proteaceae

Habitat: Restricted to sheer scarps in granite and metasediments. Occurrence: NET. Site preference: Clifflines and steep slopes. Habit: Spreading shrub to 2.5 m high. Much-divided, grey-hairy leaves up to 12 cm long. Flowers are deep-red. Flowering: Autumn and other times throughout the year. Seed collection: Throughout the year, 1-2 months after flowering. Propagation: From seed and cuttings. Rainfall: 900-1400 mm. Values and uses: High value wildlife habitat and food source. Comments: Listed as an endangered species. Two highly localised populations near Mole River and Walcha.

Grevillea floribunda (r) Seven Dwarfs Grevillea Proteaceae

Other names: Rusty Spider Flower. Habitat: Dry sclerophyll forest or woodland. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows on shallow soils and rocky ridges, favouring well-drained sites. Habit: Shrub to 2 m high. Branches have a velvety feel. Flowers with brown hairs on the outside and greenish tinge on the inside are borne in a cluster at the end of branches. Flowering: Spring. Seed collection: Summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-800 mm. Values and uses: A species that is attractive to nectar eating birds.

Grevillea ramosissima (r) Fan Grevillea Proteaceae

Habitat: Dry sclerophyll woodland. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows on quartz-rich soils. Skeletal and shallow soils on sandstone, granite or acid volcanics. Habit: Small shrub to 3 m in height. Leaves to 10 cm in length. Flowers cream to pale yellow in a cylindrical cluster. Flowering: Spring. Seed collection: Summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 400-800 mm. Values and uses: High wildlife value for habitat and food.

Hakea decurrens (r) Bushy Needlewood Proteaceae

Habitat: Dry sclerophyll forest, woodland and heath. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows in sandy and rocky areas. Habit: Spreading shrub to 5 m tall. Leaves almost at right angles to stems. Flowers white, occasionally with a pink tinge. Flowering: May – September. Seed collection: Summer. Seed matures in the second year after flowering. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-800 mm. Values and uses: Wildlife habitat and food value and revegetation potential on rocky areas.

Page 244 Hakea leucoptera (r) Needlewood Proteaceae

Other names: Silver Needlewood, Needle Hakea, Pin Bush, Water Tree. Habitat: Woodland and shrublands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS. Site preference: Prefers coarse textured soils. Habit: Small tree to 5 m high or a bushy shrub to 2 m high. Leaves stiff and cylindrical with a sharp point at the tip. Flowers white, in short spikes or clusters. Flowering: Late spring – summer. Seed collection: Throughout the year. Fruits open once picked. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-1000 mm. Values and uses: Only grazed by stock when feed is very limited. Roots used to make pipes for smoking. Used by Aborigines as a source of water, where the roots were dug up and one end was placed in a slow fire to extract the moisture. Comments: Distinguished from similar Needlewood species (H. tephrosperma) by having a pale seed. The seed of H. tephrosperma is almost black.

Hakea microcarpa (r) Small-fruit Hakea Proteaceae

Habitat: Grows in damp areas of dry sclerophyll forest and woodland. Also found in heath near swamps. Occurrence: NAN, NET. Site preference: Prefers wet situations, and tolerates a range of soil types. Habit: Small shrub to 2 m high. Leaves terete to narrow with thick margins and protruding midvein. Flowers are white and are clustered in the axils of the leaves. Flowering: Spring to early summer. Seed collection: Autumn. Secure nylon stocking over pods to collect seed as it falls. Fruit opens when ripe unlike many hakeas. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 600-1000 mm. Values and uses: Food value for nectar-feeding birds and insects. Habitat value for small birds.

Haloragis heterophylla (i) Rough Raspwort Haloragaceae

Other names: Variable Raspwort, Perennial Raspwort, Perennial Raspweed. Habitat: Grows along creeks and other areas that have ample water. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows in heavy clays. Habit: Annual or perennial plant to 50 cm high. Small flowers with red anthers. Flowering: Spring – summer. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm. Values and uses: Will grow all year and will be grazed by stock, but rarely occurs in large quantities. Comments: Has the potential for weediness in some higher rainfall areas.

Page 245 Hardenbergia violacea (r) False Sarsaparilla Fabaceae (Faboideae)

Other names: Purple Coral-pea, Sarsparilla, Native Lilac, Coral-pea. Habitat: Woodlands and forests. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Rocky hillsides with shallow soils, but grows on a wide variety of soil types with sandy and loam soils favoured. Habit: Trailing or climbing perennial with stems up to 2 m long. Flowers are lilac to violet and pea-like. Flowering: Late winter to early summer. Seed collection: Collect pods as they turn brown and allow to dry and open. Propagation: From scarified seed or from cuttings. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm. Values and uses: Useful wildlife species. Good as a ground cover and a very hardy plant that can survive adverse conditions. Comments: Root once used as a tonic and regarded as a substitute for sarsaparilla when leaves were boiled.

Hibbertia obtusifolia (r) Hoary Guinea Flower Dilleniaceae

Other names: Grey Guinea Flower, Showy Guinea Flower. Habitat: Woodland and forests. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Gravelly clays, sandy or stony soils. Locally common on hillsides. Habit: Shrub to 1 m high. Leaves rounded at the tip, grey-green. Flowers bright golden-yellow. Flowering: Spring. Propagation: From cuttings. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm. Values and uses: Plant does not appear to be utilised by stock.

Hibbertia vestita (r) Hairy Guinea Flower Dilleniaceae

Habitat: Woodland and open forest. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Shallow soils on hillsides. Habit: Shrub to 90 cm high. Stems are covered with soft white or brown hairs. Dark- green leaves to 15 cm long. Bright yellow flowers. Flowering: Late winter-spring. Propagation: From cuttings. Rainfall: 500-1200 mm Values and uses: Has a nice display of flowers but has no pastoral use.

Hibiscus sturtii (i) Hill Hibiscus Malvaceae

Other names: Sturt’s Rose, Sturt’s Hibiscus. Habitat: Occurs in White Cypress Pine, and Green Mallee communities. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN. Site preference: Hilly areas with stony, shallow soils. Habit: Small perennial shrub to 60 cm high. Leaves hairy. Flowers pink to purplish with five petals and long stems, borne singly in the angles of the leaves. Flowering: Spring to summer. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From cuttings or seed. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Comments: A relatively uncommon species. Page 246 Homoranthus flavescens (r) Mouse Plant Myrtaceae

Habitat: Woodland, forest and heath. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Sandy or well-drained, often shallow soils. Habit: Spreading shrub to 0.5 m high. Sometimes erect and up to around 1 m high. Leaves usually 6-10 mm long. Flowers usually solitary, clustered towards end of branchlets. Flowering: Late spring to summer. Propagation: From cuttings using new spring or summer shoots. Rainfall: 800-1000 mm Values and uses: Valuable food source for nectar-feeding birds, mammals and isects.

Homoranthus prolixus (r) Granite Homoranthus Myrtaceae

Previous names: Homoranthus flavescens (in part). Other names: Mouse Plant. Habitat: Heath and woodlands. Occurrence: NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows in skeletal soil among crevices in granite outcrops. Very rare and found in the Tingha-Howell area and at Bendemeer. Habit: Prostrate to spreading shrub to 0.5 m high. Leaves mostly 3-6 mm long, with upper surface flat or sometimes concave. Flowers 1-6 on undifferentiated branchlets. Flowering: October to November Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 800-1200 mm Values and uses: Valuable wildlife habitat and food species. Nectar used by Aborigines. Comments: Rare and listed as a vulnerable species and component of Endangered Ecological Community.

Hovea lanceolata (r) Lance-leaved Hovea Fabaceae (Faboideae)

Previous names: Hovea sp. R, Hovea sp. B. Habitat: Open, dry sclerophyll forest. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows among rocky outcrops and on shallow sandy soils. Habit: Shrub to 2 m high with stems and branches with grey, tightly curled hairs. Flowers are purple- blue and pea-like. Flowering: Late winter to spring. Seed collection: Summer. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 400-1000 mm. Values and uses: Valuable wildlife habitat and food source. Nitrogen-fixing species.

Indigofera adesmiifolia (r) Tick Indigo Fabaceae (Faboideae)

Previous names: Indigofera australis var. signata, Indigofera australis var. platypoda, Indigofera australis var. signata Other names: Native Indigo. Habitat: Common in woodlands. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Prefers rocky sites (mainly on volcanic rocks). Habit: Similar to I. australis but has more crowded leaves and shorter flower stems, with leaves often reduced to jointed phyllodes. Flowering: Spring. Seed collection: Summer. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 300-1000 mm. Values and uses: Good wildlife habitat and food source. Nitrogen-fixing species. Lost through overgrazing.

Page 247 Indigofera australis (r) Australian Indigo Fabaceae (Faboideae)

Other names: Hill Indigo, Native Indigo, Austral Indigo Habitat: Woodlands and forest. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Prefers shallow soils. Habit: Shrub to around 2.5 m in height. Stems often a dark red colour, leaves are bluish-green. Flowers are pink to lilac (and, very rarely, white). Flowering: Spring. Seed collection: Summer. Propagation: From scarified seed. Cuttings are also possible if flower colour needs to be preserved. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm. Values and uses: Not grazed heavily by stock. Comments: Suspected of stock poisoning while flowering (but very rarely and only under extreme conditions, such as drought). Nitrogen- fixing species.

Isotoma axillaris (r) Showy Isotome Lobeliaceae

Other names: Rock Isotome Habitat: In cracks in rock faces and on granite and sandstone outcrops. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Shallow or sandy soils, or skeletal soils on rock outcrops. Habit: Rounded plant to 50 cm with light grey-green to purplish-green leaves. Flowers mauve, blue, or white star-like. Flowering: Summer. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 200-1600 mm. Values and uses: Occurs in isolated clumps and is not known to be palatable to stock. Skin contact with sap can cause chemical burns in some people.

Isotoma fluviatilis (r) Swamp Isotome Lobeliaceae

Habitat: Found in most vegetation communities, favouring damp areas. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows mainly in wet and damp places. Habit: Prostrate, creeping, perennial forb, sometimes with fine hairs. Leaves entire, or slightly toothed. Flowers blue to white or purplish, and tubular with starry lobes. Flowering: Summer. Propagation: From cuttings or division. Grows easily from small stem pieces. Rainfall: 600-1200 mm. Comments: Sometimes a weed of lawns.

Jacksonia scoparia (r) Dogwood Fabaceae (Faboideae)

Other names: Winged Broom-pea, Stinkwood, Native Broom, Mountangarra. Habitat: Shrubby woodlands and open sclerophyll forest. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Occurs on shallow, sandy soils on dunes, hillsides and ridges. Habit: Shrub to 3 m high with leafless branches. Flowers are profuse, yellow and pea-like. Flowering: Spring. Seed collection: Summer. Propagation: Scarified seed. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm. Comments: This species is an indicator of poor soils. Emits an offensive odour when burnt. Moderate source of pollen for honey. Aborigines are said to have eaten gum and pollen. As it is a legume it will fix nitrogen. Page 248 Jasminum lineare (r) Native Jasmine Oleaceae

Other names: Desert Jasmine. Habitat: A variety of woodland and shrubland communities. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN. Site preference: Grows in a wide range of soils including red earths and gravelly loams. Habit: Small shrub/vine to 2 m high. Stems can be 10cm in diameter. Flowers white, and red when dried. Fruit is a black, round, berry. Flowering: Summer. Propagation: From cuttings and seed. Rainfall: 300-800 mm. Values and uses: Good wildlife value. Will be grazed by sheep and goats. Planted on a fence, it can be a good, low level windbreak. Good groundcover. Comments: A very hardy climber with strongly scented flowers.

Juncus continuus (r) Juncaceae

Habitat: Damp areas. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Prefers sandy soils. Habit: Perennial, tufted plant to 1 m high. Flowers clustered or singular. Dark, golden-brown capsule. Flowering: Spring – summer. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From seed or division. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm. Values and uses: Good for wetland revegetation, planted on edges where it is seasonally wet.

Juncus ochrocoleus (r) Juncaceae

Previous names: Juncus sp. H. Habitat: In seasonally wet locations. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Prefers sandy soils. Habit: Perennial, tufted species to 90 cm high. Flowers singular and abundant. Capsule golden brown. Flowering: Spring – summer. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From seed or by division. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Values and uses: Can be used for wetland revegetation if planted in seasonally wet locations.

Juncus subglaucus (r) Juncaceae

Previous names: Juncus sp. U. Habitat: Occurs in many vegetation communities, including Black Box and Bimble Box communities. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows in most soil types. Found near permanent water and in areas that are seasonally inundated. Habit: Tufted perennial that grows to a height of around 1 m. Flowers small and numerous. Capsule golden brown. Flowering: Spring – summer. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From seed or by division. Rainfall: 300 – 1600 mm. Values and uses: Valuable for revegetating wetlands or areas that are seasonally inundated.

Page 249 Juncus subsecundus (r) Finger Rush Juncaceae

Previous names: Juncus subsecundus subsp. congregatus, Juncus subsecundus subsp. subsecundus Habitat: Most commonly found in drier habitats than other Juncus spp. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows in a wide range of soil types and conditions. Habit: Slender, tufted perennial to 70 cm high. Flowers solitary or clustered. Capsule golden brown to dark golden brown. Flowering: Spring – summer. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: By division. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm. Values and uses: Useful for revegetation due to its tolerance of a wide range of soils and climatic conditions.

Kunzea bracteolata (r) Myrtaceae

Habitat: Dry sclerophyll forest on granite or rhyolite. Occurrence: NET. Site preference: Granite outcrops. Habit: Shrub to 1.5 m high. Leaves to 9 mm long. Flowers white, in clusters at the end of branches. Flowering: Spring and early summer. Propagation: From cuttings. Rainfall: 1000-1200 mm Values and uses: Valuable wildlife habitat and food source.

Kunzea opposita (r) Myrtaceae

Habitat: Heath or dry sclerophyll forest. Occurrence: NAN, NET. Site preference: Shallow, sandy or well-drained soils. Habit: Shrub to 3 m high. Leaves usually opposite, 1.5-3 mm long. Flowers are pink, in clusters at the end of branches. Flowering: Spring. Seed collection: Collect the small, numerous seeds soon after flowering. Observe plant regularly as the seeds are released quickly once ripe. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 1000-1200 mm Values and uses: Attracts native bees and butterflies. Attractive when flowering.

Lepidosperma laterale (r) Variable Sword Sedge Cyperaceae

Previous names: Lepidosperma lineare Habitat: Eucalypt woodland on hilltops and slopes. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows on low fertility soils. Habit: Tufted sedge that grows to a height of 1 m. Flowering: Throughout the year. Propagation: By division. Rainfall: 500-1600 mm. Values and uses: Attractive to seed-eating birds and useful for revegetating areas with low fertility soils.

Page 250 Leptospermum arachnoides (r) Needle-leaf Tea Tree Myrtaceae

Habitat: Moist heath and sclerophyll forest on shallow soils. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Sandstone and granite. Habit: Shrub 2 m or more high with rough bark that peels in flaky layers. Leaves usually 10-20 mm long. Flowers white. Flowering: November to January. Seed collection: Collect capsules before they open and place in paper bags to catch seeds. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 1000-1600 mm Values and uses: Good low level cover for windbreaks on its preferred soil and habitat. Good wildlife habitat, especially for smaller birds.

Leptospermum brachyandrum (i) Myrtaceae

Habitat: Shrubby, dry sclerophyll forest along rocky creeks. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Sandstone and granite. Habit: Shrub or small tree to 6 m high. Bark smooth, shedding in ribbons. Leaves 20-50 mm long. Flowers 3-7 together, white. Flowering: November to January. Seed collection: Collect capsules when ripe, prior to opening, and place in paper bags to catch seed. Propagation: From seed or cuttings. Cuttings from young growth in early summer is the easiest way to propagate. Rainfall: 1000-2000 mm. Values and uses: Excellent low level cover in moist areas. Good wildlife habitat.

Leptospermum brevipes (r) Grey Tea Tree Myrtaceae

Habitat: Dry sclerophyll forest, woodland and shrubland. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Mainly prefers rocky granite outcrops or shallow soils on poorly- drained sites. Habit: Shrub or small tree to 4 m or sometimes taller. Leaves mostly 10-20 mm long. Flowers solitary or double, and white. Flowering: October to December. Seed collection: Collect ripe, unopened capsules and place in paper bags to collect seed when released. Propagation: From seed and cuttings. Rainfall: 1000-1600 mm Values and uses: Good wildlife habitat and food source. Good low-level windbreak species. Comments: Listed as an Invasive Native Species in the New England Tablelands and Nandewar Bioregions.

Leptospermum novae-angliae (r) New England Tea Tree Myrtaceae

Habitat: Heath and sclerophyll forest. Occurrence: NAN, NET. Site preference: Prefers rocky sites, mainly granite outcrops, but will tolerate a wide range of soils, but prefers poorly-drained areas. Habit: Shrub to 2 m with bark lifting and flaking. Leaves often with conspicuous glands, to 15 mm long. Flowers white. Flowering: October to November. Seed collection: Collect capsules as they dry and place into paper bags to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 1000-1600 mm Values and uses: Moderately drought and frost-resistant. Useful as a screen plant. Page 251 Leptospermum polygalifolium (r) Tantoon Myrtaceae

Other Names: Common Tea Tree, Wild May, Green Tea Tree, Creek Tea Tree. Habitat: Dry sclerophyll forest. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Alluvial sand and along rocky water courses. Habit: Shrub 1-4 m high with leaves usually flat and rather stiff in texture Flowers greenish white or pink. Flowering: August to January. Seed collection: Collect capsules as they dry and place into paper bags to catch seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 700-1400 mm. Values and uses: Riverbank coloniser and stabiliser. High wildlife value. Comments: Subsp. transmontanum most common in Border Rivers-Gwydir catchments, but subsp. polygalifolium will occur more often above 1000m in eastern part of the catchment.

Leptospermum trinervium (r) Slender Tea-tree Myrtaceae

Previous names: Leptospermum attenuatum Habitat: Grows in heath, scrub or dry sclerophyll forests and woodlands. Occurrence: BBS (very rare), NAN, NET. Site preference: Deep or shallow sandy soil, particularly sandstone areas. Habit: Shrub or small tree to 5 m high. Very flaky bark. Leaves broad to very narrow, 10-20 mm long. Flowers solitary or double and white. Flowering: Summer. Seed collection: Seeds mature quickly after flowering, so be vigilant if trying to collect seed. Collect capsules as they start to dry and place in a paper bag to collect seeds as they are released. Propagation: From seed, but cuttings taken in summer are easily grown. Rainfall: 1000-1600 mm. Values and uses: Good wildlife habitat and birds will use the bark for nesting.

Leucopogon melaleucoides (r) Epacridaceae

Habitat: Heath, open woodland and forest. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows in sandy soils over granite. Habit: Many-branched shrub to 1 m high. Leaf margins finely toothed. Flowers white. Flowering: June to November. Propagation: From cuttings. Rainfall: 800-1600 mm Values and uses: Good food plant for wildlife and also attracts butterflies. Also a desirable cut-flower.

Leucopogon muticus (r) Blunt Beard Heath Epacridaceae

Other names: Green Beard Heath Habitat: Dry sclerophyll forest and exposed areas. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Prefers sandy soils. Habit: Shrub to 2 m tall. Leaves entire with 3-5 central parallel veins. Flowers white. Flowering: September to October. Propagation: From cuttings. Rainfall: 600-1600 mm. Values and uses: Will form a dense screen, but slow growing. Comments: Flowers strongly, sweetly scented. Page 252 Lissanthe strigosa (i) Peach Heath Epacridaceae

Habitat: Dry sclerophyll forest, dry scrub and heath. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Prefers sandy and rocky soils in part shade. Habit: Shrub to 70 cm high. Leaves prickly to 1.5 cm long. White or pale pink, bell-shaped flowers. Flowering: Spring. Propagation: From cuttings and seed, but difficult to propagate. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm. Values and uses: Attractive flowers and attractive to native birds and butterflies. Edible fruits.

Lomandra confertifolia (r) Mat-rush Lomandraceae

Habitat: Sclerophyll forest and woodland. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Tolerates a wide range of soil types. Habit: Tufted perennial with elongated or short stems and green, linear leaves 8 –70 cm long. Flowers are often hidden in the foliage. Flowering: Spring. Seed collection: Summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 600-1200 mm Values and uses: A hardy plant that can be planted in most situations. May be useful for stabilising banks.

Lomandra filiformis (r) Wattle Mat-rush Lomandraceae

Habitat: Dry sclerophyll forest, woodland and grassland. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Prefers sandy, well-drained soil. Habit: Tufted perennial with variable form. Leaves tough, rigid and flat. Flowers cream, rounded or bell-shaped. Flowering: Spring to early summer. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Values and uses: Attracts butterflies and seed- and insect-eating birds. Attractive foliage.

Lomandra leucocephala (r) Woolly Mat-rush Lomandraceae

Other names: Irongrass, White Mat-rush. Habitat: Sclerophyll forest and on sand dunes in Mallee communities. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Prefers sandy and well-drained soils. Habit: Tufted perennial herb with drooping, greyish-green leaves. Flowers white in round or cylindrical, dense, woolly heads. Flowering: Spring to early summer, but can occur at any time. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm Values and uses: Not known to be grazed by domestic stock.

Page 253 Lomandra longifolia (r) Spiny-headed Mat-rush Lomandraceae

Previous names: Lomandra longifolia subsp. exilis, Lomandra longifolia subsp. longifolia, Lomandra longifolia Labill. var. longifolia Other names: Honey Reed. Habitat: Grows in a variety of habitats, prefers part shade. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Common along stream margins, but widespread in forests. Habit: Tussock-forming, perennial herb. Leaves are bright-green and flat or slightly curved. Flowers are cream with purple centres. Flowering: Spring to early summer. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Values and uses: Good for stabilising banks of creeks and gullies. High wildlife value for ground fauna.

Lomandra multiflora (r) Many-flowered Mat-rush Lomandraceae

Habitat: Woodland and forest. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows on a variety of soil types, including shallow soils on ridges and hillsides. Habit: Tussock-forming perennial herb with either slender or robust form. Leaves are thick and dark to greyish-green. Flowers yellow and bell-shaped, in open clusters on the inflorescence. Flowering: Spring to early summer. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Values and uses: A hardy plant that can be used as a ground cover in revegetation. Seed- and insect-eating bird attractant.

Lomatia silaifolia (r) Crinkle Bush Proteaceae

Previous names: Other names: Fern-leaved Lomatia, Parsley Bush. Habitat: Sclerophyll forest, woodland and heath. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Tolerates a wide range of soil types. Habit: Shrub to 2 m high. Leaves divided, with sharp-toothed margins. Sprays of cream flowers to 30 cm long. Flowering: Summer. Seed collection: Autumn. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 600-1800 mm. Values and uses: Hardy plant for most situations.

Lotus australis (i) Australian Trefoil Fabaceae (Faboideae)

Other names: Austral Indigo, Poison Clover, Native Shamrock. Habitat: Woodlands and shrublands. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows in sandy and loamy soils. Habit: Rounded shrub to 50 cm high. Leaves with five leaflets, two close to the stem and three together separately. Pale pink to white flowers. Flowering: Spring-autumn. Seed collection: Summer. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm. Values and uses: Nitrogen-fixing species. Comments: Reports of stock poisoning from high levels of cyanide compounds that are present sometimes. Page 254 Maireana microphylla (i) Small-leaf Bluebush Chenopodiaceae

Previous names: Kochia microphylla Other names: Bluebush, Eastern Cottonbush. Habitat: Woodland and open woodland. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Will grow in a wide range of soil types. Habit: Perennial to 1 m high. Leaves are dark-green. Small green flowers form dense spikes. Flowering: Spring and autumn. Seed collection: Summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 400-1600 mm. Values and uses: Not known to be grazed by stock. Good pioneer species for eroded and degraded sites. Comments: Will grow profusely in areas that were previously cultivated or overgrazed sites. Provides low cover for wildlife.

Marsdenia australis (i) Doubah Apocynaceae

Previous names: Leichhardtia australis Other names: Native Pear, Austral Doubah, Cogola Bush. Habitat: Woodland and scrub (Vine thickets). Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN. Site preference: Prefers stony, red soils. Habit: Twining shrub to 4 m high with thick/fleshy leaves. Flowers green to yellow. Fruits thick- walled and smooth, looking like a slender choko. Flowering: Late spring - summer. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-800 mm. Values and uses: The fruit, leaves and flowers are edible.

Marsdenia viridiflora (r) Native Pear Apocynaceae Habitat: Woodland and scrub (Vine thickets). Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN. Site preference: Grows on a variety of soil types. Habit: Twining plant to 4 m high. Leaves somewhat thick and fleshy. Flowers green or yellow. Fruit is a leathery or firm follicle, splitting to release hairy seeds. Flowering: Spring. Seed collection: Collect seeds in early summer once the follicle has begun to split and store in paper bags to dry. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 600-1200 mm. Values and uses: Excellent wildlife habitat and food source. Comments: Useful if planted on a fence for a low windbreak.

Marsilea drummondii (r) Common Nardoo Marsileaeceae

Other names: Southern Cross. Habitat: Margins of permanent water and in moist depressions in most floodplain vegetation communities. Dominant plant on floodplains after and during flooding. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN (rare). Site preference: Grows in a wide variety of soil types. Habit: A perennial fern with creeping growth habit. Leaves look similar to a four-leafed clover. Reproduces via spores from fruiting bodies that are slightly rounded or pointed at the tips. Sporocarps are borne on stalks. Flowering: Sporocarps are seen in spring to autumn. Propagation: By division. Rainfall: 300-900 mm. Values and uses: The sporocarps were ground up by Aborigines into a flour and mixed with water to form dough. Comments: Good for revegetation of wetlands. The plant survives well after flooding and drying.

Page 255 Melaleuca bracteata (r) Black Tea Tree Myrtaceae

Other names: Honey Myrtle, White Cloud Tree. Habitat: Along streams and in depressions where soil is heavy or damp. Occurrence: DRP (rare), BBS, NAN, NET (rare). Site preference: Usually found on black or red alluvial soils. Habit: Shrub or tree to 15 m high with very dense canopy. Twisted leaves to 2 cm long. White or cream flowers in cylindrical spikes. Flowering: Spring. Seed collection: Throughout the year. Collect capsules and dry in the open air on newspaper or a sheet to catch seeds. Propagation: From seed mixed with sand and sprinkled on seed raising mix. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Values and uses: Excellent wildlife habitat and food source. Also used as a species in shelter belts. Good for stream bank stabilisation. Comments: Oil is obtained from its leaves. Moderately frost-resistant.

Melicytus dentatus (r) Tree Violet Violaceae

Previous names: Hymenanthera dentata Habitat: Grows in many vegetation communities. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows in rocky sites and can be common along streams. Tolerates most soil types. Habit: Shrub to 4 m high. Leaves up to 5 cm long, margins sometimes toothed. Flowers small, bell- shaped and cream to green in colour. Flowers are fragrant. Berry is purple-black. Flowering: Spring. Propagation: From cuttings. Rainfall: 600-1200 mm. Values and uses: Good spiny hedge, moderately fast-growing. Considered by some to indicate elevated salinity levels in streams.

Mentha satureioides (i) Native Mint Lamiaceae

Other names: Creeping Mint, Native Pennyroyal. Habitat: Grassy woodlands and grasslands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Prefers clay type soils and areas with more soil moisture. Habit: Perennial forb to a maximum height of 15cm with smooth or hairy stems. Flowers white and arranged in a whorl in the angles of the leaves. Flowering: Summer – early autumn. Propagation: Seed, cuttings or division. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Values and uses: Good ground cover. Potential to use as groundcover among pavers to form a scented walkway.

Microlaena stipoides (r) Weeping Grass Poaceae

Other names: Meadow Rice Grass. Habitat: Woodlands and open forest. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Damp or shaded areas on a variety of soils. Habit: Perennial grass to 75 cm high. Leaves to 25 cm long. Flowerhead narrow and slender to 17 cm long. Flowering: Early summer – autumn. Seed collection: Autumn. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-1800 mm. Values and uses: Produces high quality feed all year. Comments: Tolerates drought, frost and acid soils.

Page 256 Micromyrtus grandis (i) Severn River Heath-myrtle Myrtaceae

Habitat: Heath and low woodland in rocky outcrops and in shallow soil. Occurrence: NET. Site preference: In open and exposed situations Habit: Shrub to 4 m high. Leaves 0.5-4.0 mm long with conspicuous oil dots. Flowers solitary, cream and rarely pink towards the tip. Flowering: July to September. Seed collection: Fruit develops from August to September. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 800-1000 mm Values and uses: A rare species, so its uses for revegetation are limited. Comments: Rare, chiefly confined to the Severn River area. Listed as an endangered species.

Muehlenbeckia florulenta (r) Lignum Polygonaceae

Previous names: Muehlenbeckia cunninghamii. Habitat: Swamps, rivers and gilgai country on floodplain. Occurrence: DRP, BBS. Site preference: Intermittently inundated areas. Habit: Smooth, perennial shrub to 2.5 m high. Leaves do not persist on older branches. Yellow flowers in a spike-like arrangement. Flowering: Throughout the year. Seed collection: Throughout the year. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 200-800 mm. Values and uses: Can occur in thick, impenetrable stands. Not grazed by stock unless there is a feed shortage. Can provide valuable waterfowl habitat. Comments: May be a harbour for feral animals.

Myoporum montanum (i) Western Boobialla Myoporaceae

Other names: Water Bush, Bush Boobialla, Boomeralla, Native Myrtle. Habitat: Shrubby woodland and forest communities. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows on red earths and on rocky hillsides, usually in loamy or well- drained soils. Habit: Rounded shrub to 3 m high with narrow leaves. Fragrant flowers are white with purple spots inside. Fruits are purple. Flowering: Late winter to early spring. Propagation: From cuttings and seed. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Values and uses: Unpalatable to stock but has high wildlife habitat value. Also valuable for honey and shelter. Comments: Often planted in windbreaks. Drought resistant.

Myriophyllum verrucosum (r) Red Water-milfoil Haloragaceae

Other names: Water Milfoil, Duckweed, Red Milfoil. Habitat: Slow-moving or still water. Mostly only grows in water to 2 m deep, but can occasionally be found in water 4 m deep. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Small streams, edges of rivers, wetlands, swamps and storage dams. Habit: Perennial aquatic plant with stems that can reach 4 m in length. Flowers small and pink. New leaves and those in bright light usually red-coloured. Flowering: Spring - autumn. Propagation: By division and transplant. Rainfall: 200-1600 mm. Values and uses: Can be used for wetland revegetation. However, the plants can become a nuisance in dams where they clog pumps and taint the water with a fishy odour.

Page 257 Neptunia gracilis forma gracilis (i) Sensitive Plant Fabaceae (Mimosoideae)

Habitat: Woodland and grassland on river and creek floodplains. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN. Site preference: Favours heavy grey and brown clay soils. Habit: Perennial, mainly prostrate, herb or small shrub. Phyllodes bipinnate and persistent. Flower clustered, round and pale yellow. Flowering: Summer to autumn. Seed collection: Late summer to late autumn. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 300-1000 mm Values and uses: Grazed by stock. Comments: Most abundant after heavy summer rain or flooding.

Notelaea microcarpa (r) Native Olive Oleaceae

Habitat: Dry sclerophyll woodland and open forest. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Prefers rocky gullies and fertile soils. Habit: Tree to 10 m high, sometimes with a multi-stemmed habit. Leaves are narrow and grow to a length of 10 cm. Flowers are insignificant (greenish-yellow) in the angles of leaf and stem, and fruits are dark-blue to purple. Flowering: June to December. Seed collection: Berries can be collected, pulp washed off, and allowed to dry and stored for 3 months before propagating. Propagation: From cuttings and seed. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Values and uses: Berries are eaten by many animals. Good species for planting in a shelterbelt. Will be eaten by sheep in the absence of other fodder.

Olax stricta (i) Olacaceae

Habitat: Dry sclerophyll forest, woodland and heath. Occurrence: NAN, NET. Site preference: Prefers sandstone or granite. Habit: Shrub to 2 m high. Leaves 3-10 mm long. Solitary, white to yellowish flowers in the angles of the yellow-green leaves. Flowering: Throughout the year. Seed collection: Throughout the year. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Comments: Root parasite.

Ottelia ovalifolia (r) Swamp Lily Hydrocharitaceae

Habitat: Still or slow-moving water. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Found in any area of still water, including swamps, gilgais, streams, lagoons and dams. Habit: Perennial aquatic plant with submerged and floating oblong, rounded leaves. Flowers white, 3-petals with a purple, reddish base. Flowering: Late spring to autumn. Propagation: By division or transplant. Rainfall: 200-1600 mm Values and uses: Valuable for revegetation as it seldom occurs in high enough numbers to become a nuisance.

Page 258 Oxalis perennans (i) Oxalidaceae

Habitat: Grows in a wide range of habitats as well as disturbed sites. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Prefers heavy loamy soils and will grow in skeletal soils. Habit: Perennial herb with spreading or erect branches. Leaves trifoliate, flowers bright yellow. Seeds sticky when first matured. Flowering: May to December. Propagation: By division and seed. Seeds are released explosively so place in a bag. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Values and uses: Rapid-growing groundcover.

Pandorea pandorana (r) Wonga Wonga Vine Bignoniaceae

Other names: Inland Wonga Vine, Western Wonga Vine, Spearwood. Habitat: Sclerophyll forests and woodlands in moist gullies. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows in thickets on skeletal soils. Habit: Woody climber. Flowers are tubular and vary from white and maroon to white and gold/brown. Fruit is a boat-shaped capsule. Flowering: Spring. Seed collection: Collect pods before they open and place in a paper bag to catch the seeds once they open. Propagation: From cuttings or seed. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm. Values and uses: High value wildlife species. Also a useful ornamental plant. Comments: Aboriginal people used canes from this plant (or closely related species) for spear shafts.

Panicum effusum (r) Hairy Panic Poaceae

Other names: Poison Panic, Native Millet, Effuse Panic, Branched Panic. Habitat: Grassy forests, woodlands and grasslands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Tolerates a range of soil types including heavy grey soils, quartz gravelly soils and sandhills. Habit: Greyish-green perennial grass to 60 cm high. Leaves and stems with a cover of long, stiff white hairs arising from wart-like bumps. Flowerhead large and many-branched, with spikelets borne near the ends of the branchlets. Flowering: Throughout the year except winter. Seed collection: Autumn. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 200-1200 mm. Values and uses: A good summer feed, with the early growth being the most palatable. Comments: Heavy consumption by sheep in the first 2-6 weeks following rain can cause ‘yellow bighead’.

Parsonsia eucalyptophylla (i) Gargaloo Apocynaceae

Other names: Monkey Vine, Woodbine, Vinetree. Habitat: Woodland, forests and scrub. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Suitable for drier areas. Sandy red earths or sandy to loamy textured shallow, stony soils. Habit: Woody climber. Flowers are yellow in terminal clusters. Fruit is a long, hairy pod that splits down both sides. Flowering: Spring-autumn. Seed collection: Collect fruits and place in paper bags before they split. Propagation: From seed or cuttings. Use fresh seed. Rainfall: 300-800 mm. Values and uses: High-value wildlife habitat and food source. Foliage eaten by sheep and cattle in dry times.

Page 259 Paspalidium jubiflorum (r) Warrego Summer Grass Poaceae

Other names: Warrego Grass, Yellow-flowered Panic Grass, Vandyke Grass. Habitat: Grassy woodlands, savannah and grasslands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows in heavy clay soils near permanent and ephemeral water. Habit: Leafy perennial grass to 120 cm high. Leaves thin and lax. Flowerhead very narrow. Flowering: Summer – autumn. Seed collection: Autumn. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-800 mm. Values and uses: Very palatable to stock. Comments: Tolerates inundation for short periods.

Persicaria lapathifolia (r) Pale Knotweed Polygonaceae

Previous names: Polygonum lapathifolium, Polygonum lanigerum Other names: Pink Knotweed. Habitat: Found in a variety of vegetation types. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Stream banks and margins of wetlands, and also ephemeral ponds. Habit: Perennial forb to 1 m high. Leaves around 20 cm long with short stalks. Flowers dull-pink on spikes. Flowering: Summer. Seed collection: Autumn. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 200-1200 mm. Values and uses: Rarely grazed by stock.

Persoonia cornifolia (r) Broad-leaved Geebung Proteaceae

Previous names: Persoonia cornifolia subsp. d Habitat: Woodland and dry sclerophyll forest. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows on granite and sandstone sediments. Habit: Erect or spreading shrub. Leaves broad and flat. Yellow flowers. Flowering: Spring. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From seed and cuttings (both seeds and cuttings are very slow to strike). Rainfall: 500-800 mm. Values and uses: Wildlife habitat and food source for native animals and insects.

Petalostigma pubescens (r) Bitter Bark Euphorbiaceae

Other names: Strychnine Tree, Native Quince, Forest Quinine, Quinine Tree. Habitat: Open forest. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Sandy soils and sandhills on river flats. Habit: Small tree to 5 m high. Leaves silky or woolly underneath. Flowers are cream coloured but lack petals. Flowering: Autumn to winter fruiting. Seed collection: Collect seeds as fruit begins to split and place in paper bag until they release the seed. Propagation: From cuttings or seed. Modest results from seed. Rainfall: 400-1600 mm. Values and uses: Attractive tree and good wildlife habitat but of no value for stock feed. Comments: Aboriginal medicine plant. Page 260 Petrophile canescens (r) Conesticks Proteaceae

Habitat: Dry and wet heath and dry sclerophyll forest. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Prefers deep, sandy soils. Habit: Small, rounded shrub to 1.5 m high. Much-divided leaves to 10 cm long. Flowers are creamy-yellow on the end of branches. Flowering: Spring. Seed collection: Autumn, but anytime for fruit from earlier years. Collect fruit and allow to dry to release seed. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 600-1200 mm. Values and uses: Wildlife habitat and food source for native animals and insects.

Philotheca myoporoides (r) Long-leaf Wax Flower Rutaceae

Habitat: Dry sclerophyll forest and heath. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Tolerates a wide range of soil types. Habit: Shrub to 2 m high. Leaves variable, from narrow to wide. White flowers in clusters in the angles of the leaves and stem. Flowering: Spring and autumn. Propagation: From cuttings. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Values and uses: Source of nectar for birds and insects. Comments: Moderately drought and frost tolerant.

Phragmites australis (r) Common Reed Poaceae

Previous names: Phragmites communis Other names: Phragmites, Cane Grass. Habitat: Along stream banks, beside swamps and other areas that are periodically flooded. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Prefers standing water or wet soil. Habit: Stout, perennial grass to 3 m high. Stems cane-like and leaves taper to form a fine point. Flowerheads are dense and slightly nodding, in a brown to purplish panicle. Has the appearance of small bamboo. Flowering: Spring - summer. Propagation: By division and cuttings of stems allowed to take root in damp soil. Rainfall: 200-1200 mm. Values and uses: May help control erosion on stream banks, but can become a major weed in irrigation channels. Young plants will be grazed by stock. Comments: Used extensively in Europe for thatching roofs.

Pittosporum angustifolium (i) Butterbush Pittosporaceae

Previous names: Pittosporum phillyraeoides auct. non (DC) Benth. Other names: Berrigan, Butterwood, Native Willow, Cumby Cumby, Cattle Bush. Habitat: Grows in woodland and mallee communities. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Prefers sandy soils. Habit: Shrub or tree to 10 m in height. Leaves narrow to 12 cm long with a small hooked end. Flowers yellow to cream. Flowering: Winter to spring. Seed collection: Summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-800 mm. Values and uses: Very hardy and drought resistant. Aboriginal medicinal plant. Page 261 Pittosporum spinescens (i) Wallaby Apple Pittosporaceae

Previous names: Citriobatus spinescens, Ixiosporum spinescens, Citriobatus pauciflorus in part. Other names: Large-fruited Orange Thorn. Habitat: Dry sclerophyll forest woodland and shrubland. Occurrence: NAN. Site preference: Grows on sandstone, basalt and in rocky gorges. Habit: Small tree to 8 m high with spiny branches. Rounded leaves. Flowers white and solitary. Round fruit dries to a yellow/orange colour. Flowering: Spring – summer. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 600-800 mm. Values and uses: Excellent wildlife habitat and food source. Good low-level windbreak species.

Pittosporum undulatum (i) Native Daphne Pittosporaceae

Other names: Sweet Pittosporum, Snowdrop Tree, Mock Orange. Habitat: Wet sclerophyll forest and sheltered areas of dry sclerophyll forest and woodlands. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Will grow in most acidic soils where there is moisture. Habit: Tree to 15 m with shiny leaves with wavy margins. Flowers are creamy-white in terminal clusters. Flowering: Spring. Seed collection: Summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 800-1200 mm. Values and uses: Useful as a tall shrub/tree layer in a windbreak. Very hardy. Comments: Serious weed in the Sydney region and other states mainly because of the lack of fire which is its natural control. Can withstand periods of drought and, unlike most other native plants, will thrive in soils that are nutrient enriched.

Poa labillardierei (r) Tussock Grass Poaceae

Other names: Poa Grass. Habitat: Grassy woodlands, forests and grasslands. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Prefers river flats and areas where it is likely to be moist. Also grows on sheltered hillslopes. Habit: Perennial grass to a height of 120 cm. Stems round and rough just below the flowerhead. Leaves to a length of 80 cm. Flowerheads narrow to a length of 25 cm. Flowering: Spring. Seed collection: Summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 400-1200 mm. Values and uses: Palatable to stock, particularly when young. Comments: The Aborigines used the leaves and stems for string and basket- making.

Page 262 Poa sieberiana (r) Snow Grass Poaceae

Other names: Fine-leaf Tussock Grass Habitat: Grassy woodlands and forests. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Tolerates a variety of soil types and situations, from hillsides to river banks. Habit: Tufted perennial grass to 1 m high. Greyish-green to bluish-green in colour. Flowerhead to 20 cm long. Spikelets greenish or yellowish. Flowering: Mainly spring. Seed collection: Summer – autumn. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Values and uses: Young growth and regrowth readily grazed by stock. Mature plants are not generally grazed.

Podolepis jaceoides (i) Showy Copper-wire Daisy Asteraceae

Previous names: Scalia jaceoides, Podolepis robusta, Podolepis acuminata. Other names: Showy Podolepis Habitat: Woodland and grassland. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Heavy clay floodplains and sandhills in full sun. Habit: Several stemmed perennial herb to 70 cm high, with rosette of leaves at base. Flowers are yellow and around 4 cm in diameter. Flowering: Summer. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 200-1200 mm Values and uses: Moderately palatable to stock.

Pomax umbellata (r) Pomax Rubiaceae

Habitat: Forests, woodlands and heath. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Rocky hilltops and scarps with shallow soils. Also found on quartz-rich or gravelly soils. Habit: Erect perennial to 40 cm high. Stems downy. Leaves almost stalkless. Reddish coloured flowers quite prominent on stalks around 10 mm long. Flowering: Late winter – spring. Seed collection: Trim stems with flowerheads in spring - summer and dry in bags to collect seeds. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Comments: Thought to cause cyanide poisoning.

Page 263 Potamogeton crispus (r) Curly Pondweed Potamogetonaceae

Habitat: Still or flowing streams to 4 m deep. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Permanent water required. Habit: Perennial, aquatic forb with flattened stems to 4 m long. Leaves green to brown with wavy edges. Flowers small and in spikes that can be 7 cm above the water. Flowering: Summer – autumn. Propagation: By division or from cuttings. Rainfall: 200-1200 mm. Values and uses: Can grow rapidly and cause obstruction in irrigation channels when growing in shallow water.

Prostanthera cryptandroides subsp. euphrasioides (r) Lamiaceae

Previous names: Prostanthera euphrasioides, Prostanthera odoratissima Habitat: Open, dry sclerophyll forest. Occurrence: BBS, NAN. Site preference: Prefers sandy or loamy soils. Habit: Bushy shrub to 1 m high. Strongly aromatic. Mauve flowers. Flowering: September to April. Propagation: From cuttings or by grafting. Rainfall: 300-800 mm. Comments: A vulnerable species.

Prostanthera nivea (r) Snowy Mintbush Lamiaceae

Other names: White Mintbush. Habitat: Sclerophylly forest, woodland and heath. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Occurs mainly on skeletal soils on hillsides. Will not tolerate clay. Habit: Erect/spreading shrub to 4 m in height. Leaves are light green. Flowers are usually white, but occasionally blue. Flowering: Spring. Propagation: From cuttings or grafting. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Values and uses: Not eaten by stock. Comments: Moderately drought and frost tolerant.

Prostanthera staurophylla (r) Torrington Mintbush Lamiaceae

Habitat: Woodland and heath. Occurrence: NET. Site preference: Grows in moist open patches and exposed sites on granite, rocky areas. Habit: Compact shrub to 2 m in height. Greyish-green leaves to 1.5 cm long. Flowers are blue to white or pink and borne in angles of leaves. Flowering: Spring. Propagation: From cuttings or grafting. Rainfall: 800-1000 mm. Values and uses: Good understorey shrub for windbreaks. Excellent wildlife species for nectar and butterfly attractant. Comments: Vulnerable species. Page 264 Psydrax odoratum (r) Iamboto Rubiaceae

Previous names: Canthium odoratum Other names: Shiny-leaved Canthium. Habitat: Woodland on rocky hillslopes and ridges. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Rocky, shallow soils on hillslopes and ridges. Habit: Tall shrub or tree to a height of 8 m. Leaves short-stalked, leathery, smooth and shiny, paler on the underside. Flowers white or cream and fragrant. Flowering: Throughout the year, often in response to rain. Seed collection: Throughout the year. Propagation: From seed or cuttings. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Values and uses: Forage value or palatability not known. Often noted as being browsed by stock.

Psydrax oleifolia (r) Wild Lemon Rubiaceae

Previous names: Canthium oleifolium Other names: Myrtle Tree. Habitat: Woodland and open forest. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN. Site preference: Grows on sandy and loamy red earths, and on shallow stony soils on hillsides. Habit: Shrub or small tree to 5 m high. Young plants have large thorns which disappear as the plant matures. Leaves bright green and the veins not prominent. Flowers white to pale green and fragrant. Flowering: Spring-autumn. Seed collection: Collect berries in late summer and autumn when fresh and black, remove flesh. Dry and store for 3 months before sowing. Propagation: From seed or cuttings. Rainfall: 300-800 mm. Values and uses: Excellent wildlife habitat and food source. Useful fodder and shelter species.

Pterostylis hamata (i) Orchidaceae

Previous names: Oligochaetochilus hamatus Habitat: Open forest. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows in rocky areas where it receives a lot of sun. Mainly in sandy loam or gritty loam soils. Habit: Perennial herb to 45 cm high. Flowers 2 cm long, transparent with green and brown markings. Flowering: September to November. Seed collection: Nov - Dec. Propagation: Special methods are used to raise the seed. Contact Australasian Native Orchid Society for information. Rainfall: 600-1200 mm. Comments: Tubers were used as a food source by Aborigines.

Page 265 Pterostylis reflexa (i) Orchidaceae

Previous names: Diplodium reflexum Habitat: Sclerophyll forest. Occurrence: NAN, NET. Site preference: Prefers to grow on ridges and slopes. Habit: Perennial herb to 20 cm high. Leaves form a rosette. Flowers are white and green with reddish-brown markings. Flowering: February to May. Seed collection: Around 6 weeks after flowering. Propagation: Special methods are used to raise the seed. Contact Australasian Native Orchid Society for information. Rainfall: 800-1200 mm. Values and uses: Tubers were used as a food source for Aborigines.

Ptilotus exaltatus var. exaltatus (i) Tall Mulla Mulla Amaranthaceae

Previous names: Trichinium burtonii, Trichinium nervosum, Trichinium exaltatum Other names: Pussy Tails, Mulla Mulla. Lambs Tails. Habitat: Woodlands and grasslands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS. Site preference: Well-drained soil in full sun. Red sands and loamy sands. Habit: Erect shrub to 1.5 m tall. Leaves around 20 cm long. Flowers are lilac-grey. Flowering: Spring – early summer. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From seed, but germination rates are usually low. Cuttings can be used but have a high failure rate. Rainfall: 200-500 mm. Values and uses: Leaves and younger flower spikes provide good forage when other annuals have died off. Comments: An attractive plant, particularly if conditions favour a good flowering season.

Pultenaea microphylla (r) Spreading Bush Pea Fabaceae (Faboideae)

Previous names: Pultenaea microphylla var. microphylla Habitat: Dry sclerophyll woodland and forest. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows on skeletal, gravelly soils, and occasionally on clay. Habit: Erect to prostrate shrub 1-1.5 m high. Stems are white and downy. Flowers orange-yellow with red or crimson and pea-like. Flowering: Spring. Seed collection: Summer. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 400-1200 mm. Values and uses: Not known to be grazed.

Page 266 Pycnosorus globosus (r) Billy Buttons Asteraceae

Previous names: Craspedia globosa Other names: Drumsticks. Habitat: Grassy woodlands, grasslands and low saltbush shrublands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN. Site preference: Tolerates most soil types but grows mainly in moist areas on clay soils and prefers full sun. Habit: Silvery-white perennial plant to 120 cm high. Round, yellow flower heads up to 3 cm in diameter. Flowering: Early spring to summer. Seed collection: Summer to autumn. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm Values and uses: Not often grazed by stock. Comments: Has been suspected of stock poisoning if cut and fed to stock in damp weather or on dewy mornings.

Ranunculus inundatus (r) River Buttercup Ranunculaceae

Habitat: Along and within streams, wetlands and permanent water. Occurrence: NAN, NET. Site preference: Areas that are semi-permanently wet. Habit: Perennial forb to 30 cm high. Spreads by underground stems or runners. Leaves divided. Flowers yellow, 5 – 7 petalled. Flowering: Spring. Propagation: By division. Rainfall: 400-1200 mm. Values and uses: Good for planting in areas that are waterlogged. A good nectar source for insects.

Ranunculus lappaceus (r) Common Buttercup Ranunculaceae

Other names: Australian Buttercup, Native Buttercup. Habitat: Open forests, woodlands and grasslands, often in dry sites. Occurrence: DRP (rare), BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Prefers moist areas on clay soils, but tolerates a wide range of soils. Habit: Soft, perennial forb to 50 cm high. Leaves divided with toothed segments. Flowers golden-yellow. Flowering: Spring – summer. Propagation: By division and seed. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Values and uses: Good for planting in areas that are seasonally damp. A good nectar source for insects.

Rhynchosia minima (r) Ryncho Fabaceae (Faboideae)

Other names: Rhynchosia. Habitat: Woodlands and grasslands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN. Site preference: Grows mostly on loams and clays. Habit: Trailing or twining perennial to 1-2 m long. Stems hairless or downy and sticky. Flowers yellow, with a purple stripe on the main petal. Flowering: Spring-summer. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm. Values and uses: Grazed heavily by stock when young. More salt tolerant than other herbaceous legumes.

Page 267 Rostellularia adscendens (i) Pink tongues Acanthaceae

Previous names: Justicia procumbens Habitat: Mainly in woodlands, and sometimes along streams and in rocky sites. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Prefers full sun. Habit: Herb to 40cm high with leaves to 4 cm long. Lower branches often have a woody base. Flowers are small and pink borne in a spike. Flowers have a prominent lip. Flowering: Throughout the year. Seed collection: Throughout the year. Propagation: From cuttings and possibly seed. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm.

Rumex brownii (r) Swamp Dock Polygonaceae

Previous names: Rumex alcockii Other names: Slender Dock, Brown Dock. Habitat: Woodlands and grasslands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Tolerates most soil types. Habit: Perennial forb with erect or curving stems to 100 cm high. Leaves on slender stems. Whorls of flowers on leafless stems, followed by ‘hooked’ seeds. Flowering: Spring. Seed collection: Summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Values and uses: Unpalatable and usually only occurs as isolated plants.

Schoenoplectus validus (i) River Club-Rush Cyperaceae

Previous names: Scirpus validus Habitat: Still or running water, including lakes, rivers, and roadside drains. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Seems to prefer heavy clay soils. Habit: Perennial sedge that grows to 2 m in height. Stems are soft and easily flattened. Nuts grey- brown to dark brown. Flowering: Autumn and spring. Propagation: By division. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm Values and uses: Has creeping rootstock, so can rapidly colonise margins of water.

Schoenus apogon (r) Fluke Bog-rush Cyperaceae

Previous names: Schoenus apogon var. reductus, Schoenus apogon var. laxiflorus Other names: Common Bog-rush. Habitat: Grows in swampy, moist pastures and roadside drains. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Moist areas. Habit: Slender, perennial sedge to 25 cm high. Flowers in 2-3 flowered spikelets. Flowering: Spring-autumn and sometimes winter. Propagation: By division. Rainfall: 400-1600 mm

Page 268 Sclerolaena bicornis (r) Goathead Burr Chenopodiaceae

Previous names: Bassia bicornis Other names: Woolly Copperburr, Bullhead. Habitat: Woodlands, low shrublands and grasslands. Occurrence: DRP. Site preference: Prefers clay or clay loam soils and river flats. Habit: Shrub to 60 cm. Branches white and hairy. Flowers singular in leaf angles. Flowering: Throughout the year. Seed collection: Throughout the year. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-800 mm. Values and uses: Will be grazed by sheep in the absence of other forage. Good for colonising bare areas to prepare for secondary colonisation. Comments: Burrs can be a problem in wool.

Sclerolaena muricata (r) Black Roly Poly Chenopodiaceae

Previous names: Bassia quinquecuspis Other names: Five-spined Saltbush, Spiny Roly Poly, Prickly Roly Poly, Electric Burr. Habitat: Woodlands, low shrublands and grasslands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN. Site preference: Prefers clay and clay loams, but will grow on a wide range of soils. Habit: Perennial shrub to around 1.5 m tall. Branches slightly hairy. Flowering: Throughout the year. Seed collection: Throughout the year. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Values and uses: Rarely grazed by stock but can act as a pioneer species. Comments: Older plants break off at ground level and are blown around by the wind. Can be a problem if it contaminates wool. Pioneering species that can colonise areas of degraded or overgrazed land.

Senecio lautus (i) Variable Groundsel Asteraceae

Other names: Fireweed Habitat: Woodlands, grasslands and shrublands. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Can be grown in most situations. Habit: Perennial herb/shrub to 75 cm high. Leaves variable. Yellow, daisy- like flowers. Flowering: Summer to autumn. Propagation: From cuttings. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm Values and uses: Grazed occasionally, but see comments below. Comments: Cattle poisoning has been known to occur with this plant in coastal areas.

Sida corrugata (i) Corrugated Sida Malvaceae

Other names: Variable Sida, Dwarf Sida, Sage Weed. Habitat: Woodlands and grasslands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Tolerates a wide range of soil types. Habit: Low-growing, perennial, prostrate herb of variable form. Leaves about twice as long as wide to a length of 2 cm. Flowers yellow and five petalled. Flowering: Spring, but also after good rains in summer. Propagation: From cuttings and seed. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Values and uses: Highly drought tolerant. Will be grazed by stock.

Page 269 Sida cunninghamii (i) Ridge Sida Malvaceae

Previous names: Sida pedunculata Habitat: Woodlands and grasslands. Occurrence: DRP (rare), BBS, NAN. Site preference: Occurs on loamy red earth and shallow soils on ridges. Habit: Perennial, small shrub with trailing stems. Flowers yellow to pale- yellow, borne in a cluster or occasionally solitary. Flowering: Summer to autumn. Propagation: From cuttings. Rainfall: 300-800 mm. Values and uses: Readily grazed by stock.

Solanum americanum (r) Glossy Nightshade Solanaceae

Previous names: Solanum nodiflorum subsp. nutans, Solanum americanum subsp. nodiflorum. Habitat: Found in many habitats, usually as a weed in disturbed areas. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Tolerance of a wide range of soil types. Habit: Spreading shrub to around 1 m high. Leaves large on young plants; entire or weakly lobed. Flowers white or pale purple, with green centres. Fruit is a purple-black berry. Flowering: Throughout the year. Seed collection: Throughout the year. Propagation: From seed or cuttings. Rainfall: 200-1200 mm. Values and uses: Considered a weed in some habitats. Comments: Fruits contain a high concentrations of solanine when mature and should be considered dangerous.

Solanum aviculare (r) Kangaroo Apple Solanaceae

Other names: Poroporo, Gunyang, Koonyang, Mookich, Mayakich, Meakich. Habitat: A wide variety of habitats, particularly disturbed sites. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Can become a weed of disturbed areas where it prefers to grow. Habit: Shrub to 2 - 4 m high. Leaves lobed or entire. Flowers purple, on long stalks. Fruit an orange-red to scarlet berry. Flowering: Summer. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From seed or cuttings. Wash seeds before sowing. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Values and uses: Fruits are edible, but because it looks similar to other toxic species care should be taken. Comments: Species is grown overseas as a source of steroid drugs.

Solanum brownii (r) Violet Nightshade Solanaceae

Habitat: Eucalypt woodland or forest. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Common in habitats that have been disturbed. Habit: Shrub to 2 m high. Leaves soft and grey. Some spines present on stems and leaf surfaces. Purple flowers. Flowering: Spring. Propagation: From cuttings. Rainfall: 600-1200 mm. Values and uses: Low-level windbreak species. Wildlife habitat and food source for birds and insects. Comments: Sometimes grown as an ornamental, but not popular due to its spines.

Page 270 Solanum esuriale (r) Quena Solanaceae

Other names: Tomato Plant, Potato Bush, Tomato Weed, Oondoroo, Comyn. Habitat: Open forest and woodland. Occurrence: DRP, BBS. Site preference: Prefers loamy or clay soils. Habit: Perennial forb to 30 cm high. Stems and leaves with a greyish, velvety covering. Leaves stalked and rounded at the tip. Flowers purple, sometimes white. Fruit a round, yellow berry. Flowering: Throughout the year. Seed collection: Throughout the year. Propagation: From seed and cuttings. Rainfall: 300-800 mm.

Solanum parvifolium (r) Solanaceae

Habitat: Woodland. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN. Habit: Shrub to 1 m high. Dark green with scattered prickles on branches. Flowers pale blue or white. Fruit is a round, bright red berry. Flowering: Mainly in winter and spring. Seed collection: Late spring. Propagation: From seed and cuttings. Rainfall: 400-800 mm.

Sorghum leiocladum (r) Wild Sorghum Poaceae

Previous names: Sarga leioclada Habitat: Grassy woodland, grassland and occaionally forest. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows on a variety of soils. Habit: Perennial grass to 1 m high. Leaves flat to 4 cm wide. Flowerheads open, around 15 cm long. Flowering: Summer. Seed collection: Autumn. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 600-1200 mm. Comments: Re-sprouts after fire. Can be easily lost through overgrazing and pasture improvement.

Sporobolus creber (r) Rat’s-tail Grass Poaceae

Other names: Slender Rat’s-tail Grass. Habitat: Open forests, woodlands and grasslands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Along sandy creek beds but also on heavy grey soils. Habit: Erect perennial grass to 140 cm high. Stems hairless and leaves broad and flat to 30 cm long. Flowerheads narrow with spikelets irregularly spaced. Flowering: Late summer to autumn. Seed collection: Late autumn. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 400-1200 mm. Values and uses: Often grazed by stock. Comments: Can be abundant in certain places.

Page 271 Stypandra glauca (r) Nodding Blue Lily Phormiaceae

Previous names: Stypandra latifolia Other names: Graceful Blue-lily, Grass Lily. Habitat: Sclerophyll forest and woodland. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Skeletal red earths on ridges and hills, shallow, stony soils. Habit: Tufted perennial with stems to 1 m high. Sheathing leaves to 20 cm long. Flowers are purple with yellow anthers. Flowering: Spring. Propagation: By division. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm.

Swainsona galegifolia (r) Smooth Darling Pea Fabaceae (Faboideae) Swainsona queenslandica (r)

Habitat: Woodlands, open forests and grasslands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows on a wide variety of soils. Habit: Perennial to around 1 m high. Stems can be trailing or erect. Flowers pink and all shades of mauve, rarely red. Flowering: Late spring – summer. Seed collection: Late summer – autumn. Propagation: From scarified seed. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm. Values and uses: Can be grazed by stock, but can be poisonous at certain times. Fixes nitrogen in the soil.

Themeda australis (r) Kangaroo Grass Poaceae

Previous names: Themeda triandra Other names: Native Kangaroo Grass. Habitat: Open forest, woodland and grasslands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows on red and brown soils. Habit: Leafy perennial grass to 150 cm high. Stems smooth and hairless, flowerheads loose with irregularly spaced spikelets. Flowering: Spring – summer. Seed collection: Autumn. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 200-1200 mm. Values and uses: Will be grazed, particularly the young shoots. Comments: Cannot withstand heavy, continual grazing.

Thysanotus tuberosus (i) Common Fringe-lily Anthericaceae

Other names: Fringed Violet. Habitat: Sclerophyll forest, woodland and heath. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Well-drained soil in the sun. Grows in most soil types. Habit: Erect plant to 20 cm in height. Flowering stem branches to produce clusters of mauve flowers. Flowering: Spring - early summer. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm.

Page 272 Trachymene incisa (i) Native Lace Apiaceae

Habitat: Sclerophyll forest and cleared areas on sandy soils or in crevices. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Prefers sandy soils and rock crevices. Habit: Perennial herb to 80 cm high. Leaves generally at the base of the plant. Umbels of white flowers. Flowering: September to April. Seed collection: Summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 500-1200 mm.

Triglochin multifructa (r) Juncaginaceae

Alternate names: Triglochin mulitfructum Other names: Swamp Arrowgrass. Habitat: Irrigation channels, lagoons, swamps and creeks. Occurrence: BBS, DRP. Site preference: Permanent streams and wetlands, and the surrounding area. Habit: Perennial aquatic plant with thick rhizomes and roots. Strap-like, fleshy leaves. Pale to dark maroon flowers on an erect stem. Flowering: Spring – autumn. Propagation: By transplant or division, but probably also seed. Rainfall: 1200-1600 mm. Values and uses: Good for revegetating wetlands where the water is permanent. Is not usually present in enough numbers to restrict flow. Comments: The tubers were reportedly used by Aborigines as a source of food.

Typha domingensis (r) Narrow-leaved Cumbungi Typhaceae Typha orientalis (r) Broad-leaved Cumbungi

Previous names: (T. domingensis) Typha brownii Other names: Bullrush, Cat’s-tail, Reed-mace, Wonga, Miranda. Habitat: Along streams and wetlands, in water-filled depressions and dams. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Fresh or brackish water to 1.5 m deep. Habit: Semi-aquatic perennial to >2 m high. Leaves flat and tough. Flowers in dense, cylindrical spikes at the end of stems. Spikes are velvety, brown. T. orientalis is commonly taller than T. domingensis. T. domingensis Flowering: Summer. Seed collection: Late summer/autumn. Propagation: From seed or division. Rainfall: 300-1200 mm. Values and uses: Main value is the provision of shelter and nest sites for water birds. Comments: Can grow in high densities in irrigation channels.

T. orientalis

Page 273 Vallisneria gigantea (r) Eel Weed Hydrocharitaceae

Previous names: Vallisneria spiralis. Other names: Ribbon Weed. Habitat: Permanent still or flowing water in swamps, streams, lakes etc. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Still to fast-flowing water. Habit: Perennial aquatic plant with submerged strap-like leaves to 3 m long (sometimes more). Inconspicuous flowers, with female flowers at the end of a slender, spiral-coiled stalk. Spreads via its creeping rhizome. Flowering: Late spring – autumn. Propagation: By division. Rainfall: 200-1600 mm. Values and uses: Valuable for revegetation as it is very hardy and easily grown. Comments: Can be a pest in irrigation channels when it grows rapidly in hot weather.

Velleia paradoxa (i) Spur Velleia Goodeniaceae

Habitat: Sclerophyll forest, woodland and grassland. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Grows in well-drained, sandy soils, and on ridges with shallow soils. Habit: Rosette shaped plant with stems to 50 cm high. Leaves soft and woolly. Yellow flowers. Flowering: Spring and summer. Seed collection: Late summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm. Values and uses: Palatability to stock not known. Does not persist in hot conditions.

Viola betonicifolia (i) Showy Violet Violaceae

Other names: Purple Violet, Mountain Violet, Native Violet. Habitat: Woodland and forest. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Damp areas. Tolerates many soil types. Habit: Perennial herb to 15 cm high. Leaves form a rosette at the base of the plant. Flowers bluish to purple and occasionally white. Flowering: Spring. Seed collection: Late spring. Propagation: From seed and division of established plants. Rainfall: 600-1200 mm. Values and uses: Often cultivated as a garden plant.

Wahlenbergia communis (r) Tufted Bluebell Campanulaceae

Habitat: Grassy woodland and grassland. Grows in most open sites, particularly roadsides. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Stony ridges and sandy loam areas. Habit: Perennial herb to 75 cm high. Flowers blue and bell-shaped. Flowering: Throughout the year. Seed collection: Throughout the year. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm Values and uses: Palatable to stock but not present in pasture in high enough quantities to be of importance.

Page 274 Wahlenbergia stricta (r) Tall Bluebell Campanulaceae

Alternate names: Wahlenbergia consimilis, Wahlenbergia trichogyna Other names: Australian Bluebell, Austral Bluebell, Common Bluebell. Habitat: Forests, woodlands, shrublands and grasslands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Likes well-drained soil and plenty of sun. Habit: Perennial herb 10-90 cm high. Light blue flowers on slender stems. Flowering: Throughout the year but mainly spring-summer. Seed collection: Summer. Propagation: From seed. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm Values and uses: Palatable to stock but does not provide much bulk.

Wurmbea biglandulosa (i) Early Nancy Colchicaceae

Habitat: Forest and disturbed grassy places, along creek banks and on rocky ridges. Occurrence: BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Prefers full sun or part shade. Habit: Herb to 30 cm high. White/pink flowers with two nectaries a third of the way along each tepal. Flowering: Spring - summer. Seed collection: 6 - 8 weeks after flowering. Propagation: From seed or by transplant. Rainfall: 400-1600 mm

Xerochrysum bracteatum (i) Golden Everlasting Asteraceae

Previous names: Helichrysum bracteatum, Bracteantha bracteata, Xeranthemum bracteatum, Bracteantha bracteatum. Other names: Diamond Head, Yellow Paper Daisy, Strawflowers, Sungold. Habitat: Open woodland and forest. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Sandy and sandy-loam soils. Habit: Perennial herb to 80 cm high. Foliage is soft and slightly hairy. Flower heads are bright yellow and papery. Flowering: Spring to summer. Propagation: From cuttings. Rainfall: 300-1600 mm Values and uses: Quite palatable to stock. Used for dried flower arrangements.

Xylomelum cunninghamianum (r) Woody Pear Proteaceae

Previous names: Xylomelum salicinum Habitat: Vine thickets, smooth-barked apple woodlands. Occurrence: DRP, BBS, NAN, NET. Site preference: Prefers deep sandy soils. Habit: Shrub or tree to 20 m in height. Leaves narrow with up to five teeth along each margin. Flowers brownish in colour, followed by distinctive wooden, pear-shaped follicle. Flowering: Autumn. Seed collection: Collect seed throughout the year and place in a cool place to release from the follicle. Propagation: From fresh seed. Rainfall: 400-800 mm. Values and uses: Good wildlife habitat. Timber can be used for craft and lathe work. Nuts are also attractive. Comments: Good garden species for sandy soils. Not very frost tolerant.

Page 275 Page 276 Bibliography

Sources of information used in plant descriptions

Armitage, I. (1978) Acacias of New South Wales. New South Wales Region of The Society for Growing Australian Plants, Sydney.

Aston, H.I. (1973) Aquatic Plants of Australia. Melbourne University Press.

Brooke, G. and McGarva, L. (1998) The Glove Box Guide to Plants of the NSW Rangelands. NSW Agriculture.

Brooker, M.I.H. and Kleinig, D.A. (2006) Field Guide to Eucalypts, Volume 1, South-eastern Australia, 3rd edition. Blooming Books Pty Ltd, Melbourne.

Carr, D. and Curtis, D. (2000) Plants in your Pants. Greening Australia, Northwest.

Cunningham, G.M., Mulham,W.E., Milthorpe, P.E., and Leigh, J.H. (1992) Plants of Western NSW. Inkata Press, Melbourne.

George, A.S. (1996) The Banksia Book. Kangaroo Press in association with The Society for Growing Australian Plants - NSW Ltd, Kenthurst.

Kahn, L., Heard, B., and Whalley, W. (1997) Pasture Plants of the Slopes and Tablelands of NSW: A Field Guide to the Recognition and Attributes of 70 plants. Department of Land and Water Conservation, Armidale.

Kelly, S. (1969) Eucalypts. Nelson, Melbourne.

Kent, K., Mullins, B., Lunt, I and Webster, R. (2002) Native Vegetation Guide for the Riverina. Johnstone Centre, Charles Sturt University

Harden, G. (2000) Flora of NSW Volume 1 - 4 (2000) Royal Botanic Gardens, University of NSW Press.

Hodgson, M. and Paine, R. (1988) Field Guide to Australian Orchids. Angus and Robertson, Sydney.

Holliday, I. (2004) Melaleucas: A field and garden guide. Reed New Holland, Sydney.

Queensland Department of Primary Industries (1995) Trees and Shrubs. Forest Resources Division.

Rogers, F.J.C. Growing More Australian Native Plants. (1975) Nelson, Melbourne.

Stelling, F. (1994) Revegetation Guide for North-eastern Victoria. Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Wodonga.

Stelling, F. (1998) South West Slopes Vegetation Guide. Murray Catchment Management Committee and Department of Land and Water Conservation, Albury, NSW.

Wrigley, J.W. and Fagg, M. (1993) Bottlebrushes, Paperbarks and Tea Trees. Angus and Robertson, Pymble

Page 277 Page 278 Index of scientific names Atriplex (Only those species included in the plant descriptions leptocarpa 205 in Part 3 are listed here, page numbers refer to the plant muelleri 206 description) Austrodanthonia bipartita 206 Austrostipa A scabra 206 Abutilon verticillata 206 leucopetalum 191 Azolla filiculoides 207 oxycarpum 191 Acacia amoena 191 B atrox 191 Banksia integrifolia 207 binervata 192 Boerhavia dominii 207 buxifolia 192 Boronia granitica 207 cheelii 192 Bothriochloa macra 208 dealbata 193 Brachychiton populneus 208 deanei 193 Brachyloma daphnoides 208 debilis 193 Brunoniella australis 208 decora 194 Bulbine excelsa 194 bulbosa 209 fimbriata 194 semibarbata 209 harpophylla 195 Bursaria spinosa 209 homalophylla 195 implexa 195 leiocalyx 196 C Caladenia tentaculata 209 melanoxylon 196 Callistemon neriifolia 196 pallidus 210 obtusifolia 197 pungens 210 oswaldii 197 viminalis 210 paradoxa 197 Callitris pendula 198 endlicheri 210 penninervis 198 glaucophylla 211 rubida 198 Calytrix tetragona 211 spectabilis 199 Capparis mitchellii 211 stenophylla 199 Carex triptera 199 appressa 212 viscidula 200 inversa 212 Actinotus helianthi 200 Carissa ovata 212 Ajuga australis 200 Cassinia laevis 212 Alectryon oleifolius 200 Casuarina Allocasuarina cristata 213 inophloia 201 cunninghamiana 213 littoralis 201 Chenopodium luehmannii 201 auricomum 213 Alphitonia excelsa 201 pumilio 214 Alstonia constricta 202 Chloris truncata 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 214 Angophora Chrysocephalum exul 202 apiculatum 214 floribunda 202 semipapposum 215 leiocarpa 202 Citrus glauca 215 subvelutina 203 Clematis Aotus subglauca 203 glycinoides 215 Apophyllum anomalum 203 microphylla 216 Aristida Convolvulus erubescens 216 leptopoda 203 Coronidium scorpioides 216 \ ramosa 204 Correa Arthropodium minus 204 glabra 216 Arundinella nepalensis 204 reflexa 217 Asperula conferta 204 Corymbia Astrebla lappacea 205 dolichocarpa 217 Atalaya hemiglauca 205 tessellaris 217 trachyphloia 217 Page 279 Craspedia variabilis 218 camaldulensis 231 Crassula sieberiana 218 campanulata 231 Crinum flaccidum 218 camphora subsp. relicta 231 Crotalaria mitchellii subsp. laevis 218 chloroclada 232 Cullen tenax 219 conica 232 Cyanicula caerulea 219 coolabah 232 Cymbidium canaliculatum 219 crebra 233 Cymbopogon refractus 220 dalrympleana subsp. heptantha 223 Cynodon dactylon 220 dealbata 233 Cynoglossum australe 220 laevopinea 234 Cyperus largiflorens 234 difformis 220 macrorhyncha 234 fulvus 221 mckieana 234 melanophloia 235 melliodora 235 D microcarpa 236

Daucus glochidiatus 221 moluccana 236

Daviesia genistifolia 221 nicholii 236

Desmodium nobilis 237

brachypodum 221 nova-anglica 237

varians 222 obliqua 237

Dianella revoluta 222 pauciflora 237

Dicanthium sericeum 222 pilligaensis 238

Dichondra repens 222 populnea subsp. bimbil 238

Dichopogon fimbriatus 223 prava 238

Digitaria brownii 223 sideroxylon 239

Dillwynia stellulata 239

sericea 223 subtilior 239

sieberi 223 viminalis 240

Diuris sulphurea 224 viridis 240

Dodonaea youmanii 240

sinuolata 224 Evolvulus alsinoides 240 viscosa 224 Drosera peltata 224 F spatulata 225 Ficus rubiginosa 241 Fimbristylis dichotoma 241 E Einadia nutans 225 G Eleocharis Galium gaudichaudii 241 cylindrostachys 225 Galium migrans 241 pallens 225 Geranium Enchylaena tomentosa 226 retrorsum 242 Enteropogon acicularis 226 solanderi 242 Epilobium billardieranum 226 Glossogyne tannensis 242 Eremophila Glycine bignoniiflora 226 clandestina 242 debilis 227 tabacina 243 longifolia 227 Goodenia maculata 227 bellidifolia 243 mitchellii 227 hederacea subsp. hederacea 243 Erodium crinitum 228 Gossypium sturtianum 243 Eucalyptus Grevillea acaciiformis 228 beadleana 244 albens 228 floribunda 244 andrewsii 229 ramosissima 244 banksii 229 blakelyi 229 H

bridgesiana 229 Hakea

brunnea 230 decurrens 244

caleyi 230 leucoptera 245

caliginosa 230 microcarpa 245 Page 280 Haloragis heterophylla 245 M Hardenbergia violacea 246 Maireana microphylla 255 Hibbertia Marsdenia obtusifolia 246 australis 255 vestita 246 viridiflora 255 Hibiscus sturtii 246 Marsilea drummondii 255 Homoranthus Melaleuca bracteata 256 flavescens 247 Melicytus dentatus 256 prolixus 247 Mentha satureioides 256 Hovea lanceolata 247 Microlaena stipoides 256 Micromyrtus grandis 257 I Muehlenbeckia florulenta 257 Indigofera Myoporum montanum 148, 257 adesmiifolia 247 Myriophyllum verrucosum 257 australis 248 Isotoma N axillaris 248 Neptunia gracilis forma gracilis 258 fluviatilis 248 Notelaea microcarpa 258

J O Jacksonia scoparia 248 Olax stricta 258 Jasminum lineare 249 Ottelia ovalifolia 258 Juncus Oxalis perennans 259 continuus 249 ochrocoleus 249 subglaucus 249 P subsecundus 250 Pandorea pandorana 259 Panicum effusum 259 Parsonsia eucalyptophylla 259 K Paspalidium jubiflorum 260 Kunzea Persicaria lapathifolia 260 bracteolata 250 Persoonia cornifolia 260 opposita 250 Petalostigma pubescens 260 Petrophile canescens 261 L Philotheca myoporoides 261 Lepidosperma laterale 250 Phragmites australis 261 Leptospermum Pittosporum arachnoides 251 angustifolium 261 brachyandrum 251 spinescens 262 brevipes 251 undulatum 262 novae-angliae 251 Poa polygalifolium subsp. transmontanum 252 labillardierei 262 trinervium 252 sieberiana 263 Leucopogon Podolepis jaceoides 263 melaleucoides 252 Pomax umbellata 263 muticus 252 Potamogeton crispus 264 Lissanthe strigosa 253 Prostanthera Lomandra cryptandroides subsp. euphrasioides 264 confertifolia 253 nivea 264 filiformis 253 staurophylla 264 leucocephala 253 Psydrax longifolia 254 odoratum 265 multiflora 254 oleifolia 265 Lomatia silaifolia 254 Pterostylis Lotus australis 254 hamata 265 reflexa 266 Ptilotus exaltatus var. exaltatus 266 Pultenaea microphylla 266 Pycnosorus globosus 267

Page 281 R Ranunculus inundatus 267 lappaceus 267 Rhynchosia minima 267 Rostellularia adscendens 268 Rumex brownii 268

S Schoenoplectus validus 268 Schoenus apogon 268 Sclerolaena bicornis 269 muricata 269 Senecio lautus 269 Sida corrugata 269 cunninghamii 270 Solanum americanum 270 aviculare 270 brownii 270 esuriale 271 parvifolium 271 Sorghum leiocladum 271 Sporobolus creber 271 Stypandra glauca 272 Swainsona galegifolia 272 queenslandica 272 T Themeda australis 272 Thysanotus tuberosus 272 Trachymene incisa 273 Triglochin multifructa 273 Typha domingensis 273 orientalis 273

V Vallisneria gigantea 274 Velleia paradoxa 274 Viola betonicifolia 274

W Wahlenbergia communis 274 stricta 275 Wurmbea biglandulosa 275

X Xerochrysum bracteatum 275 Xylomelum cunninghamianum 275

Page 282 Index of common names Cypress Pine, Black 210 White 211 A Apple, Broad-leaved 203 D Gibraltar Rock 202 Daphne, Native 262 Rough-barked 202 Dirty Dora 220 Smooth-barked 202 Dogwood 248 Wallaby 262 Doubah 255 Winter 227 Australian Stonecrop 218 E Eel Weed 274 B Emu Bush 227 Banksia, Honeysuckle 207 Emu-foot 219 Bedstraw 241 Eurah 226 Belah 213 Everlasting, Billy Buttons 218 Button 216 Bindweed, Blushing 216 Common 214 Bitter Bark 260 Clustered 215 Bitter Pea, Broom 221 Golden 275 Black Roly Poly 269 Blue Storksbill 228 F Blue Trumpet 208 Flannel Flower 200 Bluebell 274, 275 Fringe-myrtle, Common 211 Bog-rush, Fluke 268 Boronia, Granite 207 Bottlebrush, G Lemon 210 Gargaloo 259 Weeping 210 Geebung, Broad-leaved 260 Box, Glycine, Twining 242 Apple 229 Goodenia Bimble 238 Daisy-leaved 243 Black 234 Ivy 243 Fuzzy 232 Grass Grey 236 Barbed-wire 220 Narrow-leaved Grey 238 Common Reed 261 Western Grey 236 Cotton Panic 223 White 228 Couch 220 Yellow 235 Curly Mitchell 205 Brigalow 195 Curly Windmill 226 Budda 227 Hairy Panic 259 Buloke 201 Kangaroo 272 Burr, Goathead 269 Purple Wiregrass 204 Buttercup, Common 267 Queensland Bluegrass 222 Red 208 Reed 204 C Slender Bamboo 206 Carbeen 217 Snow 263 Cobbler’s Tack 242 Speargrass 206 Conesticks 261 Tussock 262 Coolibah 232 Wallaby 206 Correa, Common 217 Warrego Summer 260 Cough Bush 212 Weeping 256 Cranesbill, Common 242 White Speargrass 203 Crinkle Bush 254 Wild Sorghum 271 Cumbungi, Windmill 214 Broad-leaved 273 Green Mallee 240 Narrow-leaved 273 Grevillea Currant Bush 212 Beadle’s 244 Fan 244 Seven Dwarfs Grevillea 244 Page 283 Guinea Flower M

Hairy 246 Mat-rush 253

Hoary 246 Mat-rush,

Gum Many-flowered 254

Blakely’s Red 229 Spiny-headed 254

Brown 230 Wattle 253

Dirty 232 Woolly 253 Forest Ribbon 237 Myall 198 Mountain 223 Orange 238 River Red 231 N Ribbon 240 Nardoo, Common 255 Tumbledown Red 233 Native Blackthorn 209 Native Carrot 221 Native Daphne 262 H Native Geranium 242 Headache Vine 215 Native Jasmine 249 Heath Native Lace 273 Blunt Beard 252 Native Mint 256 Daphne 208 Native Olive 258 Peach 253 Native Orange 211 Hill Hibiscus 246 Native Pear 255 Homoranthus, Granite 247 Needlewood, Bushy 244 New England Blackbutt 229 I Nightshade Iamboto 265 Violet 270 Indigo Glossy 270 Australian 248 Tick 247 Ironbark O Oak Caley’s 230 Bull 201 Mugga 239 River 213 Narrow-leaved 233 Orchid Silver-leaved 235 Blue Fingers 219 Ironwood 194 Hornet 224 Spider 209 K Tiger 219 Kangaroo Apple 270 Kidney Weed 222 Kurrajong 208 P Pale Knotweed 260 Pale Spike-Rush 225 L Peppermint Lance-leaved Hovea 247 Narrow-leaved Black 236 Lignum 257 New England 237 Lily Wattle-leaved Black 228 Blueberry 222 Pomax 263 Bulbine 209 Pondweed, Curly 264 Common Fringe 272 Port Jackson Fig 241 Darling 218 Nodding Blue 272 Nodding Chocolate 223 Q Quena 271 Small Vanilla 204 Quinine Bush 202 Swamp 258 Lime, Desert 215 Long-fruited Bloodwood 217 R Long-leaf Wax Flower 261 Red Ash 201 Red Water Fern 207 Red Water-milfoil 257 Ridge Sida 270 River Buttercup 267 River Club-Rush 268 Page 284 Rough Bedstraw 241 Trefoil Rough Raspwort 245 Australian 254 Rush, Finger 250 Slender Tick 222 Ryncho 267 Tufted Bluebell 274

S V Sally, Variable Groundsel 269 Black 239 Warra Broad-leaved 231 Saltbush, W Climbing 225 Warrior Bush 203 Mueller’s 206 Wattle, Slender-fruit 205 Blackwood 196 Ruby 226 Boomerang 191 Sand Rattlepod 218 Box-leaved 192 Sarsaparilla, False 246 Brigalow 195 Sedge, Curracabah 196 Knob 211 Green 193 Variable Sword 250 Fringed 194 Tall 212 Hickory 195 Sensitive Plant 258 Kangaroo Thorn 197 Severn River Heath-myrtle 257 Miljee 197 Sheoak, Black 201 Mudgee 199 Showy Copper-wire Daisy 263 Motherumbah 192 Showy Isotome 248 Mountain Hickory 198 Showy Parrot-pea 223 Myall 198 Showy Violet 274 Myall Creek 191 Sida, Corrugated 269 Red-leaved 198 Small-leaf Bluebush 255 River Cooba 199 Small-leaved Clematis 216 Silver 193, 196 Smooth Darling Pea 272 Spur-wing 199 Snowy Mintbush 264 Sticky 200 Spike Rush 225 Stiff-leafed 197 Spotted Fuschia Bush 227 Two-veined Hickory 192 Spreading Bush Pea 266 Western Golden 194 Spur Velleia 274 Yarran 195 Sticky Hop Bush 224 Western Boobialla 257 Straggly Lantern Bush 191 Western Rosewood 200 Stringybark She-oak 201 White Bloodwood 217 Stringybark Whitewood 205 Broad-leaved 230 Wild Lemon 265 McKie’s 235 Woodruff, Common 204 Red 234 Silver-top 234 Y

Youman’s 240 Yarran 195 Sundew 225 Swamp Dock 268 Swamp Isotome 248

T Tall Mulla Mulla 266 Tantoon 252 Tarvine 207 Tea Tree Black 256 Grey 251 Needle-leaf 251 New England 251 Slender 252 Tenterfield Woollybutt 229 Tree Violet 256 Page 285 Page 286 Part Four Appendices

Page 287 Page 288 Appendix 1

Taken from notes from a workshop developed by Liz Blair and Greg Steenbeeke of the Border Rivers-Gwydir CMA entitled Propagating Local Native Plants

Page 289 Growing Native Trees and Shrubs extensively cleared, it may be difficult to find a from Seed suitable seed source, particularly for shrubs and understorey plants. Propagating your own locally native plants can be a very rewarding activity, Roadsides, stock routes and reserves providing benefits for local biodiversity and may have the greatest diversity of indigenous saving money in the process. plants and so can provide a good seed source for revegetation projects. Native plants can be propagated by a variety of mechanisms, the most commonly Seed collection etiquette used ones being propagating from seed, or Below are few important issues to striking from cuttings. Many other methods consider prior to collecting seed. are also practiced, refer to References and Further Reading for additional information. 1. It is important to gain permission from the In addition, the advice of a local vegetation landowner. Written permission must be specialist should be sought if plants are being received from local councils, State Forests propagated for large revegetation projects. and/or Livestock Health and Pest Authorities for seed collection on some roadsides Probably the two easiest forms of plant and all reserves. Wherever a Government propagation that can be done simply by the agency owns or controls the land, a permit home gardener and small-scale operator are from this agency must be obtained. Contact propagation by seed and cuttings Land and Property Information NSW if you Seed propagation (Table A1.1) are unsure who owns the land. Propagation of native plants from seed is 2. Try to minimise disturbance to the site. a great way to not only grow plants but for the Avoid driving vehicles into areas of native seed collector, it is a chance to get to know and vegetation - leave vehicles on formed tracks understand the Australian native bush through and walk into the site. Minimise trampling careful observation and involvement. of the site, so that damage to groundcover Where to collect seed and understorey plants is avoided. Collect only as much seed as required, and minimise The most important factor in choosing lopping and pruning to the extent necessary. which species of seed to collect is that they Aim to remove no more than 20% of the are locally native to the area in which they will seed which is available from any one plant. ultimately be sown or planted. Always treat the site with care and respect. Not only should local native species 3. Collect to maintain genetic integrity and be used, but local provenance (that is, seed diversity. This can be done by collecting collected within 50 km of the revegetation site) from groups of plants rather than a single of these species should also be used. This is plant. For each species which is being important if the unique genetic characteristics collected, a good target is to collect from of the area’s local native vegetation are to be at least five plants of this species, spread maintained. 100 metres apart. As a rule of thumb, 10 individuals will give about 75% of the genes In parts of the State which have been found in a population, while 50 individuals Table A1.1 Benefits and drawbacks of seed propagation Benefits Drawbacks Cost effective Plants will not always be identical to parent plant Efficient way to grow large numbers of plants A large proportion of seed can be sterile Less damage caused to parent plant Some seeds are difficult or impossible to germinate or need specialist knowledge

Page 290 will yield 98% of the genes. years from flowering to producing ripe seed). See Table 1A.2 for description of fruit types Collect from the full range of plants that and extraction methods. are found in the area. That way, when undertaking a vegetation project on a similar Once you have found a good site for site, the new planting will reflect what was seed collection, it is very important for the in the original vegetation. seed collector to carefully observe and monitor 4. Remember to check Threatened Species plants where the seeds are to be collected from. and other legislation. Apart from Methods for collecting fruit recognised threatened species (as listed in the Threatened Species Conservation Act From low branches 1995 and the Environment Protection and Shaking or gently beating branches (without Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, the damaging the tree) can be effective for collection of species defined as ‘protected’ collecting fruit from trees like casuarinas. under Part 8 of the National Parks and Climb the tree only when safe to do so, or Wildlife Act 1974 requires a permit from the stand on the back of a ute and gently beat the Office of Environment and Heritage (OEH), branches with a stout stick or rod. Collect seed regardless of where the plants are growing. and fruit on a tarp spread out under the plant. Check with OEH as to whether a permit for seed collection is required. A useful website From higher branches for the list of species protected in the NPW If branches are out of reach, a variety of long- Act is http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/ handled tools can be used. These include ‘parrot nsw/consol_act/npawa1974247/sch13.html beak pruners’ and saws. Collecting fruits and seeds For tall trees, branches can be pulled down with a rope. Often, a long-handled pruner Seeds can usually be collected directly off used from the back of a truck will be adequate the plant. It is often easier, however to collect to reach the lower branches. However, one of the fruit containing the seeds first, then extract the best ways of collecting from taller trees the seed. is by taking advantage of fallen limbs and Seeds are usually contained within branches, especially after a windy day or storm the fruit, although sometimes the fruit itself when branches are often broken from the trees. looks like a seed (such as daisies and she- Altenatively a tarpaulin can be spread beneath oaks). Different seed collection methods are the tree or shrub and over time ripe seed will appropriate for different types of fruit. Table fall onto the tarpaulin. These techniques are A1.2 outlines the appropriate techniques. particularly appropriate for Acacia (wattle), Melaleuca (tea-tree) and Callistemon Seed of most native plants is found in (bottlebrush) species. woody or leathery fruits. It is important to ensure that the fruit is ripe when picked, as Often collecting seed from tall tree unripe fruit will most often contain immature species can be a problem. Where possible, seed seed of low viability. collection could be coordinated with pruning work undertaken by agencies such as the Generally, ripe fruit of most species is electricity authorities or the local shire. available during summer in northern inland NSW.

Some plant species form fruits and seeds very quickly (within 2-3 weeks) in response to the right environmental conditions (e.g. daisies). Other species form their fruit and seeds over a longer period (several months to

Page 291 Table A1.2 Fruit types and extraction methods.

Fruit type Picking fruit and extracting seeds Berries Berries change colour and become soft when ripe. (e.g. Dianella) Berries are fleshy fruit with seed Pick ripe berries, squeeze and wash away the pulp to embedded in a fleshy layer. Berries often contain obtain seeds. Seeds and pulp can be rinsed using a more than 1 seed. sieve or kitchen strainer to separate seeds. Drupes Drupes usually fall when ripe (i.e. when they have Fleshy layer over woody case which encloses the turned from green to another color) and soften. seed (usually a single seed). Many plants found Freshly fallen fruit can often be collected off the in wetter areas and rainforests have drupes. ground. Fleshy outer layer can be removed by soaking or chemical treatment. Capsules and follicles Fruit are dry and woody when seed is mature. (Eucalyptus, Melaleuca, Leptospermum and Seeds mature anywhere between 4-16 months after Callistemon) Dry fruit which split when dry flowering. Each fruit contains a number of seeds (capsules mostly opening by valves at the top, which are released from the fruit when they are follicles spitting down one side as in Hakea and mature, or in the case of some species (e.g. hakeas) Grevillea) to reveal two to several seeds inside may stay closed until after a fire. Some may contain a high percentage of chaff together with seeds.

Cones Callitris, Casuarina and Allocasuarina Pick when the valves (the slits in the top of the fruit (Native Pines, Bulokes and She-oaks) The seed that open to release the seed) become visible and develops inside the cone which upon ripening, pronounced, and may open slightly without releasing changes from green to brown, becoming hard and the seed. Pick well developed cones off the plant. woody. Casuarina and Allocasuarina don’t have Store dry in a paper bag until fruit splits to release true cones, but cone-like structures holding fruit seeds. which look like cones.

Nut These should be collected when they turn brown. A dry fruit that does not split when ripe, outer shell Nuts can be collected directly off the plant. with one seed inside. They change colour and harden when ripe, e.g. rushes and sedges Legume or pod The pods which contain the seed generally change (Wattles, Cassias and Pea-flowers) are some of the from green to brown upon ripening, becoming more quickest to release their seed, so timing is critical. brittle and curling. When pods are well developed It is a dry fruit that splits down one or two sides and begin to split, collect and store in paper or cloth when dry to reveal seeds. bag until seeds are released.

Schizocarp When these are mature and are ready to harvest, they A dry fruit which when dry splits into several often turn a brownish colour. Seeds can be collected segments, each containing one seed. by gently tipping the branch and shaking into a bag when just opening. Achene and Cypsela Seed heads can usually be collected whole, or These are single seeded fruits which occur in tight shaken off into a paper bag. clusters on a seed head. As the seed ripens, it loosens from the head and is released (e.g. daisies)

Page 292 Seed extraction Collection by removal of fruit The plants in the table can be grouped For species in which fruit ripens more into 3 groups based on the way seed is released slowly prior to seed release, the ever-vigilant, from the fruit. The method of seed collection is observant seed collector may be better off different for these 3 groups. collecting the fruit from the tree when ripe and encouraging seed to be released from the fruit Group 1. Fruit forms and seeds are in a more controlled environment. released when ripe. After fertilisation of the flower, fruit develops quickly and when Fruit collected can be stored in a warm, ripe, the seed is released (for example, dry, well-ventilated place free from seed-eating eucalypts, kurrajongs). Some plants’ seed insects, mice and birds. This can be on top of ripens quickly, others take longer. plastic sheets or tarpaulins, in open calico bags, or for smaller quantities, in paper bags. Avoid Group 2. Fruit forms, but seed is not high temperatures, particularly if the seed is released (serotiny). Seed may be released moist. Most fruit should open in about two after a trigger, for example after the branch weeks. It is also possible to shake or thrash the or plant dies, or following a bushfire where bags to hasten the process. the intense heat stimulates fruit to open. Group 3. Fruit containing the seed falls Seed extraction for Group 2. from the plant when the fruit is ripe (this (Fruit forms, but seed is not released) happens for many rainforest plants). Often, These species require the fruit to be the fruit will not open and the fleshy layer collected off the plant and treated to encourage must be removed from the seed before seed release. Many of these species are adapted germination can occur. to holding the fruit on the plant until it is Seed extraction for Group 1. killed by fire, with the drying effects of the fire causing the fruit to open, not so much the heat. (Fruit forms and seeds are released when Hakeas are often treated this way, but they often ripe) will reliably open their fruit if the branch is left These plants require the seed collector to intact (with foliage and fruit attached) – the be particularly observant and employ a variety drying out of the tissues of the fruit cause them of techniques to collect the seeds at the critical to split. time prior to seed release. However, some species (such as many Collection on the plant Banksias) require high temperatures for seed extraction as a temperature-dependent For those species which release their seed resin glues the follicles shut. Opening can very quickly upon ripening (such as Wattles and be achieved through placing the cones in an Bush-Peas), it is worthwhile to tie paper bags or oven at 80-100°C for 30 minutes, leaving the nylon stockings around the branches before the door partially open. The valves should open, seed-pods ripen. This way you can be sure that or repeat the procedure until they do. Be sure ripe seed will be collected. to harvest out the seeds each time from those Collecting natural seed fall follicles that have opened. Any seeds exposed to the heat will be killed otherwise. A drop-sheet or tarpaulin can be laid under the plant and individual branches shaken Seed extraction for Group 3. to shed seeds. A sheet such as this can be left for (Fruit containing the seed falls from the several days. If the seeds are large, shadecloth can also be used as this will allow moisture plant) to pass through the fabric and won’t spoil the Seeds which are enclosed in a fleshy fruit seeds. or ‘drupe’ should generally be soaked in water, so that the fleshy fruit will start to ferment and

Page 293 separate from the seed. The seed should settle • Seeds should be labelled with plant name, to the bottom of the container, while the pulp location and date of collection. of the fruit should rise to the top. Some species, • In order to keep the seed dry, a sachet of however, require chemical separation of the silica gel crystals could be included in the flesh from the seeds. Seek the advice of a local container. These can be freshened up (after specialist. taking them out of the pill bottle or shoe After collection care box in which they occurred) by placing in a warm oven (100°C) for 30 minutes. Cleaning the seed • The optimum conditions for storing seeds After drying, separate the seeds from are a temperature of 1-5°C, with minimal other debris. This can be done by shaking, fluctuations, and a relative humidity of sieving or winnowing. The seed should now be 4-8%, with minimal fluctuations. Eucalypt clean, dry and ready for storing. seed has been known to remain viable for 20 years when stored at 4°C. Most seed can, Seed storage however, be stored at room temperature If seed is not going to be planted (10-20°C) for several years, with some loss immediately it needs to be stored. After going of viability. to the trouble of collecting seed, it is important If seeds are stored carefully viability will to store it so it stays in good condition. A few be maintained. tips for storing seed are listed below. These tips are for dry seed. Fleshy seeds, berries and If storing for a long period, lime can be drupes are best planted immediately. added to the bag or container prior to storing to assist protect from pests. A dessicant or silica • Always keep seed perfectly dry. gel can be used to absorb moisture, alternatively, • Paper bags hanging in airy locations are a use fresh dry wood ash (500g for every kg of good method for drying seed. seed). • Prior to storing seed, make sure no insects Seed viability or their larvae are present. Regularly check seeds (especially from wattles and peas) to Approximately 30-40% of species will ensure that the collection remains free of be easily grown from seed, another 30% will larvae. Often they will not be visible within require specific treatment, the remaining 20- the seed on first inspection. If concerned, 30% will be difficult or impossible. regular application of an insecticide should be considered. Sowing and growing from seeds • Seed with hard seed cases (e.g. Kurrajongs) Seeds require certain conditions to grow. are best separated. These may need to be In a home nursery situation these conditions can cracked open. This will ensure no insects be created and seeds of many native plants can are present and will reduce the problem of be grown successfully on a small or large scale. bulky storage. The following section gives a basic • Paper envelopes, brown bags, self-seal introduction into growing plants from seed. plastic bags, film canisters or screw-top jars are all good storage containers but if plastic Requirements for seed germination or glass jars, or plastic bags are used, careful Seeds require water, warmth and air for attention needs to be paid to the seed being successful germination. dry before storing. • Each container used to store the seed Water: A constant supply of water is should contain seed from only one species, required for germination. Some species will collected from the same area at about the have better germination if they are soaked in same time. water prior to sowing.

Page 294 Air: Good aeration in a potting mixture helps the plant survive Australia’s variable will provide oxygen to stimulate germination. conditions. Dormant seeds will not germinate If the growing medium becomes compacted or until they experience particular environmental waterlogged, reduced germination of seed will stimuli (e.g. fire; repeated wetting and drying occur. cycles; animal digestion). To germinate native seeds, the grower must break dormancy to aid Warmth: Most species will germinate germination. when average temperatures are between 20­ 25 degrees. Some species have very particular Common methods of seed preparation to needs. Optimum germination temperatures break dormancy generally correspond to the season which Seeds with hard coats (like wattles and provides the best chance of survival. peas) should be scarified. This occurs naturally Chemical treatments: Recent work during fires and can be achieved artificially done with Australian species has shown an by soaking the seed in boiled water (just a increased germination rate of difficult species bit warmer than you can put your fingers (including many peas) can be achieved using into) overnight or rubbing gently with coarse smoke-water. This is relatively easy to make sandpaper. (just bubble smoke through water) and can be Boiling water treatment: Boil some applied at planting or seeds may be soaked in clean water equal to about 10 times the volume the liquid. of the seed. Pour in the seed when removed o For seedling growth, the germinated seed from the heat (about 80 C) and soak in cooling will need to be grown in a suitable medium. water between one and 24 hours before sowing. After soaking, seeds will swell and become Growing medium lighter in colour. Seeds that do not swell can be retreated. Seeds should be planted straight Commercial seed raising mixes are after treatment. available from nurseries and garden centres. These mixes are suitable for small-scale seed Scarification: For small, hard-coated raising. Alternatively, commercial potting mix seeds, gently rub the seed between 2 pieces of (sieved to remove the large chunks) is a cheaper sandpaper until seed coat is scratched. Larger alternative. seeds can be nicked with a knife or file, but be careful if you are handling the seed at the time! Plant growth of seedlings raised in these mixtures will need to be stimulated by the Other methods of breaking dormancy application of slow-release fertilisers on the soil Some species are more difficult to surface and by application of liquid fertiliser. germinate as they have dormancy that needs to For large-scale seed-raising, most be broken. These methods can be tried by the nurseries will create their own mixes and more adventurous propagator. add fertilisers. Mixes can be modified to suit For further information, reference particular plant species. Further advice for large material provides a range of information and scale propagation can be obtained by following advice. up the references provided. Sowing time Seed dormancy issues When you sow should be directly related Seed from most native species will to when you want to plant. Planning ahead germinate readily if conditions are favourable. will ensure that when your site is ready and the Others require special treatment to overcome time is right, you have plants ready to go in the natural dormancy. ground. There is little point in growing a large number of plants and having them ready at the Under natural conditions, dormancy wrong season. Page 295 Aim to produce plants that are actively species which have a high germination rate and growing at the planting-out date. This means are fast, vigorous growers. that most seed is best sown when temperatures are sufficiently warm and around four months Planting seeds ahead of the planting-out date. Method of sowing does not vary greatly between species. The main difference will be The ideal temperature for germination sowing depth. varies between species, but most will germinate when daily temperatures exceed 20°C. There 1. Fill the container to within 1 cm of the top, are some species, however, that have very tap it gently to settle the soil and remove different requirements. large air pockets. Pots and containers 2. Level the surface and firm it by pressing it lightly with a flat board (or the bottom of a A wide range of pots and containers can similar-sized pot). be used for raising seeds, from commercially- prepared seed trays to home-made trays from 3. Water the medium and allow it to drain. recyclable material. 4. Scatter the seed evenly over the surface of Whatever containers are used for sowing, the medium. they must have adequate drainage holes in the 5. Seeds should be spread evenly on the base. A 12cm pot can be used to raise up to surface and covered with a layer of the seed- 20 seedlings, and a 30 x 50cm seed tray will raising mix that is about equal to the length provide space for several hundred seedlings. of the seed or about twice the width of the Recycled margarine or ice-cream containers are seed. Many eucalypts fail to germinate useful if they have adequate holes for drainage. successfully because they are buried too deep. Fine or medium-sized seeds are best sown into punnets or trays which are 50-70mm deep. 6. Place container in a propagating house with controlled humidity or cover the container Sowing directly into tubes with a sheet of glass, a sealed plastic bag Small plastic cells, called ‘speedlings’, or a cut-open PET bottle and place in a are also commercially available in a range of warm, shaded area. In many cases, seeds sizes and shapes. Seeds can be directly raised which are viable will germinate without a in these and will be ready to plant out without humidity controlled environment, but for need for transplanting. many fine seeds, this will assist to keep the surface moist and enhance germination Direct seeding into tubes tends to result rates. in better root development, as problems of 7. Water gently with a fine rose spray. Keep the constricted roots caused by careless pricking medium moist but not wet. Bottom watering out are avoided. can be an advantage as capillary action For species with large seeds (e.g. Acacia), draws water up into the pot. Remember to sow 3-5 seeds into each tube. For species with change the water regularly (daily is good). small seeds (e.g. Eucalyptus), place a pinch 8. When seedlings appear, remove the glass of seed on the soil surface. When seedlings sheet or covering but keep watered. germinate from seed sown directly into one tube, surplus seedlings can be thinned out by Tips for sowing fine seeds cutting them off, or pulling them out after a Be careful not to cover very fine seeds too thorough watering. This will leave one seedling deeply. For these type of seeds, a better result only in each tube. can often be obtained simply by watering in the seeds with a fine mist. This method is particulary good for

Page 296 It can help to mix fine seeds with about Fertiliser can be applied, but bear in mind three times the volume of dry, fine sand. This that native plants generally have low tolerance helps when sowing to see where seeds are to fertiliser - particularly phosphorous. Slow- scattered release native plant fertiliser can be added to the surface of the soil for good results. Liquid Seeds can be placed in an old spice fertiliser can also be used to enhance growth of shaker and mixed with fine sand to assist even the plants. distribution. As they grow and develop mature leaves, Heavy drops of water can disturb small plants should gradually be exposed to stronger seedlings. It is easier on the plants to use a fine sunlight, but kept watered. mist. Hardening off Pricking out and potting on the seedlings Towards planting time, gradually reduce If seed trays have been used to germinate the watering and remove all shade. Plants that seedlings, there will come a stage when the are put out into an exposed position need to seedlings need to be moved to a larger pot. have been hardened off, or they will not cope Seedlings are said to be “pricked out” and with the sudden change in environment and “potted on”. may die after planting out.

This should happen when the plants are Pot hygiene and disease prevention 1cm high, or have two true leaves. Reusing old Pots The following method should be followed: Re-used pots and trays should be soaked 1. Water the seedlings thoroughly, hold the in disinfectant for 5-10 minutes as a precaution. seedling by the leaves and gently lever it out If problems persist, seek advice. Disinfectants of the mix. A flat-bladed knife or paddle pop can be bought from nurseries, or made up from stick is a useful tool to gently lift seedlings. household bleach (20ml to 1L water). 2. Lay the seedling on a level surface – Nursery hygiene preferably a damp cloth on the bench. A few simple but effective hygeine 3. Suspend the seedling in the individual measures can prevent disappointment in losing container, fill the new mix around the roots, a crop of seedlings. Avoid situations of poor and fill to within 0.5cm from the top of the ventilation, as fungal diseases require humidity container. to become established. Seedlings should not be overwatered, and potting mixes must be freely 4. The ‘pricked out’ seedlings should then be draining. placed in a shaded area and watered. Avoid spreading plant diseases in soil Pricking out needs extreme care to protect attached to tools, benches, gloves and re-used the plant’s roots, and avoid `j-rooting’ (kinking trays and pots. Make a habit of washing your of the roots, which can cause the plant to fall hands, tools, and work areas regularly. Table over when it is growing much later on). A1.3 shows the four main kinds of fungal disease which can affect propagation, their Care of New Plants symptoms, causes and treatments. Care should be taken when watering. A fine mist watering is the best method – and it is very important not to let the plants dry out. In summer, check moisture levels every day. Small pots dry out quickly and plants will take a long time to recover if they become too dry.

Page 297 Table A1.3 Four main types of fungal disease to be aware of for nursery maintenance.

Disease Symptoms Causes Treatments Damping off Rotting of seeds Fungal species that Promptly soak the tray in or seedling stems, become active during a soil fungicide. Repeat beginning in a patch and warm, moist conditions if necessary. Avoid spreading watering late in the day Root rot & Roots or lower stem Fungus species that As above stem rots become soft and brown. become active during wet, Seedlings may fall over. misty conditions Leaf spots Brown spots on dead Fungus species that Apply fungicide. plant tissue or their become active during Isolate infected stock. leaves. Growth slows. humid conditions Reduce watering during Death may result hot weather (lowers humidity) Mildew Grey, powdery felt-like Humid conditions As above covering or stain

Growing Native Trees and Shrubs from Cuttings The other common method of plant propagation which will be covered is the use of stem cuttings. Stem cuttings can be useful where seed material is unavailable and is another good way to propagate a large number of plants quickly.

Table A1.4 Benefits and drawbacks of propagating from cuttings

Benefits Drawbacks Works with a wide variety of species Different techniques have to be applied depending on the available plant material for cuttings Because this is a vegetative method of Will be more labour intensive than propagation by propagation, plants propagated by cuttings seeds will have similar features to the parent plant Although most native plants are grown Requires careful monitoring of greenhouse easily from seed, some are more readily conditions – more so than seed raising grown from cuttings.

Page 298 Different types of stem cuttings Semi-hardwood There are several different types of stem • The stem is changing colour, usually from cuttings, described for the different types of bright green to brown plant material that cuttings are derived from. • The stem will not snap cleanly when bent The three types are: backwards • Softwood • The uppermost leaves are fully expanded, a • Semi-hardwood terminal bud is often present • Hardwood This material is the ideal material for the home nursery hobbyist just starting out. The Material availability cutting material is hardier and will readily The time of year will often dictate what strike as long as the basic method outlined in type of cutting material is available, and therefore the following section is followed. what methods are used. Softwood material is available in spring and at the beginning of the Collection and storage of cuttings growing season. Semi-hardwood material is It is desirable to prepare and establish available from midsummer through to autumn, cuttings into pots as soon as possible after while hardwood material is available toward collecting plant material. the end of the growing season. If material for cuttings has to be stored, Softwood cuttings this should be done with care to maintain Softwood cuttings have the following moisture levels within the cuttings. Softwood characteristics. and semi-hardwood cuttings can be wrapped in damp newspaper and put into a plastic bag. This • Bright coloured stem, usually a brighter material should be stored in a low temperature green environment such as the fridge. The more fragile and softer the cuttings are, the less time • Stems snaps cleanly when it is bent they can be successfully stored. backwards • The shoot tip is still actively growing, with Potting mix for plant cuttings small and expanding leaves clearly visible. For successful stem cuttings, and open Softwood cuttings are the most fragile. mix which provides excellent drainage and They require careful control of all growing aeration around the base of the cuttings is conditions such as humidity and temperature. essential. A good mix would include: This requires careful planning and setup of the growing environment. They can also be the • 50 to 75% coarse materials (coarse river fastest to grow if managed well. stand, perlite, coarse compost or pine bark) • 25 to 50% water holding materials (well­ Hardwood cuttings rotted compost, coconut fibre, or peat moss). • The stem is usually brown or dark in colour A good general mix that can be made • The stem does not snap cleanly when bent using readily available materials is: • Stem tip will have a terminal bud present 1 part perlite • For deciduous species, leaves will have 1 part coarse river stand fallen. 1 part peat moss or coco-peat. Hardwood cuttings are hardier than softwood cuttings, however they are much Alternately, live or dried sphagnum moss harder to induce to grow and take longer to can be used for striking cuttings, but then care strike.

Page 299 needs to be exercised when potting on as the 7. Place cutting into prepared hole in potting moss may rot in the new mix. medium until only one third remains above the surface. It is important that cuttings not Containers be pushed into the potting mix. A hole can Pots of any size are suitable, but it is be prepared for each cutting using a skewer, better if they are not too deep. A 10 cm deep pencil or something similar, and each pot is ideal, providing room for root formation cutting should be placed so that it touches while allowing easy re-potting as soon as the bottom of the hole. roots are formed. Species with fine or fragile 8. Carefully firm potting mix around the root systems should be grown in individual cutting and gently water in. containers to allow minimal damage to roots when transplanting. 9. Keep the cuttings in a humid environment, with the potting mix moist, not saturated. Methods for stem cuttings Tricks of the trade For most stem cuttings, the tip of the stem is usually the best material for cuttings. Some species are readily propagated using this method. Other species will have a The length of the cutting will depend on much lower strike rate, even if the same method the size of the internode (the stem between 2 is used. leaves). Cuttings should contain at least three nodes. For plants with very short internodes, There are several techniques which when cuttings may be as short as 2 to 3 cm. This is used can significantly increase the strike rate of about the minimum length that a cutting can be cuttings. made and still be able to be handled. For plants Root-promoting hormones with long internodes, cuttings can be 15 cm or longer. The roots may develop anywhere from 3 to 20 weeks, and once a sizeable root system Method has developed, the cuttings can be ‘potted on’ or transplanted into their own pots. 1. Cut the plant material off the plant with secateurs, slightly longer than you need. Root growth can often be assisted by use of hormone powder. These hormones are

2. Carefully trim the cutting to the desired commonly available in a talc-based powder length using a sharp knife, budding knife form or as a prepared solution and are applied or razor blade. Sharp scissors can be used to the base of the cutting. Root development is but they can have the effect of crushing the often enhanced using this method. branch and damaging the material. 3. The cut should be made directly below the Wounding/stem preparation lowest appropriate node. This refers to the practice of scraping 4. Make the cut on the diagonal to increase the a narrow strip of bark from the base of the area of the stem exposed to the soil. cutting. The wound is made by using a sharp knife or razor blade. The cut exposes the green

5. Carefully remove two thirds of the leaves, sappy tissue (vascular tissue) just inside the retaining leaves towards the tip of the bark. This is where roots will arise from. cutting. 6. Dip cutting in hormone powder or solution This gives a greater surface area for root to promote root growth. This step can be formation and makes it easier for roots to arise skipped, but it is recommended to increase from the stem. strike rate – see tips below. It is worth Bottom heat experimenting with these to test their effectiveness. The application of bottom heat, through an electric heatpad or another method can

Page 300 sometimes help strike rate. In combination Common questions and answers: Growing with light foliar spray, this setup can induce by cuttings root formation by keeping the roots warmer than the stem and leaves. Q: Why do you select a “young” shoot? A: It is vigorous, probably with no virus or Humidity and light foliar spray other infection Maintaining a high humidity of the air near the shoots reduces water stress and encourages Q: What is the importance of selecting a root development. “non-flowering” shoot? A: All resources go into growth, they are not If cuttings are set in a well-drained diverted into seeds, etc rooting medium, and are repeatedly moistened by fine mist produced through special mist jets, Q: Why are the lower leaves stripped off? strike rate can be increased. The continual A: They will eventually be under the soil, and presence of water cooling the leaves stimulates may rot in water root growth under the soil. In addition, when the leaves and stems are covered by many small A: This will reduce water loss by transpiration drops of water, evaporation from the cutting is reduced. Q: What is the reason for trimming below a leaf node? Watering of potting mix A: This is where roots will (most likely) grow It is better if the rooting medium is not out from. watered unless it is starting to dry off. The mix should stay moist from: Q: What is the purpose of the cover? • the moisture added when it was originally A: To reduce water loss by evaporation/ prepared; transpiration (also warmer, and protects against pests) • the water lying beneath it; • fine spraying of water on the leaves of the Q: Why can’t I just stand the cuttings in cuttings; and/or water? • drops from condensation on the plants or A: A few tree species can be rooted this way, cover. but: A very freely-drained rooting medium is • gums, latex or air bubbles, can block entry best because it does not become waterlogged of water; from the mist plus rainfall. • the water may quickly go foul, unless aerated or replaced regularly; Other methods of propagation • such root systems can be difficult to transfer There are several other methods for plant successfully to soil. propagation. These include: Q: Won’t all the moisture and humidity • Leaf and root cuttings make the cuttings rot? • Division and separation A: Moisture does create the added risk of fungal attack. However most rotting is not of healthy • Layering cuttings, but of those that have been damaged, • Budding and grafting leaves that have been shed, etc. It is important to • Plant tissue culture or micropropagation. remove shed leaves and dead cuttings promptly.

Page 301 References and Further Reading Native Plants. M. Ralph, 15 King William St., Fitzroy, Vic. Bloombery, A.M. and Malony, B. (1994) Propagating Australian Plants. Kangaroo Press, Stewart, A. (1999) Lets Propagate ! ABC Books, Kenthurst. Sydney. Boland, D.J., Brooker, M.L, & Turnbull, J.W. (1980) Venning, J. (1990) Growing Trees for Farms, Parks Eucalyptus Seed. CSIRO, Melbourne. and Roadsides. Lothian Press, Melbourne. Cremer, K. (1990) Trees for Rural Australia. Inkata Wilkinson, T. (1994) NSW Revegetation Directory Press, Melbourne. Greening Australia, Sydney. Greening Australia (1995) Local Greening Plans. Wrigley, J.W & Fagg, M. (1979) Australian Native Greening Australia, Canberra. Plants: a manual for their propagation, cultivation and use in landscaping. Collins, Sydney. Handreck, K. (1993) Gardening Down Under - Better Soils and Potting Mixes. CSIRO Publications Websites Langkamp, P.J. (1987) Germination of Australian Try the following websites for more information: Native Plant Seed. Inkata Press, Melbourne. Australian Plants Online: http://asgap.org.au/ Molyneux, B. and Forrester, S. (1993) The Austflora APOL23/sep01-1.html guide to choosing and growing Australian Plants. Kangaroo Press. Harvest Seeds & Native Plants: http://harvestseeds­ nativeplants.com.au/ Murray Catchment Management Committee and Department of Land & Water Conservation. (1998) Australian National Botanic Gardens: http://www. VegNotes Series. Editor M. Sheahan. anbg.gov.au/ Plumridge, J. (1982) How to propagate plants. Association of Societies for Growing Australian Lothian Publishing, Melbourne. Plants: http://asgap.org.au/ Ralph, M. (1993) Seed collection of Australian Flora bank: http://www.florabank.org.au/

Page 302 Appendix 2

Identifying plants Notes from a workshop run by Greg Steenbeeke to train participants in the ‘tricks of the trade’ when identifying plants.

Page 303 Page 304 Plant Identification Techniques the relationships they show. The basic units, and how they fit together, are shown below. Plants are an enormous group of organisms, and like everything else they The name used for a plant is usually only have adapted to cope with the conditions the last two levels – genus and species. These in which they live. As a result, many plants relate to our family name and personal name show common characters that can be used to – although they are used by convention with aid in their identification. Some of the more the more inclusive one (the genus) first. Where common groups, such as daisies, the general several different species occur in a genus, the lily groups, and orchids immediately stand convention is also to use only the first initial of out, while others may require a more persistent the genus name unless it would be confusing. approach to determining their name from their So if you were talking about the Knapweed characteristics. and thistle group (the genus Centaurea), you might write it (or often say it too) as Centaurea Few general statements can be made melitensis for the first species you are talking about all plants. However, most plant groups about, but if at the same time you are talking have distinctive characteristics that can be used about cornflower you would only need to to hasten their identification. Firstly though, name it as C. cyaneus. Other species in the it is necessary to know how plants (and other genus include C. nigra (Black Knapweed), living organisms) are named, as that provides C. solstitialis (St. Barnaby’s Thistle) and C. a few rules. calcitrapa (Star Thistle). If you were to name all of the species in this genus it would be a Naming Conventions long paragraph – there are many hundreds to choose from! Like almost all things, taxonomists (people who apply names to things) work with Other conventions you will have noticed known materials, and arrange things into a are the use of italic print face for scientific hierarchical order that yields information about names. You can also underline the name, as

Angiospermae - flowering plants

Magnoliopsida ...... dicots

Asterales (order)...... daisy relatives

Asteraceae (family)...... daisies

Centaurea (genus)...... corn flowers or star thistles

melitensis (species)...... Malta thistle

Figure A2.1 Hierarchical order and relationships of the species Centaurea melitensis (Malta Thistle)

Page 305 in Centaurea solstitialis, although this is now trees), and then next to the Nelumbonaceae (the usually only used when handwriting names as sacred lotus). then they stand out. Other conventions, such as not naming a family or citing the author, As mentioned above, all family names are generally accepted, although for absolute in plants end with the character string –aceae. clarity these can be included. Family names are Within a family you find genera (such as Poa, distinctive in that for plants they always finish or Melia or Eucalyptus), and within genera, in the letters –aceae (usually pronounced ay-see species. Species are typically the level at or ay-see-ay and sometimes ay-see-ee). which plants are identified, but subtaxa such as subspecies,varieties andforma may sometimes Plant families are groups of closely related be used to distinguish distinct types, which may species that share common characters. Typically, be separated by space, characteristics or habitat. characters relate to the flower structure and the presentation, form and appearance of foliage. When broken into a hierarchy, this Like many things in taxonomy, the influence looks like the following for Leptospermum of modern genetic studies is showing new polygalifolium subsp. transmontanum (and sometimes surprising) arrangements and (Tantoon) relationships. This can mean that some of the Family ...... Myrtaceae ‘old’ family relationships have been altered. A good example in the Australian flora is the Genus ...... Leptospermum relegation of the native heaths (Epacridaceae) Species ...... polygalifolium into a sub-family of the Rhododendron family (Ericaceae). Another surprising outcome was Infraspecies ...... subsp. transmontanum that the Proteaceae (the family that includes Many families have a set of characters waratahs, banksias and grevilleas) is an ancient that tie all the members together. More common family with closest ties to the Platanaceae (Plane families in the BR-G catchment are given below in Table A2.1.

Table A2.1 Common plant families within the BR-G catchment and their characteristics. Family Characters Example genera Poaceae Typically tufted or running growth forms, with Austrodanthonia, (Gramineae) specialised flowers consisting of several green or Austrostipa, Poa, (grasses) brown parts in overlapping sequence. Stems (culms) Cymbopogon, Chloris, have leaves that sheath at their base, the sheath split Hyparrhenia, Pennisetum, lengthwise to the node from which the leaf comes. The Dichanthium, Themeda, top of the sheath has a rim of hairs or membranous Bambusa tissue (the ligule). Juncaceae Tufted plants with long slender stems bearing an Juncus, Luzula (rushes) inflorescence near the top. The leaves maybe reduced to sheathing scales (cataphylls) near the base of the stems, and the shape, colour and arrangement of these cataphylls is often important to identification. Flowers are at first glance similar to grasses (brown and wind pollinated), but actually have two whorls of segments like a lily. Cyperaceae Similar to grasses, with tufted forms usually arising in Cyperus, Bulbostylis, (sedges) clumps. Stems typically triangular in section (‘rushes Fimbristylis, Eleocharis, are round, and sedges have edges’), and leaves arise Lepidosperma, Schoenus, from a stem-sheathing collar that is not split. Flowers Gahnia look similar to grasses, and again have several overlapping segments. Page 306 Table A2.1 continued Family Characters Example genera Lamiaceae Herbs and shrubs with strongly scented, opposite Mentha, Westringia, Ajuga, (Labiatae) leaves that are decussate (pairs are rotated at 90 Plectranthus, Prostanthera, (mints) degrees to the next). Stipules are absent. Flowers are Scutellaria zygomorphic and have 5 lobes, 2 upper and 3 lower. Stamens come off the petal tube, the ovary is superior, and the fruit is a 4-seeded, dry nutlet that separates into 1-seeded parts. Myoporaceae Herbs and shrubs with (usually) alternate leaves. Myoporum, Eremophila (Emu bushes) Stipules are absent. 5 sepals and 4 or 5 petals, usually formed into a tube, and usually zygomorphic (one line of symmetry). Fruit a succulent drupe with a hard ‘stone’ developing from a superior ovary. Convolvulaceae Slender plants, herbs and shrubs, sometimes twining Convolvulus, Ipomoea, (Morning or climbing. The leaves are alternate, without stipules. Dichondra, Evolvulus Glories) Flowers regular (more than one line of symmetry), usually tubular but widely opening at the outer tips (‘Morning Glory’). Fruit is a capsule formed from the superior ovary. Solanaceae Herbs, shrubs and sometimes small trees, with Physalis, Solanum , Cestrum, (Tomatoes and alternate leaves and no stipules. Flowers are regular, Lycium, Datura, Duboisia, Potatoes) ovary superior, followed by a fruit that is a capsule or a Petunia berry with many seeds, often in a pulp. Asteraceae Herbs, shrubs and trees, usually with alternate leaves, Xanthium, Centaurea, (Compositae) and sometimes with latex, usually without stipules. Centipeda, Cotula, (Daisies) Head of individual flowers, combined to form a Tanacetum, Bidens, Conyza, capitulum. Sometimes heads compound. Ovary of each Senecio, Helichrysum, flower inferior. Fruit a cypsela (dry fruit with a single Taraxacum, Olearia, seed), often topped by a pappus of hairs, bristles or Cassinia scales. Goodeniaceae Herbs or slender shrubs with alternate leaves, on the Goodenia, Scaevola, (Sky Flowers) stem or in a basal rosette. Flowers zygomorphic, 5 Dampiera petals separate to the base, ovary inferior, followed by a dry capsule. Rubiaceae Herbs, trees and shrubs with opposite leaves having Coprosma, Galium, (Coffee family) stipules on the stem between the petioles of a leaf pair. Asperula, Coffea, Psydrax, Stipules sometimes enlarged and leaf-like in form, Opercularia making leaves appear whorled. Flowers regular, with an inferior ovary. The fruit is a berry, capsule or drupe. Apiaceae Herbs and shrubs, with alternate leaves that are often Actinotus, Daucus, Conium, (Carrots) dissected. Stipules may be present. Flowers arranged Trachymene, Hydrocotyle in an umbel, usually each flower separate from the others, and with each flower having 5 petals and an inferior ovary divided into 2 equal parts that usually separate at maturity Apocynaceae Herbs, shrubs and climbers, usually with milky latex. Parsonsia, Vinca, Nerium, (now includes Leaves simple, opposite and entire. Flowers regular Plumeria, Marsdenia, Asclepiadaceae) with a superior ovary and stamens and style separate Araujia, Tylophora, Milkworts or fused to form the corona. Fruit a capsule, singular or Leichhardtia, Gomphocarpus paired follicle, or a berry.

Page 307 and Queensland), garali (Pakistan) and shi The common names of a plant should not mang cao (China). Many common names are be used if you are wanting to be precise with already built upon a scientific name (examples what you are talking about. These are variable include camellia, rhododendron, sorghum and and not tied to a particular plant source. They are grevillea), so attempting to know the scientific often indicative of particular regions too, and name should not be seen as a task only for the may change throughout the distribution limits well trained. of the plant. For instance the grass Arundinella nepalensis is known as reed grass in most of Key characteristics NSW (indeed, most of Australia), but in the A few characteristics of plants can be used Inverell area it is often known as Darby’s oats to rapidly reduce the number of options you (after a local landholder on whose land it was have to consider. Structural characters of the obviously common), while in other parts of its plant, as well as particular features of flowers distribution (which extends across Senegal to and fruit can often be indicative of a particular Guinea; Zambia to South Africa; Madagascar; family. Main characteristics, and the things to India to China and through Indonesia to take note of, are given below in Table A2.2. Australia) it is known among other things as minireed (Hong Kong), river grass (Africa Table A2.2 Some plant characteristics used in identifying plants. Character Options Leaf arrangement Opposite or alternate on the stem; in a whorl; along the stem (cauline) or in a cluster at the base (rosette); or absent altogether. Leaf shape Ranges from linear (like grasses) through lanceolate to ovate and circular; base of leaf ranges from cuneate (v-shaped) to cordate (heart-shaped); apex may be acuminate (drawn into a fine tip),acute (pointed), obtuse or round­ ed or even emarginate (notched). Leaf form Simple leaves have a blade and a petiole; compound leaves have separate blades each with a petiolule, attached to a rachis. To distinguish a com­ pound leaf from a simple leaf, look for buds in the axil (‘fork’) nearest the leaf blade. If a bud (or buds) are present, it is the base of the leaf. Leaf hairiness The surface of a leaf may be naked (glabrous) or hairy, and the hairiness ranges from scattered to dense. The shape of the hairs (straight, curled, crinkled, star-shaped) and any glands that may be present are often also important. Leaf glands There may be oil-glands in the leaf. These can usually be seen by holding the leaf up against the light and pale spots will be evident. The smell of the oil that is released when it is crushed can also lend clues towards the likely family (e.g. minty, cineole or citrus). Leaf venation The way in which veins are arranged in the leaf can be a quick clue to a family. The general rule is that parallel veins occur in monocots (e.g. grasses, lilies, orchids, sedges, palms) while reticulated veins (‘net’-like vein branching) occur in dicots (most woody plants, most herbs). Some exceptions occur, and these are usually quite distinctive. Parallel veins on woody plants occurs commonly in epacrids (Ericaceae section Styphelioi­ deae = Epacridaceae), although some wattles also have parallel veins in the phyllodes. Reticulated veins mainly occur in dicots, but some monocots will have them, particularly some of the orchids, yams (Dioscorea) and Smilax.

Page 308 Keys are the basic tool used to identify a description (if available) before committing to taxon (a group of related organisms identified at it. Some keys have illustrations to show what one level in the hierarchical structure - see table the character should look like at each pair, or below). In most modern texts keys are usually a glossary in the back of the book will assist divided into couplets (pairs) with one or a few with technical terms. You will find that when characters separating the different options, a you are using keys that you will have to ‘back style termed dichotomous. It is worthwhile track’ occasionally to double-check characters, reading both options before making a decision! because you may get an answer that doesn’t Sometimes a character is not immediately make sense. identifiable (e.g. a floral character when the plant is not in flower), so there may be a number Following a key is a case of selecting of possible options developed to find the likely the option most applicable to the material at candidate (or candidates). A key is usually hand. If you are inclined to get easily confused numbered, with typical schemes being 1/1* or when following a puzzle (and who isn’t?), it 1a/1b as the identifying characters. When only is worthwhile writing each selection down as two options are presented at each selection you make it. That also allows you to back­ point it is known as a dichotomous key. While track or to check other options. In this way, most keys are dichotomous, it is not uncommon you will work your way through the key until to see some keys use multiple selection options you have no choices left and you will hopefully for characters such as flower colour (maybe have the identity of your plant. The level of white/yellow/blue/red as options). Pictorial identification will depend on your key. Some keys are also sometimes used. are based on Family level characteristics and others are dedicated to individual families. You It is wise to check both of the options will probably need a couple of keys to get to in the key, as one might give a better idea the species level (one for family and another for than the other (or be clearer on which option genus). to select anyway). To be sure that you are correct it is always a good idea to look at The path to identify something like photographs or drawings of the plant named in Centipeda cunninghamii might look like the key to make sure that you haven’t made a 1*/2*/3 if the online key to Centipeda is used mistake somewhere along the way, and if you (note that the online keys in Flora Online are are directed to an answer, check it out in the usually the same as the published ones in the printed volumes)

Key to the genus Centipeda 1 Heads in terminal racemes Centipeda racemosa 1* Heads mostly solitary, axillary, not in racemes 2 2 Prostrate, slender annual; heads less than 4 mm diam Centipeda minima 2* Ascending to erect robust perennial; heads more than 4 mm diam 3 3 Heads round-topped with florets at different heights Centipeda cunninghamii 3* Heads flat-topped with florets all at the same height Centipeda thespidioides

(After Brown E.A. (2007) Genus Centipeda. NSW Flora Online, accessed online 19/02/2007 at http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?pa ge=nswfl&lvl=gn&name=Centipeda)

The tabular key shown above could also be represented graphically as shown below.

______1______Centipeda racemosa |__1*_____2______Centipeda minima |__2*______3______Centipeda cunninghamii |___3*______Centipeda thespidioides

Page 309 Often, a key will only allow a single number to be used once, so at a separation point 1 might lead to 2, 3, 4, and 5, while 1* will lead to 6, 7, 8, and 9. Some of the more complex keys may have a multi-branched structure and could be very confusing - Calotis is given as an example below in Table A2.3. Table A2.3 Key to the genus Calotis. Key to the genus Calotis 1 Pappus of scales alternating with rigid awns 2 2 Awns barbed towards apex, smooth at the base 3 3 Faces of the achenes with a few minute tubercles; pappus scales broader 4 than long 4 Plants sparingly branched; leaves linear to oblanceolate; pappus scales Calotis dentex lacerate towards apex 4* Plants much-branched; leaves cuneate with basal auricles; pappus scales Calotis cuneifolia infolded towards apex 3* Faces of the achenes densely tuberculate; pappus scales longer than broad Calotis glandulosa 2* Awns densely barbed over whole length 5 5 Heads appearing sessile; pappus awns erect, scales entire or slightly lobed Calotis squamigera 5* Heads on slender peduncles; pappus awns spreading, scales deeply Calotis hispidula dissected, often obscured by hairs 1* Pappus of awns only 6 6 Achenes winged 7 7 Body of achenes hairy 8 8 Awns stout and barbed Calotis porphyroglossa 8* Awns fine and plumose Calotis plumulifera 7* Body of achenes glabrous 9 9 Achene wings very broad, anchor-shaped with long hairs on the margins; Calotis ancyrocarpa leaves mainly cauline 9* Achene wings narrow, glabrous; leaves in a basal rosette Calotis anthemoides 6* Achenes without wings 10 10 Awns fine, flexible and plumose Calotis inermis 10* Awns stout and rigid 11 11 Pappus awns 2--5, equal in length 12 12 Leaves in a basal cluster; plant stoloniferous; pappus awns free at the base Calotis scapigera 12* Leaves cauline; plant sometimes stoloniferous; pappus awns expanded and 13 united at the base 13 Body of the achene strongly tuberculate; plants hairy with septate hairs 14 14 Awns 2, diverging at right angles to the plane of the body, deeply ridged at Calotis cymbacantha the base 14* Awns 3 or more, diverging at various angles to the plane of the body Calotis moorei 13* Body of the achene smooth; plants glabrous Calotis erinacea 11* Pappus awns more than 4, unequal in length 15 15 Major pappus awns 2, at right angles to the plane of the body; secondary Calotis lappulacea awns 4--8 in 2 groups; body of the achene tuberculate and glabrous 15* Major pappus awns 4 or more 16 16 Non-stoloniferous herbs; basal leaves soon withering 17 17 Heads solitary; apex of the achenes flat 18 18 Plants glabrous; body of achenes smooth Calotis erinacea 18* Plants septate hairy; body of achenes tuberculate Calotis moorei 17* Heads in a cymose panicle; apex of the achenes projecting as a hairy cone Calotis latiuscula within the circle of the awns 16* Stoloniferous herbs; basal leaves conspicuous, tufted or in a rosette 19 19 Awns in 1 ring Calotis scabiosifolia 19* Awns in 2 rings, the inner fine and plumose Calotis cuneata

(After Everett J. (2007) Genus Calotis. NSW Flora Online, accessed online 19/02/2007 at http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=n swfl&lvl=gn&name=Calotis)

Page 310 Graphically, the key on the previous page would look like this:

______1______2_____3______4______Calotis dentex | | | |__4*______Calotis cuneifolia | | |__3*______Calotis glandulosa | |___2*______5______Calotis squamigera | |__5*______Calotis hispidula |__1*____6______7______8______Calotis porphyroglossa | | |__8*______Calotis plumulifera | |__7*_____9______Calotis ancyrocarpa | |__9*______Calotis anthemoides |__6*____10______Calotis inermis |_10*____11____12______Calotis scapigera | |_12*____13_____14______Calotis cymbacantha | | |__14*______Calotis moorei | |__13*______Calotis erinacea |__11*___15______Calotis lappulacea |_15*____16_____17_____18 Calotis erinacea | | |__18* Calotis moorei | |__17*______Calotis latiuscula |__16*____19______Calotis scabiosifolia |__19*______Calotis cuneata Some modern computer based keys, such as the Lucid system used in the Wattles, 2. Picture books Eucalypts and Australian Plant Families keys, The most useful books for the plants use multivariate selections, presented in free- of the Border Rivers – Gwydir region are the form. This allows the user to make selection following. of the characters available on the specimen to minimise the pool of likely species. - Grasses of the Border Rivers-Gwydir Catchments Field Guide - an excellent resource Resources for many of the grasses occurring in the BR-G area. Species are well illustrated and described. There are a number of resources, both printed and electronic, that can be used to - Weed Management Guide for North West NSW identify plants. Each has advantages and Comprehensive guide to weeds and potential disadvantages, but together should allow you weeds in the catchment and surrounding areas. to identify the plants you have collected or photographed. - Native Plants of the NW Slopes of NSW Traprock Country -A pictorial, colour organised 1. Floras guide to about 140 species in the northern end Floras are books (or increasingly both of the northern slopes. electronic and printed documents) that detail the plants for a region, and provide a key to - Native Wildflowers of the New England identify the species. Floras are available for the Tablelands of New South Wales - subtitled a whole of NSW (as 4 printed volumes and also simple illustrated key, this book covers many as an online version), for south-east Queensland of the genera, and sometimes the species, of (3 printed volumes only, getting dated now) plants in the tablelands, although it is strongly and for some particular areas including North­ directed towards groundcover. eastern NSW (very dated) and the Sydney Basin (recently printed 4th edition). Page 311 - Plants of Western NSW – getting dated, and prior arrangement. Some arrangements can with some errors of identification and old names. also be made for access to the herbarium at the Has not maintained the modern divisions of University of New England, but they will not some taxa, and this can be a problem. Really handle material unless you arrange something only ideal for areas in the westernmost part of first with the curator (at time of writing this is the catchment Jeremy Bruhl).

- The Glove Box Guide to Plants of the NSW Collecting and Processing Specimens Rangelands Collection of specimens on anywhere - Pasture Plants of Southern Inland Queensland other than private lands (where the permission of the owner needs to be obtained), and any Many of these books are available for free or collection of threatened or protected plants, to purchase, from the BR-G CMA office in needs to be covered by a licence from the Inverell. appropriate authority (this also applies to private land and at the time of writing the Wildlife 3. Online resources Licensing and Management Unit of the Office The best resources are the online floras of Environment and Heritage NSW). (as mentioned above) and the Google Images site (http://images.google.com). When looking The collection of specimens is something on the Google site, make sure to enclose that needs to be done well, if the results are to be the scientific name in inverted commas unambiguous and the material is to be suitable (“Leptospermum polygalifolium”, which for identification. Specimens have to meet returns 62 results as opposed to the 63 without certain criteria to allow you to identify the plant inverted commas) to ensure that species comes (or to allow someone else, if you are uncertain). at the top of the list of returned imagery. The minimum amount of material that should be collected to allow an unambiguous 4. Electronic resources identification is a length of representative stem, with foliage, flowers and / or fruit. If possible, A number of groups have had electronic collect newer (younger) and older stem sections. resources developed for them. The most Some groups, especially the eucalypts, require important for us are the Eucalypts (Euclid), the notes or pictures of the bark at the base, middle wattles (Wattle) and the Australian Flowering and top of the trunk, and along the branches, Plant Families as well as the AusGrass CD. the juvenile and adult leaves, the inflorescences Other electronic resources have been preferably with buds, and fruit. developed in the past, and have some useability Anything small and having only a few in the area, including The Plants Directory CD leaves is best described as an eco-scrap, and put together some years ago by Greg Steenbeeke. the compost heap is usually the best place for 5. People them. After a long time the material may be identifiable, but not always. How you preserve These can be your greatest resource, but and maintain the specimen will be important for there aren’t many around. Government staff at the its future use. offices in Armidale, Inverell and Moree can often assist, or the Botanical Information Service at Labelling is covered below, but it is wise the Royal Botanic Gardens in Sydney. Be aware to label your specimen before you collect it / though, the latter do charge for their services. pick it, as then you aren’t trying to hold sheets 6. Herbaria and presses and labels etc. Depending on your experience and the available equipment, There are herbaria to which you specimens are either stored in a plastic bag (for should have some access. There is one at the no longer than a day) or are slipped immediately Public Reference Library at the Royal Botanic into the press. Gardens in Sydney which can be visited by

Page 312 A simple press can be made that consists accompanied by notes detailing the habit of the of a pair of 5-ply sheets slightly larger than a plant, its height and other dimensions and its normal newspaper, with a handle on each board reproductive state (was it flowering, fruiting, and a pair of Velcro strips to join one board to dormant and colour of flowers). the other, two on each of the long sides. This makes a handy press that can be used in the field Storing as a work-space or writing table as much as a It is important to ensure your press papers press, and specimens are slipped straight into are kept as dry as possible. If this requires the the newspaper in the press as each is collected. regular changing of newspaper so be it, but This means each is separated from the others it is also advisable to change the newspaper (a tangle can be guaranteed when putting surrounding a specimen at least once within the specimens together in a bag), and is usually first few days. Fungal hyphae on a specimen pressed flat, immediately reducing withering, can form really quickly, and even the best of us wilting and loss of parts that may be critical for have sometimes confused them for hairs on a identification. It also hastens the activities after the field day when sorting or identification are specimen when those shouldn’t be there! the next tasks. Once the material has been used for One of the best things to do nowadays identification you have the choice of either with the advent of quite good digital cameras keeping the material; forwarding to the is to take photos of the whole plant, as well as herbarium at Armidale or Sydney; or destroying close-up shots of the foliage, leafy / flowering the material. Of all the options, the latter is the / fruiting stems / branches and (particularly for least preferable, as then the material is lost trees) the bark. Remember to use the ‘macro’ forever. Maintaining a reference collection is setting for the camera. If you don’t know where one of the best things to do with your material, it is on your camera or how to set it, ask someone as it not only gives you a record of your who might. A fuzzy picture is not worth looking activities, but will allow you to cross-check at in most cases, and may only serve to confuse. material collected later on. If you store the dried material in plastic sleeves with a paper sheet Labelling behind each one, taped down to the paper and It is most important to label the specimen sealed with tape across the top of the sleeve, with an identifiable number that can be related it can form a good collection in a set of ring to a field site or to a known location. The binders. Threatened species are one of the few minimum standard used during the vegetation exceptions to this suggestion. To allow good mapping program had the specimen labelled records, the material should be sent to the Royal with the site number and the number of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney, for lodging into the specimen. Depending on how you label your collection there. They don’t charge for rare and site, this can also be used to identify the date threatened plant specimens, as they are usually on which the material was collected. During a bonus for the collection. In addition, include the Western Blue Mountains work, sites were the exact location, and details of the community labelled in reverse-date format with the number it was in and the soil it was growing on, as this of the site assessed on that day (e.g. 070221-3 data will be added to the Atlas of NSW Wildlife is the third site assessed on the 21st of February to improve predictive models about the species. 2007). Each specimen collected is then written on the field sheet in an increasing order. The Just Remember… 5th specimen collected at the above site would The coloured pages in the Flora of NSW be 070221-3/5. Usually this was written onto are a vital part of any assessment or identification. a string tag (‘jeweller’s tag’) and the tag tied If there’s a term you don’t understand then it around the specimen in such a way as it couldn’t is always wise to check the glossary. It is also fall off. available on the PlantNet website.

Ideally, the specimen should be

Page 313 Information Sources Clarke, I and Lee, H (2003) Name That Flower: The identification of flowering plants 2nd edition, Melbourne University Press. (This is a good book for identifying Australian native plants to the family level.)

NSW Flora Online (PlantNET) website (http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/floraonline. htm) is the complete treatment of native and naturalised plants in NSW and is often more current than the printed volumes. It does require a good level of familiarity with technical terms and expects that you will have a fairly comprehensive specimen with notations (flowers, fruit, plant form, foliage and arrangement, locality).

There are many books and interactive keys available for all families of flowering plants; these are usually available at your local library. If you cannot identify your plant, speak to your local agronomist, CMA officer, weeds officer or local native plant community group representative. Local or state herbaria are also a source of information if all other avenues are exhausted.

Page 314 Appendix 3

Native Plant and Seed Suppliers

Page 315 Page 316 Native Plant Suppliers

This table shows suppliers of native plants in this area, as well as some from nearby regions. These businesses did not ask to be listed but are reputable suppliers that can be utilised when looking for good quality seedlings. Please note that if you purchase from suppliers outside your area you may be purchasing stock that is not suited to your region. Always ask for advice and also about the possibility of the nursery growing seedlings from local provenance seeds that you supply.

Town / Nursery Address Telephone

ARMIDALE 80 Mann Street (02) 6771 1620 Armidale Tree Group Nursery Armidale, NSW, 2350

Cedar Wholesale Nursery and 21 Kentucky Street, (02) 6772 7273 Design Armidale, NSW, 2350

Cool Natives Mail order (02) 6775 1139

BLACK MOUNTAIN New England Highway (02) 6775 0166 Black Mountain Nursery Black Mountain, NSW, 2350

DUBBO Wellington Road, (02) 6884 5319 Forests NSW Nursery Dubbo, NSW, 2830

GUNNEDAH Bennett Road (02) 6742 3126 Forests NSW Nursery Gunnedah, NSW, 2380

INVERELL Warialda Road (02) 6722 4200 Tree Tenders Inverell, NSW, 2360

MOREE “Ellerslea” (02) 6754 9351 Gwydir Valley Turf Supply Pallamallawa, NSW, 2399

MUSWELLBROOK New England Highway (02) 6543 2866 Forests NSW Nursery Muswellbrook, NSW, 2333

TENTERFIELD Mole Station (02) 6737 5429 Mole Station Native Nursery Tenterfield, NSW, 2372

URALLA 25 Rowan Avenue (02) 6778 3111 Fields Native Nursery Uralla, NSW, 2358

KENTUCKY Kentucky Tree Nursery “Danidoo” Kentucky, NSW, 2354 (02) 6778 7342

WAGGA WAGGA NSW Soil Conservation Research (02) 6931 2600 Forests NSW Nursery Centre, Olympic Way Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2650

* Please ensure that you purchase plants that are suitable for your area. It is best to buy local plants that have been grown from local seeds (ideally collected from an area close to you). Page 317 Native Seed Suppliers

There are many native seed suppliers and this list represents only a few of them. The suppliers will be able to provide you with a list of their seeds. If you are doubtful about the locality of where the seed was collected, or think that the seed would not be suitable for your needs, think about collecting your own seed from plants that are growing on your property or from areas close by. See Appendix 1 for seed collection information.

Town / Nursery Address Telephone

Arianda Pty. Ltd. (incorporating 1 Wilkins St. Newport, VIC 3015 (03) 9398 0609 A.E. O’Connor Pty. Ltd.)

AustraHort Pty Limited - Seed PO Box 595, Cleveland, QLD 4163 (07) 3821 0745 Merchants

Australian Seed Company PO Box 67, Hazelbrook NSW 2779 (02) 4758 6132

Diversity Native Seeds ‘Sarana’ Timor Rd Coonabarabran NSW (02) 6842 2959

Ellison Horticultural Pty Ltd 267 Rous Rd, Alstonville, NSW 2477 (02) 6629 5788

Goozeff Seeds PO Box 3022, North Nowra NSW 2541 (02) 4421 0731

Harvest Seeds & Native Plants 281 Mona Vale Road (02) 9450 2699 Terrey Hills NSW 2084

Hortmac Pty Ltd t/as PO Box 2785 Bundaberg, QLD 4670 (07) 4159 4730 Queensland Seed Services

H G Kershaw Pty Ltd PO Box 2057, Bathurst NSW 2975 (02) 6331 7136

Kylisa Seeds Pty Ltd PO Box 3175, Weston Creek ACT 2611 (02) 6288 7408

Royston Petrie Seeds Pty Ltd PO Box 1152, Mudgee NSW 2850 (02) 6372 7800

Seedworld Australia Pty Ltd PO Box 1408, Nowra, NSW 2541 (02) 4423 0894

* Try to access local provenance seed. These suppliers should know where the seed was collected from, but it is advisable to speak to the BR-G CMA, your local community native plant group or nursery to find out if there are locally collected seeds available.

Page 318 Appendix 4

Vertebrate Fauna of the Border Rivers-Gwydir Catchment

Page 319 Page 320 Vertebrate fauna of the Border Rivers - Gwydir catchment (Includes introduced species)

This list includes all vertebrate fauna ever sighted in each Local Government Area within the Border Rivers-Gwydir catchments and is sourced from the NSW Bionet (http://www.bionet.nsw. gov.au/). Fish information was sourced from the book by Mark Lintermans, Fishes of the Murray Darling basin. An Introductory Guide (Murray - Darling Basin Commission) (GI=Glen Innes, GY=Guyra, GW=Gwydir, IN=Inverell, MP=Moree Plains, TF=Tenterfield, UR=Uralla).

Scientific name Common name Local Government Area GI GY GW IN MP TF UR AMPHIBIANS Family Hyalidae Cyclorana alboguttata Striped Burrowing Frog x x x Cyclorana brevipalmata Green-thighed Frog x Cyclorana brevipes Short-footed Frog x Cyclorana novaehollandiae New Holland Frog x Cyclorana platycephala Water-holding Frog x Cyclorana verrucosa Rough Frog x Litoria aurea Green and Golden Bell Frog x Litoria caerulea Green Tree Frog x x x x x x Litoria castanea Yellow-spotted Tree Frog x Litoria chloris Red-eyed Tree Frog x x Litoria dentata Kefersteins Tree Frog x x x x Litoria fallax Eastern Dwarf Tree Frog x x x x x x x Litoria freycineti Freycinet’s Tree Frog x Litoria gracilenta Dainty Tree Frog x Litoria latopalmata Broad-palmed Frog x x x x x x x Litoria lesueuri Lesueur’s Frog x x x x x x x Litoria nasuta Rocket Frog x Litoria pearsoniana Pearson’s Green Tree Frog x x Litoria peronii Peron’s Tree Frog x x x x x x Litoria phyllochroa Green Stream Frog x Litoria piperata Peppered Frog x x x Litoria revelata Whirring Tree Frog x Litoria rubella Desert Tree Frog x x x x Litoria subglandulosa Glandular Frog x x Litoria tyleri Tylers Tree Frog x x Litoria verreauxii Verreaux’s Tree Frog x x x x Family Myobatrachidae Adelotus brevis Tusked Frog x x Assa darlingtoni Pouched Frog x x Crinia parinsignifera Eastern Sign-bearing Froglet x x x x x x x Crinia signifera Common Eastern Froglet x x x x x x x Crinia sloanei Sloane’s Froglet x Lechriodus fletcheri Fletcher’s Frog x x Limnodynastes dumerilii Bullfrog x x x x x x Limnodynastes fletcheri Long-thumbed Frog x x x x x x x Limnodynastes ornatus Ornate Burrowing Frog x x x x x x x Limnodynastes peronii Striped Marsh Frog x x x x x Limnodynastes salmini Salmon-striped Frog x x Limnodynastes tasmaniensis Spotted Marsh Frog x x x x x x Limnodynastes terraereginae Northern Banjo Frog x x Mixophyes balbus Stuttering Frog x x x Mixophyes fasciolatus Great Barred Frog x x Mixophyes fleayi Fleay’s Barred Frog x Mixophyes iteratus Giant Barred Frog x x

Page 321 Scientific name Common name Local Government Area GI GY GW IN MP TF UR Neobatrachus sudelli Painted Burrowing Frog x x x x x x Notaden bennetti Holy Cross Toad x Philoria kundagungan Mountain Frog x Philoria loveridgei Loveridge’s Frog x x Philoria pughi x x Pseudophryne bibronii Bibrons Toadlet x x x Pseudophryne coriacea Red-backed Toadlet x x x Uperoleia fusca Dusky Toadlet x Uperoleia laevigata Smooth Toadlet x x x x x x Uperoleia marmorata Marbled Toadlet x x Uperoleia rugosa Wrinkled Toadlet x x x FISH Family Ambassidae Ambassis agassizi Olive Perchlet x Family Atherinidae Craterocephalus amniculus Darling River Hardyhead x x x x x Craterocephalus stercusmuscarum Fly-specked Hardyhead x x x x x fulvus Family Clupeidae Nematalosa erebi Bony Herring x x x x x x x Family Cyprinidae Cyprinus carpio European Carp x x x x x Carassius auratus Goldfish x x x x x x x Family Eleotridae Mogurnda adspersa Purple-spotted Gudgeon x x Hypseleotris spp. Carp Gudgeons x x x x x Family Gadopsidae Gadopsis marmoratus River Blackfish x x x x x Family Galaxiidae Galaxias olidus Mountain Galaxias x x x Family Melanotaeniidae Melanotaenia fluviatilis Murray-Darling Rainbowfish x x x x x Family Percichthyidae Maccullochella peelii peelii Murray Cod x x x x x x Macquaria ambigua ambigua Golden Perch x x x x x x x Family Percidae Perca fluviatilis Redfin Perch x x x x x x Family Plotosidae Tandanus tandanus Freshwater Catfish x x x x x x x Family Poeciliidae Gambusia holbrooki Mosquitofish x x x x x x x Family Retropinnidae Retropinna semoni Australian Smelt x x x x x x Family Salmonidae Oncorhynchus mykiss Rainbow Trout x x x x x Family Terapontidae Bidyanus bidyanus Silver Perch x x x x x Leiopotherapon unicolor Spangled Perch x x x x BIRDS Family Acanthizidae Acanthiza apicalis Inland Thornbill x x x x Acanthiza chrysorrhoa Yellow-rumped Thornbill x x x x x x x Acanthiza lineata Striated Thornbill x x x x x x x Acanthiza nana Yellow Thornbill x x x x x x Acanthiza pusilla Brown Thornbill x x x x x x Acanthiza reguloides Buff-rumped Thornbill x x x x x x x

Page 322 Scientific name Common name Local Government Area GI GY GW IN MP TF UR Acanthiza uropygialis Chestnut-rumped Thornbill x x x Aphelocephala leucopsis Southern Whiteface x x x x x Calamanthus pyrrhopygius Chestnut-rumped Heathwren x x x x x Dasyornis brachypterus Eastern Bristlebird x Gerygone fusca Western Gerygone x x x Gerygone mouki Brown Gerygone x x x Gerygone olivacea White-throated Gerygone x x x x x x x Pyrrholaemus sagittatus Speckled Warbler x x x x x x x Sericornis citreogularis Yellow-throated Scrubwren x x Sericornis frontalis White-browed Scrubwren x x x x x x x Sericornis magnirostris Large-billed Scrubwren x x Smicrornis brevirostris Weebill x x x x x x x Family Accipitridae Accipiter cirrocephalus Collared Sparrowhawk x x x x x x x Accipiter fasciatus Brown Goshawk x x x x x x x Accipiter novaehollandiae Grey Goshawk x x x Aquila audax Wedge-tailed Eagle x x x x x x x Aviceda subcristata Pacific Baza x x x x x Circus approximans Swamp Harrier x x x Circus assimilis Spotted Harrier x x x x Elanus axillaris Black-shouldered Kite x x x x x Erythrotriorchis radiatus Red Goshawk x x Haliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied Sea-Eagle x x x x x Haliastur sphenurus Whistling Kite x x x x x x x Hamirostra melanosternon Black-breasted Buzzard x Hieraaetus morphnoides Little Eagle x x x x x x x Lophoictinia isura Square-tailed Kite x x x x x x x Milvus migrans Black Kite x x x x x Family Aegothelidae Aegotheles cristatus Australian Owlet-nightjar x x x x x x x Family Alaudidae Mirafra javanica Horsfield’s Bushlark x x x x x Family Alcedinidae Alcedo azurea Azure Kingfisher x x x x x x x Family Anatidae Anas castanea Chestnut Teal x x x Anas gracilis Grey Teal x x x x x x x Anas rhynchotis Australasian Shoveller x x x x Anas superciliosa Pacific Black Duck x x x x x x x Aythya australis Hardhead x x x x x x x Biziura lobata Musk Duck x x x x Chenonetta jubata Australian Wood Duck x x x x x x x Cygnus atratus Black Swan x x x x x x x Dendrocygna arcuata Wandering whistling-Duck x x x Dendrocygna eytoni Plumed Whistling-Duck x x x Malacorhynchus membranaceus Pink-eared Duck x x x x Nettapus coromandelianus Cotton Pygmy-Goose x Oxyura australis Blue-billed Duck x x x x x Stictonetta naevosa Freckled Duck x x Family Anhingidae Anhinga melanogaster Darter x x x x x Family Anseranatidae Anseranas semipalmata Magpie Goose x x x x Family Apodidae Apus pacificus Fork-tailed Swift x x x x

Page 323 Scientific name Common name Local Government Area GI GY GW IN MP TF UR Hirundapus caudacutus White-throated Needletail x x x x x x x Family Ardeidae Ardea alba Great Egret x x x x x x Ardea ibis Cattle Egret x x Ardea intermedia Intermediate Heron x x x Ardea pacifica White-necked Heron x x x x x x Botaurus poiciloptilus Australasian Bittern x Butroides striatus Striated Heron x Egretta garzetta Little Egret x x Egretta novaehollandiae White-faced Heron x x x x x x x Ixobrychus flavicollis Black Bittern x Ixobrychus minutus Little Bittern x Nycticorax caledonicus Nankeen Night Heron x x x x x x Family Artamidae Artamus cinereus Black-faced Woodswallow x x Artamus cyanopterus Dusky Woodswallow x x x x x x x Artamus leucorynchus White-breasted Woodswallow x x x x x Artamus minor Little Woodswallow x x x x Artamus personatus Masked Woodswallow x x x x Artamus superciliosus White-browed Woodswallow x x x x x x x Cracticus nigrogularis Pied Butcherbird x x x x x x x Cracticus torquatus Grey Butcherbird x x x x x x x Gymnorhina tibicen Australian Magpie x x x x x x x Strepera graculina Pied Currawong x x x x x x x Family Atrichornthidae Atrichornis rufescens Rufous Scrub-bird x x Family Burhinidae Burhinus grallarius Bush Stone-curlew x x Family Cacatuidae Cacatua galerita Sulphur-crested Cockatoo x x x x x x x Cacatua sanguinea Little Corella x x x x Calyptorhynchus banksii Red-tailed Black Cockatoo x Calyptorhynchus funereus Yellow-tailed Black Cockatoo x x x x x Calyptorhynchus lathami Glossy Black-Cockatoo x x x x x x Eolophus roseicapillus Galah x x x x x x x Nymphicus hollandicus Cockatiel x x x x x Family Campephagidae Coracina maxima Ground cuckoo-shrike x x x Coracina novaehollandiae Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike x x x x x x x Coracina papuensis White-bellied Cuckoo-shrike x x x x x x x Coracina tenuirostris Cicadabird x x x x x x Lalage leucomela Varied Triller x x x Lalage tricolor White-winged Triller x x x x x Family Caprimulgidae Eurostopdus mystacalis White-throated Nightjar x x x x x Family Casuariidae Dromaius novaehollandiae Emu x x x Family Centropodidae Centropus phasianinus Pheasant Coucal x x x Family Charadriidae Charadrius australis Inland Dotterel x Charadrius ruficapillus Red-capped Plover x Elseyornis melanops Black-fronted Dotterel x x x x x x Erythrogonys cinctus Red-kneed Dotterel x x x Pluvialis dominica Lesser Golden Plover x x Vanellus miles Masked Lapwing x x x x x x x

Page 324 Scientific name Common name Local Government Area GI GY GW IN MP TF UR Vanellus miles novaehollandiae Spur-winged Plover x x Vanellus tricolor Banded Lapwing x x Family Ciconiidae Ephippiorhyncus asiaticus Black-necked stork x x x x x Family Climacteridae Climacteris affinis White-browed Treecreeper x Climacteris erythrops Red-browed Treecreeper x x x Climacteris picumnus Brown Treecreeper x x x x x x x Cormobates leucophaeus White-throated Treecreeper x x x x x x x Family Columbidae Chalcophaps indica Emerald Dove x x x Columba leucomela White-headed Pigeon x x x Columba livia Rock Dove x x x Geopelia cuneata Diamond Dove x x x Geopelia humeralis Bar-shouldered Dove x x x x Geopelia placida Peaceful Dove x x x x x x x Geopelia scripta Squatter Pigeon x Leucosarcia melanoleuca Wonga pigeon x x x Lophalaimus antarcticus Topknot Pigeon x x Macropygia amboinensis Brown Cuckoo-dove x x Ocyphaps lophotes Crested Pigeon x x x x x x x Phaps chalcoptera Common Bronzewing x x x x x x x Phaps elegans Brush Bronzewing x Phaps histrionica Flock Bronzewing x Ptilinopus magnificus Wompoo Fruit Dove x x Ptilinopus regina Rose-crowned Fruit-dove x x Ptilinopus superbus Superb Fruit-dove x Streptopelia chinensis Spotted Turtle-Dove x x x Family Coraciidae Eurystomus orientalis Dollarbird x x x x x x x Family Corcoracidae Corcorax melanorhamphos White-winged Chough x x x x x x x Struthidea cinerea Apostlebird x x x x Family Corvidae Corvus bennetti Little Crow x Corvus coronoides Australian Raven x x x x x x x Corvus mellori Little Raven x x x x Corvus orru Torresian Crow x x x x x x Corvus tasmanicus Forest Raven x x x x Family Cuculidae Cacomantis flabelliformis Fan-tailed Cuckoo x x x x x x x Cacomantis variolosus Brush Cuckoo x x x x x x Chalcites basalis Horsfield’s Bronze-Cuckoo x x x x x x Chalcites lucidus Shining Bronze-Cuckoo x x x x x x x Chalcites minutillus Little Bronze-Cuckoo x x Chalcites osculans Black-eared Cuckoo x x x Cuculus pallidus Pallid Cuckoo x x x x x x x Eudynamys orientalis Pacific Koel x x x x x x Scythrops novaehollandiae Channel-billed Cuckoo x x x x x x x Family Dicaeidae Dicaeum hirundinaceum Mistletoebird x x x x x x x Family Dicruridae Dicrurus bracteatus Spangled Drongo x x x x Grallina cyanoleuca Magpie-lark x x x x x x x Monarcha melanopsis Black-faced Monarch x x x

Page 325 Scientific name Common name Local Government Area GI GY GW IN MP TF UR Monarcha trivergatus Spectacled Monarch x x Myiagra cyanoleuca Satin Flycatcher x x x x x x x Myiagra inquieta Restless Flycatcher x x x x x x x Myiagra rubecula Leaden Flycatcher x x x x x x x Rhipidura albiscapa Grey Fantail x x x x x x x Rhipidura leucophrys Willie Wagtail x x x x x x x Rhipidura rufifrons Rufous Fantail x x x x x x x Family Estrildidae Lonchura castaneothorax Chestnut-breasted Mannikin x x x x Neochmia modesta Plum-headed Finch x x x x x x x Neochmia temporalis Red-browed Finch x x x x x x x Poephila cincta cincta Black-throated Finch x x Stagonopleura guttata Diamond Firetail x x x x x x x Taeniopygia bichenovii Double-barred Finch x x x x x x x Taeniopygia guttata Zebra Finch x x x x x Family Eupetidae Cinclosoma punctatum Spotted Quail Thrush x x x x x x Psophodes olivaceus Eastern Whipbird x x Family Falconidae Falco berigora Brown Falcon x x x x x x x Falco cenchroides Nankeen Kestrel x x x x x x x Falco hypoleucos Grey Falcon x Falco longipennis Australian Hobby x x x x x x Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon x x x x x x x Falco subniger Black Falcon x x x Family Glareolidae Stiltia isabella Australian Pratincole x Family Fringillidae Carduelis carduelis European Goldfinch x x x Family Gruidae Grus rubicunda Brolga x x Family Halcyonidae Dacelo novaeguineae Laughing Kookaburra x x x x x x x Todiramphus macleayii Forest Kingfisher x x Todiramphus pyrrhopygia Red-backed Kingfisher x x x Todiramphus sanctus Sacred Kingfisher x x x x x x x Family Hirundinidae Cheramoeca leucosternus White-backed Swallow x x x x x Hirundo neoxena Welcome Swallow x x x x x x x Petrochelidon ariel Fairy Martin x x x x x x Petrochelidon nigricans Tree Martin x x x x x x x Family Jacanidae Irediparra gallinacea Comb-crested Jacana x x Family Laridae Childonias hybridus Whiskered Tern x x x Larus novaehollandiae Silver Gull x x x x Sterna caspia Caspian Tern x Sterna nilotica Gull-billed Tern x x Family Maluridae Malurus cyaneus Superb Fairy-wren x x x x x x x Malurus lamberti Variegated Fairy-wren x x x x x x x Malurus leucopterus White-winged Fairy-wren x x x Malurus melanocephalus Red-backed Fairy Wren x x Stipiturus malachurus Southern Emu-wren x x Family Megapodiidae Alectura lathami Australian Brush-turkey x x x x x

Page 326 Scientific name Common name Local Government Area GI GY GW IN MP TF UR Family Meliphagidae Acanthagenys rufogularis Spiny-cheeked Honeyeater x x x x x x Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris Eastern Spinebill x x x x x x x Anthochaera carunculata Red Wattlebird x x x x x x Anthochaera chrysoptera Little Wattlebird x x x Certhionyx niger Black Honeyeater x x Entomyzon cyanotis Blue-faced Honeyeater x x x x x x x Epthianura tricolor Crimson Chat x Grantiella picta Painted Honeyeater x x x x x Lichenostomus chrysops Yellow-faced Honeyeater x x x x x x Lichenostomus fuscus Fuscous Honeyeater x x x x x x x Lichenostomus leucotis White-eared Honeyeater x x x x x x x Lichenostomus melanops Yellow-tufted Honeyeater x x x x x x x Lichenostomus penicillatus White-plumed Honeyeater x x x x x x Lichenostomus virescens Singing Honeyeater x x x Lichmera indistincta Brown Honeyeater x x x x x Manorina flavigula Yellow-throated Miner x x x Manorina melanocephala Noisy Miner x x x x x x x Manorina melanophrys Bell Miner x x Meliphaga lewinii Lewin’s Honeyeater x x x x x Melithreptus albogularis White-throated Honeyeater x x Melithreptus brevirostris Brown-headed Honeyeater x x x x x x x Melithreptus gularis gularis Black-chinned Honeyeater x x x x x Melithreptus lunatus White-naped Honeyeater x x x x x x x Myzomela sanguinolenta Scarlet Honeyeater x x x x x x Philemon citreogularis Little Friarbird x x x x x x Philemon corniculatus Noisy Friarbird x x x x x x x Phylidonyris nigra White-cheeked Honeyeater x Phylidonyris novaehollandiae New Holland Honeyeater x x x Plectorhyncha lanceolata Striped Honeyeater x x x x x x Xanthomyza phrygia Regent Honeyeater x x x x x x Family Menuridae Menura alberti Albert’s Lyrebird x Menura novaehollandiae Superb Lyrebird x x x x Family Meropidae Merops ornatus Rainbow Bee-eater x x x x x x x Family Motacillidae Anthus australis Australian Pipit x x x x x x x Family Muscicapidae Zoothera heinei Russet-tailed Thrush x x Zoothera lunulata Bassian Thrush x x

Family Neosittidae Daphoenositta chrsoptera Varied Sittella x x x x x x x Family Oriolidae Oriolus sagittatus Olive-backed Oriole x x x x x x x Sphecotheres vieilloti Australasian Figbird x x x Family Orthonychidae Orthonyx temminckii Logrunner x x Family Oriolidae Oriolus sagittatus Olive-backed Oriole x Family Otididae Ardeotis australis Australian bustard x Family Pachycephalidae Colluricincla harmonica Grey Shrike-thrush x x x x x x x Colluricincla megarhyncha Little shrike-thrush x x

Page 327 Scientific name Common name Local Government Area GI GY GW IN MP TF UR Falcunculus frontatus Eastern Shrike-tit x x x x x x x Oreoica gutturalis Crested Bellbird x x Pachycephala olivacea Olive Whistler x Pachycephala pectoralis Golden Whistler x x x x x x x Pachycephala rufiventris Rufous Whistler x x x x x x x Family Paradisaeidae Ptiloris paradiseus Paradise Riflebird x x Family Pardalotidae Pardalotus punctatus Spotted Pardalote x x x x x x x Pardalotus rubricatus Red-browed Pardalote x Pardalotus striatus Striated Pardalote x x x x x x x Family Passeridae Passer domesticus House Sparrow x x x x x Family Pelecanidae Pelecanus conspicillatus Australian Pelican x x x x x x Family Petroicidae Eopsaltria australis Eastern Yellow Robin x x x x x x x Melanodryas cucullata Hooded Robin x x x x x x Microeca fascinans Jacky Winter x x x x x x x Petroica boodang Scarlet Robin x x x x x Petroica phoenicea Flame Robin x x x x Petroica goodenovii Red-capped Robin x x x x Petroica rosea Rose Robin x x x x x x Tregellasia capito Pale-yellow Robin x x Family Phaethonitidae Phaethon lepturus White-tailed Tropicbird x Family Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant x x x x x x x Phalacrocorax melanoleucos Little Pied Cormorant x x x x x x x Phalacrocorax sulcirostris Little Black Cormorant x x x x x x Phalacrocorax varius Pied Cormorant x x x x x x Family Phasianidae Coturnix chinensis King Quail x x x Coturnix pectoralis Stubble Quail x x x x Coturnix ypsilophora Brown Quail x x x x x Family Pittidae Pitta versicolor Noisy Pitta x x Family Podargidae Podargus strigoides Tawny Frogmouth x x x x x x x Family Podicipedidae Podiceps cristatus Great Crested Grebe x x x x Poliocephalus poliocephalus Hoary-headed Grebe x x x x x Tachybaptus novaehollandiae Australasian Grebe x x x x x x Family Pomatostomidae Pomatostomus superciliosus White-browed Babbler x x x x x Pomatostomus temporalis temporalis Grey-crowned Babbler x x x x x x Family Psittacidae Alisterus scapularis Australian King-Parrot x x x x x x x Aprosmictus erythropterus Red-winged Parrot x x x x x x Cyclopsitta diophthalma coxeni Double-eyed Fig-parrot x Barnardius zonarius Australian Rickneck x x Barnardius zonarius barnardi Mallee Ringneck x x x Glossopsitta concinna Musk Lorikeet x x x x x x x Glossopsitta pusilla Little Lorikeet x x x x x x x Lathamus discolor Swift Parrot x x x Melopsittacus undulatus Budgerigar x x x

Page 328 Scientific name Common name Local Government Area GI GY GW IN MP TF UR Neophema pulchella Turquoise Parrot x x x x x x x Northiella haematogaster Blue Bonnet x x Platycercus adscitus White Cheeked Rosella x x x x Platycercus adscitus adscitus x ex- Eastern/Pale-headed Rosella x x imius Platycercus adscitus eximius Eastern Rosella x x x x x x x Platycercus elegans Crimson Rosella x x x x x x x Psephotus haematonotus Red-rumped Parrot x x x x x x Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus Scaly-breasted Lorikeet x x x x Trichoglossus haematodus Rainbow Lorikeet x x x x x x x Family Ptilonorynchidae Ailuroedus crassirostris Green Catbird x x Chlamydera maculata Spotted Bowerbird x x x Ptilonorhynchus violaceus Satin Bowerbird x x Sericulus chrysocephalus Regent Bowerbird x x Family Rallidae Fulica atra Eurasian Coot x x x x x x Gallinula tenebrosa Dusky Moorhen x x x x x x Gallinula ventralis Black-tailed Native-hen x Gallirallus phillipensis Buff-banded Rail x x x Porphyrio porphyrio Purple Swamphen x x x x x x Porzana fluminea Australian Spotted Crake x x Porzana pusilla Baillon’s Crake x x x Rallus pectoralis Lewin’s Rail x Porzana tabuensis Spotless Crake x Family Recurvirostridae Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt x x x x Recurvirostra novaehollaniae Red-necked Avocet x x x Family Rostratulidae Rostratula benghalensis Painted Snipe x x x Family Scolopacidae Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper x Calidris acuminata Sharp-tailed Sandpiper x x x Calidris melanotos Pectoral Sandpiper x Gallinago hardwickii Latham’s Snipe x x x x x Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit x Numenius minutus Little Curlew x Tringa glareola Wood Sandpiper x Tringa nebularia Common Greenshank x x Tringa stagnatilis Marsh Sandpiper x x x Family Strigidae Ninox boobook Southern Boobook x x x x x x Ninox connivens Barking Owl x x x x x x Ninox strenua Powerful Owl x x x x Family Sturnidae Acridotheres tristis Common Myna x Sturnus vulgaris Common Starling x x x x x x x Family Sylviidae Acrocephalus australis Australian Reed-Warbler x x x x x Acrocephalus australis australis Acrocephalus orientalis Oriental Reed-Warbler x Cincloramphus cruralis Brown Songlark x x x x x x Cincloramphus mathewsi Rufous Songlark x x x x x x x Cisticola exilis Golden-headed Cisticola x x x x Megalurus gramineus Little Grassbird x x x x Megalurus timoriensis Tawny Grassbird x x

Page 329 Scientific name Common name Local Government Area GI GY GW IN MP TF UR Family Threskiornithidae Platalea flavipes Yellow-billed Spoonbill x x x x x Platalea regia Royal Spoonbill x x x x Plegadis falcinellus Glossy Ibis x x x x Threskiornithidae molucca Australian White Ibis x x x x x x Threskiornithidae spinicollis Straw-necked Ibis x x x x x x x Family Turnicidae Turnix melanogaster Black-breasted Button-quail x Turnix pyrrhothorax Red-chested Button-quail x x x Turnix varia Painted Button-quail x x x x x x Turnix velox Little Button Quail x Family Tytonidae Tyto alba Barn Owl x x x x x x Tyto capensis Grass Owl x x Tyto novaehollandiae Masked Owl x x x x x x Tyto tenebricosa Sooty Owl x x Family Zosteropidae Zosterops lateralis Silvereye x x x x x x x MAMMALS Family Acrobatidae Acrobates pygmaeus Feathertail Glider x x x x x x x Family Burramydiae Cercartetus nanus Eastern Pygmy-possum x x x Family Canidae Canis lupus Dingo/domestic dog x x x x Vulpes vulpes Fox x x x x x x Family Dasyuridae Antechinus flavipes Yellow-footed Antechinus x x x x x x Antechinus stuartii Brown Antechinus x x x Antechinus swainsonii Dusky Antechinus x x Dasyurus maculatus Spotted-tailed Quoll x x x x x x Dasyurus viverrinus Eastern Quoll x Phascogale tapoatafa Brush-tailed Phascogale x Planigale maculata Common Planigale x Phascogale tapoatafa Brush-tailed Phascogale x Sminthopsis macroura Stripe-faced Dunnart x Sminthopsis murina Common Dunnart x x x x x x Family Emballonuridae Saccolaimus flaviventris Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bat x x x x x Family Felidae Felis catus Cat x x x x x x x Family Leporidae Lepus capensis Brown Hare x x x x x x x Oryctolagus cuniculus Rabbit x x x x x x x Family Macropodidae Lagorchestes leporides Eastern Hare-wallaby x Macropus dorsalis Black-striped Wallaby x x x x Macropus fuliginosus Western Grey Kangaroo x Macropus giganteus Eastern Grey Kangaroo x x x x x x x Macropus parma Parma Wallaby x x Macropus parryi Whiptail Wallaby x x x Macropus robustus Common Wallaroo x x x x x x x Macropus rufogriseus Red-necked Wallaby x x x x x x Macropus rufus Red Kangaroo x Petrogale penicillata Brush-tailed Rock-Wallaby x x x x Thylogale stigmatica Red-legged Pademelon x x

Page 330 Scientific name Common name Local Government Area GI GY GW IN MP TF UR Thylogale thetis Red-necked Pademelon x x Wallabia bicolor Swamp Wallaby x x x x x x x Family Molossidae Mormopterus planiceps Little Mastiff-bat x x x Mormopterus sp. Mastiff-bat x x Tadarida australis White-striped Freetail-bat x x x x x x Family Muridae Hydromys chrysogaster Water-rat x x x x x x Melomys cervinipes Fawn-footed Melomys x x Mus musculus House Mouse x x x x x x Pseudomys gouldii Gould’s Mouse x Pseudomys gracilicaudatus Eastern Chestnut Mouse x Pseudomys novaehollandiae New Holland Mouse x x Pseudomys oralis Hastings River Mouse x x Rattus fuscipes Bush Rat x x x Rattus lutreolus Swamp Rat x x x Rattus rattus Black Rat x x x x x x Rattus tunneyi Pale Field-rat x Family Ornithorhyncidae Ornithorhynchus anatinus Platypus x x x x x x Family Peramelidae Isoodon macrourus Northern Brown Bandicoot x x Perameles nasuta Long-nosed Bandicoot x x x Family Petauridae Petaurus australis Yellow-bellied Glider x x x Petaurus breviceps Sugar Glider x x x x x x Petaurus norfolcensis Squirrel Glider x x x x x x x Family Phalangeridae Trichorus caninus Mountain Brushtail Possum x x x x Trichosurus vulpecula Common Brushtail Possum x x x x x x x Family Phascolarctidae Phascolarctos cinereus Koala x x x x x x x Family Potoroidae Aepyprymnus rufescens Rufous Bettong x x x Potorous tridactylus Long-nosed Potoroo x x Family Pseudocheiridae Petauroides volans Greater Glider x x x x Pseudocheirus peregrinus Common Ringtail Possum x x x x x x Family Pteropodidae Pteropus poliocephalus Grey-headed Flying-fox x x x x x Pteropus scapulatus Little Red Flying-fox x x x x x Family Rhinolophidae Rhinolophus megaphyllus Eastern Horseshoe-bat x x x x x x Family Suidae Sus scrofa Pig x x x x x Family Tachyglossidae Tachyglossus aculeatus Short-beaked Echidna x x x x x x x Family Vespertilionidae Chalinolobus dwyeri Large-eared Pied Bat x x Chalinolobus gouldii Gould’s Wattled Bat x x x x x x Chalinolobus morio Chocolate Wattled Bat x x x x x Chalinolobus nigrogriseus Hoary Wattled Bat x Falsistrellus tasmaniensis Eastern False Pipistrelle x x x Kerivoula papuensis Golden-tipped Bat x Chalinolobus picatus Little Pied Bat x x x Miniopterus australis Little Bentwing-bat x

Page 331 Scientific name Common name Local Government Area GI GY GW IN MP TF UR Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis Eastern Bentwing Bat x x x x Myotis adversus Large-footed Myotis x Nyctophilus geoffroyi Lesser Long-eared Bat x x x x x Nyctophilus gouldi Gould’s Long-eared Bat x x x x x x Nyctophilus timoriensis Eastern Long-eared Bat x x x x Scoteanax rueppellii Greater Broad-nosed Bat x x x x Scotorepens balstoni Inland Broad-nosed Bat x x x Scotorepens greyii Little Broad-nosed Bat x x x Scotorepens orion Eastern Broad-nosed Bat x x x Vespadelus darlingtoni Large Forest Bat x x x x x Vespadelus pumulus Eastern Forest Bat x x Vespadelus regulus Southern Forest Bat x x x Vespadelus troughtoni Eastern Cave Bat x x Vespadelus vulturnus Little Forest Bat x x x x x Family Vombatidae Vombatus ursunis Common Wombat x x x x x REPTILES Family Agamidae Amphibolurus muricatus Jacky Lashtail x x x x x x x Amphibolurus nobbi Nobbi Lashtail x x x x x x x Diporiphora australis Eastern Two-line Dragon x Hypsilurus spinipes Southern Forest Dragon x Lophognathus burnsi x x x Physignathus lesueurii Eastern Water Dragon x x x x x x x Pogona barbata Eastern Bearded Dragon x x x x x x Tympanocryptis tetraporophora Long-tailed Earless Dragon x Family Boidae Antaresia maculosa Eastern Small-blotched Python x Morelia spilota Carpet/Diamond Python x x Morelia spilota variegata Carpet Python x x Family Chelidae Broad-shelled Snake-necked Chelodina expansa x Turtle Chelodina longicollis Eastern Snake-necked Turtle x x x x x x x Elseya belli Bell’s Turtle x Emydura macquarii Murray Short-necked Turtle x Brisbane River Short-necked Emydura macquarii signata x x x Turtle Family Colubridae Boida irregularis Eastern Brown Tree Snake x x Dendrelaphis punctulatus Green Tree Snake x x x x x Family Elapidae Acanthophis antarcticus Southern Death Adder x x Australeps ramsayi Highlands Copperhead x Brachyurophis australis Eastern Shovel-nosed Snake x x x x x x Cacophis harriettae White-crowned snake x Cacophis krefftii Dwarf Crowned Snake x x Cacophis squalmulosus Golden Crowned Snake x x x Demansia psammophis Yellow-faced Whipsnake x x x x x Denisonia devisi De Vis’s Banded Snake x x x Drysdalia coronoides White-lipped Snake x x x Furina diadema Red-naped Snake x x x x x x x Furina dunmalli Dunmall’s Snake x Hemiapsis damelii Grey Snake x Hemiapsis signata Marsh Snake x x Hoplocephalus bitorquatus Pale-headed Snake x x

Page 332 Scientific name Common name Local Government Area GI GY GW IN MP TF UR Hoplocephalus stephensii Stephens’ Banded Snake x x Notechis scutatus Mainland Tiger Snake x x Parasuta dwyeri Variable Black-naped Snake x x x x x x Parasuta spectabilis Spectacled Hooded Snake x x x Pseudechis australis Mulga Snake x Pseudechis guttatus Spotted Black Snake x x x x x Pseudechis porphyriacus Red-bellied Black Snake x x x x x x x Pseudonaja textilis Eastern Brown Snake x x x x x x Rhinoplocephalus nigrescens Small-eyed Snake x x Suta suta Curl Snake x Vermicella annulata Eastern Bandy-bandy x x x x x x Family Gekkonidae Diplodactylus steindachneri Box-patterned Gecko x Diplodactylus tessellatus Tesselated Gecko x Diplodactylus vittatus Eastern Stone Gecko x x x x x x Gehyra dubia Dubious Dtella x x x x x Gehyra variegata Varied Dtella x x x Heteronotia binoei Prickly Gecko x x x x x Oedura lesueurii Lesueur’s Velvet Gecko x x x x x x Oedura robusta Robust Velvet Gecko x x x x Oedura tryoni Southern Spotted Velvet Gecko x x x x x x Saltuarius swaini Southern Leaf-tailed Gecko x x Strophurus intermedius Southern Spiny-tailed Gecko x Strophurus williamsi Eastern Spiny-tailed Gecko x x x Underwoodisaurus milii Thick-tailed Gecko x x Underwoodisaurus sphyrurus Border Thick-tailed Gecko x x x x x Family Pygopodidae Delma plebeia Leaden Delma x x Delma tincta Excitable Delma x x Lialis burtonis Burton’s Snake-lizard x x x x x x Pygopus lepidopodus Southern Scaly-foot x x x x Pygopus schraderi Eastern Hooded Scaly-foot x Family Scincidae Acritoscincus platynota Red-throated Cool-skink x x x x x Anomalopus leuckartii Two-clawed Worm-skink x x x x x x x Anomalopus mackayi Five-clawed Worm Skink x x Anomalopus verreauxii Three-clawed Worm Skink x Calyptosis ruficauda Red-tailed Calyptosis x Calyptosis scutirostrum Scute-snouted Calyptotis x x x Carlia foliorum Tree-base Litter-skink x x x x x Carlia tetradactyla Southern Rainbow-skink x x x x Carlia vivax Tussock Rainbow-skink x x x x x Coeranoscincus reticulatus Three-toed Snake-tooth Skink x Cryptobleparus carnabyi Shiny-palmed Shinning-skink x x Cryptoblepharus plagiocephalus Callose-palmed Shinning-skink x x Cryptoblepharus virgatus Cream-striped Shinning-skink x x x x x x x Brown-backed Yellow-lined Ctenotus eurydice x x Ctenotus Ctenotus ingrami Yellow-sided ctenotus x Ctenotus robustus Robust Ctenotus x x x x x x x Eastern Barred Wedge-snout Ctenotus strauchii x Ctenotus Ctenotus taeniolatus Copper-tailed Ctenotus x x x x x x x Cunningham’s Spiny-tailed Egernia cunninghami x x x x x x x Skink Egernia frerei Major Skink x x

Page 333 Scientific name Common name Local Government Area GI GY GW IN MP TF UR Egernia major Land Mullet x x Egernia mcpheei Eastern Crevice Skink x x x Egernia modesta Eastern Ranges Rock-skink x x x x x Egernia saxatilis Black Crevice-skink x Egernia saxatilis intermedia x Egernia striolata Tree-crevice Skink x x x x x x x Egernia whitii White’s Rock-skink x x x Eremiascincus richardsonii Broad-banded Sand-swimmer x Eulamprus quoyii Eastern Water-skink x x x Eulamprus heatwolei Warm-temperate Water-skink x x x Eulampreus kosciuskoi Alpine Meadow-skink x x x x Eulamprus martini Dark Barsided Skink x x x Eulamprus murrayi Blue-speckled Forest-skink x x x Eulamprus quoyii Eastern Water-skink x x x Eulamprus tenuis Bar-sided Forest-skink x x x x Eulamprus tenuis/martini Barred-sided Skink x Harrisoniascincus zia Rainforest Cool-skink x Hemiergis decresiensis Three-toed Earless Skink x x x Lampropholis delicata Dark-flecked Garden Sunskink x x x x x Lamphropholis guichenoti Pale-flecked Garden Sunskink x x x Lerista bougainvillii South-eastern Slider x x x x Lerista muelleri Wood Mulch-slider x x x x Lerista punctatovittata Eastern Robust Slider x x Menetia greyii Common Dwarf Skink x Morethia boulengeri South-eastern Morethia Skink x x x x x x x Ophioscincus truncatus Short-limbed Snake-skink x Saiphos equalis Yellow-bellied Three-toed Skink x x x Saproscincus challengeri Orange-tailed Shadeskink x x Saproscincus galli Gully Shadeskink x Saproscincus mustelina Weasel Shadeskink x x x Saproscincus rosei Orange-tailed Shadeskink x x Tiliqua rugosa Shingleback Lizard x x x Tiliqua scincoides Common Bluetongue x x x x x x x Family Typhlopidae Ramphotyphlops ligatus Robust Blind Snake x Ramphotyphlops nigrescens Blackish Blind Snake x x x x x Ramphotyphlops proximus Proximus Blind Snake x x x x x Ramphotyphlops wiedii Brown-snouted Blind Snake x x x x Family Varanidae Varanus gouldii Sand Monitor x x x x x x Varanus tristis Black-tailed Monitor x x Varanus varius Lace Monitor x x x x x

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