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COMPARISON and DIFFERENTIATION in FOSSIL and RECENT SPECIMENS of the MELONGENID SUBGENUS REXMELA in FLORIDA by Crystal Pletka A

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COMPARISON and DIFFERENTIATION in FOSSIL and RECENT SPECIMENS of the MELONGENID SUBGENUS REXMELA in FLORIDA by Crystal Pletka A COMPARISON AND DIFFERENTIATION IN FOSSIL AND RECENT SPECIMENS OF THE MELONGENID SUBGENUS REXMELA IN FLORIDA By Crystal Pletka A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Charles E. Schmidt College of Science in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL May 2009 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Edward Petuch, and my other committee members, Dr. Anton Oleinik and Dr. M. G. Harasewych, for their leadership, advisement and assistance in all areas. I would also like to thank the Department of Earth and Environment at Florida International University for their support, understanding and assistance, while I was finishing up my experience at Florida Atlantic University. I cannot express enough how grateful I am to Zachary Mester for all of his help with collection and for being a sounding board to every question, idea, comment, or concern I had. His support and caring helped me start, and finish, this thesis and I can never thank him enough. I would also like to thank Alan and Carol Mester and Michelle Chrpa for helping me with my collections. I am extremely thankful for the love and support of my family and friends, especially Rebecca Port, who reminded that I would get through this. To all of my other friends and colleagues who have helped along the way, thank you so much for being there for me. I also wish to thank the Coastal Education and Research Fund, who provided financial assistance along the way, as well as the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia who allowed me the use of their collections. iii Abstract Author: Crystal R. Pletka Title: Comparison and Differentiation in Fossil and Recent Specimens of the Melongenid Subgenus Rexmela in Florida. Institution: Florida Atlantic University Thesis Advisor: Dr. Edward Petuch Degree: Masters of Science Year: 2009 The subgenus Rexmela, located primarily in Florida, is newly evolved, dating back 1.6 million years, first occurring in the Ayer’s Landing Member of the Caloosahatchee Formation. This subgenus has highly variably shell morphology and has led to the erection of several species and subspecies. In order to provide a quantitative methodology with which to differentiate between populations, samples of Recent and fossil populations were collected and measured for a variety of parameters. The parameters measured included length, width, spire height, and several angles, and allowed for a discriminate analysis to be completed. The analysis supported the distinction of several of the populations as ecophenotypes. Paleoenvironments of the fossil populations were then recreated using analogues of Recent populations. iv Table of Contents List of Figures .................................................................................................................. viii List of Tables .......................................................................................................................x 1.0 Introduction ....................................................................................................................1 1.1 Objectives of Study ...................................................................................................2 1.2 Hypothesis.................................................................................................................2 1.3 Relevance ..................................................................................................................2 1.4 Study Area ................................................................................................................3 1.5 Thesis Organization ..................................................................................................4 2.0 Literature Review...........................................................................................................6 2.1 Subgenus Overview ..................................................................................................6 2.2 History of Study of Subgenus in Florida ..................................................................7 2.3 Naming and Description of Species and Subspecies ..............................................11 2.3.1 Recent Specimens ...........................................................................................11 2.3.2 Fossil Specimens .............................................................................................13 3.0 Geologic Setting ...........................................................................................................15 4.0 Materials and Methodology .........................................................................................22 4.1 Field Sampling ........................................................................................................22 4.2 DNA Extraction and Sequencing ............................................................................23 v 4.3 Cleaning and Vouchering .......................................................................................24 4.4 Fossil Specimens .....................................................................................................24 4.5 Museum Collection .................................................................................................25 4.6 Distance Measurements ..........................................................................................25 4.7 Angle Measurements ..............................................................................................26 4.8 Data Analysis ..........................................................................................................27 4.8.1 Excel ...............................................................................................................27 4.8.2 Bivariate Analysis ...........................................................................................28 4.8.3 Multivariate Analysis ......................................................................................29 5.0 Results and Analysis ....................................................................................................30 5.1 Ecological Descriptions ..........................................................................................30 5.1.1 M. c. corona ....................................................................................................30 5.1.2 M. c. johnstonei ...............................................................................................31 5.1.3 M. c. altispira ..................................................................................................32 5.1.4 M. bicolor ........................................................................................................33 5.1.5 M. sprucecreekensis ........................................................................................33 5.1.6 M. c. winnerae.................................................................................................34 5.1.7 M. corona (unknown sample) .........................................................................35 5.2 DNA Sequencing ....................................................................................................36 5.3 Distance Measurements ..........................................................................................36 5.4 Angle Measurements ..............................................................................................38 5.5 Bivariate Analysis ...................................................................................................39 5.6 Multivariate Analysis ..............................................................................................41 vi 5.6.1 Fossil Specimens .............................................................................................41 5.6.2 Recent Specimens ...........................................................................................43 5.6.3 Modern Analogues ..........................................................................................45 6.0 Discussion and Conclusions ........................................................................................48 7.0 Systematics ..................................................................................................................50 Appendix 1 .........................................................................................................................63 Appendix 2 .........................................................................................................................75 Appendix 3 .........................................................................................................................83 Literature Cited ..................................................................................................................91 vii List of Figures Figure 1. Map showing locations of samples within Florida…………………………… 4 Figure 2. Comparison of (a) Melongena melongena and (b) Melongena (Rexmela) corona johnstonei (Photograph from (a) http://www.gastropods.com/Shell_Images/M/ Melongena_melongena_2.jpg and personal collection, 2008) ………………………………….. 7 Figure 3. Diagram showing generalized morphology and terminology for a typical Rexmela…………………………………………………………………………………. 10 Figure 4. Sea-level curve with dashed line showing present levels (Taken from Lambeck and Chappell, 2001)…………………………………………………………………….. 16 Figure 5. Stratigraphic column showing geologic units since the Oligocene in Florida (Taken from
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