HUTEN Given : 02 Dec 2020 UZAY ORTAMI UZ529 Event Date  Due : 31 Dec 2020 TERM PROJECT 2020-2021 Report Date  Due : 20 Jan 2021 Instructor: Z.KaymaZ PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT: This project measures your ability to identify the near Earth spacecraft environment using real time observations made by instruments onboard a spacecraft, learn how to interpret your data and relate your event occurring near the Earth to solar conditions. ------SUMMARY : You will choose two spacecraft: one at the L1 point and the other orbiting the Earth and moves in various regions of the near-Earth space environment. Your magnetospheric spacecraft is the one orbiting the Earth while your monitor is the spacecraft you choose at L1 point observing the Sun and recording the solar wind. The some of the regions that your magnetospheric spacecraft move in include solar wind, , , and . You are assigned to find a time interval when your magnetospheric spacecraft encounters bow shock and magnetopause and use the data corresponding to these times to understand the variability in the near Earth space environment in response to solar wind conditions. Once you determined a time interval that includes bow shock and magnetopause, this will be your EVENT. You should confirm your event either with the lecturer or class assistant to proceed further in your project. In order to process the data from your spacecraft, you need to be proficient with one of the plotting/programming packages/softwares such as excel or matlab or any other similar tool that you are comfortable with. Your will write a report when complete your project including your analysis and the interpretation of your results. ------1. SELECT YOUR SPACECRAFT: Some of the spacecraft used to study Earth’s Space Environment are Themis, Interball, , IMP- 8, Cluster, ISEE-1/2, , Wind, ISEE-3, ACE. Select ONE of the THEMIS spacecraft (B or C) mon NASA’s web page given in (links in 4a and 4b) and answer the following questions in one or two sentences: a. What is the scientific purpose of launching your spacecraft into space? i.e. the scientific purpose for that spacecraft to be built. b. What are the names of the instruments that measure: (Do NOT explain the instruments and how they work or record data). Give only the abbreviated names of the instruments.) i. Magnetic Field ii. Density iii. Plasma Velocity iv. Plasma Temperature c. Answer the following questions for your Magnetospheric spacecraft. i. Orbital period ii. Inclination iii. Apogee iv. Perigee ------First Important Note before You Start the next Section: There are many parts in this project which lead you step by step towards the purpose of the project. It is not as complicated as it looks. You have to be frequently in contact either with the instructor or with the class assistant for each step to see if you are proceeding correctly. Otherwise you may feel confused and time pressured especially if you do everything close to the deadline. This way we will also keep track how each of you progresses. Each part depends on the previous parts. So be careful and make sure that you do the previous parts correctly so that any mistake there will not affect your answer for the next part. ------♣ Note: 1 1. Project returned after due date will not be accepted. 2. Scanned Projects are not accepted. 3. Projects copied from others will not be accepted and treated as plagiarism and will be rated as zero. 4. Do not COPY from internet. Use your own words in your understanding if you use internet for your search.

HUTEN Given : 02 Dec 2020 UZAY ORTAMI UZ529 Event Date  Due : 31 Dec 2020 TERM PROJECT 2020-2021 Report Date  Due : 20 Jan 2021 Instructor: Z.KaymaZ ------2. OBTAIN DATA: MAGNETOSPHERIC SPACECRAFT: Using the data measured by your magnetospheric spacecraft you can determine the characteristics of the space environment near Earth as the spacecraft travels through different regions in space. r v 2a.) By scanning through signatures of magnetic field ( B), velocity ( V ), density ( n), temperature ( T) data on the web, Find a time interval during which you observe Solar wind, Bow Shock, Magnetosheath and magnetopause boundary. This is your “ EVENT ”. Once you determine your event, register it to the google page provided at the end of this document for the instructor or class assistant to check. Please follow the instructions made for your event and once you receive “OK” proceed with the rest of the questions. Be aware that there might be problems inherent to the data itself so it is important you check your event date with the instructor/class assistant. While recording your event date on the google sheet, always check that at the time of your recording, nobody else has already recorded the same EVENT time you have chosen. This is your responsibility to make sure. The earlier recording on google sheet will be assumed to be correct in case of conflict. 2b.) A time interval covering one “Bow Shock-Magnetosheath-Magnetopause” or “Magnetopause- Magnetosheath-Bow Shock” is called “one pass”. First is the inbound pass or inbound crossing and second one is the outbound pass or outbound crossing with respect to the Earth.

Download the data within your event interval starting from two hour earlier than the time of bow shock crossing and two hour later than the time of your magnetopause crossing if it is an inbound; and two hour earlier than the time of magnetopause and two hour laterr than time of bow shock if it is an outbound crossing. The data you want to download are ( B (Bx, By, Bz, B tot ) 3 o in nT, total velocity Vtot in km/s, n in #/cm , T in K). If total velocity is not present, then download Vx, Vy and Vz components and calculate Vtot yourself. Temperature can be given in 3 components. You should calculate the total temperature using the components as in Vtot calculation. Convert temperatures to eV as it is more convenient. 1 eV=11600 Kelvin.

There could be multiple bow shocks and multiple magnetopauses during one pass. Remove all multiple bow shock crossings and similarly multiple magnetopause crossings, if any. If the trajectory of your spacecraft is inbound, keep only your last entry before the bow shock and first entry to magnetopause after the magnetopause encounter of your spacecraft. Accordingly, last entry before the magnetopause and first exit after the bow shock encounter for an outbound pass.

SOLAR WIND MONITOR: Your spacecraft at L1 point will give solar wind conditions corresponding to your event observed by your magnetospheric spacecraft. 2c.) Select a solar wind monitor at Lagrangian point (L1) on CDAWEb (link in 4a). This would be either ACE or WIND spacecraft. One of these spacecraft will be your Solar Wind monitor. As you have done in part 2b, Download the data from solar wind monitor corresponding to your event. ------

------♣ Note: 2 1. Project returned after due date will not be accepted. 2. Scanned Projects are not accepted. 3. Projects copied from others will not be accepted and treated as plagiarism and will be rated as zero. 4. Do not COPY from internet. Use your own words in your understanding if you use internet for your search.

HUTEN Given : 02 Dec 2020 UZAY ORTAMI UZ529 Event Date  Due : 31 Dec 2020 TERM PROJECT 2020-2021 Report Date  Due : 20 Jan 2021 Instructor: Z.KaymaZ 3. ORBIT PLOTS: 3a.) Make orbit plots from both spacecraft corresponding to your event time. Make orbit plots in xy-, xz-, and yz-planes using SSCWEb page (link in 4b). Use the default orbit plotting tool (Locator graphics) and copy-paste from the screen. Use only unit of Re for distances in your calculations/graphics, NOT km or meter . If you like you can make the orbit plots such that both spacecraft are seen on each panel of xz-, xy-, and yz -planes. ------4. CALCULATION OF DELAY TIME AND CREATING MATCH TABLE 4a.) The solar wind takes a ∆T time to move from spacecraft at L1 point to your magnetospheric spacecraft. This “ ∆T” time is called “Delay Time” or “Convection Time” or “Propagation Time”. To Compute the delay time: calculate the average X-position data from both spacecraft and average Vx component of the velocity from your solar wind spacecraft. To calculate the delay time, use Figure 1 at the end of this document. 4b.) Apply a time shift to your magnetospheric spacecraft data by the amount of the delay time. This process is called MATCHING. You will have to contact with the instructor/assistant if this is not clear. 4c.) Create a grand data Table (Table-1) that contains (times and data from L1 spacecraft and corresponding “delayed” times and data from the magnetospheric spacecraft. You should make sure that you have enough data before bow shock and after magnetopause times in case of inbound and before the magnetopause and after the bow shock in case of outbound.r r Your grand data file (Table-1) should contain: time, magnetic field B in nT, velocity V in 3 km/s,r density n in #/cm r , temperature T in eV, from solar wind spacecraft; time2, magnetic field2 B in nT, velocity2 V in km/s, density2 ( n) in #/cm 3, temperature2 ( T) in eV from your magnetospheric spacecraft. Calculate the solar wind dynamic pressure (in nPa) using your L1 spacecraft and add it in your Table-1. This will be the table that you will use for your analysis. Therefore, make sure that you have all quantities at correct times from both spacecraft before you proceed to the next section below.

------5. TIME SERIES PLOTS : Use all data for this part of the project.

5a.) Make time series plots of the parameters Bto t in nT, IMF Bz in nT, total velocity Vtot in km/s, n in #/cm 3, T in eV from both spacecraft. Make all plots stacked on each other. Do not make separate plots. Plot magnetospheric spacecraft data first and the solar wind data below it. There should be only one plot. You have to create your own plots. Do not just print screen-copy of the plots from internet. Create your own plots. This is essential for good grades. 5b.) Indicate the times when your magnetospheric spacecraft observes bow shock and magnetopause times on your plots. 5c.) Indicate the name of the space regions, that your magnetospheric spacecraft takes measurements, i.e. solar wind, magnetosheath, and magnetosphere. 5d.) Give a description of the variations/differences you see in the data recorded by your magnetospheric spacecraft and corresponding solar wind spacecraft data. Use the following properties to compare: strength, IMF Bz, and the fluctuations in the data. Indicate how all quantities change from one region to another as the spacecraft moves in different regions (i.e. Solar Wind, magnetosheath, magnetosphere, shock, magnetopause). Describe the characteristic properties of these regions using the variations in these quantities. ------♣ Note: 3 1. Project returned after due date will not be accepted. 2. Scanned Projects are not accepted. 3. Projects copied from others will not be accepted and treated as plagiarism and will be rated as zero. 4. Do not COPY from internet. Use your own words in your understanding if you use internet for your search.

HUTEN Given : 02 Dec 2020 UZAY ORTAMI UZ529 Event Date  Due : 31 Dec 2020 TERM PROJECT 2020-2021 Report Date  Due : 20 Jan 2021 Instructor: Z.KaymaZ 5e.) Calculate the followings for BOTH spacecraft: maximum, minimum, and average values for the

following parameters; Bto t, IMF Bz, total velocity Vtot , density, temperature, dynamic pressure for EACH region , i.e. solar wind, magnetosheath, and magnetosphere for your event. Results should be presented in the same table, Table-2. Create two separate statistics fro IMF Bz ≥0 and IMF Bz<0. 6. RELATION BETWEEN DYNAMIC PRESSURE, MAGNETOPAUSE, AND BOW SHOCK: 6a.) Calculate bow shock and magnetopause distance at the subsolar point for your event using data from your solar wind spacecraft data. Give your results in units of Re . Add your calculations of RMP and R shock in Table-1. 6b.) Plot dynamic pressure (nPa) versus bow shock (R shock ) and dynamic pressure (nPa) versus magnetopause distance (R MP ). Use unit of Re for distances. Describe and Interpret the variations you see in your plot. ------7. AURORAE, MAGNETOPAUSE DISTANCE, DYNAMIC PRESSURE: 7a.) Calculate the size of the auroral oval boundary (latitude) corresponding to your subsolar magnetopause positions. Make a plot of dynamic pressure (nPa) versus auroral latitude (degree) and describe and interpret how the latitude circle (auroral oval) moves with the changes in solar wind dynamic pressure. In your plots, angles should have units in degree, not radian . 7b.) Make a plot of subsolar magnetopause distance (Re) versus auroral oval in degree. 7c.) Examine www.spaceweather.com web page and decide if your event corresponds to active solar conditions. Give the parameters such as sunspot number, type, cme presence, etc, to decide whether the Sun is active during your event. ------8. TEST OF RANKINE HUGOENOT RELATION AND EVAULUATION OF MACH NUMBER: Consider now only the data within 15 min interval of your bow shock time. That is, use the data only within 10 min before and after the bow shock for this part. 8a.) To test how strong the bow shock is, using the averaged quantities within 15 min time window before and after the bow shock, evaluate if your event satisfies the Rankine-Huguenot conditions for mass flux conservation across the bow shock. How much is it different? Quantify the difference . The closer the numbers to each other on both sides of the shock and to 4, then the shock is a strong shock. If result is larger then 2, then you may assume that your shock is a strong shock. 8b.) Using averaged quantities within 15 min interval of bow shock, Evaluate the sonic Mach number (Ms) on both sides of the bow shock. Evaluate the flow if it is supersonic or subsonic depending on whether Ms >> 1 or Ms < 1. You have to calculate the sound speed to answer this. ------9. In your project, use data in GSM (Geocentric Solar Magnetospheric) coordinate system for your vectoral data except for orbit plots in xy-, xz-, and yz-planes. However, you must use GSE for position data. GSM defines the magnetospheric variations better as it is described by using the Earth’s geomagnetic dipole. ------10. Write a report covering your results. See HIGHLIGHTS part for writing your report. 11. Return your report on January 20, 2021.

------♣ Note: 4 1. Project returned after due date will not be accepted. 2. Scanned Projects are not accepted. 3. Projects copied from others will not be accepted and treated as plagiarism and will be rated as zero. 4. Do not COPY from internet. Use your own words in your understanding if you use internet for your search.

HUTEN Given : 02 Dec 2020 UZAY ORTAMI UZ529 Event Date  Due : 31 Dec 2020 TERM PROJECT 2020-2021 Report Date  Due : 20 Jan 2021 Instructor: Z.KaymaZ

12. Related web pages: a. CDAWEB-NASA: cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov  for B, V, n, T etc. data b. SSCWEB-NASA: sscweb.gsfc.nasa.gov  for spacecraft position and orbit data. ------

RECORDING YOUR DATE: Inform your instructor about your event date by December 31, 2021.

------EXPLANATORY NOTES: (*) To match the data from your event spacecraft in the magnetosheath and your solar wind monitor at L1 you need to shift your magnetospheric spacecraft data in time with the amount of your delay time ∆T that. This shifting amount may be found by using the average solar wind speed, average X position of L1 spacecraft and average x-position of your event spacecraft data.

(** ) Do NOT give all the data in your matched Table in your report. Give only one page of the list which covers data from the bow shock interval to Mpause. Highlight Bow shock and Mpause crossings on your list.

(*** ) You may want to average your data at certain time intervals, like 5minute average or 10 min average or more if you have large amounts of data more than thousands. When you average your data, make sure the number of data are not less than 300. Contact the instructor if you decide to make average of your data. ------IMPORTANT NOTE : The project involves and requires handling of large amount of data sets. Frequently, some problems with the spacecraft data itself appear such as large data gaps or spikes. Therefore, to avoid unexpected delays and to complete the project during the given time, it is suggested to start on the project as soon as possible and communicate with the instructor or class assistant as often as you need.: a. Each student has to have her/his own crossing date. Overlapped crossing dates are not acceptable. You are responsible for not to overlap it by always checking the dates registered on our google site for the event you have chosen. In case of overlapping, the “Time Stamp” in the list will be taken as basis for conflicts. b. To identify and claim on your crossing , inform your instructor timely on your event. It will work on a “first come first serve” basis. c. An event should include one inbound or outbound crossing that consists of ONE bow shock and ONE magnetopause . Events without a bow shock or without a magnetopause are not acceptable. d. Multiple bow shocks or magnetopause crossings do occur in one inbound or outbound crossing. You have to consult to the instructor if you have such an event to handle your analysis for these cases. e. X-position of your solar wind monitor should be larger than at least +20 Re in order to clear the bow shock effects in solar wind data f. Return your reports on January 20, 2021. Ask any questions or problems you meet as you progress on your project. We will have special session during our class about the project description and discussion. ------♣ Note: 5 1. Project returned after due date will not be accepted. 2. Scanned Projects are not accepted. 3. Projects copied from others will not be accepted and treated as plagiarism and will be rated as zero. 4. Do not COPY from internet. Use your own words in your understanding if you use internet for your search.

HUTEN Given : 02 Dec 2020 UZAY ORTAMI UZ529 Event Date  Due : 31 Dec 2020 TERM PROJECT 2020-2021 Report Date  Due : 20 Jan 2021 Instructor: Z.KaymaZ

Figure-1: Explanation for Delay Time Concept for Matching Data mentioned.

------♣ Note: 6 1. Project returned after due date will not be accepted. 2. Scanned Projects are not accepted. 3. Projects copied from others will not be accepted and treated as plagiarism and will be rated as zero. 4. Do not COPY from internet. Use your own words in your understanding if you use internet for your search.

HUTEN Given : 02 Dec 2020 UZAY ORTAMI UZ529 Event Date  Due : 31 Dec 2020 TERM PROJECT 2020-2021 Report Date  Due : 20 Jan 2021 Instructor: Z.KaymaZ HIGHLIGHTS ABOUT THE PROJECT 1. This project is not just about preparing the plots/graphics. After you have done plots/graphics/tables you have to interpret what you see in those, i.e. explain what the graphic shows and what is the result you can make out of those plots. 2. You have to make the graphics yourself using your favorite plotting software. The grading will not be same if you copy and paste the graphics from the Cdaweb/Sscweb screen and if you do yourself. 3. Be careful and pay attention on the type of the plot asked in the question. They could be scatter plots or time series plots. If you are not sure what type it is, please ask. 4. Give a Figure caption or Table caption for each of your Figures and Tables. 5. You have to answer/do each part in the order that appears in the project sheet. You are not supposed combine the parts as you wish. Each part has its own grading mark. Thus you are expected to give separate answers for each of them. 6. You may use 4 digits after the comma in your calculations. 7. For some of the spacecraft, temperature variable is recorded as Tparalel and Tperp which is the temperature along the magnetic field lines and temperature perpendicular to the magnetic field direction. Use magnitude of temperature to plot. 8. Use Re as distance/length measure in your calculations and final results. Use nT for magnetic field and nPa for pressure. 9. You have to show the time in your time series plots in the format of hr:min (i.e. 12:30 UT) or in fractions of hr, i.e. (12,5). 10. Major and minor tick marks should be seen in your graphics. 11. Time axis (tick marks on the time axis) should be in equal intervals. Every 10 or 15 min for example. 12. Give the label for each axis; i.e. indicate what each axis shows: what does the horizontal axis show and what does the vertical axis show. Do not just leave it in the format of excel. Give explanatory labels yourself. 13. You are expected to hand your Final report about the project in a neat way and in English. Final report should have Conclusion section where you summarize what you have done and your interpretations of your results. 14. You can use computer to prepare/write your final report. 15. Please do not try to plagiarize the graphics from your friends or use their words to explain your cases. This is an individual project. Everybody’s case is different. You will get zero for the project if you copy/photocopy/scan others’ graphics. 16. Do not make photocopy of the plots from your friend’s project as each student has their own events. This will end up with zero for your project. Though the plots may look like each other, there are differences we pay attention and look for those you do not notice. 17. Do not cut and paste and glue the graphics on your project. It should be presented in a neat way. 18. Extra interpretations that reflect the students’ independent research out of class material will be credited extra. Show your original ideas and reflect your imaginations based on the class material or extra material you searched about the project topics. ------♣ Note: 7 1. Project returned after due date will not be accepted. 2. Scanned Projects are not accepted. 3. Projects copied from others will not be accepted and treated as plagiarism and will be rated as zero. 4. Do not COPY from internet. Use your own words in your understanding if you use internet for your search.