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“Cave Fishes” from the Arabika Karst Massif Arthropoda Selecta 28(2): 225–245 © ARTHROPODA SELECTA, 2019 Crustacean “cave fishes” from the Arabika karst massif (Abkhazia, Western Caucasus): new species of stygobiotic crustacean genera Xiphocaridinella and Niphargus from the Gegskaya Cave and adjacent area «Ïåùåðíûå ðûáû» êàðñòîâîãî ìàññèâà Àðàáèêà (Àáõàçèÿ, Çàïàäíûé Êàâêàç): íîâûå âèäû ñòèãîáèîíòíûõ ðàêîîáðàçíûõ ðîäîâ Xiphocaridinella è Niphargus èç Ãåãñêîé ïåùåðû è ïðèëåãàþùèõ ðàéîíîâ Ivan N. Marin Èâàí Í. Ìàðèí A.N. Severtzov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of RAS, Leninsky prosp., 33, Moscow 119071 Russia. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Biological Department, Altai State University, prospekt Lenina, 61, Barnaul, 656049 Russia. Институт проблем экологии и эволюции им. А.Н. Северцова РАН, Ленинский просп., 33, Москва 119071 Россия. Биологический факультет, Алтайский государственный университет, пр-т Ленина, 61, Барнаул 656049 Россия. KEY WORDS: Crustacea, Malacostraca, Xiphocaridinella, Atyidae, Niphargus, Nipharidae, stygobiotic, new species, Gegskaya Cave, Arabika, Abkhazia, Caucasus. КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: Crustacea, Malacostraca, Xiphocaridinella, Atyidae, Niphargus, Nipharidae, стиго- бионты, новые виды, Гегская пещера, Арабика, Абхазия, Кавказ. ABSTRACT. Stygobiotic animals washed from var- легендарных «пещерных» рыбок, которых ранее ious groundwater sources from the Arabika karst mas- видели в подземных озерах карстового массива sif (Abkhazia, Western Caucasus) were studied. As a Арабика. В то же время в ходе исследования не result, new species of stygobiotic crustacean genera было обнаружено ни одной истинной пещерной Xiphocaridinella and Niphargus were described based рыбы или какого-либо подтверждения их присут- on DNA (COI mtDNA gene marker) and morphologi- ствия. В статье также впервые обсуждаются поро- cal studies in the Gegskaya (Gega) Cave. These crusta- ги (thresholds) генетического разделения видов для ceans are probably the legendary cave-dwelling “fish- кавказских видов рода Niphargus. es” which were previously reported from the Arabika karst massif. At the same time, during the study, no real Introduction cave fish or any evidence of their presence was found. Genetic delimitation thresholds for Caucasian Niphar- Cave fishes are very diverse, being an important gus species are also discussed in the paper. component of almost all tropical subterranean environ- How to cite this article: Marin I.N. 2019. Crusta- ments (e.g. Jeffery, 2001; Romero, 2001; Romero, Paul- cean “cave fishes” from the Arabika karst massif (Abk- son, 2001; Culver, Pipan, 2009; Borowsky, 2018). Tro- hazia, Western Caucasus): new species of stygobiotic glocobitis starostini (Parin, 1983) (Nemacheilidae), the crustacean genera Xiphocaridinella and Niphargus from only true cave-dwelling fish species presently known the Gegskaya Cave and adjacent area // Arthropoda within the former USSR, including Europe and Central Selecta. Vol.28. No.2. P.225–245. doi: 10.15298/arth- Asia, was described from the Köýtendag ridge (37°55′N sel. 28.2.05 66°23′E), Chardzhou province, Turkmenistan [Parin, 1983]. The only known European stygobiotic fish is РЕЗЮМЕ. В работе представлены описания сти- presented by the underground population of the loach гобионтных животных, вымытых из различных под- genus Barbatula Linck, 1790 (Nemacheilidae), recent- земных источников разгрузки карстового массива ly discovered in the Donau-Aach underground karst Арабика (Абхазия, Западный Кавказ). На основе water system in the southern Germany [Behrmann- анализа ДНК и исследования морфологии из Гегс- Godel et al., 2017] (provisionally named European кой пещеры описаны новые виды стигобионтных cave loach). The population is morphologically and ракообразных родов Xiphocaridinella и Niphargus. genetically differentiated from the common loach Bar- Эти ракообразные, вероятно, представляют собой batula barbatula (Linnaeus, 1758), living in the adja- 226 I.N. Marin Fig. 1. Map of distribution of caves and rivers of the Arabika karst massif (Abkhazia, Western Caucasus) where crustaceans where collected; with schematic map of the Gegskaya (Gega) Cave. Рис. 1. Карта размещения пещер и источников карстового массива Арабика (Абхазия, Западный Кавказ), где были собраны ракообразные; со схематической картой Гегской пещеры. Crustacean “cave fishes” from the Arabika karst massif (Abkhazia, Western Caucasus) 227 cent surface waters, but not in the status of the separate Material and methods species. To date, neither cave fish nor underground populations of common species have been described in Specimens of Xiphocaridinella were collected by hand karst systems in the Western Caucasus [Romero, Paul- net from the Gegskaya (Gega) Cave (43°23′43.7″N 40°27′ son, 2001], which is the second (after the Balkan Pen- 28.4″E) and the Verevkina Cave (43°24′56.0″N 40°21′ insula) region of the Western Palearctic in the size and 23.0″E) while Niphargus specimens — from the Gegskaya diversity of karst landscapes. (Gega) Cave and Reprua River (43°19′52.0″N 40°12′16.8″E; At the same time, information about the possible 0 m above sea level) (see Fig. 1). Alive specimens of Xipho- occurrence of blind and translucent cave fishes inside caridinella and Niphargus were photographed in situ using the Arabika karst massif, namely inside the deepest Pentax digital camera. In addition, in the laboratory, live specimens of Xiphocaridinella and Niphargus were relaxed world cave – Krubera (Voronya) Cave [Samokhin, Bi- with clove oil and photographed using a Canon G16 camera. zóukin, 2018] and Diaklaz siphon in Gegskaya (Gega) All collected specimens were preserved and stored in 96% Cave [Anonymous, 2018]. was noticed by cave divers solution of ethanol for further DNA analysis. Postorbital and published for several times on the Internet. Gen- carapace length (pcl., in mm), the length from posterior orbit nady Samokhin, a famous cave diver, noted after the to the posterodorsal margin of carapace, and total body diving in the “Two Captains” sump (–2144 m) inside length (tbl., in mm), dorsal length from tip of rostrum till the the Krubera-Voronya Cave in August 2016 Expedi- distal margin of telson for Xiphocaridinella shrimps and tion: “… lying in the crack, I observed a school of dorsal length from the distal margin of head to the distal small, translucent fish with flat elongated bodies and margin of telson (tbl., in mm) for Niphargus, are used as standard measurements. Type material is deposited in the tail fins. Why I haven’t seen them before? Most likely, I collection of the Zoological Museum of Moscow State Uni- focused on the morphology of the sump and did not versity, Moscow (ZMMU), and additional material is in the notice them …” [Samokhin, Bizyukin, 2018]. There is collection of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Acade- a legend that any “small transparent” fishes live in my of Sciences (ZIN), St-Petersburg, Russia and the Labo- underground lakes inside caves of the Arabika karst ratory of Ecology and Evolution of Marine Invertebrates massif. Unfortunately, scientists have never collected (LEMMI) of A.N. Severtzov Institute of Ecology and Evolu- or researched samples of such mysterious Caucasian tion of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. cave fishes. At the same time, it is known that a unique To study molecular genetic barcode, a fragment of the endemic fauna lives in the Arabika karst massif [e.g., mitochondrial gene coding for cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI mtDNA) gene marker was amplified, sequencing and Sidorov, 2014; Sidorov et al., 2015, 2018; Sidorov, compared. Total genomic DNA was extracted from abdomi- Samokhin, 2016] and some interesting animals are ex- nal and pereiopod muscle tissue using the innuPREP DNA pected to be discovered from there. Micro Kit (AnalitikJena, Germany) following the manufac- The hydrogeology of the groundwater flow in the turer’s protocol. The gene marker was amplified with the Arabica karst massif with the highest point of the Ara- help of the universal primers LCO1490 (5'–ggtcaacaaatcat- bica mountain (43°25′06.3″N 40°21′23.5″E), located aaagatattgg–3') and HC02198 (5'–taaacttcagggtgaccaaaaaat- on the Gagra Range of the Western Caucasus, is repre- ca–3') [Folmer et al. 1994]. PCR products were performed sented by several springs (rivers), such as Reprua (riv- on amplificator T100 (Bio-Rad, USA) under the following conditions: initial denaturation at 96°C for 1.5 min followed er), Kholodnaya Rechka (Cold River), the Gega water- by 42 cycles of 95°C for 2 min, 49°C for 35 seconds, and fall and the Gegskaya (Gega) Cave in the Bzyb Can- 72°C for 1.5 min, followed by chain extension at 72°C for 7 yon, springs in the Goluboe (Blue) Lake as well as min. The volume of 10uL of reaction mixture contained 1uL several small sources around the Gagra City (e.g., of total DNA, 2uL of 5xPCR mix (Dialat, Russia) and 1uL Kiknadze, 1979; Klimchuk, 1990, 2006). The author of each primer. The amplification products were separated collected material from various sources of karst water by using gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids on a 1.5% discharge from the massif, and also took samples in agarose gel in 1xTBE, and then stained and visualized with some underground environments, including large un- 0.003% EtBr using imaging UV software. DNA nucleotide derground lakes. As a result, numerous specimens of sequences were determined using Genetic Analyzer ABI 3500 (Applied Biosystems Inc.) and BigDye 3.1 (Applied Xiphocaridinella and Niphargus were found in the stud- Biosystems Inc.) with direct and reverse
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