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Vertical Surfaces-Exterior Stone Veneer

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Vertical Surfaces-Exterior Stone Veneer Vertical Surfaces An excerpt from the Dimension Stone Design Manual, Version VIII (May 2016) Produced and Published by the Marble Institute of America 380 East Lorain St. Oberlin, Ohio 44074 Telephone: 440-250-9222 Fax: 440-774-9222 www.naturalstoneinstitute.org © 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by means electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or by an information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the Natural Stone Institute. VERTICAL SURFACES - 1.2.1 Restraint and relief are achieved by using a combination of lateral ties (straps, split- INSTALLATION NOTES tail anchors, welded tees, or other positively engaged mechanical anchorage approved by a qualified design professional) and gravity relief 1.0 VERTICAL SURFACES supports. INSTALLATION SYSTEMS Vertical Stone Surfaces are installed with a 1.2.2 Each stone panel is restrained by variety of conventional and proprietary mechanical anchorage attached to the back up systems. A brief discussion of the more wall substrate (building structure, masonry common types is below: backup, stud framing assembly, miscellaneous steel, and etc.). The stone panels and 1.1 Independently Supported Veneer associated anchorage are designed to accommodate lateral loads only (wind and 1.1.1 Each stone panel is independently seismic forces) as required by governing codes supported (relieved and restrained) by and/or project specifications. These loads are mechanical anchorage attached to the back up transferred directly to the back up wall wall substrate (building structure, masonry substrate through the stone anchorage. backup, stud framing assembly, miscellaneous Relieving supports (i.e., continuous angles or steel and etc.). clips) are designed to accommodate the cumulative vertical load of the stone veneer 1.1.2 The stone panels and associated units “stacked” between the relief support and anchorage are designed to accommodate expansion or control joint above, typically a vertical loads (stone unit self weight) and live load joint at a floor/slab line. Relief lateral loads (wind and seismic forces) as supports are typically provided over all required by governing codes and/or project openings and at each story height (or maximum specifications. Each of these loads is transferred vertical spacing of 20'). Within a “stack”, directly to the back up wall substrate through vertical loads are typically transferred from one the stone anchorage. Joints between each stone stone to another using load-bearing shims or are designed to accommodate thermal mortar. The joints are typically filled with a expansion and differential movement between non-staining sealant or mortar adequate to stone units, and therefore, must remain free of meet the performance requirements for the shims, mortar, or any other rigid material that project. would transfer load from one stone to another. The joints are typically filled with a non- 1.2.3 Consideration of weeps and flashing is staining sealant that possesses compressive and recommended when continuous relief angles tensile capacities adequate to meet the are utilized. performance requirements for the project. A minimum joint width of 3/8" is recommended 1.3 Adhered Installation for exterior stone veneer. Larger joints may be required to accommodate specific project 1.3.1 Thin Stone. Adhered installation is to demands. Note: This system can also be be used for thin stone only (¼" to ½" installed as a rainscreen or open-joint façade thickness) of heights not exceeding 15’-0” (4.5 omitting joint sealant between stone veneer m). units. 1.3.2 Units shall not exceed 36 inches (914 1.2 “Stacked” Veneer With Relieving mm) in the greatest dimension nor more than Supports 720 square inches (0.46 m2) in total area and shall not weigh more than 15 pounds per 2016 Marble Institute of America Vertical Surfaces/General Notes • Page 15-1 square foot (73 kg/m2) unless approved by the 1.4 Other systems include a variety of local governing officials and the engineer of prefabricated and proprietary systems record. commonly known as: 1.3.3 Thin-Set Mortar [Thin Bed (ANSI 1.4.1 “Grid” systems, commonly composed A118.1)]. See Chapter 13, section 3.1.2. of vertical and horizontal support framing of varying corrosion-resistant materials, such as 1.3.4 Latex-Portland Cement Mortar aluminum, mild steel, cold-formed steel, or [Thin Bed (ANSI A118.4)]. See Chapter 13, stainless steel. The framing is typically pre- section 3.1.3. installed in the stone setting cavity to the substrate or support wall. Stone supports are 1.3.5 Epoxy Mortar (ANSI A118.3). See typically integrated in the system design. Chapter 13, section 3.1.4. 1.4.2 “Strut” systems are commonly 1.3.6 Limestone Setting Mortar. See composed of vertical support framing of Chapter 13, section 3.1.5. varying corrosion-resistant materials such as aluminum, mild steel, cold-formed steel or 1.3.7 Setting Bed. White portland cement stainless steel. The framing is typically pre- with low alkali content is required for all light installed in the stone setting cavity to the colored stone varieties. substrate or support wall. Non-integrated stone supports are typically attached in a 1.3.8 Petroleum-based organic method similar to Independently Supported adhesives should be avoided because they Veneer or “Stacked” Veneer with Relieving may stain the stone. Supports. 1.3.9 Recommended substrate 1.4.3 Integrated Stone Curtain Wall. materials are masonry and cementitious Stone veneer installed in glazing channels of backer board. glazed curtain wall members, in similar manner to metal spandrel panels or stone 1.3.10 Exterior Vertical Surfaces. When veneer installed in structurally glazed curtain adhesive installation methods are used for walls, in a similar manner to glass. exterior vertical surfaces, the stone shall be back buttered to achieve, as close as practical, 1.4.4 Panelized dimension stone 100% adhesive contact between the stone and cladding, which may include independently the backup. Remove freshly installed tiles supported veneer, “stacked” veneer with periodically during installation to verify relieving supports, adhered veneer, or a adhesion level. combination of these methods. This is also known as a truss system. 1.3.11 When thin stone tiles are installed on exterior vertical surfaces, they are fully 1.5 Consideration should be given to the reliant upon the backup and substrate for various features of each system in making a performance. Use of unstable backup materials selection for a specific installation. See detailed should be avoided. illustrations of examples at the close of this section. 1.3.12 Substrates to receive adhered veneer using thin-set adhesive methods shall be 1.6 Venting of Exterior Stone Veneers held to a tolerance of 1/8” variation in 10’-0”. 1.6.1 Existing Methods. The existing methods of installing exterior thin stone veneer Page 15-2 • Vertical Surfaces/General Notes 2016 Marble Institute of America have evolved through the years. For the most 2.1.2 Anchor Placement. Under typical part, the standards were developed when the conditions, standard practice provides for a joints were filled with portland cement mortar minimum of 4 anchors per piece of stone up to and the building interiors were not 12 sq ft of surface area, and 2 anchors for each temperature- and humidity-controlled. additional 8 sq ft. Weight, size, shape, and type of stone may dictate deviations from the 1.6.2 Additional Techniques. With foregoing. IBC currently prescribes minimum today’s improved construction techniques, it is anchorage quantities for non-engineered “stone possible to produce structures that are highly veneer” and “slab type veneer” based on the resistant to natural weather conditions. Joints surface area of the stone panels. Due to varying can be sealed with resilient sealants and the loads, stone properties, and anchor capacities, building interior can be temperature- and this may not necessarily be adequate, humidity-controlled. Venting of the cavity is particularly when public or occupant safety recommended to prevent moisture problems. may be compromised. It is recommended that It is recommended that a vapor barrier be exterior stone cladding systems be reviewed by installed at the exterior face of the backup wall. an experienced stone cladding engineer to The back face of the stone should not be sealed. verify anchor and panel capacities. In all cases, anchorage shall be compliant with the project 1.6.3 Veneer Cavities. Solid grouting of specifications, requirements of the engineer of stone veneer cavities that would permit passage record, and/or applicable codes. of moisture through the wall from exterior to interior, and interior to exterior, is 2.1.3 Anchor Types. Anchors shall be of inadvisable. Windblown rain would be forced non-staining, corrosion resistant metals. through the wall, and water vapor would move Stainless steel, aluminum, bronze, and brass from exterior to interior and reverse, forced by wire and straps, and copper wire are preferred the temperature and humidity differentials for their corrosion resistance. (See from outside to inside. illustrations of typical anchors and accessories at the close of this chapter). In exterior 1.7 Relieving Supports cladding systems, stainless steel (series 304) is the most common. Copper is commonly 1.7.1.1 Relieving angles should be provided limited to interior applications. over all openings and at each story height (or maximum vertical spacing of 20'). Angles 2.1.3.1 Copper Wire Tie Anchorage is a should have ¼" weep holes every 2'. When historically effective method of anchoring stone liners are used, they are fastened by stone panels, but is to be used within the stainless steel dowels and epoxy to the back of following limitations: the finished stone facing and are supported on these angles. Refer to local codes for variance.
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