Responsible Marine Tourism Activity Best Environmental Equitable Practices RECREATIONAL JET SKIING PARASAILING

Edition 1 | November 2015 Responsible Marine Tourism Activity Best Environmental Equitable Practices Diving, Snorkeling, Recreational Fishing, Jet Skiing, Parasailing

Contributors:

WWF-Indonesia: External: Amkieltiela Ahmad Bahar Dede Krishnadiyanty Ahmad Hafizh Adyas Brahmantya Sakti Inayah Yasir Fatiyah Suryani Mile

Authors : Tim Responsible Marine Tourism WWF-Indonesia Team Editor : Kartika D. Suardana, Noverica Widjojo, Nisa Syahida Translator : Hilda Widya Kemala, Alexandra Maheswari Waskita Illustrator : Antonius Ipur Layout : Tonny Akbar Mahendro Cover Photo : © Robert Delfs | WWF-Canon

ISBN No. 978-979-1461-57-3 November 2015 © WWF-Indonesia

WWF-Indonesia is an independent national conservation organisation which is a part of WWF global network. Established in Indonesia since 1962 on Javanese Rhino research in Ujung Kulon, WWF-Indonesia is now running on 28 field work areas in 17 Provinces, starting from Aceh to Papua. Supported by around 550 staffs, WWF-Indonesia works with the government, local communities, private sectors, NGOs, indigenous people and wide communities. Since 2006 to 2013, WWF-Indonesia has been supported by around 64.000 supporters throughout the country. Visit www.wwf.or.id. Glossary =TourisM MAIN Attraction --- Any subject or object which has uniqueness, beauty and value consisting of natural biodiversity, culture and manmade product that is targeted and destined as tourism visit.

=Non-target fish --- Types of fish which are not included in target fishes.

=Jet SKIING --- A type of sport/ or activity which involves a small- motorized watercraft suits for one or at maximum of two people.

=Tourism --- Every activity related to vacation and is multi- dimensional, it also has multi-disciplinary aspect that emerge as something that is needed by everyone and country. It delivers as interaction between tourist and local community, between the tourists, government, local government and businessmen.

=Parasailing --- A type of sport/ marine tourism activity in which one or two people are boaare towed by while attached to parasail wings. Thus, as the boat moves fast, it is carrying the person attached to the parachutes up in the air.

=Tourism --- Every tourism activity which supported with facilities and service provided by community, businessmen, government and local government.

=Snorkeling --- Activity of on or through body of water while equipped with basic equipment such as mask, snorkel, and fins.

=Snorkeler --- Individual/ a person who performs snorkeling.

=Tour --- Travel activity done by someone or a group of people by visiting certain places in purpose of recreation, personal development, or learning from tourism attraction for temporary period.

=Marine Tourism --- Recreational or tourism activities done in the ocean or at the beach.

=Tourist --- A person or individual or a group of people/individuals who travels to enjoy time, nature and culture.

Responsible Marine Tourism Activity Best Environmental Equitable Practices i Diving, Snorkeling, Recreational Fishing, Jet Skiing, Parasailing Preface

Indonesia is one of the countries situated in the World's Coral Triangle seascape – a home for 76 percent of world’s coral species, six out of seven species of sea turtle and 2,228 species of reef fishes. Marine tourism in Coral Triangle area contributes USD 12 million from tourism in Indonesia (Raja Ampat and Komodo) and Malaysia (Sipadan).

The growth of marine tourism does not only bring advantage in terms of economic development, but also has negative impact regarding environmental quality towards local community in the tourism sites. Therefore, a responsible practice for all tourism activity is very important. Through Responsible Marine Tourism Program, WWF-Indonesia provides Best Environmental Equitable Practices (BEEP) which provides the best guideline for environmental based and equality to implement responsible marine tourism practice. The content of this guideline comes from conservation aspect which support natural resource management in order to improve quality of human being and environment. The practices that are suggested in this document were selected systematically from literature study, field data collection and discussion with marine tourism practitioners and academicians.

Through BEEP, WWF-Indonesia (invites/welcome the readers to encourage expects the achievement of responsible marine tourism management in Indonesia and ensure the natural resources provided are being used wisely and sustainably for the future. Considering many information of environmentally-friendly marine tourism and dynamic of tourism activity itself, this guideline can be developed in line with knowledge and experience from environmentally-friendly tourism activity.

Authors

Responsible Marine Tourism Activity ii Best Environmental Equitable Practices Diving, Snorkeling, Recreational Fishing, Jet Skiing, Parasailing Table of Contents

Glossary ...... i Preface ...... ii Table of Contens ...... iii General Guidelines = Travel with responsibility ...... 1 = Why should you care? ...... 2 = Benefits of applying the best practices ...... 4 = About this guideline ...... 5 Guideline for Divers and Snorkelers = For Tourists ...... 6 = While in The Water ...... 7 = Tour Operators ...... 9 Guideline for Recreational Fishermen = Before Fishing ...... 11 = While Fishing ...... 12 = Releasing Non-Target Fish ...... 13 = While Spearfishing ...... 14 Guideline for Surface Water Sports Enthusiast = Before Activity ...... 15 = While Operating ...... 16 = Maintenance of Equipment ...... 17 Author Team ...... 18 References ...... 19 Davidson R. NONO © WWF-Indonesia |

Responsible Marine Tourism Activity Best Environmental Equitable Practices iii Diving, Snorkeling, Recreational Fishing, Jet Skiing, Parasailing GENERAL GUIDELINES © WWF-Indonesia |Taufik ABDILLAH

Travel with Responsibility This series describes various negative impacts of each tourism activities, whether caused by tourists or tour operators. The chapter is started with a brief explanation of evolving issues related to the impacts of diving and snorkeling activities as well as recreational fishing. The description is then followed by the best practices that should be done to minimize the impacts of tourism activities towards environment, sociocultural, and economic aspects.

Responsible Marine Tourism Activity 1 Best Environmental Equitable Practices Diving, Snorkeling, Recreational Fishing, Jet Skiing, Parasailing Generally, responsible tourism aims to preserve resources and sites, protects values and culture of local community, and strengthens sustainable business management. It is shown through three principles of sustainability, as follows:

1. Responsible for environment The principle encourages tourism workers to reduce negative impact of tour activities at their best, and this is followed by practice to improve the quality of environment through several ways such as recycling waste, using renewable energy, controlling water usage, minimizing greenhouse gas emission, and protecting ecosystem in nature.

2. Responsible for socio-cultural aspect The principle aims to promote social and cultural values of local communities and engage local people in tourism management.

3. Responsible for sustainable business management The principle emphasizes the need of cautious business management which does not only give benefits to the capitalist but also to other businesses in the area of tourist destination sites. In this case, it refers to businesses owned by local community. WHY SHOULD YOU CARE?

Marine tourism activities, such as diving, snorkeling, fishing, jet skiing, parasailing, and others, are popular activities both for recreational purpose or sport. Although it may seem to have minimal risks to surrounding ecosystem, the interaction of enthusiast of this activities are likely to cause damage. Divers who are being too close to coral reef could cause breakage of certain coral reef, and high-speed jet skiing enthusiasts have possibility of causing stress on particular species or even disturbing others while doing activities nearby.

Another example is the rise of recreational fishing. Recreational fishing has made the population of some types of fish and other species in some fishing grounds in the world declines significantly, as such in Hawaiian Islands and Caribbean. This is caused by recreational fishermen who have specific target of fish to catch and compete for the biggest size of the fish in every fishing ground. The target fishes included in the competition are often species with important role in ecosystem such as; snapper, grouper, and parrotfish. The declining population of those fishes can cause adverse impact on coral reef ecosystem as a whole.

Some of the key issues which need to be considered include: • Increased water turbidity and disturbance to habitat on the seafloor as a result of enormous number of people who get into the water. • Inexperienced and irresponsible divers and snorkelers can destroy coral or organisms in vicinity. Apart form that, the mixed and lifted substrate can increase water turbidity and cover and kill coral colonies which ultimately will affect reef ecosystem as a whole.

Responsible Marine Tourism Activity Best Environmental Equitable Practices 2 Diving, Snorkeling, Recreational Fishing, Jet Skiing, Parasailing Ramadian BACHTIAR © WWF-Indonesia |

• Excessive disturbance of marine animals cause the animals to leave their foraging and breeding habitat. The animals have important roles in the sustainability of the entire ecosystem. The disappearance of those animals can change the pattern of food web among animals in marine ecosystem and may result in the decline of environment quality extensively. • Increasing vulnerability of coral. When it comes in contact either direct or indirect continuously with divers or snorkelers, coral reefs experience stress and release excessive mucus. This can improve coral susceptibility to diseases, viruses, and other competitive organisms. As a result, the coral’s color will become paler and soon, it possibly leads in death. • Declining level of biodiversity. Overexploitation of certain fish species may affect ecosystem as a whole. In addition, the loss of a certain fish species targeted by recreational fishermen can decrease tourist attraction in that area for fishermen as well as other tourists.

BENEFITS OF APPLYING THE BEST PRACTICES

Marine tourism enthusiasts are in a strategic position to become ambassador of marine conservation. For instance, divers and fishermen are parties who have viewed how wondrous and exciting the life in the sea and the traveling experience. In the middle of various pressures faced by marine ecosystem nowadays, marine tourism enthusiast can play active roles to contribute to conservation of marine ecosystem in order to continue enjoying the marine tourism activities they are interested in.

Responsible Marine Tourism Activity 3 Best Environmental Equitable Practices Diving, Snorkeling, Recreational Fishing, Jet Skiing, Parasailing Below are some things which can be used as a guide to minimize impacts of traveling to animals in their habitat. Adopting responsible tourism practices is one of the measures taken to protect landscape, habitat, and species in tourism area from damage. This practice can be applied by anyone, tourists and tour managements, and it can ultimately promotessustainabel natural resources management and business as well as increasing positive reputation of tour operators.

Underwater beauty of Wanci, Wakatobi, Southeast Sulawesi. © Jürgen Freund | WWF-Canon

Responsible Marine Tourism Activity Best Environmental Equitable Practices 4 Diving, Snorkeling, Recreational Fishing, Jet Skiing, Parasailing ABOUT THIS GUIDE

This Series of Responsible Marine Activities consists of three part which include: • Best practices for divers and snorkelers; • Best practices for recreational fishermen; • Best practices for water motor sport enthusiasts.

The practices suggested in this guide are selected through systematical process starting from literature review, field data collection, and discussion with groups of practitioners of marine tourisms and academics. The experience of practitioners in the filed enrich this guide and sets an example of how applicable these best practices are in the field.

Contribution of the academics improves this guide with measureable science. Given a huge number of information about environmentally friendly practices in marine tourism and the dynamic nature of the marine tourism itself, this guide can be improved along with knowledge and experience of environmentally friendly tourism. © Jürgen Freund | WWF-Canon

Responsible Marine Tourism Activity 5 Best Environmental Equitable Practices Diving, Snorkeling, Recreational Fishing, Jet Skiing, Parasailing GUIDELINE FOR DIVERS AND SNORKELERS Taufik ABDILLAH © WWF-Indonesia | FOR TOURISTS

= Choose tour operators who apply conservation principles. This can be known through their promotional media and facilities they offer, such as: = Introducing the environment and ecosystem that will be visited; = Emphasizing and implementing buoyancy training as well as imposing ban to touch and/or stepping on animals or coral; = Using mooring buoy in responsible manner; = Actively supporting and engaging in conservational activities and national park.

= Make sure that your tour operator has adequate equipment for diving and snorkeling. = Make sure that your tour operator has adequate equipment of first aid/first aid kit. = Make sure that the dive leader has adequate expertise and experience and has at least ‘dive master’ title for their diving certificate.

Responsible Marine Tourism Activity Best Environmental Equitable Practices 6 Diving, Snorkeling, Recreational Fishing, Jet Skiing, Parasailing WHILE IN THE WATER

= Choose entry point and exit point of water carefully to avoid coral reefs and ensure safety dives. = Keep your position horizontal to the water when you are near or above coral reef. Ideally, You are at least 50 cm (19 inches) from the bottom substrate. = Do not touch coral reef or sea animals. Besides the possibility of hurt, coral and most of sea animals are very vulnerable to touch. = Keep a safe distance from coral or sea animals which you might encounter. = Pay attention to your fins’ pedals and your body movement to avoid undeliberate contact with coral or raising bottom substrate to water column. = Do not stand and/or rest on the seafloor or on the reef. = Do not approach or disturb animals which will rise to the water surface, especially animals which need to breath (sea turtles, snakes, and marine mammals). = Do not chase, disturb, or ride animals. = Do not cling to the reef during safety stop. Adjust your buoyancy. = For underwater photographers, keep in mind that the safety of animals and yourself are much more important than your pictures. Divers should have expertise in taking pictures and videos underwater. Unpractical underwater photography equipment will affect the buoyancy. You will be more likely to touch and hurt animals or other marine organisms while concentrating to get a perfect picture. = If you dive at night, AVOID touching or waking sleeping animals. Also be wary of nocturnal animals which are foraging at night (such as moray eel). = It is strictly forbidden to dispose trash at tourist sites. Dispose all trashes you had in the space provided. If there is none, keep and bring back your trash. = Do not take anything from nature or buy animal or its derived products and collect them as souvenirs.

NOTE FOR DIVERS: = Make sure your diving equipment is installed properly and does not interfere the surrounding environment. = Make sure you are in good health and always apply buddy system during dive. = Avoid using gloves. = Make sure that your buoyancy remains neutral during dive.

Responsible Marine Tourism Activity 7 Best Environmental Equitable Practices Diving, Snorkeling, Recreational Fishing, Jet Skiing, Parasailing Responsible Marine Tourism Activity Best Environmental Equitable Practices 8 Diving, Snorkeling, Recreational Fishing, Jet Skiing, Parasailing NOTE FOR SNORKELERS: = Practice your swimming skill to swim towards the rocky area. = For an inexperienced swimmer, consider to wear life jacket to increase your buoyancy and swim with a tour guide.

TOUR OPERATORS

= Apply “do not touch” policy. Inform divers and snorkelers that the “do not touch” policy applies for everything. This policy can be strengthened by encouraging the use of life jacket for inexperienced swimmers as well as advising not to use gloves for divers. = Provide guidance on awareness of the importance to conserve marine environment. Inform your guests about the importance and vulnerability of coastal ecosystems and coral reefs as well as the negative impact resulting from irresponsible snorkeling and diving activities. = Recognize the tourist site that you choose, especially if it is included in conservation area. = Understand and comply with the rules in force in the location of activities, including zones where tourism activities may or may not be done. = Respect the culture and local wisdom of indigenous people around the location. This varies from dress code to restriction to visit certain locations. Remind your guests about this. = Make sure your boat captain understands the use of anchor in a proper and responsible manner. = Notify local authorities about disturbance or environmental damage observed during activities on-site. = Remind your clients to always respect marine environment, including the wildlife that live there. = If possible, you can divide the travel participants into two groups, namely a group of experienced ones and a group of participants with minimal/ lack of diving experience. For group with minimal/ lack of diving experience, bring them to area with less dense coral reefs coverage and make sure that they dive in water column and not too close to the bottom substrate. = Operators must have an emergency plan in case of incident during activities. It ranges from providing first aid, assigning person-in-charge for questioning, and knowing the location of health facility/center. This plan should be known by every staff especially the guides who accompany tourist to the site. = Make sure your communication devices are adequate and functioning properly. = Make sure you provide a trash bin.

Responsible Marine Tourism Activity 9 Best Environmental Equitable Practices Diving, Snorkeling, Recreational Fishing, Jet Skiing, Parasailing = Help your local government to assess the capacity of diving at your region. Working with other operators and local authorities to assess the carrying capacity of diving activities especially in popular sites can help to avoid too many divers in certain area. The result of the assessment will be the basis data for reducing threats that may arise to the ecosystem of those sites while also improving comfort and safety of visitors.

Responsible Marine Tourism Activity Best Environmental Equitable Practices 10 Diving, Snorkeling, Recreational Fishing, Jet Skiing, Parasailing GUIDELINE FOR RECREATIONAL FISHERMEN BEFORE FISHING

= When in the conservation area, understand the regulations in force in the area (zones, fishing gears, allowed size and kinds of fish). Virtually every fishing ground in the world have regulations and rules that govern/regulate which types of fish allowed, minimum catch size, and fishing season. They are designed to protect the fishery, and recreational fishermen will benefit when comply with these rules. = Bring a map which can be used to help you understand zones in the region.

Responsible Marine Tourism Activity 11 Best Environmental Equitable Practices Diving, Snorkeling, Recreational Fishing, Jet Skiing, Parasailing = Establish cooperation with local fishermen to know the exact fishing grounds. = Choose tour operators who apply sustainable principles. This can be known through their promotional media and facilities they offer, such as: = Introducing the environment and ecosystem to be visited; = Explaining and complying with the rules and management in force in fishing grounds. This includes technical rules for fishing (allowed size and types of fish) and rules explaining allowed areas for fishing in certain zones, such as national park zone; = Using mooring buoy in responsible manner; = Actively supporting and engaging in conservational activities and national park; = Understanding how to handle non-target animals which are caught, especially endangered animals protected by legislations.

= Provide appropriate fishing gears. Use hook or lure which does not attached too deep into the fish in order to help you taking off the hook later. Choose appropriate fishing gear for targeted fish size which complies with regulations.

WHILE FISHING

= Fish only allowed types of fish. = Choose and use organic bait from local fishing ground. Avoid bait that causes water pollution and endangers surrounding species. = If the bait should be spread around the ship, do it sensibly and moderately. = Excessive bait will alter the behavior of fishes and pollute water. Additionally, use varying types of baits. = Use ecological consideration to avoid catching spawning fishes and baby fishes as well as to avoid breeding season. Gather information about such matters from fishing forums or local fishermen in fishing grounds. = Avoid fishing schooling fish. This consideration does not only support fish conservation but also increase solidarity with local fishermen. = Minimize the time of tug when you catch a fish. When the fish can be handled, wet your hands or use nets to take the fish to prevent it from fleeing. = Be careful when you remove the fishing hook. Try to keep the fish underwater during the process of removing the hook. Use tools such as pliers, hemostats, and other tools to help you remove the hook. If the hook is stuck too deep, cut the fishing line as close as possible with the fishing position. Remember that the longer time the fish hanging on the fishing rod, the greater stress experienced by the fish. It will decrease the survival rate of the fish if it will be released.

Responsible Marine Tourism Activity Best Environmental Equitable Practices 12 Diving, Snorkeling, Recreational Fishing, Jet Skiing, Parasailing = Make sure there is no part of fishing equipment left/wasted into the sea either intentionally or not. Equipment and parts of discarded fishing line are serious threats to coral species and other marine animals such as sea turtle, sting rays, and sea mammals. Mino filament, weight, and other fishing equipment can twist and kill lots of sea life. Make sure there is no fishing equipment left in the sea.

WHEN RELEASING NON-TARGET FISH

= Practice and apply “catch and release” policy for non-target fish. The “catch and release” policy for caught fishes either for all or certain part of caught fishes can become knowledge and effective solution especially when dealing with threatened and endangered types of fish. This policy should also be applied to fish that do not meet the minimum catch size. = Do not put fish on the surface of objects exposed to heat or direct sunlight. = When releasing, place the fish into the water and position the fish against the current. If there is no current, release the fish into the water by forming number 8 pattern. Be alert to predators at the time when you are releasing the fish.

Responsible Marine Tourism Activity 13 Best Environmental Equitable Practices Diving, Snorkeling, Recreational Fishing, Jet Skiing, Parasailing Riza ZAMZANI Davidson R. NONO © WWF-Indonesia | © WWF-Indonesia | WHILE SPEARFISHING

= Choose only allowed target fish. Do not shoot other species encountered. = Do not shoot the fish if you are uncertain about the type and size. = Make sure that the fish is speared precisely. = Pay attention to your surrounding while spearfishing in order not to rest on coral reef.

Responsible Marine Tourism Activity Best Environmental Equitable Practices 14 Diving, Snorkeling, Recreational Fishing, Jet Skiing, Parasailing GUIDELINE FOR SURFACE WATER SPORTS ENTHUSIAST JET SKIING AND PARASAILING

Water sports such as jet skiing and parasailing are challenging and exciting activities. These activities are often conducted in popular or protected water area and/ or near location with conserved/preserved ecosystem. The following is guideline for water sports enthusiast. Riza ZAMZAMI © WWF-Indonesia |

BEFORE ACTIVITY

= Make sure you have legal papers or your rented vehicle has legal paper. = If the activity is conducted in/within national park area, make sure you enter the area with tourist permission.

Responsible Marine Tourism Activity 15 Best Environmental Equitable Practices Diving, Snorkeling, Recreational Fishing, Jet Skiing, Parasailing WHILE OPERATING

= Pay attention to surrounding location. There may be other people doing activities nearby. = Pay attention to speed especially when you are in the area where dolphins, sea turtles, or dugongs often pass. = Reduce speed when you are crossing bird nesting location or gathering place for seabirds. = Do not anchor in sensitive area like coral reefs or nesting sites.

MAINTENANCE OF EQUIPMENT

= Perform checks as carefully as possible and regularly to avoid engine problems, such as oil and/or fuel leakage. = Do routine checks when equipment and supplies are not used. = Do the maintenance on land and not at the ocean. = Avoid throwing oil or any waste into the ocean.

Responsible Marine Tourism Activity Best Environmental Equitable Practices 16 Diving, Snorkeling, Recreational Fishing, Jet Skiing, Parasailing AUTHOR TEAM Indarwati Aminuddin Responsible Marine Tourism Program Coordinator ([email protected])

Indarwati Aminuddin is a graduate of Wagenigen University, Netherlands, majoring in Tourism and Environmental Management Program. She started working at Communications Directorate, WWF-Indonesia in 2005 and was given the responsibility as Responsible Marine Tourism Program Coordinator at WWF-Indonesia in 2013. Indarwati experts at designing and implementing tourism strategy, developing community, and communication. In addition, Indarwati also masters writing scientific and popular papers, as well as building network with partners.

Ayu Ginanjar Syukur Marine Ecotourism Improvement Program Officer ([email protected])

AAyu Ginanjar Syukur finished her undergraduate study in 2014, majoring in Aquatic Product Technology at Bogor Agricultural University. Ayu has begun her interest in conservation world since she joined Fisheries Diving Club (FDC-IPB), when she participated in various coral reefs monitoring activities especially reef fish. In the same year, Ayu started her internship and research about manta rays in Komodo Islands with MantaWatch. In 2015, Ayu joined WWF-Indonesia as Responsible Marine Tourism Assistant who is responsible for supporting and implementing the finalization, dissemination, promotion, and assistance to staffs of tourism sector programs in Responsible Marine Tou9ism Program WWF Indonesia work area. In the beginning of 2017, Ayu plays a new role as Marine Ecotourism Improvement Program Officer.

Imam Musthofa Sunda Banda Seascape and Fisheries Program Leader WWF-Indonesia ([email protected])

Imam Musthofa finished his undergraduate study at Fisheries Management Major, University of Indonesia. Imam joined WWF-Indonesia Marine Program in 2002. In 2007, Imam took responsibility as the Fisheries Coordinator, WWF-Indonesia – and laterwas promoted as Sunda Banda Seascape and Fisheries Program Leader WWF-Indonesia in 2013. Imam is now in charge of managing fisheries program and ensuring their achievement quality in Sunda Banda Seascape work area.

Responsible Marine Tourism Activity 17 Best Environmental Equitable Practices Diving, Snorkeling, Recreational Fishing, Jet Skiing, Parasailing REFERENces = Coral Reef Alliance. Coral Friendly Diving Guidelines. [Online] Available at : http://www.coralreefalliance.org = Coral Friendly Snorkeling Guidelines. [Online] Available at: http://www.coralreefalliance.org = Higham, J. & Luck, M., 2007. Marine Wildlife and Tourism Management: Insights from the Natural and Social Sciences. English: CABI Publishing. = ISAF World , 2011. GUIDANCE FOR TRAINING CENTRES ON GOOD. [Online] Available at: http://www.sailing.org [Diakses 21 Januari 2015]. = Kajaani University of Applied Sciences Outdoors, 2013. 100 Best Practices for Organized Wildlife Watching. [Online] Available at: http://www.kamk.fi/ [Diakses 21 Januari 2015]. = Ontario Mnistry of Environtment, Environment Canada and Canadian Power and Sail Squadron, 2005. The Enviro Boater Guide. [Online] Available at: http://www.cps-ecp.ca [Diakses 21 Januari 2015]. = PADI Project Aware and The Coral Reef, 2005. Good Environmental Practices: Snorkeling and Diving. [Online] Available at: www.projectaware.org [Diakses 21 Januari 2015]. = The Center for Environmental Leadership in Busines, The Coral Reef Alliance & The Tour Operators Initiative, 2003. A Practical Guide To Good Practice: Managing Environmental Impacts In The Marine Recreation Sector. [Online] Available at: http://www.icran.org [Diakses 21 Januari 2015]. = Watchable Wildlife. Wildlife Viewing Guidelines. [Online] Available at : http://www.watchablewildlife.org = Wilson, R., 2004. Sustainable Tourism for Marine Recreation Providers. San Francisco: The Coral Reef Alliance (CORAL).

Responsible Marine Tourism Activity Best Environmental Equitable Practices 18 Diving, Snorkeling, Recreational Fishing, Jet Skiing, Parasailing