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Sustainable Forest Management in Africa

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SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT IN AFRICA: Some Solutions to Natural Forest Management Problems in Africa Edited by: C.J. Geldenhuys C. Ham H. Ham Geldenhuys C.J, Ham C, & Ham H (eds.), 2011. Sustainable Forest Management in Africa: Some Solutions to Natural Forest Management Problems in Africa. Proceedings of the Sustainable Forest Management in Africa Symposium. Stellenbosch, 3 – 7 November 2008. ISBN: 978-0-7972-1345-6 Published by: Department of Forest and Wood Science Stellenbosch University Private Bag XI 7602 Matieland South Africa Editors: C.J. Geldenhuys C Ham H Ham Cover Design: H Ham Photographs: C.J. Geldenhuys Copyright – the Authors and Editors – All rights reserved, 2011. Copyrights of contents in this publication are governed under international copyright conventions and by South African legislation. Copyright of each individual article rests with its author(s). Copyright of composition and compilation of this book belongs to the editors. Contents Contents Foreword Overview: The dry forests of sub-Sahara Africa: Making their case 2 G. Kowero Current status and trends of forest management in tropical Africa 22 F. Castañeda Beyond timber: Making multiple use forest management a reality in Central 33 Africa forests R. Nasi African Forests and Climate Change: Opportunities and Challenges 47 P. Minang Forest disturbance and recovery processes: Disturbance and recovery in natural forests and woodlands in Africa: Some 61 concepts for the design of sustainable forest management and rehabilitation practices C.J. Geldenhuys Linking disturbances to sustainable management of the Copperbelt Miombo 71 woodland ecosystems of Zambia S. Syampungani, C.J. Geldenhuys & P.W. Chirwa Impacts of utilisation on the composition and diversity of Mopane woodlands 88 in northern Namibia I. Mapaure & A Ndeinoma Analysis of the degradation of the forest ecosystem of Mbiye Island (Kisangani, 100 D.R. Congo) S-M. Nshimba, I. Bamba, W. Iyongo, M-B. Ndjele & J. Bogaert iv Sustainable Forest Management in Africa Contents Wild fauna and forest management in D.R. Congo: Bats, Birds and Elephant 111 Shrews in Yoko Forest Reserve G-C. Gembu, A. Bapeamoni, K. Kaswera, A. Upoki & A. Dudu Resilience of Sudanian Savanna-woodlands in Burkina Faso 118 P. Savadogo, D. Tiveau, L. Sawadogo, D. Zida & D. Dayamba Historical changes in the extent, structure and composition of the forest patches 136 on the KwaNibela Peninsula, St Lucia in South Africa B.M. Corrigan, B-E van Wyk & C.J. Geldenhuys Litterfall and nutrient input in African tropical secondary forests, with special 145 reference to Okoume (Aucoumea klaineana) forests of Congo J.J. Loumeto Productivity and yield regulation systems for natural forests: Synthesis of growth at stand level in 16 South African evergreen forest plots 158 after 10 years C.J. Geldenhuys Putting the forestry into participatory forest management – Simple inventory 175 protocols for sustainable logging S.M.J. Ball Assessing the sustainable management of Entandrophragma cylindricum using 186 the stock recovery rate N. Picard, S. Namkosserena, Y. Yalibanda, F. Baya, S. Gourlet-Fleury & R. Nasi The quest for sustainable harvesting of non-timber forest products: 198 Development of harvest systems and management prescriptions W.J. Vermeulen, K.J. Esler & C.J. Geldenhuys Resource harvesting and use management practices: Regeneration of selected trees in Dambwa forest reserve following introduction 209 of joint forest management M. Phiri & P.W. Chirwa v Sustainable Forest Management in Africa Contents Preliminary data on trade and management of rattan in and around Kisangani 218 (D.R. Congo) J-M. Kahindo, J. Lejoly, J-P. Mate & R. Nasi Forest agriculture, sustainable livelihoods strategies and biodiversity 227 conservation in southern Cameroon W.A. Mala, C.J. Geldenhuys & R. Prabhu How people, biodiversity and trees can get in each other’s way 241 M.W. Snoep & F. Kizza Modelling woody-plant domestication and local knowledge within agricultural 251 landscape mosaics in southern Cameroon A.W. Mala, C.J. Geldenhuys & R. Prabhu Matching resource use needs with resource status and population dynamics of 264 target species in Transkei Coastal Forests to sustain resource use, Port St. Johns Forest Estate, South Africa C.J. Geldenhuys & S.G. Cawe Multiple resource use for diverse needs: The impact of policy on resource use in Mozambique: A case study of 280 Pidanganga M.P. Falcão & C.J. Geldenhuys Towards the improvement of policy and strategy development for the sustainable 305 management on non-timber forest products: Swaziland – a case study C.S. Dlamini & C.J. Geldenhuys Natural resources from community forests: Are socio-economic benefits 326 sustainable for the communities? P. Cuny Household vulnerability and the safety-net function of NTFPs in the Eastern 337 Cape and Limpopo provinces of South Africa F. Paumgarten & C.M. Shackleton Generating incomes from dry forest products: Case studies from Mwinilunga, 351 Kapiri and Chongwe districst, Zambia M. Husselman vi Sustainable Forest Management in Africa Contents Forest Management through institutional arrangements Trading legality with precaution: Preliminary impacts of management plans and 361 forest certification in the Cameroonian forests P. Cerutti, L. Tacconi & R. Nasi Benefits and shortcomings of decentralised forest management in Burkina Faso 375 Z.H-N. Bouda, D. Tiveau, P. Savadogo & B. Ouedraogo Twenty years of experience of joint dry forest management in Burkina Faso 392 L. Sawadogo & D. Tiveau Rehabilitation of degraded and cleared forests: Germination of Widdringtonia whytei seed to provide alternative resources of 406 this narrow endemic timber tree in Malawi D. Gondwe, M. Sacande, E. Sambo, D. Nangoma & E. Chirwa Informing forest restoration: An appraisal of local ecological knowledge from a 417 community on the Wild Coast of South Africa D.J. Weyer, S.E. Shackleton Impact of changing groundwater table on tree growth in Zazamalala forest 428 W. van Roy & R. De Wulf Forests and Climate Change Response: Changing fire regimes in the Cote d’Ivoire savanna: Implications for greenhouse 441 emissions carbon sequestration K. Moussa, T.J. Bassett & J.N. Nkem The sustainable forest management puzzle: Policies, legislation, deforestation 454 and the climate change issue in Ghana B.A. Gyampoh, S. Amisah, M. Idinoba & J. Nkem Reforestation and afforestation for adaptation and mitigation in Burkina Faso: 466 Limits, benefits and synergies F.B. Kalame, M. Idinoba, J. Bayala, J. Nkem & Y. Coulibaly vii Sustainable Forest Management in Africa Contents Forest goods vulnerability to climate change in West Africa: Voices from local 478 communities on medicinal plants and prescribed actions for adaptation M. Idinoba, F.B. Kalame, Y. Coulibaly, J. Nkem, B. Gyampoh & S. Lartey Towards sustainable forest management in Ghana: Understanding the climatic 493 risk and adaptation maze S.L. Tekpetey, K. F. Mensah & M. Idinoba Community forest management: A strategy of safeguard of the dry natural 500 forests in the context of the climate change in Burkina Faso M.N. Médah & J.I. Boussim Climate change impacts on local communities in the Congo Basin forests: 514 Perceptions and adaptation strategies F. Ngana, M. Idinoba, M.Y. Bele & J. Nkem Forestry, climate change adaptation and national development in Cameroon 528 M.Y. Bele, C. Jum, J. Nkem & M. Idinoba viii Sustainable Forest Management in Africa Foreword FOREWORD The bulk of African forests occur in the countries of Central Africa (37%) and Southern Africa (28%). The forests vary from tropical rainforests to warm-temperate forests (at higher altitudes and latitudes) to tropical-subtropical deciduous woodlands and wooded savannas. The forests constitute an immense value but are under severe pressure for harvesting of diverse timber and non-timber forest products for sustainable livelihoods and for clearing for agricultural production and infrastructure. Much information deal with the negative aspects of forest cover loss through degradation and deforestation but more information surfaces on other aspects of forest cover changes, including forest gains, and positive issues of forest management. Relatively little information is available on the assessment of forest productivity and stand dynamics (recruitment, growth and mortality). This knowledge gap is compounded by the practicing of little to no sustainable forest management, and little to no integration between management for forestry, agriculture and nature conservation, for timber and non- timber products, or for industry and rural livelihood needs. The growing population and recent upturn of many African economies provide rapidly growing domestic markets for forest products and services, but there is no assessment of the capacity of the African forests to produce them. Climate change scenarios for Africa and its forest ecosystems add new challenges with great implications for the forests, household livelihoods, and national and economic development; these need to be incorporated into planning climate change response strategies, nationally and internationally. Perspectives on the role of forests in development have evolved significantly since the Rio Summit in 1992. In many African countries, there is a growing recognition of the need to address the issues of poverty in national development programs, such as Poverty Reduction Strategies to meet the Millennium Development Goals and objectives of the New Economic Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD). Some global initiatives include Tropical
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  • Phylogenetics of Asterids Based on 3 Coding and 3 Non-Coding Chloroplast DNA Markers and the Utility of Non-Coding DNA at Higher Taxonomic Levels

    Phylogenetics of Asterids Based on 3 Coding and 3 Non-Coding Chloroplast DNA Markers and the Utility of Non-Coding DNA at Higher Taxonomic Levels

    MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 24 (2002) 274–301 www.academicpress.com Phylogenetics of asterids based on 3 coding and 3 non-coding chloroplast DNA markers and the utility of non-coding DNA at higher taxonomic levels Birgitta Bremer,a,e,* Kaare Bremer,a Nahid Heidari,a Per Erixon,a Richard G. Olmstead,b Arne A. Anderberg,c Mari Kaallersj€ oo,€ d and Edit Barkhordariana a Department of Systematic Botany, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Norbyva€gen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden b Department of Botany, University of Washington, P.O. Box 355325, Seattle, WA, USA c Department of Phanerogamic Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden d Laboratory for Molecular Systematics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden e The Bergius Foundation at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 50017, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden Received 25 September 2001; received in revised form 4 February 2002 Abstract Asterids comprise 1/4–1/3 of all flowering plants and are classified in 10 orders and >100 families. The phylogeny of asterids is here explored with jackknife parsimony analysis of chloroplast DNA from 132 genera representing 103 families and all higher groups of asterids. Six different markers were used, three of the markers represent protein coding genes, rbcL, ndhF, and matK, and three other represent non-coding DNA; a region including trnL exons and the intron and intergenic spacers between trnT (UGU) to trnF (GAA); another region including trnV exons and intron, trnM and intergenic spacers between trnV (UAC) and atpE, and the rps16 intron.