EVALUACIÓN AGRONÓMICA Y VALOR NUTRICIONAL DE 84 ACCESIONES DE LA LEGUMINOSA Tadehagi Triquetrum EN SUELOS ACIDOS CLAUDIA LOREN

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EVALUACIÓN AGRONÓMICA Y VALOR NUTRICIONAL DE 84 ACCESIONES DE LA LEGUMINOSA Tadehagi Triquetrum EN SUELOS ACIDOS CLAUDIA LOREN EVALUACIÓN AGRONÓMICA Y VALOR NUTRICIONAL DE 84 ACCESIONES DE LA LEGUMINOSA Tadehagi triquetrum EN SUELOS ACIDOS CLAUDIA LORENA CERÓN FERNÁNDEZ UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE COLOMBIA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS COORDINACION GENERAL DE POSTGRADOS PALMIRA 2010 EVALUACIÓN AGRONÓMICA Y VALOR NUTRICIONAL DE 84 ACCESIONES DE LA LEGUMINOSA Tadehagi triquetrum EN SUELOS ACIDOS CLAUDIA LORENA CERÓN FERNÁNDEZ Tesis de Grado Presentado Como Requisito Parcial para Optar al Título de Magíster en Ciencias Agrarias Línea de Investigación en Producción Animal Tropical Directores NELSON JOSÉ VIVAS QUILA M. Sc. - Universidad del Cauca HUGO SÁNCHEZ GUERRERO M. Sc. - Universidad Nacional de Colombia MICHAEL PETERS Ph. D - CIAT UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE COLOMBIA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS COORDINACION GENERAL DE POSTGRADOS PALMIRA 2010 Dedicatoria A Dios, gracias infinitas por toda la felicidad brindada A mi abuela Flor, gracias por todas sus enseñanzas y bendiciones A mi esposo Mario, gracias por todo su amor, apoyo y comprensión A mi hija Margarita, gracias por venir a complementar mi vida AGRADECIMIENTOS A mi Madre Claudia, Mauricio, Andrea y Laura por ese apoyo y cariño invaluable. A mi tía Elsa, mi abuela Lucila, mi padre Francisco y a toda mi numerosa familia, por su amor sincero y sus oraciones. Al Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical, CIAT Palmira, Programa de Forrajes; Dr. Michael Peters, Dr. Rainer Schultze–Kraf, MSc. Patricia Ávila, Ing. Luis Horacio Franco, Tec. Belisario Hincapié y al Estadístico Gerardo Ramírez; por su apoyo, colaboración y dedicación en todo mi desarrollo como Magister. A Jenny Burbano, Benilda García, Orlando Trujillo, Gustavo Ospinal, por su gran colaboración y apoyo, gracias por su amistad. A la Universidad Nacional de Colombia; MSc. Hugo Sánchez Guerrero, Dra. Luz Stella Muñoz Arboleda, Dr. Juan Carlos Menjivar, MSc. Ricardo Malagón, MSc. Luis Miguel Ramírez; por la enseñanza y ayuda incondicional que me brindaron. A todos mis amigos de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, destacando a Ernesto Hernández, José Luis García y Diana Mejía compañeros de la Maestría quienes hicieron que el tiempo lejos de mi casa fuera divertido. A la Universidad del Cauca; MSc., C.Ph.D. Nelson José Vivas Quila, MSc. Sandra Morales Velazco, Dr. Jaime Fernández Arboleda, Dra. Martha Almanza y Dr. Luis Evelio Álvarez porque siempre conté con sus recomendaciones y una amistad sincera. A mis compañeros de trabajo Elkin Rendón, Beatriz Benítez y amigos de la Universidad del Cauca Carlos Martínez, Juliana Carvajal, Marisel Agredo, Roger Navia, Uriel Grimaldo, Julián Gallego, Alejandro Quiñonez, por toda la alegría y colaboración brindada en los momentos difíciles. Al Grupo de Investigación de Nutrición Agropecuaria de la Universidad del Cauca y al grupo de investigación de Mejoramiento Genético de Hartón del Valle de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, por las contribuciones hechas de todas aquellas personas que lo conforman. CONTENIDO Pág. INTRODUCCION 16 1. HIPÓTESIS 17 2. OBJETIVOS 18 2.1 GENERAL 18 2.2 ESPECÍFICOS 18 3. REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA 18 3.1 GENERALIDADES 18 3.2 LEGUMINOSAS FORRAJERAS 19 3.2.1 Potencial de las leguminosas. 19 3.2.1.1 Fuente nutritiva. 19 3.2.1.2 Mejoradoras de la calidad del suelo. 20 3.2.1.3 Rendimiento. 20 3.2.1.4 Incremento en la productividad animal. 20 3.2.1.5 Usos. 20 3.2.2 Factores que afectan la persistencia de leguminosas forrajeras tropicales. 21 3.2.2.1 Medio ambiente. 21 3.2.2.2 Factores fisiológicos. 22 3.2.2.3 Factores genéticos y de evolución. 22 3.2.2.4 Ataque de patógenos. 22 3.3 Tadehagi triquetrum 22 3.3.1 Taxonomía (Ohashi, 1973) 22 3.3.2 Distribución geográfica. 23 3.3.3 Morfología. 24 3.3.4 Fenología. 26 3.3.5 Diversidad genética del Tadehagi triquetrum. 27 3.3.6 Atributos del Tadehagi triquetrum. 27 3.3.6.1 Propiedades medicinales. 28 3.3.6.2 Compuestos de defensa o secundarios o factores antinutricionales (FAN). 28 3.3.6.2.1 Taninos condensados. 29 3.3.6.2.2 Isoflavonoides prenilados. 29 3.3.6.3 Polisacáridos no amiláceos (PNA). 30 3.3.6.4 Nodulación. 30 3.3.6.5 Palatabilidad. 30 3.3.7 Adaptación de Tadehagi triquetrum como forrajera en diferentes ambientes 31 3.3.7.1 Noreste de Vietnam, Asia. 31 3.3.7.2 Sabana eólica del Cunaviche Estado Apure de Venezuela. 31 3.3.7.3 Llanos al Sur de Venezuela. 32 3.3.7.4 Carimagua al oriente de Colombia. 32 3.3.7.5 Pucallpa, Perú. 32 3.3.7.6 Región tropical húmeda de Bolivia. 32 3.3.7.7 Suroeste de Nigeria, África. 33 3.4 METODOLOGÍA PARA LA EVALUACIÓN AGRONÓMICA DE LEGUMINOSAS TROPICALES 33 4. MATERIALES Y METODOS 33 4.1 LOCALIZACIÓN 34 4.2 ANÁLISIS DEL SUELO 34 4.3 PRECIPITACIÓN 34 4.4 MATERIAL EXPERIMENTAL 36 4.5 DISEÑO EXPERIMENTAL 36 4.6 ANALISIS DE LA INFORMACIÓN 37 4.7 SIEMBRA, TRASPLANTE Y MANTENIMIENTO 37 4.8 ÉPOCA DE ESTABLECIMIENTO 38 4.9 CORTE DE ESTANDARIZACIÓN O IGUALACIÓN 38 4.10 ÉPOCA DE PRODUCCION 39 4.11 VARIABLES EVALUADAS 39 5. RESULTADOS Y ANALISIS 41 5.1 FASE DE ESTABLECIMIENTO 41 5.1.1 Hábito de crecimiento erecto. 42 5.1.2 Hábito de crecimiento ascendente. 43 5.1.3 Hábito de crecimiento postrado. 44 5.2 FASE DE PRODUCCIÓN 45 5.2.1 Hábito de crecimiento erecto. 47 5.2.2 Hábito de crecimiento ascendente. 48 5.2.3 Hábito de crecimiento postrado. 49 5.2.4 Calidad nutricional de la colección de Tadehagi triquetrum. 51 5.2.4.1 Contenido de Fibra Detergente Neutro y Acido (FDN y FDA), Lignina Detergente Acido (LDA) y Taninos condensados Totales (TCT) en las 11 accesiones seleccionadas. 54 5.2.5 Correlación de las variables evaluadas. 59 5.2.6 Clasificación. 61 6. CONCLUSIONES 66 7. RECOMENDACIONES 67 BIBLIOGRAFIA 68 ANEXOS 76 LISTA DE TABLAS Pág. Tabla 1. Resultados del análisis de suelo del lote de T. triquetrum, Subestación experimental CIAT Quilichao. 34 Tabla 2. Vigor, altura y diámetro de copa durante el establecimiento de las accesiones de hábito Erecto de Tadehagi triquetrum en Quilichao. 43 Tabla 3. Vigor, altura y diámetro de copa durante el Establecimiento de las accesiones de hábito Ascendente de Tadehagi triquetrum en Quilichao. 44 Tabla 4. Vigor, altura y diámetro de copa durante el establecimiento de las accesiones de hábito Postrado de Tadehagi triquetrum en Quilichao. 45 Tabla 5. Comportamiento de las variables evaluadas en la fase de producción de Tadehagi triquetrum en Quilichao. 46 Tabla 6. Evaluación agronómica de la colección de T. triquetrum en Quilichao. Datos de 6 evaluaciones de producción (tres en época seca y tres en época de lluvias). Hábito de crecimiento: E = erecto (15). 48 Tabla 7. Evaluación agronómica de la colección de T. triquetrum en Quilichao. Datos de 6 evaluaciones de producción (tres en época seca y tres en época de lluvias). Hábito de crecimiento: A = ascendente (31). 49 Tabla 8 Evaluación agronómica de la colección de T. triquetrum en Quilichao. Datos de 6 evaluaciones de producción (tres en época seca y tres en época de lluvias). Hábito de crecimiento: P = postrado (38). 50 Tabla 9. Prueba de rango múltiple Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welsch por época para la variable Materia Seca Total (MST). 51 Tabla 10. Calidad nutricional del Tadehagi triquetrum evaluado en época seca y de lluvias en Quilichao. 53 Tabla 11. Calidad nutricional y producción (MST) promedio para época seca y de lluvias de 11 de las mejores accesiones CIAT de Tadehagi triquetrum. 59 Tabla 12. Matriz de correlación entre las variables de estudio. 60 Tabla 13. Análisis de calidad, laboratorio CIAT- Palmira. 41 LISTA DE FIGURAS Pág. Figura 1. Distribución geográfica del origen de las accesiones de Tadehagi triquetrum. 23 Figura 2. Clasificación de las hojas de Tadehagi triquetrum según su forma. Oblonga (A), ovada (B) e intermedia entre ovada y oblonga (C). 24 Figura 3. Inflorescencias racimosas simples (A) y flor (B) de Tadehagi triquetrum. 25 Figura 4. Frutos de Tadehagi triquetrum. 25 Figura 5. Semillas de 114 accesiones de Tadehagi triquetrum. 25 Figura 6. Dibujo Botánico de Tadehagi triquetrum. 26 Figura 7. Precipitación mensual durante la evaluación de establecimiento y de producción de Tadehagi triquetrum. 35 Figura 8. Balance hídrico observado en los períodos de evaluación en la estación experimental del CIAT – Quilichao 2008-2010. 36 Figura 9. Siembra de Tadehagi triquetrum en el invernadero del CIAT, Palmira. 37 Figura 10. Establecimiento de Tadehagi triquetrum. 38 Figura 11. Corte de estandarización de Tadehagi triquetrum para el hábito erecto y ascendente (A) y postrado (B). 38 Figura 12. Clasificación de las accesiones Tadehagi triquetrum. Erecto (A), ascendente (B) y postrado (C). 41 Figura 13. Hábito de crecimiento (%) de las 84 accesiones de Tadehagi triquetrum evaluadas. 42 Figura 14. Dendrograma de clasificación de 84 accesiones de Tadehagi triquetrum por componentes principales y análisis clusters a un nivel de 8 grupos 62 LISTA DE ANEXOS Pág. Anexo A. Plano de campo de la colección de Tadehagi triquetrum en la subestación experimental Quilichao-CIAT. 76 Anexo B. Formato de evaluación de establecimiento de la colección de Tadehagi triquetrum en la subestación Quilichao. 77 Anexo C. Formato de evaluación de producción de la colección de Tadehagi triquetrum en la subestación Quilichao. 78 Anexo D. Pasaporte de las 84 accesiones de Tadehagi triquetrum utilizadas para la evaluación agronómica. 79 Anexo E. Pasaporte de las 30 accesiones más de Tadehagi triquetrum utilizadas para la cuarta repetición de fenología 82 Anexo F. Contenido de taninos condensados totales de una muestra compuesta de las 11 mejores accesiones de Tadehagi triquetrum. 84 Anexo G. Clasificación de calidad de forrajes de acuerdo a Linn et al., 1989 (Calsamiglia, 1997).
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