DOCSLIB.ORG

Kentucky Pollinator Handbook

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Kentucky Pollinator Handbook Natural Resources Conservation Service Kentucky Pollinator Handbook A Field Office Technical Guide Reference for the Management of Pollinators and their Habitats A publication of NRCS Ecological Sciences in conjunction with Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation and The Nature Conservancy Kentucky Pollinator Handbook Cover Photo: Picture of a two-year old Conserva- tion Reserve Program (CRP) pollinator planting (CP42) in Russell County, KY. Photo: N. Adamson “Helping People Help the Land” USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. 2 Kentucky Pollinator Handbook ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CONTRIBUTING & CONSULTING AGENCIES: Consultants and contributors include: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, NATURAL RESOURCES CONSERVATION SERVICE KENTUCKY STATE NATURE PRESERVES COMMISSION KENTUCKY DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES THE XERCES SOCIETY FOR INVERTEBRATE CONSERVATION JULY 2016 CONTRIBUTORS: Casey Shrader, KY State Biologist, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Lexington, KY Nancy Adamson, Pollinator Conservation Specialist, The Xerces Society, Greensboro, NC Jeff Sole, Director of Conservation Programs, The Nature Conservancy, Lexington, KY Mike Hensley, Green River Project Director, The Nature Conservancy, Canmer, KY 3 Kentucky Pollinator Handbook 4 Kentucky Pollinator Handbook TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION 7 POLLINATION SERVICES IN KENTUCKY 9 NATIVE BEE AND BUTTERFLY DIVERSITY 11 Important Insect Pollinators 12 The Monarch Butterfly 15 POLLINATOR BIOLOGY AND HABITAT 18 POLLINATOR CONSERVATION AND FARM PLANNING 20 I RECOGNIZING EXISTING POLLINATOR HABITAT 21 A Existing Plant Composition 21 B Nesting and Overwintering Sites 22 C Existing Areas of Open and Forested Landscapes 24 II PROTECTING POLLINATORS AND THEIR HABITAT 25 A Minimizing Pesticide Use 25 B NRCS Pesticide Planning & Risk Assessment 28 C Minimizing the Impact of Mowing, Haying or Grazing 29 D Protecting Ground Nesting Bees 29 E Protecting Tunnel Nesting Bees 29 F Supporting Managed Honey Bees 30 III ENHANCING AND DEVELOPING NEW POLLINATOR HABITAT 33 A Site Selection 33 B Habitat Design 36 C Plant Selection and Seed Sources 42 D Creating Artificial Nest Sites 46 ESTABLISHMENT, MANAGEMENT & MAINTENANCE OF POLLINATOR IV 50 HABITAT A Woody Establishment 51 B Woody Stand Maintenance 51 C Herbaceous Seedbed And Site Preparation 52 D Herbicide Use 52 E Herbaceous Planting 53 F Conventional Seeding 54 G No-Till Using a Truax or Other Seed Drill 58 V POLLINATOR HABITAT AND NRCS PRACTICES 62 5 Kentucky Pollinator Handbook TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE APPENDICES 74 I FINANCIAL RESOURCES 76 II PLANT TABLES 78 A Word Concerning Pollinator Plants 78 Plant Table Notes And Definitions 78 A. Native Plants Suitable for Pollinator Applications in Kentucky 82 Non-Native, Non-Invasive Plants Suitable for Pollinator Applications in Ken- B. 98 tucky C. Common Crop Species Useful to Pollinators 100 Non-Native Plants Suitable For Use In Crop Rotations, Cover Crops and D. 101 Green Manures E. Plants Principally Pollinated by Flies or Beetles 102 III PLANT MIXES 104 Woody Mixes 104 General Woody Species Mix for Pollinators 106 Linear Woody Species Mix for Pollinators 107 Herbaceous Mixes 110 General Purpose Mix For Pollinator Habitat #1 112 General Purpose Mix For Pollinator Habitat #2 113 General Purpose Mix For Pollinator Habitat #3 114 Wet Site Mix For Pollinator Habitat 115 General Pollinator Site Mix Attractive To Hummingbirds 116 General Mix For Monarchs & Other Butterflies 117 Linear Conservation Cover Plant Mix For Pollinators 118 Spot Area Mix for Pollinators 119 IV SOURCES OF PLANT MATERIALS 120 Commercial Native Seed & Tree Vendors 122 V COMMON BEES 127 VI ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 131 VII GLOSSARY 136 REFERENCES 141 6 Kentucky Pollinator Handbook Introduction he work of bees and other pollinators is something that touches us all through the food we eat, the clothes we wear and the landscapes we enjoy. Pollinators are an integral part of our T environment and vital for our agricultural systems; they ensure production of at least 35% of the world’s food crops. Global animal pollinators include bees, butterflies, moths, some wasps, flies, beetles, ants, bats and hummingbirds. There are an estimated 20,000 species of bees world- wide, with approximately 4,000 species native to the United States. While we often rely on the non-native European honey bee (Apis mellifera) as a managed pollinator for many crops in the United States, recent research has highlighted the importance of diverse wild pollinators, espe- cially native bees, in crop production. With de- clines of honey bee colonies because of disease and other factors, the need for supporting diverse pollinators grows even more important to the fu- ture of agriculture. Native bees provide free pol- lination services, but require habitat that includes nesting sites and sources of pollen and nectar throughout the growing season, in addition to the crops needing pollination. They are often spe- cialized for foraging on particular flowers, such as squash, berries, or orchard crops. This spe- cialization results in more efficient pollination and the production of larger and more abundant fruit from certain crops. Native bees contribute an estimated three billion dollars’ worth of crop pollination annually to the U.S. economy. The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) can assist landowners by suggesting lo- cally appropriate plants and crop management This bumble bee (Bombus spp.) in Woodford County, that provides areas for foraging (nectar and pol- KY shows why native bees are excellent pollinators by moving pollen from one flower to another. len sources) and nesting for organisms that pro- Photo: C. Shrader NRCS KY vide pollination services. These plantings and crop management approaches also support a di- versity of other beneficial insect predators and parasitoids that help reduce crop pest populations. Planners should pay particular attention to boxes like this. Throughout this document there are Planner Notes intended to provide tips and guidance for NRCS conservation planning. 7 Kentucky Pollinator Handbook This document is provided primarily as a tool to provide guidance to NRCS planners. It may be provided to landowners who have an interest in establishing and maintaining pollinator habitat. It focuses on native bees, the most important pollinators in temperate North America; but also ad- dresses the habitat needs of butterflies and, to a lesser degree, hummingbirds and other beneficial insects. Note that by providing habitat for native bees and butterfly species, habitat for European honey bees is also provided. This handbook contains references for assisting landowners and providing sound information regarding the application of conservation practices to restore, en- hance or create habitat for organisms that provide pollination services. References and information within this book will be updated and additional materials will be provided periodically as they become available through revisions or supplements by NRCS. Hummingbirds provide some minor pollination services by utilizing nectar producing flowers such as this cardinal flower (Lobelia cardinalis). Photo: Sue Chaplin http://bybio.wordpress.com 8 Kentucky Pollinator Handbook Pollination Services in Kentucky hy should you care about pollinators? Over one hundred crop species in North America require a visit from an insect pollinator to be productive and approximately one out of Wevery four mouthfuls of food or beverage consumed requires insect pollination. Directly and indirectly, insect pollinated crops in North America are worth almost $30 billion annually – including food, medicines, dyes, and fabric fibers. In temperate zones, most showy flowers are pollinated by insects, especially bees. Almost all herbaceous wildflowers are insect pollinated, and several trees and shrubs, including the dog- woods, redbud, wild plums, sassafras, spicebush, the magnolias and many willows. Most native insect pollinated plants are adapted to a specific group of pollinators that are active at a specific time of the year. Many insects co-evolved with plants, developing the proper size and body con- struction to carry pollen to more effectively pollinate the plant. Without native pollinators, plant diversity and the ecosystems it supports, would be greatly reduced causing a cascade effect on other species survival. As plants are the basis of terrestrial food webs, their reproduction is essen- tial for the integrity of the system. Their reproduction depends on native pollinators. Insects and flowering plants diversified and evolved together, resulting in the most wide- spread occurrence of mutual interdependence in the natural world. The shape, position, chemical and visual attributes of the flower determines which type of pollinator is most likely to be at- tracted to it. Bee pollinated flowers are usually open and accessible, but many are irregular in shape such as legumes, often requiring bees to disturb petals and other structures to gain access to nectar. This in turn leads to picking up or dropping off pollen and ensures pollination in the process. Ultraviolet patches and lines on petals of some flowers guide bees to nectar and pollen. Flower species that have broad flower heads or large flowers that are elevated above surrounding vegetation, such as milkweeds, attract butterflies. Flies are significant in pollinating several trees, including sassafras, and are attracted to small, open shallow
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Central Appalachian Broadleaf Forest Coniferous Forest Meadow Province
    Selecting Plants for Pollinators A Regional Guide for Farmers, Land Managers, and Gardeners In the Central Appalachian Broadleaf Forest Coniferous Forest Meadow Province Including the states of: Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia And parts of: Georgia, Kentucky, and North Carolina, NAPPC South Carolina, Tennessee Table of CONTENTS Why Support Pollinators? 4 Getting Started 5 Central Appalachian Broadleaf Forest 6 Meet the Pollinators 8 Plant Traits 10 Developing Plantings 12 Far ms 13 Public Lands 14 Home Landscapes 15 Bloom Periods 16 Plants That Attract Pollinators 18 Habitat Hints 20 This is one of several guides for Check list 22 different regions in the United States. We welcome your feedback to assist us in making the future Resources and Feedback 23 guides useful. Please contact us at [email protected] Cover: silver spotted skipper courtesy www.dangphoto.net 2 Selecting Plants for Pollinators Selecting Plants for Pollinators A Regional Guide for Farmers, Land Managers, and Gardeners In the Ecological Region of the Central Appalachian Broadleaf Forest Coniferous Forest Meadow Province Including the states of: Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia And parts of: Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee a nappc and Pollinator Partnership™ Publication This guide was funded by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, the C.S. Fund, the Plant Conservation Alliance, the U.S. Forest Service, and the Bureau of Land Management with oversight by the Pollinator Partnership™ (www.pollinator.org), in support of the North American Pollinator Protection Campaign (NAPPC–www.nappc.org). Central Appalachian Broadleaf Forest – Coniferous Forest – Meadow Province 3 Why support pollinators? In theIr 1996 book, the Forgotten PollInators, Buchmann and Nabhan estimated that animal pollinators are needed for the reproduction “ Farming feeds of 90% of flowering plants and one third of human food crops.
    [Show full text]
  • Orchard Mason Bees
    Orchard Mason Bees This page offers WWW links outside WSU as an option for finding further information. No endorsement of products or information is implied by including those sites. The orchard mason bee (Osmia lignaria) is a gentle beneficial insect that has potential as a pollinator of apples, cherries, and other tree fruits. It is found throughout most of North America, particularly in wooded areas but often around homes in towns and cities. Homeowners sometimes become concerned when they see the bee entering cavities under shake siding or investigating nail holes or other cavities in wood during March through early June. These are not destructive insects, since they do not excavate holes in the wood, though they will clean out loose debris. No controls are recommended, since no damage is done. To prevent the bee from nesting, holes may be filled with caulking. The orchard mason bee is usually slightly smaller than a honey bee and a shiny dark blue in color. The actual size of the bee depends largely upon the size of the hole in which it grew. Males (Fig. 1) are smaller than females, have longer antennae and an additional tuft of light colored hairs on the face. Females (Fig. 2) have hairs on the underside of the abdomen, called the "scopa", adapted for carrying pollen. Fig. 1 Male orchard bee. Note the long antennae. (The red coloring is caused by Chaetodactylus sp. mites riding on the bee.) Female orchard mason bee on blossom. Fig. 2 The female approaches the flower from the top, transferring pollen from other flowers in the process.
    [Show full text]
  • Field Release of the Leaf-Feeding Moth, Hypena Opulenta (Christoph)
    United States Department of Field release of the leaf-feeding Agriculture moth, Hypena opulenta Marketing and Regulatory (Christoph) (Lepidoptera: Programs Noctuidae), for classical Animal and Plant Health Inspection biological control of swallow- Service worts, Vincetoxicum nigrum (L.) Moench and V. rossicum (Kleopow) Barbarich (Gentianales: Apocynaceae), in the contiguous United States. Final Environmental Assessment, August 2017 Field release of the leaf-feeding moth, Hypena opulenta (Christoph) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), for classical biological control of swallow-worts, Vincetoxicum nigrum (L.) Moench and V. rossicum (Kleopow) Barbarich (Gentianales: Apocynaceae), in the contiguous United States. Final Environmental Assessment, August 2017 Agency Contact: Colin D. Stewart, Assistant Director Pests, Pathogens, and Biocontrol Permits Plant Protection and Quarantine Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service U.S. Department of Agriculture 4700 River Rd., Unit 133 Riverdale, MD 20737 Non-Discrimination Policy The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination against its customers, employees, and applicants for employment on the bases of race, color, national origin, age, disability, sex, gender identity, religion, reprisal, and where applicable, political beliefs, marital status, familial or parental status, sexual orientation, or all or part of an individual's income is derived from any public assistance program, or protected genetic information in employment or in any program or activity conducted or funded by the Department. (Not all prohibited bases will apply to all programs and/or employment activities.) To File an Employment Complaint If you wish to file an employment complaint, you must contact your agency's EEO Counselor (PDF) within 45 days of the date of the alleged discriminatory act, event, or in the case of a personnel action.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chemical Ecology and Evolution of Bee–Flower Interactions: a Review and Perspectives1
    668 REVIEW / SYNTHE` SE The chemical ecology and evolution of bee–flower interactions: a review and perspectives1 S. Do¨ tterl and N.J. Vereecken Abstract: Bees and angiosperms have shared a long and intertwined evolutionary history and their interactions have re- sulted in remarkable adaptations. Yet, at a time when the ‘‘pollination crisis’’ is of major concern as natural populations of both wild and honey bees (Apis mellifera L., 1758) face alarming decline rates at a worldwide scale, there are important gaps in our understanding of the ecology and evolution of bee–flower interactions. In this review, we summarize and dis- cuss the current knowledge about the role of floral chemistry versus other communication channels in bee-pollinated flow- ering plants, both at the macro- and micro-evolutionary levels, and across the specialization–generalization gradient. The available data illustrate that floral scents and floral chemistry have been largely overlooked in bee–flower interactions, and that pollination studies integrating these components along with pollinator behaviour in a phylogenetic context will help gain considerable insights into the sensory ecology and the evolution of bees and their associated flowering plants. Re´sume´ : Les abeilles et les angiospermes partagent une grande partie de leur histoire e´volutive, et leurs interactions ont produit de remarquables exemples d’adaptations mutuelles. Cependant, a` une e´poque ou` la « crise de la pollinisation » de- vient une pre´occupation majeure et ou` les populations d’abeilles sauvages et mellife`res (Apis mellifera L., 1758) font face a` des de´clins massifs a` l’e´chelle mondiale, notre compre´hension de l’e´cologie et de l’e´volution des relations abeilles- plantes demeure fragmentaire.
    [Show full text]
  • Attracting Hummingbirds to Your Garden Using Native Plants
    United States Department of Agriculture Attracting Hummingbirds to Your Garden Using Native Plants Black-chinned Hummingbird feeding on mountain larkspur, fireweed, and wild bergamot (clockwise from top) Forest National Publication April Service Headquarters Number FS-1046 2015 Hummingbird garden guide Many of us enjoy the beauty of flowers in our backyard and community gardens. Growing native plants adds important habitat for hummingbirds and other wildlife—especially pollinators. Even small backyard gardens can make a difference. Gardening connects us to nature and helps us better understand how nature works. This guide will help you create a hummingbird- What do hummingbirds, friendly garden. butterflies, and bees have in common? They all pollinate flowering plants. Broad-tailed Hummingbird feeding on scarlet gilia Hummingbirds are Why use native plants in restricted to the Americas with more your garden? than 325 species of Hummingbirds have evolved with hummingbirds in North, Central, and native plants, which are best adapted South America. to local growing seasons, climate, and soil. They prefer large, tubular flowers that are often (but not always) red in color. In this guide, we feature seven hummingbirds that breed in the United States. For each one, we also highlight two native plants found in its breeding range. These native plants are easy to grow, need little water once established, and offer hummingbirds abundant nectar. 2 Hummingbirds and pollination Ruby-throated Hummingbird feeding on the At rest, a hummer’s nectar and pollen heart beats an of blueberry flowers average of 480 beats per minute. On cold nights, it goes into What is pollination? torpor (hibernation- like state), and its Pollination is the process of moving pollen heart rate drops to (male gamete) from one flower to the ovary of another 45 to 180 beats per minute.
    [Show full text]
  • Beekeeping: Florida Bee Botany1 Malcolm T
    CIR 686 Beekeeping: Florida Bee Botany1 Malcolm T. Sanford2 This publication seeks to list and describe the immune from these, and it behooves policy makers to most important bee plants found in the state of consider the possible impact on most Florida bee Florida, their approximate distribution and blooming plants, which are feral in nature, when implementing date. With this information, beekeepers should be policy. A specific case in point is gallberry, present in able to better manage their colonies and/or move vast blankets within low-lying swampy areas in the them to maximize production. Finding good locations past, but continuously declining due to forest for colonies, based on proximity to good honey flora, management procedures, agriculture and is both and art and science; it takes a good deal of urbanization, all of which seek to drain the land and care and often several years of experience at one lower the water table. location to determine suitability. In this regard, the beekeeper must learn to become a careful Although many plants produce pollen for the experimenter and observer. bees, it is usually nectar-producing species that are of most interest to beekeepers. Few plants, in fact, Plants that profusely produce nectar and/or anywhere, are capable of secreting the vast amount of pollen in one location may not in another for a nectar honey bees need to produce a honey crop. In number of reasons including differences soil Florida, for example, perhaps less than ten species moisture, pH, profile and fertility. These factors are account of over ninety percent of the state's honey also affected overall by climatic considerations: crop, and only one, citrus, is cultivated.
    [Show full text]
  • Etude Sur L'origine Et L'évolution Des Variations Florales Chez Delphinium L. (Ranunculaceae) À Travers La Morphologie, L'anatomie Et La Tératologie
    Etude sur l'origine et l'évolution des variations florales chez Delphinium L. (Ranunculaceae) à travers la morphologie, l'anatomie et la tératologie : 2019SACLS126 : NNT Thèse de doctorat de l'Université Paris-Saclay préparée à l'Université Paris-Sud ED n°567 : Sciences du végétal : du gène à l'écosystème (SDV) Spécialité de doctorat : Biologie Thèse présentée et soutenue à Paris, le 29/05/2019, par Felipe Espinosa Moreno Composition du Jury : Bernard Riera Chargé de Recherche, CNRS (MECADEV) Rapporteur Julien Bachelier Professeur, Freie Universität Berlin (DCPS) Rapporteur Catherine Damerval Directrice de Recherche, CNRS (Génétique Quantitative et Evolution Le Moulon) Présidente Dario De Franceschi Maître de Conférences, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (CR2P) Examinateur Sophie Nadot Professeure, Université Paris-Sud (ESE) Directrice de thèse Florian Jabbour Maître de conférences, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (ISYEB) Invité Etude sur l'origine et l'évolution des variations florales chez Delphinium L. (Ranunculaceae) à travers la morphologie, l'anatomie et la tératologie Remerciements Ce manuscrit présente le travail de doctorat que j'ai réalisé entre les années 2016 et 2019 au sein de l'Ecole doctorale Sciences du végétale: du gène à l'écosystème, à l'Université Paris-Saclay Paris-Sud et au Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle de Paris. Même si sa réalisation a impliqué un investissement personnel énorme, celui-ci a eu tout son sens uniquement et grâce à l'encadrement, le soutien et l'accompagnement de nombreuses personnes que je remercie de la façon la plus sincère. Je remercie très spécialement Florian Jabbour et Sophie Nadot, mes directeurs de thèse.
    [Show full text]
  • Protecting and Enhancing Pollinators in Urban Landscapes for the US
    Rebecca Finneran, MSU Extension MSU Extension bulletin E3314 By David Smitley, Michigan State University Department of Entomology; Diane Brown and Erwin Elsner, Michigan State University Extension; Joy N. Landis, Michigan State University IPM; Paula M. Shrewsbury, University of Maryland Department of Entomology; and Daniel A. Herms, The Ohio State University Department of Entomology Introduction For the past 30 years or more, most tree care pro- natural defenses (resistance) to invasive pests from fessionals, landscapers, urban foresters and many Europe or Asia, and (2) invasive pests populations informed property owners have been managing may build rapidly because we do not have the right destructive insects by minimizing pesticide use and predators and parasitoids to control them as in their encouraging predators and parasites that naturally native habitat. keep pests under control. This approach is referred to as Integrated Pest Management (IPM), and it includes Emerald ash borer, Japanese beetle and hemlock using Best Management Practices (BMP) for preserv- wooly adelgid are currently some of our most destruc- ing benefcial insects. In most states, landscape pro- tive invasive insects. Homeowners, business property fessionals must attend educational classes on pesti- owners and cities sometimes choose to use a pesti- cide safety and best management practices to receive cide to protect roses, ash, hemlock and other trees their pesticide applicator license, a requirement for and shrubs susceptible to invasive insects. However, purchasing restricted use pesticides. Minimizing when insecticides are used for invasive pests, they pesticide use along with implementing other IPM prac- may impact pollinators and other benefcial insects tices protects water resources from pesticide runoff, and mites, including predators and parasitoids that minimizes the exposure of people, pets and wildlife to keep plant pests under control.
    [Show full text]
  • 2Nd Quarter 1996, Volume 14 No. 2
    On The Fringe NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY OF NORTHEASTERN OHIO Founding Chapter of THE OHIO NATIVE PLANT SOCIETY Thomas A. Sampliner, Local President and Editor 2651 Kerwick Road University Hts.. Ohio 44118 (216) 371-4454 VOLUME 14 2nd Quarter 1996 NUMBER 2 IN THIS ISSUE 1996 Program Schedule – Dr. George J. Wilder Bottle Gentians: Part II – Dr. James S. Pringle A Review: "Orchids of Indiana" by Michael A. Homoya – Tom Sampliner Messin’ with Mints: Part I of II – Tom Sampliner 1996 PROGRAM SCHEDULE by Dr. George J. Wilder Program Committee Chairman It is advised that all participants bring a brown-bag lunch on all field trips and to all workshops. Also please call the trip leader to let him or her know you will be coming. This is very important in case of any last minute changes which participants may need to know about. A trip leader and their phone number will be listed for each event. Please feel free to invite guests. SUNDAY, JUNE 9f 9:30 AM - BOG WALK AT TRIANGLE LAKE BOG STATE NATURE PRESERVE. Judy Barnhart will lead this trip. Highlights of this .trip should include Pitcher Plant (Sarracenia purpurea), Three-way Sedge (Dulichium arundinaceum), Large Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon), Buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis), and Larch (Larix laricina). To get to Triangle Lake Bog, take 1-480 east to Route 14 in Portage County. Take Route 14 east to Lake Rockwell Road where you turn right. At Redbrush Road turn left and follow Redbrush to Route 59 where you turn right. Turn left onto Lakewood. Turn left onto Sandy Lake Road.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Insect Species Which May Be Tallgrass Prairie Specialists
    Conservation Biology Research Grants Program Division of Ecological Services © Minnesota Department of Natural Resources List of Insect Species which May Be Tallgrass Prairie Specialists Final Report to the USFWS Cooperating Agencies July 1, 1996 Catherine Reed Entomology Department 219 Hodson Hall University of Minnesota St. Paul MN 55108 phone 612-624-3423 e-mail [email protected] This study was funded in part by a grant from the USFWS and Cooperating Agencies. Table of Contents Summary.................................................................................................. 2 Introduction...............................................................................................2 Methods.....................................................................................................3 Results.....................................................................................................4 Discussion and Evaluation................................................................................................26 Recommendations....................................................................................29 References..............................................................................................33 Summary Approximately 728 insect and allied species and subspecies were considered to be possible prairie specialists based on any of the following criteria: defined as prairie specialists by authorities; required prairie plant species or genera as their adult or larval food; were obligate predators, parasites
    [Show full text]
  • Arthropods of Elm Fork Preserve
    Arthropods of Elm Fork Preserve Arthropods are characterized by having jointed limbs and exoskeletons. They include a diverse assortment of creatures: Insects, spiders, crustaceans (crayfish, crabs, pill bugs), centipedes and millipedes among others. Column Headings Scientific Name: The phenomenal diversity of arthropods, creates numerous difficulties in the determination of species. Positive identification is often achieved only by specialists using obscure monographs to ‘key out’ a species by examining microscopic differences in anatomy. For our purposes in this survey of the fauna, classification at a lower level of resolution still yields valuable information. For instance, knowing that ant lions belong to the Family, Myrmeleontidae, allows us to quickly look them up on the Internet and be confident we are not being fooled by a common name that may also apply to some other, unrelated something. With the Family name firmly in hand, we may explore the natural history of ant lions without needing to know exactly which species we are viewing. In some instances identification is only readily available at an even higher ranking such as Class. Millipedes are in the Class Diplopoda. There are many Orders (O) of millipedes and they are not easily differentiated so this entry is best left at the rank of Class. A great deal of taxonomic reorganization has been occurring lately with advances in DNA analysis pointing out underlying connections and differences that were previously unrealized. For this reason, all other rankings aside from Family, Genus and Species have been omitted from the interior of the tables since many of these ranks are in a state of flux.
    [Show full text]
  • Creating a Pollinator Garden for Native Specialist Bees of New York and the Northeast
    Creating a pollinator garden for native specialist bees of New York and the Northeast Maria van Dyke Kristine Boys Rosemarie Parker Robert Wesley Bryan Danforth From Cover Photo: Additional species not readily visible in photo - Baptisia australis, Cornus sp., Heuchera americana, Monarda didyma, Phlox carolina, Solidago nemoralis, Solidago sempervirens, Symphyotrichum pilosum var. pringlii. These shade-loving species are in a nearby bed. Acknowledgements This project was supported by the NYS Natural Heritage Program under the NYS Pollinator Protection Plan and Environmental Protection Fund. In addition, we offer our appreciation to Jarrod Fowler for his research into compiling lists of specialist bees and their host plants in the eastern United States. Creating a Pollinator Garden for Specialist Bees in New York Table of Contents Introduction _________________________________________________________________________ 1 Native bees and plants _________________________________________________________________ 3 Nesting Resources ____________________________________________________________________ 3 Planning your garden __________________________________________________________________ 4 Site assessment and planning: ____________________________________________________ 5 Site preparation: _______________________________________________________________ 5 Design: _______________________________________________________________________ 6 Soil: _________________________________________________________________________ 6 Sun Exposure: _________________________________________________________________
    [Show full text]