The Trail Evi Janse de Jonge

Student no: 29968895, UPD4002 The Ecological City, Monash University Summary

Introduction construction of a trail between Skenes

The celebrates its Creek and Fairhaven. Skenes Creek 100 year anniversary this year. The 243 The proposed shared walking and cycling kilometre road was constructed along trail aims for the following outcomes: the Victorian coastline by World War I returning soldiers and is therefore the 1. Connectivity largest War Memorial in the world. The road connected the once isolated towns, • Connect with Skenes which are now crowded by tourists. Last Creek to Fairhaven trail year, more than 6 million people drove • Connect Apollo Bay town centre with Apollo Bay the scenic drive.1 This immensive tourism foreshore and existing trails puts its pressure on the region. Besides, • Improve signage and route of the Great climate change impacts the area heavily Ocean Walk Image 1: Proposed connection between and is expected to do so even more in the • Make the harbour easier to find and Marengo near future. At various points, the road is accessible for tourists and community Great Ocean Walk (south) and currently damaged by landslides and sanddunes investigated trail erode quickly. 2. Resilience between Skenes N Creek and Fairhaven This project focuses on Apollo Bay and its • The trail is constructed with (north). surrounding area within the Great Ocean sustainable, locally produced material Road region. Approximately 1600 people • At certain points along the beach, the live permanently in this coastal town. The trail can serve as a seawall to prevent town experiences dramatic beach erosion the beach and dunes from erosion (image 2) and some areas are subject to • At other points, the trail will be elevated flooding. It is also a popular lunch stop and therefore allow for flooding for daytrip tourists. In summer, around 30 underneath buses stop in Apollo Bay at lunch time, which puts its pressure on the currently 3. Economic benefits existing infrastructure, such as toilets and bins. The town also provides the start of • Attract tourists to Apollo Bay to stay the world-famous Great Ocean Walk. overnight • Attract more hikers and cyclists to the This project proposes a shared walking Great Ocean Road region in general and cycling trail along the foreshore of • Stimulate daytrip tourists to spend more Apollo Bay to Marengo (image 1). The time in Apollo Bay and its harbour trail will not only follow the beach, but will also go out in the sea and inlands. The 4. Health benefits trail can be used as an alternative route for the first few kilometers of the Great • Encourage active modes of transport Ocean Walk. It will connect with this walk • Provide a safer alternative route for Image 2: Tuxion car in Marengo and on the northern end it will cyclists who are now riding on The park in Apollo Bay after a storm in June connect with the currently investigated Great Ocean Road 2018.2 Regional map Proposal within local setting

Skenes Creek

1 Hotspot Great Ocean Walk Coastal Trail Study route 1 Proposed Trail type 1 Apollo Bay Proposed Trail type 2 2 Proposed Trail type 3 3 Proposed Trail type 4

Ocean

Marengo Urban Area

Green area

N

0,2 0,5 1 2 4

Image 3 The current situation Identifying the challenges of Apollo Bay Apollo Bay faces several issues that this projects aims to address. The challenges are classified into four broader topics; lack of connectivity, environmental vulnerability, the costs but not the benefits of tourism and infrastructural congestion.

Image 5 (left): Beach erosion in Apollo Bay.

Image 6 (right): 1. Lack of connectivity 2. Environmental vulnerability Beach access interrupted by Great The world-famous Great Ocean Walk The beach of Apollo Bay experiences Ocean Road. starts right next to Apollo Bay’s tourist dramatic erosion (image 8). On the information centre on the foreshore. It is northside of the town, fences have been unclear however in which direction the placed to prevent the existing footpath trail commences. There is no clear path from collapsing (image 5). Another to follow and the route sometimes gets environmental issue is the high chance interrupted (image 7). The Apollo Bay’s of flooding. This risk is mainly located on Surf Lifesaving Club forms a major barrier the southside of the town, between Apollo on the route. Bay and Marengo. With a sealevel rise Another issue is the poor connection of 2 meters, most of this area including between the foreshore and the towns’ camping grounds and Apollo Bays’ mainstreet Collingwood St. recreation Reserve will be flooded.

3. The costs but not the benefits of tourism

Apollo Bay is a popular lunchstop for daytrip tourists. Especially in peak season, these tourists put pressure on the existing infrastructure. Except for Image 7: Great lunch, tourists do not spend their money Ocean Walk in Apollo Bay. in Apollo Bay. The town lacks activities to attract visitors to stay overnight. There is also a lack of hiking and mountainbiking trails starting from the town.3 Skenes Creek Image 4: Pedestrian crossings on Collingwood St. 4. Infrastructural congestion The above image shows the only two existing pedestrian crossings on Most people visit the Great Ocean Road Collingwood St. Especially on busy days either by car or bus tour. Tourists often this street gets conjested, resulting in take the same route, entering Apollo Very high erodibility unsafe situations. There is also no paved Bay on the Northside and then driving Moderate erodibility footpath going to the harbour. Apollo Bay through Collingwood St. to continue their Low erodibility Currently, the possible construction of a journey towards the Twelve Apostles. Great Ocean Road new walking trail between Skenes Creek As mentioned before, Apollo Bay is a Ocean and Fairhaven is being studied. This trail popular lunch stop. In peak season, will connect with the Surf Coast Walk, but the town can not cope with the influx of Urban Boundary there is a gap between Skenes Creek Marengo automobiles. There is not enough parking Green Space and Apollo Bay (image 3). There is no and Collingwood St. gets very conjested. N Image 8: Erodibility continuous footpath existent between There is no adequate parking and bins 0,5 1 2 4 of Apollo Bay’s these towns. 4 and toilets are overused. coast. Proposal The four trail types The Apollo Bay trail is a shared walking and cycling trail running between Skenes Creek and Marengo (image 3). Inspired by the Brisbane Riverwalk, there is a dedicated lane for both cyclists and pedestrians. The physical separation of both groups is very important as research shows this increases safety and convenience for both groups.5 Depending on the specific location of the trail, it can take various forms to contribute to the earlier outlined environmental outcomes and to provide an attractive scenic trail. The exact locations of the trail types can be found on image 3. The images below each type are case studies and can be used as an inspiration. The following four types of trails are proposed:

1. Regular trail 2. Seawall 3. Out in the ocean 4. Elevated in wetland

The first type of trail is the most Apollo Bay’s beach is subjected to heavy The third path type will be constructed out The fourth type of trail is proposed to be straightforward one. This type is proposed erosion (image 8). In order to prevent in the ocean, close to the foreshore. As constructed in the wetlands between to be implemented within the Apollo Bay the sand dunes and beach from erosion the ocean is rough, it is advised to create Marengo and Apollo Bay. Here, the Foreshore Reserve. Providing a main and the trail from collapsing, the trail an elevated, anchored bridge with railing meanders into the ocean trail with smaller paths connecting the could serve as a seawall along the coast on both sides. This type will be used to and the landscape forms a green wedge beach and Collingwood St., creates a where there is very high erodibility. The get pedestrians and cyclists around the between the two towns. The area is clear hierarchy. By doing so, people can design of this seawall should be done with Apollo Bay Golf Club and the Marengo targeted by the Colac Shire Council as a easily access the beach from the town. consideration to the natural environment. Holiday park. Besides the scenic lookouts priority flood risk area. If sea level rises Continuing the trail on to the harbour this trail will provide, the benefits of this with 2 meters, this area will be completely will stimulate visitors to walk or ride The seawall in Vancouver shown type is to create a more convenient, high flooded. By elevating the trail, the land there, making Apollo Bay overall a more below, could be taken as an example. standard and easier to follow route. It below can still flood without damaging the attractive and exctiting place to visit. It will It is a Corten steel seawall with dune can be used as a subsitute for the Great path. The path will also connect the two also benefit the local economy, once the grasses and pine shrubs. The costs Ocean Walk. The existing route of this towns in times of flooding, whereas the harbour has been redeveloped. are comparable to a standard concrete walk is not clearly marked and crosses Great Ocean Road will be under water. seawall. The Corten steel will dissolve a residential area of Apollo Bay. Once after 75 to 100 years, making it “just as hikers arrive in Marengo, they have to mutable as the rest of the water-mitigating walk through a caravan park before a boulders on the beach”.6 dedicated walking trail starts.

Image 9 (left): The Image 11 (left): Fredriksdal Quay, Brisbane Riverwalk.9 Denmark.7 Image 12 (right): Image 10 (right): Pedreira do Campo, Seawall Vancouver.8 Portugal.10 Proposal Hotspot 1 - Apollo Bay foreshore Reserve Map hotspot 1 - Apollo Bay foreshore Reserve As shown on image 3, the proposed trail has three targeted hotspots. These are areas that are interesting and attractive spots for tourists to visit. All three hotspots will be Starting point Great Ocean presented on the next 6 pages, showing conceptual maps on the left page and more Walk detailed maps and case studies on the right page. Main route proposed trail Connecting paths proposed trail

Great Ocean Walk

Ocean

Urban Boundary

Green Space N

Image 13: Conceptual aspired connection Apollo Image 15: Proposed Bay and the route Apollo Bay foreshore. Foreshore Reserve. One of the major issues for Apollo Bay paths connecting the trail with the beach is the poor connection between the main and Collingwood St. (image 15). The case street and the foreshore. There are only study about the Bow RiverWalk, could two crossings for pedestrians (image 4), serve as an inspiration. resulting in chaos on Collingwood St. on Case study: Bow RiverWalk busy days. The proposed shared bicycle- The new trail can be used as a substitute The City of Calgary aimed to give their walking trail will go through Apollo Bay’s for the Great Ocean Walk, which starts River District its own identity and a foreshore Reserve. In order to attract next to the Visitor’s Centre. It is important sense of place. The RiverWalk was part tourists, but also local residents to use that there is clear signage provided. of a broader masterplan for the area the proposed trail, the path needs to be Besides road signs, more subtle signs and now serves as a commuter route well-connected with Apollo Bay’s town as shown below, could provide more for pedestrians and cyclists. The path centre as well as the beach. There need guidance. reconnects Calgary’s CBD and the East to be more pedestrian crossings and the Village District. It also provides a place for trail needs to be visible from Collingwood residents of the city to gather with fellow St. The trail should also connect with the citizens and enjoy the waterfront. The existing cycling network in Apollo Bay to design is resilient, preventing the area allow riding residents to make use of the from erosion, overflow and flooding by trail. using plants, bioengineering and concrete walls. The construction of the RiverWalk The current pedestrian paths in the costed nearly $25 million AUD, but the Reserve are winding and there is no overall profit outcomes of the districts’ hierarchy. The proposed trail is a wide, Image 14: Signage Image 16: Bow Masterplan is estimated at almost a billion major pathway in the area, with smaller Great Ocean Walk. RiverWalk, Canada.11 dollars. 12 Proposal Hotspot 2 - Apollo Bay Harbour Map hotspot 2 - Apollo Bay Harbour

Apollo Bay Harbour

Nelson St. Breakwater Rd

Main route proposed trail Connecting paths proposed trail

Great Ocean Walk

Golf course

Ocean

Urban Boundary

Image 17 Aspired Green Space N connection foreshore Image 18: Proposed Apollo Bay and the route Apollo Bay harbour. Harbour. The harbour of Apollo Bay is an important The Apollo Bay trail is going to connect hub in the region. Apollo Bay is the the harbour with Apollo Bay’s town centre. crayfish capital of the Great Ocean Road. The trail will continue from the foreshore The harbour has been built in the 1950s Reserve on to Nelson St. To accomodate and now has a heritage overlay. The both cyclists and pedestrians and due Colac Otway Shire Council is currently to the limited space because of the golf Case study: Chek Jawa Boardwalk working on a redevelopment plan for the course, the best option is to implement the On a rustic island in Singapore, the Chek precint. A couple of priority activities that trail on Nelson St. and to make the street Jawa Boardwalk swings around the cape are suggested to be implemented include a one-way street for cars. The trail can out in the ocean. The trail is 1.1 kilometre crayfish tours, a spa, a coffee shop and a then commence via Breakwater Rd until it long and it is built in an intertidal area. 13 sailing club. The long-term goal of the is going out in the ocean. The construction was part of a longt-term Council and the community is to make the sustainable visitor management plan. The harbour more economically viable and It is important that tourists visiting Apollo island has a rich biodiversity with fragile attractive. Bay are excited to visit the harbour and marine ecosystems. CPG Consultants that they are able to find it. The placement designed the redeveloment of the area, There is no paved footpath connecting the of a monolith on the foreshore Reserve trying to have a minimal inpact on the Apollo Bay town centre and foreshore with with a map and the activities listed, could environment and keeping costs as low as the harbour. There is a small opening on help to attract more visitors. There should possible.15 the beach allowing people to walk up the also be adequate bicycle parking facilities pier, but this is not an accessible entrance at the harbour. for disabled people or parents with prams. The only alternative is to drive to the Image 19: Chek Jawa boardwalk, harbour. Singapore.14 Proposal Hotspot 3 - The Backwater Map hotspot 3 - The Backwater

The Backwater

Marengo Main route proposed trail Great Ocean Walk Marengo Holiday Great Ocean Road Park

Ocean

Image 20: Aspired Urban Boundary connection Apollo Green Space N Bay, The Backwater Image 21: Proposed and Great Ocean route through The Walk. Backwater. The Backwater forms the green wedge The Apollo Bay trail is going to cross between Apollo Bay and Marengo. This the Great Ocean Road and the Barham is the area wheren the Barham River river on the north side. The trail will then flows in the ocean. The wetland has enter the wetlands. Because of the risk an environmental significance overlay of flooding and the soggy soil, the trail because the vulnerable Australian should be elevated (trail type 4). The trail Case study: Pedreira do Campo Grayling habitates in the river, migrating will then join the coastline again closer to The pedestrian bridge in Portugal is between the ocean and the freshwater of Marengo. It will swing around Marengo located on Vila Do Porto, a Portugese the Barham River. Holiday Park, so that Great Ocean Walk island located in the Atlantic Ocean. The hikers do not have to cross the caravan site is a natural monument, known for its The wetland is subject to flooding. park anymore. The proposed trail can end oceanic fossils abundance. The goal of Riverine flooding and flash flooding are with stairs for pedestrians, and a turning the project is to preserve the landscape the main risks. This usually happends point for cyclists. A rest area for trail users and its indentity and at the same time to after heavy rainfall. Besides this current could also be implemented here, with educate visitors. The organic form of the threat, there is a long-term risk coming a stunning view on the wild ocean, the structure stimulates the visual aspect. The from the rising sealevel. With a sealevel Marengo Reefs Marine Sanctuary and a trail ends with a viewpoint on the ocean.17 rise of 2 meters, most of this area possible view on whales and other marine including camping grounds and Apollo wildlife. Bays’ recreation Reserve will be flooded.

Image 22: Pedreira do Campo, Portugal.16 Implementation Policy and planning analysis The next four pages describe the planning implementation of the Apollo Bay trail. The trail will be implemented on the short-term and managed by the newly established Great Ocean Road Coast and Parks Authority.

Planning Policy Framework ‘Rural Conservation Zone’. These zones Within the Victorian Planning Provisions and overlays recognize the quality and there are several Planning Policy importance of the environment. The Framework documents that are relevent coastline and foreshore of both Apollo to this proposal. Clause 11.03-5R outlines Bay and Marengo fall under the ‘Public Proposed trail the objective, strategies and relevant Conservation And Resource Zone’. This Road Zone Category 1 policy documents for the Great Ocean zone is safe from private development and Road region. Some of the key outcomes serves to “provide facilities which assist in Rural Conservation Zone of the document relevant to the Apollo Bay public education and interpretation of the Rural Activity Zone trail are: natural environment”.19 Industrial 1 Zone • Manage the impact of development The Apollo Bay’s Visitor Centre, the Public Use Zone on catchments and coastal areas, the Apollo Bay harbour, a tree and a fountain environmental and cultural values of located on the foreshore Reserve all Special Use Zone the area have a heritage overlay. This means Neighbourhood that it is highly unlikely that the Colac Residential Zone • Encourage sustainable tourism and Otway Shire Council will grant a permit General Residential Zone resource for developements that remove or affect N these structures. Image 23: Land Commercial Zone • Respect the character of coastal Zones and towns and promoting best practice Connecting to the wider region Overlays.20 design The proposed trail length between Skenes Creek and Marengo is approximately Skenes Zones and overlays 10 kilometres. In order to create a Creek The whole of the foreshore and harbour long distance route and multiple route of Apollo Bay and Marengo is Crown options for cyclists, it is important that the Land. The Victorian State Government proposed trail connects with the currently is responsible for managing this Crown investigated Skenes Creek to Fairhaven Land and it should provide environmental, Coastal Trail. A draft concept of this trail social, cultural and economic benefits has recently been published. The studied to the people of .18 Most of the trail is suitable for both walking and proposed trail will be implemented on mountainbike riding. There are several Crown Land, except for the Backwater concepts of mountainbike trails starting on located between Marengo and Apollo Bay. this proposed trail in and Lorne Apollo Bay that will connect with Forrest, a village in The Backwater between Apollo Bay and the Great Otway National Park, where Marengo including some parts of the many mountainbike trails are already Great Ocean Road have a ‘Land Subject existent. After the implementation of both Proposed trail to Inundation’ Overlay. The Barham River the Skenes Creek to Fairhaven trail and Marengo Government roads and its surrounding has an ‘Environmental the proposed Apollo Bay trail, the trails N Significance Overlay’ and a ‘Significant should be included in current trail maps, Crown Land Image 24: Crown Landscape Overlay’. It falls under the tourism websites and brochures. Land.21 Implementation Governance and timeline

The Great Ocean Road Present final project plan Survey use of trail, The Great Ocean Road Coast and Parks Authority and inform community investigate further changes Coast and Parks Authority advocates for federal and and expension of routes commences Develop draft plan state government funds Start community consultation Opening Apollo Bay trail Create final project plan 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027

Construction trail Process community commences consultation feedback Process community Start community consultation feedback Undertake trail study consultation

Responsible authority • Manage, protect, rehabilitate and Although the exact areas of coverage as the environmental challenges are Flowing from the Great Ocean Road foster resilience of the natural, cultural yet has to be decided, the fact that currently forming a risk for Apollo Bay. Action Plan, the Victorian Government and heritage values of coastal Crown the new authority is going to manage Tourism is expected to grow only more in recently announced the establishment land and marine waters along the coastal Crown land and marine waters the next years and it is important for the of a new and independent statutory Great Ocean Road along the Great Ocean Road makes township to receive the benefits from this authority: “The Great Ocean Road Coast this project fall under the responsibility tourism, instead of only paying the costs. and Parks Authority”. Over the past years, • Environmentally sustainable visitation of The Great Ocean Road Coast and a transparant and decisive overarching management for the National Parks Authority. The trail also addresses Community engagement authority has been missing. There are Heritage listed length of the Great all three purposes outlined by the State Apollo Bay has a strong and engaged currently 11 different authorities in charge Ocean Road to improve the visitor Government and would therefore be a community. For the quality of the of different locations in the area. Not one experience and manage visitation good first project for the new authority. It proposed trail and the community as a agency has the authority to manage land ‘hot spots’ a ‘coordinator-general’ is expected that the authority commences whole, it is important to receive feedback and waters along the full length of the like function to coordinate the timely mid to late 2020. Traditional Owners will from community members. Community Great Ocean Road. and efficient delivery of government be part of the board of the new Authority. engagament will be organized twice investment (such as visitor facilities The new Authority will have community throughout the project process. This The purpose of the new authority and infrastructure), to minimise the and environment advisory committees should take various forms, such as an is outlined by the Victorian State resultant disruption and inconvenience appointed at a later date. online platform, a presentation night and Government as follow: to travellers and local communities, drop-in sessions at various times and and to deliver government Timeline locations in Apollo Bay, Marengo, Colac construction projects The above timeline shows the general and Skenes Creek. timeframe the project should be • To recognise and protect the land and completed within. It is important that the ocean of the area.22 project gets carried out on the short-term, References 1 Martin, L. (2019). After 100 years, the Great Ocean Road is feeling the strain. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/sep/19/after-100- years-the-great-ocean-road-is-feeling-the-pressure-of-being-loved-to-death 2 Fillmore, P. (2018). Large stretches of beach at Apollo Bay and Marengo were washed away in winter storms. ABC News. Retrieved from: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-08-26/ erosion-at-a-carpark-along-the-beach-at-apollo-bay/10164494 3 Great Ocean Road Regional Tourism Ltd. (2018). Apollo Bay. Destination Action Plan 2018-2020. Retrieved from: https://www.greatoceanroadtourism.org.au/wp-content/up- loads/2018/11/Apollo-Bay-DAP-2018-2020.pdf 4 CoastAdapt (2019). Coastal Risk Australia. Retrieved from: http://coastalrisk.com.au/ 5 Hatfield, J., & Prabhakharan, P. (2016). An investigation of behaviour and attitudes rele- vant to the user safety of pedestrian/cyclist shared paths. 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