Beyond Dominant and Recessive Alleles Incomplete Dominance & Codominance

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Beyond Dominant and Recessive Alleles Incomplete Dominance & Codominance Incomplete Dominance: when neither allele is completely dominant over the other. · Results in the heterozygous phenotype being a blending of the two homozygous phenotypes. · A capital letter represents one of the incompletely dominant alleles. · The same capital letter prime (P’) represents the other incompletely dominant allele so that the two do not get mixed up. In snapdragons, red flower color (RR) is incompletely dominant to white (R’R’) flower color. A heterozygous snapdragon is pink (RR’). Cross a pink snapdragon with a pink snapdragon. RR R'R' F1 GENERATION RR' F2 GENERATION __________RR' X _________RR' R R' Genotypic Ratios: R RR RR' 1 RR: 2 RR': 1 R'R' OR 25% RR, 50% RR', 25% R'R' Phenotypic Ratios: 1 RED: 2 PINK: 1 WHITE 25% RED, 50%, 25% WHITE R' RR' R'R' In humans, curly hair (HH) is incompletely dominant to straight hair (H’H’). The heterozygous individual has wavy hair (HH’). Cross a person with curly hair with a person who has wavy hair. __________HH X _________HH' H H Genotypic Ratios: 2HH: 2HH' 50% HH, 50% HH' H HH HH 2 CURLY: 2 WAVY Phenotypic Ratios: OR H' HH' HH' 50% CURLY, 50% WAVY Codominance: when both alleles are dominant. · The heterozygous individual shows both alleles expressed equally. · A capital letter represents one of the codominant alleles. · A different capital letter represents the other codominant allele so that the two do not get mixed up. Roan cattle are codominant: In chickens, black feather color (BB) is codominant to white feather color (WW). Both feather colors show up in a checkered pattern in the heterozygous individual (BW). Cross a checkered chicken with a checkered chicken. __________BW X ________BW B W Genotypic Ratios: 1 BB: 2 BW:1 WW 25% BB: 50% BW:25% WW B BB BW Phenotypic Ratios: 1BLACK : 2 CHECKERED: 1 WHITE 25% BLACK, 50% CHECKERED: 25% WHITE W BW WW In horses, gray horses (GG) are codominant to white horses (WW). The heterozygous horses(GW) is an appaloosa horse (a white horse with gray spots on the rump and loins). Cross a white horse with an appaloosa horse. ________WW X ________GW G W Genotypic Ratios: 2GW: 2 WW OR 50% GW : 50% WW W GW WW W Phenotypic Ratios: 2 APPALOOSA: 2 WHITE OR 50% APPALOOSA : 50% WHITE GW WW.

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Equestrian Design Guidebook for Trails, Trailheads, and Campgrounds
Designing Horse Trails Chapter 3— Resource Roundup esigning Best Practices D Horse Trails What constitutes best practices for designing trails? The National Bicycling and Walking Study (1994) published by the FHWA, defines best practices as those that “…offer exemplary Once trail analysis and planning are completed, or model planning guidelines, design standards, planners know how the trail relates to existing development strategies, and management transportation systems and recreation opportunities. programs that lead to successful bicycle and 3 The next step is trail layout and design. The design pedestrian programs.” Riders often use the same Figure 3–1—Trails in wildland settings generally have minimal should protect the setting, use an appropriate level trails as pedestrians and bicycles. The study development and offer the most challenge for trail users. of development, meet the needs of trail users, and lists numerous examples of State and local plans minimize trail user conflicts. that address individual topics. Some also clarify existing national standards and incorporate Resource Roundup Trails, Naturally Trail Settings regional considerations. The update, Ten Year Natural Surface Trails by Design: Physical and The setting is the overall environment of the trail. Status Report (FHWA 2004), is available at http:// Human Essentials of Sustainable, Enjoyable Three commonly used settings are wildlands, rural, www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bikeped/study. Trails (Troy Scott Parker 2004) has a flexible and urban. The terms and definitions may vary design system that covers: from area to area and between organizations. The Õ Basic physical forces and relationships definition of the setting helps planners and designers wildland settings.
[Show full text]
Thoroughbred Horses
Thoroughbred Horses Visit Funny Cide at the KHP Hall of Champions! A long time ago, man tamed the horse. People used horses to farm and to ride. Today, people also race horses. The most popular breed for horse racing is the Thoroughbred. The Thoroughbred is the only horse that can compete in the Kentucky Derby. * This educational packet is intended for third, fourth, and fifth graders. It may be complete in small groups or individually. ! Name:_______________________________ Date:________________________________ The Life Cycle of a Thoroughbred Racehorse Racehorses are born on farms. 1 Baby horses are called foals. ! ! Mother horses are called Mares. Foals live with their mothers. Father horses are called Stallions. 2 ! ! When foals are about six months old they are weaned, meaning separated from their mothers. 3 Weanlings live in a herd made of up horses their age. ! ! When horses turn one year old, they are called yearlings. At this point, boy horses are called colts, and girl horses are called fillies. 4 ! ! 5 Horses start racing at two years old. ! ! Racehorses retire on farms after (hopefully) long careers. Some racehorses become pleasure horses, while others are bred to produce more 6 racehorses. ! ! What about horses? Where do horses live? Horses live in barns and outside. In a barn, a horse lives in a stall. Outside, a horse lives in a pasture. ! White Prince A Rare White Thoroughbred Visit him at the KHP! ! ! What do horses eat? Horses eat a lot during the day. From the time they are born, until they are about 5 months old, foals need to drink their mother’s milk.
[Show full text]
I . the Color Gene C
THE ABC OF COLOR INHERITANCE IN HORSES W. E. CASTLE Division of Genetics, University of California, Berkeley, California Received October, 27, 1947 HE study of color inheritance in horses was begun in the early days of Tgenetics. Indeed many facts concerning it had already been established earlier, by DARWINin his book on “Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication.” At irregular inteivals since then, new attempts have been made to collect and classify in terms of genetic factors the records contained in stud books concerning the colors of colts in relation to the colors of their sires and dams. A full bibliography is given by CREWand BuCHANAN-SMITH (19301. By such studies, we have acquired very full information as to what color a colt may be expected to have, when the color of its parents and grandparents is known. This knowledge is empirical rather than experimental in nature. For horses being slow breeding and expensive are rarely available for direct experi- mental study, such as can be made with the small laboratory mammals, mice, rats, rabbits and guinea pigs. We have definite information that color inheritance in horses involves the existence of mutant genes similar to those demonstrated by experimental studies to be involved in color inheritance of other mammals. But the horse genes have been given special names, as they were successively discovered, and it is difficult at present to correlate them with the better known names and geneic symbols used by the experimental breeders. The present paper is an attempt to make such a correlation. Just as in morphological studies comparative anatomy was found useful and still is used to establish homologies between systems of organs, so in mammalian genetics, a comparative study of gene action in the production of coat colors and color patterns may also be of value.
[Show full text]
List of Horse Breeds 1 List of Horse Breeds
List of horse breeds 1 List of horse breeds This page is a list of horse and pony breeds, and also includes terms used to describe types of horse that are not breeds but are commonly mistaken for breeds. While there is no scientifically accepted definition of the term "breed,"[1] a breed is defined generally as having distinct true-breeding characteristics over a number of generations; its members may be called "purebred". In most cases, bloodlines of horse breeds are recorded with a breed registry. However, in horses, the concept is somewhat flexible, as open stud books are created for developing horse breeds that are not yet fully true-breeding. Registries also are considered the authority as to whether a given breed is listed as Light or saddle horse breeds a "horse" or a "pony". There are also a number of "color breed", sport horse, and gaited horse registries for horses with various phenotypes or other traits, which admit any animal fitting a given set of physical characteristics, even if there is little or no evidence of the trait being a true-breeding characteristic. Other recording entities or specialty organizations may recognize horses from multiple breeds, thus, for the purposes of this article, such animals are classified as a "type" rather than a "breed". The breeds and types listed here are those that already have a Wikipedia article. For a more extensive list, see the List of all horse breeds in DAD-IS. Heavy or draft horse breeds For additional information, see horse breed, horse breeding and the individual articles listed below.
[Show full text]
Genomics and the Evolutionary History of Equids Pablo Librado, Ludovic Orlando
Genomics and the Evolutionary History of Equids Pablo Librado, Ludovic Orlando To cite this version: Pablo Librado, Ludovic Orlando. Genomics and the Evolutionary History of Equids. Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Annual Reviews, 2021, 9 (1), 10.1146/annurev-animal-061220-023118. hal- 03030307 HAL Id: hal-03030307 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03030307 Submitted on 30 Nov 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci. 2021. 9:X–X https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-animal-061220-023118 Copyright © 2021 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved Librado Orlando www.annualreviews.org Equid Genomics and Evolution Genomics and the Evolutionary History of Equids Pablo Librado and Ludovic Orlando Laboratoire d’Anthropobiologie Moléculaire et d’Imagerie de Synthèse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31000, France; email: [email protected] Keywords equid, horse, evolution, donkey, ancient DNA, population genomics Abstract The equid family contains only one single extant genus, Equus, including seven living species grouped into horses on the one hand and zebras and asses on the other. In contrast, the equine fossil record shows that an extraordinarily richer diversity existed in the past and provides multiple examples of a highly dynamic evolution punctuated by several waves of explosive radiations and extinctions, cross-continental migrations, and local adaptations.
[Show full text]
Horse and Buggy Driver's Manual
Horse and Buggy Driver’s Manual PUB 632 (4-19) www.penndot.gov Foreword Now more than ever, we, as horse and buggy drivers, need to be careful and observe the basic rules of safety when traveling on today’s busy roads. There is more traffic going much faster than ever before and we must do what we can to assure our own safety as well as that of motorists with whom we must share the road. We’ve created a horse and buggy driver safety manual to assist in this effort. Proper operation of your horse and buggy on these busy roads can greatly reduce crashes. The manual is intended for horse and buggy drivers operating on public roadways. However, this manual can also be useful for motor vehicle drivers, especially out-of-town visitors and tourists, not familiar with encountering horse and buggies traveling on the road. We hope that you will find this information useful and will do your part to make our roadways safe. Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge and appreciate the cooperation of the following people and organizations: Center for Traffic Safety County of Lancaster Lancaster County Amish Safety Committee Lancaster County Planning Commission Lancaster Highway Safety Council Members of the Plain Community Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Pennsylvania State Police, Troop J Cover photo courtesy of Terry Ross Photography i Table of Contents Chapter 1: Courtesy and Conduct . .1 Chapter 2: Traffic Signs, Signals, and Pavement Markings . .3 Chapter 3: Horse Handling and Harnesses . .12 Chapter 4: Buggy Lighting . .14 Chapter 5: Driving on the Road .
[Show full text]
Environmental Assessment
Environmental Assessment Wild Horse Gather to Appropriate Management Levels on the Adobe Town, Salt Wells Creek, Great Divide Basin, White Mountain and Little Colorado Herd Management Areas The BLM’s multiple-use mission is to sustain the health and productivity of the public lands for the use and enjoyment of present and future generations. The Bureau accomplishes this by managing such activities as outdoor recreation, livestock grazing, mineral development, and energy production, and by conserving natural, historical, cultural, and other resources on public lands. DOI-BLM-WY-D040-2020-0005-EA Environmental Assessment for a Wild Horse Gather to Appropriate Management Levels on the Adobe Town, Salt Wells Creek, Great Divide Basin, White Mountain and Little Colorado Herd Management Areas Bureau of Land Management Rock Springs Field Office & Rawlins Field Office Wyoming DOI-BLM-WY-D040-2020-0005-EA March 2021 Wild Horse Gather to Appropriate Management Levels on the Adobe Town, Salt Wells Creek, Great Divide Basin, White Mountain and Little Colorado Herd Management Areas. Environmental Assessment DOI-BLM-WY-D040-2020-0005-EA Table of Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Purpose and Need for the Proposed Action .......................................................................................
[Show full text]
Deb and Her “Destiny”
Deb and her “Destiny” The internet is a wonderful thing. It allowed me to find the love of my life. I was surfing the BLM site July of 2009 and there she was, an Appaloosa Mustang mare looking back at me from a picture taken of her at the Mantle Ranch in Wyoming. Her eyes said “Here I am, I am the one for you, take me home!” and that was what I was determined to do. She is from the White Mountain HMA in Sweetwater Wyoming and Steve Mantle had done some halter breaking work with her and that made me even more excited. After reading how to place an internet auction bid on the updated BLM site I sat at my computer and started to shake…..was this going to work? Is this a fantasy or is that Appaloosa really sending me a message that she is for me? Am I nuts! Well after a few minutes of thinking…I hit the key and sent in my bid. Now the pressure was on, would I win her or not….so I watch the computer screen intently and suddenly there was my bid, I was in the running to get the Appy mare of my dreams. I already own a Mustang and she is a great partner and friend. She is about as solid a trail horse as there is but a little on the small side. I knew I should be happy with just her but something about the Appy mare looking at me from my computer screen just tugged at my heart strings.
[Show full text]
Mules and Hinnies Factsheet
FACTSHEET: OWNERS MULES AND HINNIES Mules and hinnies are similar. They are both a cross between a horse and a donkey, with unique characteristics that make them special. Because they are so similar, the terms ‘mule’ and ‘hinny’ are used interchangeably, with hinnies often being referred to as mules. KEY FACTS ABOUT MULES AND HINNIES: Mule: The result of a donkey stallion mating with a female horse. Mules tend to have the head of a donkey and extremities of a horse. Hinny: The result of a horse stallion mating with a female donkey. Hinnies are less common than mules and there might be subtle differences in appearance. Size: Varies greatly depending on the stallion and mare. Ranging from 91-172 cm. Health: Hardy and tough. They often have good immune systems. Strength: Extremely strong. They pull heavy loads and carry much heavier weights than donkeys or horses of a similar size. Behaviour: Intelligent and sensitive. They can have unpredictable reactions. Appearance: Ears smaller than a donkey’s, the same shape as a horse’s. The mane and tail of a hinny is usually similar to a horse. Vocalisation: A mixture of a donkey’s ‘bray’ and a horse’s ‘whinny’. Sex: Male is a ‘horse mule’ (also known as a ‘john’ or ‘jack’). Female is a ‘mare mule’ (also known as a ‘molly’). Young: A ‘colt’ (male) or ‘filly’ (female). What is hybrid vigour? Hybrid = a crossbreed Vigour = hardiness or resilience • ‘Interbreeding’ (crossbreeding) can remove weaker characteristics and instead pass on desirable inherited traits. This is ‘hybrid vigour’, a term often associated with mules and hinnies.
[Show full text]
The Effect on Performance in Descendents of New Forest Pony Stallions, That Have the Clc-1 Gene Mutations That Leads to Congenit
The effect on performance in sports in descendents of CLCN1 gene mutation carrier New Forest pony stallions Authors: D.M. Dickhoff; I.D. Wijnberg Abstract Aim of the study: To determine if ponies descending from a CLCN1 gene mutation carrier stallion perform better in sports, compared to ponies that do not descent from a CLCN1 gene mutation carrier stallion. Study design: Data analysis of 11.414 New Forest ponies, in which the relationship between the descent of the ponies and their sport performance are analyzed. Methods: Ponies were divided in jumping, dressage and eventing categories. They were listed categorically from the lowest category to the highest and descendents from mutation carrier stallions were marked. Statistical analysis with logistic regression between the sport categories and within the categories has been performed using SPSS version 19. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Ponies descending from a mutation carrying stallion are significantly better performing in jumping. The odds of finding a descent in the highest jumping category is 7.6 compared to the lowest. In dressage, descendents from a gene mutation carrier stallion are performing significantly better, with an odds of 4.1 for performing in the highest category. In eventing, the odds of finding a descendent from a mutation carrying stallion in the highest category is 2.9 compared to the lowest. Conclusion and clinical relevance: Ponies that are descendants of a mutation carrying stallion are performing significantly better in jumping, dressage and eventing. This conclusion might lead to breeding programs which includes stallions who carry this mutation, aiming to breed better performing ponies in equine sports, which is in contrast of the aim of the Studbook to eradicate the mutation.
[Show full text]
Rulebook21.Pdf
APPALOOSA A HORSE FOR ALL REASONS 2 0 2 Share your reasons with us at [email protected] 1 RIDE WITH US into the NEW DECADE ApHC DIRECTORY The Appaloosa Horse Club is on Pacific Time, three hours behind New York, two hours behind Texas, one hour behind Colorado, in the same time zone as California. Business hours are 8 a.m. to 5 p.m., Monday through Friday. Administration Member Services Executive Secretary— Membership information ext. 500 Lynette Thompson ext. 249 [email protected] [email protected] Administrative Assistant— Museum [email protected] www. appaloosamuseum.org [email protected] Director— Crystal White ext. 279 Accounting [email protected] Treasurer— Keith Ranisate ext. 234 Racing Coordinator— Keri Minden-LeForce ext. 248 Appaloosa Journal [email protected] [email protected] Editor— Registration Dana Russell ext. 237 General information ext. 300 [email protected] Registry Services— Advertising Director— [email protected] Hannah Cassara ext. 256 [email protected] Performance General Information ext. 400 Art/Production Director— Barbara Lawrie Performance Department Supervisor— [email protected] Keri Minden-LeForce ext. 248 [email protected] Graphic Designer & Circulation Manager— Judge Coordinator and Show Secretary— Jonathan Gradin ext. 258 Debra Schnitzmeier ext. 244 (circulation & subscriptions, address [email protected] changes, missing & damaged issues, Appaloosa Journal Online) [email protected] [email protected] Show Results/Show Approvals— [email protected] Deb Swenson ext. 265 [email protected] Information Technnology ACAAP— Information Technology Supervisor— Amber Alsterlund ext. 264 Dave O’ Keefe ext. 251 [email protected] [email protected] Trail & Distance Coordinator— [email protected] ext. 221 Marketing Marketing/Public Relations Director— Youth Programs Hannah Cassara ext.
[Show full text]
2015 Aphc Yearbook
2015 ApHC Yearbook 1 The Best of 2015— RACING ACCOLADES ALL THE CAREFUL breeding selections, training decisions and early morning work- outs bring so much anticipation on race day. The thrill of the start—the thunder of hooves and the roar of the crowd when a horse crosses the wire into the record books and becomes part of the great tradition that is Appaloosa racing. Please join the Ap- paloosa Horse Club and Appaloosa Journal in congratulating the racing leaders of 2015. HY P OGRA T S PHO N EYER M Images ‘N The Le BY D. HORSE OF THE YEAR CANT BE CAUGHT Sire: WITH INTENT Dam: UNIQUE FORM (AQHA) APPALOOSA RAcing’s HORSE of the Year award was be- stowed upon the incredible seal brown gelding Cant Be Caught. The three-year-old gelding was on the board every race in 2015 and unanimously earned this title with big wins in the Speedhorse Gra- ham Farms Derby (G2), Mister Lewie Memorial Stake (G2), and National Cowboy & Western Museum Stake (G2) and was stakes placed in the Lewis Wartchow Memorial Stake, Lorelei Derby and Don Drake Memorial Handicap. The Champion Three-Year-Old Gelding title was also awarded to Cant Be Caught. He is sired by the Appaloosa With Intent and out of the Quarter Horse mare Unique Form by Rare Form. His lifetime earnings amount to an outstanding $156,728. Cant Be Caught was bred and is owned by John Diediker of Kansas and trained by Trainer of the Year, Dee Keener. Congratula- tions on yet another outstanding year Cant Be Caught! By WITH INTENT SI 85 (2003).
[Show full text]