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Mediating the Message in the 21St Century

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Mediating the Message in the 21St Century COMMUNICATION / MEDIA STUDIES Mediating the Message in the 21st Century 21st the in Message the Mediating “The eagerly awaited Mediating the Message in the 21st Century consolidates the growing literature on the forces shaping media content and representation of reality, offering an updated hierarchical model that ranges from ideological to individual levels of analysis, and that works with traditional and ‘new’ communication professions alike, energizing our thinking and guiding us as students and scholars to the critical questions that need asking next.” Daniel Riffe, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill “Shoemaker and Reese detail the conceptual background needed to tell the full story of media’s influence on society, ranging from dominant social systems to journalistic practices—forces that both shape the messages experienced by an audience and set the context for their response. Mediating the Message in the 21st Century points the way to an expanded and unified perspective on public communication.” Maxwell McCombs, University of Texas at Austin “This massive update of the notable original serves as a major and sophisticated inquiry into the complexity of a most elusive subject—what indeed influences the content of our media messages? Shoemaker and Reese’s answer provides a significant scholarly contribution towards understanding the fast-paced, information-driven 21st century we live in.” Betty Houchin Winfield,University of Missouri “The long-awaited third edition of the Shoemaker and Reese classic delivers a broadened sense of context and form, Pamela J. Shoemaker & Stephen D. Reese reflecting a radically shifting media climate. Their Hierarchy of Influences Model thoughtfully guides readers toward systematic theoretical thinking about the creation of media content.” Dan Berkowitz, School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Iowa Mediating the Message Hailed as one of the “most significant books of the 20th century” byJournalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, this new edition of the classic media sociology textbook now offers students a comprehensive, theoretical approach to media content in the 21st in the 21st Century century. Mediating the Message in the 21st Century provides a broad perspective on the ways in which mass media content is subject to external influences, ranging from the content producer’s personal values to national ideologies, and argues that in order to understand the effects of media, it is first necessary to understand how media content is created. This updated edition expands upon Pamela J. Shoemaker and Stephen D. Reese’s earlier editions, with an added focus on entertainment media and the Internet. The updated edition of Mediating the Message in the 21st Century is an essential text for media effects scholars and students of A Media Sociology Perspective media sociology. Shoemaker & Reese Shoemaker Pamela J. Shoemaker is John Ben Snow Professor at the S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications at Syracuse University. Her books include News Around the World, How to Build Social Science Theories, and Gatekeeping Theory. She is co-editor of the journal Communication Research. She is former president of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication. Stephen D. Reese is Jesse H. Jones Professor and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs in the College of Communication at the University of Texas at Austin, where he has been on the faculty since 1982 and was previously director of the School of Journalism. He is co-editor of Framing Public Life: Perspectives on Media and Our Understanding of the Social World. www.routledge.com Routledge titles are available as eBook editions in a range of digital formats Cover design: Anú Design (www.anu-design.ie) Cover image: © Shutterstock Mediating the Message in the 21st Century Hailed as one of the “most signifi cant books of the 20th century” by Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , this new edition of the classic media sociology text- book now offers students a comprehensive, theoretical approach to media content in the 21st century. Mediating the Message in the 21st Century provides a broad per- spective on the ways in which mass media content is subject to external infl uences, ranging from the content producer’s personal values to national ideologies, and argues that in order to understand the effects of media, it is fi rst necessary to under- stand how media content is created. This updated edition expands upon Pamela J. Shoemaker and Stephen D. Reese’s earlier editions, with an added focus on enter- tainment media and the Internet. The updated edition of Mediating the Message in the 21st Century is an essential text for media effects scholars and students of media sociology. Pamela J. Shoemaker is John Ben Snow Professor at the S. I. Newhouse School of Public Communications at Syracuse University. Her books include News Around the World , How to Build Social Science Theories , and Gatekeeping Theory . She is co-editor of the journal Communication Research . She is former president of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication. Stephen D. Reese is Jesse H. Jones Professor and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs in the College of Communication at the University of Texas at Austin, where he has been on the faculty since 1982 and was previously director of the School of Journal- ism. He is co-editor of Framing Public Life: Perspectives on Media and Our Understanding of the Social World . Page Intentionally Left Blank Mediating the Message in the 21st Century A Media Sociology Perspective Pamela J. Shoemaker and Stephen D. Reese Third edition published 2014 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 and by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RN First edition published 1991 by Longman Publishers USA Second edition published 1996 by Longman Publishers USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2014 Pamela J. Shoemaker and Stephen D. Reese The right of Pamela J. Shoemaker and Stephen D. Reese to be identifi ed as author of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice : Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi cation and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Shoemaker, Pamela J. Mediating the message in the 21st century: a media sociology perspective / Pamela J. Shoemaker, Stephen D. Reese. – Third edition. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Mass media. 2. Content analysis (Communication) I. Title. II. Title: Mediating the message in the twenty-fi rst century. P91.S46 2013 302.23—dc23 2013008502 ISBN: 978-0-415-98913-8 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-415-98914-5 (pbk) ISBN: 978-0-203-93043-4 (ebk) Typeset in Stone Serif by Apex CoVantage, LLC CONTENTS Foreword ix Preface xiii Acknowledgments xix CHAPTER 1 Media Content and Theory 1 Media Content 2 Building Theory 4 The Hierarchical Model 7 Issues Raised by the Hierarchical Model 10 Summary 14 CHAPTER 2 Beyond Processes and Effects 16 Introducing the Framework 16 Social Science Paradigms 22 The Search for Theory 31 The Roots of a Sociology of News 34 Summary 36 CHAPTER 3 Mediating Reality 39 Patterns of Mediated Reality 40 Social Reality 56 Reality 57 Summary 62 CHAPTER 4 Social Systems 64 Social Systems as Level of Analysis 65 Media and Globalization: The Planet as Social System 66 Social Systems as Subsystems 69 v vi CONTENTS Social System as Conceptual Model 74 Theories of Power and Ideology 77 Infl uences on Content from Social Systems 83 Summary 93 CHAPTER 5 Social Institutions 95 Institutional Transformation 96 The Networked Media Space 97 Social Institutions as Level of Analysis 99 Social Institutions as Conceptual Model 103 Infl uences on Content from Social Institutions 108 Summary 127 CHAPTER 6 Organizations 130 The Organization as Level of Analysis 134 The Organization as Conceptual Model 137 Organizational Infl uences on Content 154 Summary 163 CHAPTER 7 Routines 164 Routines as Conceptual Model 168 Infl uences on Content from Routine Practices 191 Summary 202 CHAPTER 8 Individuals 204 Individuals as Level of Analysis 204 Individuals as Conceptual Model 209 Infl uences on Content from Individuals 218 Analyzing the Effects of Individuals 226 Summary 237 CHAPTER 9 Studying the Hierarchical Model 239 Building Theory 239 The Model as Finding 241 CONTENTS vii Model as Valuable Framework 242 Model as Guide to Interpretation 244 Evaluating the Relative Infl uence of Levels 245 Conclusion 246 References 247 About the Authors 273 Index 275 Page Intentionally Left Blank FOREWORD Living in what they viewed as a new modern world experiencing rapid social change, the classical 19th century social science theorists worried about the relationship be- tween the individual and society. They phrased this issue in a myriad of ways: What does the individual owe society? What kind of responsibility does a society have for the individuals who live in it? Does social change result from individual or group action and if from both factors, how are they related to one another? How do ideas circulate around a society and among individuals? What is the relationship between an individual’s ideas and the institutions of which she is a part? As Pamela Shoemaker and Stephen Reese remind us in Mediating the Message in the 21st Century , we are once again living in a period of critical change and these compelling questions still resonate throughout the social sciences, especially when it comes to understanding the transformation of the media.
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