DOCSLIB.ORG

Stress-Induced Mrnp Granules: Form and Function of Processing Bodies and Stress Granules

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Stress-Induced Mrnp Granules: Form and Function of Processing Bodies and Stress Granules Received: 17 September 2018 Revised: 18 December 2018 Accepted: 28 December 2018 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1524 ADVANCED REVIEW Stress-induced mRNP granules: Form and function of processing bodies and stress granules Anna R. Guzikowski1* | Yang S. Chen1* | Brian M. Zid2 1Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California In response to stress, cells must quickly reprogram gene expression to adapt and 2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, survive. This is achieved in part by altering levels of mRNAs and their translation University of California San Diego, La Jolla, into proteins. Recently, the formation of two stress-induced messenger ribonucleo- California protein (mRNP) assemblies named stress granules and processing bodies has been Correspondence postulated to directly impact gene expression during stress. These assemblies Brian M. Zid, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, sequester and concentrate specific proteins and RNAs away from the larger cyto- La Jolla, CA. plasm during stress, thereby providing a layer of posttranscriptional gene regulation Email: [email protected] with the potential to directly impact mRNA levels, protein translation, and cell sur- Funding information vival. The function of these granules has generally been ascribed either by the pro- National Institutes of Health, Grant/Award Numbers: T32 EB009380, R35 GM128798 tein components concentrated into them or, more broadly, by global changes that occur during stress. Recent proteome- and transcriptome-wide studies have pro- vided a more complete view of stress-induced mRNP granule composition in var- ied cell types and stress conditions. However, direct measurements of the phenotypic and functional consequences of stress granule and processing body for- mation are lacking. This leaves our understanding of their roles during stress incomplete. Continued study into the function of these granules will be an impor- tant part in elucidating how cells respond to and survive stressful environmental changes. This article is categorized under: Translation > Translation Regulation RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA–Protein Complexes RNA Export and Localization > RNA Localization KEYWORDS P-body, phase separation, stress, stress granules, translation 1 | INTRODUCTION Cells are frequently exposed to fluctuating, potentially adverse environmental conditions. To survive adverse changes they must rapidly alter gene expression in order to maintain internal homeostasis. The cellular reprogramming that occurs in response to a disruptive or inimical external fluctuation is broadly termed as stress response. Cellular stress response typically includes slowing or ceasing growth that is concomitant with repression of overall translation, although certain genes important for survival and repair are highly induced. Concurrently, while overall translation is repressed, many posttranscriptional regu- latory proteins and mRNAs undergo a process called phase separation that results in the formation of concentrated, nonmem- branous cytoplasmic structures generally described as granules or foci. During stress, this phase separation process might segregate proteins and mRNAs in a way that is functionally important for the cell and that promotes survival. Therefore, these *Anna R. Guzikowski & Yang S. Chen contributed equally to this study. WIREs RNA. 2019;e1524. wires.wiley.com/rna © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 1of17 https://doi.org/10.1002/wrna.1524 2of17 GUZIKOWSKI ET AL. structures are a subject of emergent interest. Although much progress has been made recently to identify the proteins and mRNAs that reside in these granules and the physical characteristics that underlie their formation, there is little known about the phenotypic or functional consequences of their formation during stress and therefore how significantly they contribute to stress response. There are many different types of cellular granules involved in a wide variety of biological processes such as nucleoli, paraspeckles, PML bodies, and Cajal bodies in the nucleus as well as the stress-induced processing bodies (PBs) and stress granules (SGs) in the cytoplasm. Here, we highlight the cytoplasmic PBs and SGs, two well-studied messenger ribonucleopro- tein (mRNP) granules that are present across eukaryotes during a variety of stressful conditions such as exposure to heat shock, oxidative stress, UV irradiation, osmotic stress, and nutrient starvation. The formation of these mRNP granules, which occurs on the scale of minutes after exposure to stress stimuli, is mediated by a physical process called liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS; see Box 1 for more information). There are common biophysical characteristics and some shared compo- nents between SGs and PBs as well as granule-specific features. It should be noted that, while the aptly named SGs are broadly induced during stress, PBs are a bit more organismal-specific. Saccharomyces cerevisiae induces visible PBs primar- ily during stress response while, in mammalian cells, small, microscopically visible PBs are constitutive but they become much larger and more abundant during stress. It should also be noted that the majority of research into these stress-induced granules is performed with yeast and mammalian cell culture systems. Ultimately, we posit SGs and PBs should be considered as distinct yet closely related mRNP granules; their properties and role in posttranscriptional gene expression during stress response is the focus of this review and we will address them individually, as SGs or PBs, and together more generally, as stress-induced mRNP granules, when appropriate. Initial characterization of conditions that bring about stress-induced mRNP granules began in the late 1990s when researchers observed that impairment of translation initiation causes SG formation (Bashkirov, Scherthan, Solinger, Buer- stedde, & Heyer, 1997; Kedersha, Gupta, Li, Miller, & Anderson, 1999). A decrease in initiation is one hallmark of stress response; the canonical mechanism of eIF2α-phosphorylation can drive robust granule formation in some stress conditions (Kedersha et al., 1999). Importantly, however, the formation of SGs is not dependent on eIF2α-phosphorylation as the addi- tion of small molecules that block translation initiation through different mechanisms are sufficient to drive granule assembly (Dang et al., 2006; Mazroui et al., 2006; Mokas et al., 2009). Moreover, the genetic knockdown of specific translation initia- tion factor proteins (Mokas et al., 2009) or the overexpression of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) that function to repress trans- lation (De Leeuw et al., 2007; Gilks, 2004; Kedersha et al., 2005; Mazroui et al., 2006; Wilczynska, 2005) also lead to mRNP granule formation. The observation that impaired translation drives SG and PB formation spurred further inquiry into their induction and the degree of interrelation between the two granules during stress response. Evidence emerged that SGs and PBs, each lacking membranes, are able to interact, potentially docking and swapping components (Buchan, Muhlrad, & Parker, 2008; Kedersha et al., 2005; Wilbertz et al., 2019). Nonetheless, it is known that these granules retain unique protein content and presumably RNA content, though the dynamics and degree of retention of RNAs with an individual granule is more poorly understood BOX 1 LIQUID–LIQUID PHASE SEPARATION The separation of components in a mixture is termed demixing. The demixing of liquids can take place if the energy of interaction between macromolecules is greater than the entropic energy reduction that arises from their homogeneous mixing. This process drives LLPS of a molecular mixture into two phases: a smaller volume of a concentrated, con- densed phase and a larger volume of a dilute, lower concentration phase. This can allow separation and compartmentali- zation of biomolecules into organelles without the presence of a membrane. As this is a thermodynamically favorable process, no external cellular energy (ATP) is necessary to maintain this separation within the cell. Biological LLPS is driven by collective weak interactions between multivalent substrates and intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs). IDPs or intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) are proteins or amino acids sequences that fail to form defined structures and instead assume multiple conformations. Many of these IDPs have low complexity domains where a small number of amino acid residues are overrepresented, especially many polar and charged amino acids including glutamine, proline, glutamic acid, lysine, arginine, glycine, and serine. Many proposed weak interactions help to overcome the entropic energy constraints of mixing that include electrostatic, cation–pi, and pi–pi interactions. While IDPs are important for phase separation, nucleic acids, especially RNA molecules, can also serve as multivalent substrates and drive demixing. In fact, RNA has been found sufficient to promote phase separation and alter the internal viscosity of membraneless compartments. GUZIKOWSKI ET AL. 3of17 than it is for proteins. Interestingly, one study found SG assembly was dependent on and promoted by the presence of pre- existing PBs in yeast cells, demonstrating the akin yet distinct nature of SGs and PBs (Buchan et al., 2008). On the other hand, a different study found that induction of PBs and SGs occurs via independent signaling pathways in yeast and reported no such dependency (Shah, Zhang, Ramachandran,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • IP6K1 Upregulates the Formation of Processing Bodies by Promoting Proteome Remodeling on the Mrna Cap
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.13.199828; this version posted July 13, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. IP6K1 upregulates the formation of processing bodies by promoting proteome remodeling on the mRNA cap Akruti Shah1,2 and Rashna Bhandari1* 1Laboratory of Cell Signalling, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad 500039, India. 2Graduate studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India. *Correspondence to Rashna Bhandari; Email: [email protected] Running title: IP6K1 promotes mRNA turnover to induce P-bodies ORCID IDs Akruti Shah - 0000-0001-9557-4952 Rashna Bhandari - 0000-0003-3101-0204 This PDF file includes: Main Text Figures 1 to 6 Keywords mRNA decay/mRNA metabolism/P-bodies/translation suppression 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.13.199828; this version posted July 13, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Abstract Inositol hexakisphosphate kinases (IP6Ks) are ubiquitously expressed small molecule kinases that catalyze the conversion of the inositol phosphate IP6 to 5-IP7. IP6Ks have been reported to influence cellular functions by protein-protein interactions independent of their enzymatic activity.
    [Show full text]
  • AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Alpha Regulates Stress Granule Biogenesis
    Data in Brief 4 (2015) 54–59 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Data in Brief journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/dib Data in support of 50AMP-activated protein kinase alpha regulates stress granule biogenesis Hicham Mahboubi, Ramla Barisé, Ursula Stochaj n Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada article info abstract Article history: This data article contains insights into the regulation of cytoplasmic Received 13 April 2015 stress granules (SGs) by 50-AMP-activated kinase (AMPK). Our results Accepted 13 April 2015 verify the specific association of AMPK-α2, but not AMPK-α1, with SGs. Available online 6 May 2015 We also provide validation data for the isoform-specific recruitment of the AMPK-α subunit to SGs using (i) different antibodies and (ii) a distinct cellular model system. In addition, we assess the SG ass- ociation of the regulatory AMPK β-andγ-subunits. The interpretation of these data and further extensive insights into the regulation of SG biogenesis by AMPK can be found in “50AMP-activated protein kinase alpha regulates stress granule biogenesis” [1]. & 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access articleundertheCCBYlicense (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Specifications table Subject area Biology More specific Stress response, cellular signaling, cell survival subject area Type of data Text, figures and graphs How data was Immunofluorescence microscopy, quantitative Western blotting acquired Data format Analyzed Experimental factors Mouse embryonic fibroblasts and human cancer cells (HeLa) treated with different inducers of cellular stress DOI of original article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.03.015 n Corresponding author.
    [Show full text]
  • Comprehensive Protein Interactome Analysis of a Key RNA Helicase: Detection of Novel Stress Granule Proteins
    Biomolecules 2015, 5, 1441-1466; doi:10.3390/biom5031441 OPEN ACCESS biomolecules ISSN 2218-273X www.mdpi.com/journal/biomolecules/ Article Comprehensive Protein Interactome Analysis of a Key RNA Helicase: Detection of Novel Stress Granule Proteins Rebecca Bish 1,†, Nerea Cuevas-Polo 1,†, Zhe Cheng 1, Dolores Hambardzumyan 2, Mathias Munschauer 3, Markus Landthaler 3 and Christine Vogel 1,* 1 Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, 12 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10003, USA; E-Mails: [email protected] (R.B.); [email protected] (N.C.-P.); [email protected] (Z.C.) 2 The Cleveland Clinic, Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] 3 RNA Biology and Post-Transcriptional Regulation, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, Berlin 13092, Germany; E-Mails: [email protected] (M.M.); [email protected] (M.L.) † These authors contributed equally to this work. * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-212-998-3976; Fax: +1-212-995-4015. Academic Editor: André P. Gerber Received: 10 May 2015 / Accepted: 15 June 2015 / Published: 15 July 2015 Abstract: DDX6 (p54/RCK) is a human RNA helicase with central roles in mRNA decay and translation repression. To help our understanding of how DDX6 performs these multiple functions, we conducted the first unbiased, large-scale study to map the DDX6-centric protein-protein interactome using immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry. Using DDX6 as bait, we identify a high-confidence and high-quality set of protein interaction partners which are enriched for functions in RNA metabolism and ribosomal proteins.
    [Show full text]
  • Stress Granule-Inducing Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4A Inhibitors Block Influenza a 2 Virus Replication 3
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/194589; this version posted October 2, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Stress granule-inducing eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A inhibitors block influenza A 2 virus replication 3 4 Patrick D. Slaine1, Mariel Kleer1, Nathan Smith2, Denys A. Khaperskyy1,* and Craig McCormick1,* 5 6 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax NS, 7 Canada B3H 4R2 8 2Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, 5790 University Avenue, 9 Halifax NS, Canada B3H 1V7 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 *Co-corresponding authors: Denys A. Khaperskyy1, E-mail: [email protected] ; Craig 22 McCormick1, E-mail: [email protected] 23 24 Mailing address: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College 25 Street, Halifax NS, Canada B3H 4R2. Tel: 1(902) 494-4519 26 27 Running Title: eIF4A inhibitors block influenza A virus replication 28 29 Keywords: influenza A virus/pateamine A/silvestrol/eIF4A/helicase/stress granule 30 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/194589; this version posted October 2, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
    [Show full text]
  • Coupling of Translation Quality Control and Mrna Targeting to Stress
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.05.895342; this version posted January 6, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Coupling of translation quality control and mRNA targeting to stress granules Stephanie L. Moon*, Tatsuya Morisaki, Timothy J. Stasevich, Roy Parker* *Correspondence to [email protected] and [email protected] 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.05.895342; this version posted January 6, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Abstract Stress granules (SGs) are dynamic assemblies of non-translating RNAs and proteins that form with translation inhibition1. Stress granules are similar to neuronal and germ cell granules, play a role in survival during stress, and aberrant, cytotoxic SGs are implicated in neurodegeneration2–4. Perturbations in the ubiquitin-proteasome (UPS) system also cause neurodegeneration5–10, and alter the dynamicity and kinetics of SGs11–14. Using single mRNA imaging in live cells15,16, we took an unbiased approach to determine if defects in the UPS perturb mRNA translation and partitioning into SGs during acute stress. We observe ribosomes stall on mRNAs during arsenite stress, and the release of transcripts from stalled ribosomes for their partitioning into SGs requires the activities of valosin-containing protein (VCP) and the proteasome, which is in contrast to previous work showing VCP primarily affected SG disassembly 11,13,14,17.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of Edc3p As an Enhancer of Mrna Decapping In
    Copyright 2004 by the Genetics Society of America Identification of Edc3p as an Enhancer of mRNA Decapping in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Meenakshi Kshirsagar and Roy Parker1 Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0106 Manuscript received July 8, 2003 Accepted for publication October 27, 2003 ABSTRACT The major pathway of mRNA decay in yeast initiates with deadenylation, followed by mRNA decapping and 5Ј–3Ј exonuclease digestion. An in silico approach was used to identify new proteins involved in the mRNA decay pathway. One such protein, Edc3p, was identified as a conserved protein of unknown function having extensive two-hybrid interactions with several proteins involved in mRNA decapping and 5Ј–3Ј degradation including Dcp1p, Dcp2p, Dhh1p, Lsm1p, and the 5Ј–3Ј exonuclease, Xrn1p. We show that Edc3p can stimulate mRNA decapping of both unstable and stable mRNAs in yeast when the decapping enzyme is compromised by temperature-sensitive alleles of either the DCP1 or the DCP2 genes. In these cases, deletion of EDC3 caused a synergistic mRNA-decapping defect at the permissive temperatures. The edc3⌬ had no effect when combined with the lsm1⌬, dhh1⌬,orpat1⌬ mutations, which appear to affect an early step in the decapping pathway. This suggests that Edc3p specifically affects the function of the decapping enzyme per se. Consistent with a functional role in decapping, GFP-tagged Edc3p localizes to cytoplasmic foci involved in mRNA decapping referred to as P-bodies. These results identify Edc3p as a new protein involved in the decapping reaction. N eukaryotic cells, mRNA turnover and its regulation al.
    [Show full text]
  • Drug-Induced Stress Granule Formation Protects Sensory Hair
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Drug-induced Stress Granule Formation Protects Sensory Hair Cells in Mouse Cochlear Explants Received: 29 April 2019 Accepted: 22 July 2019 During Ototoxicity Published: xx xx xxxx Ana Cláudia Gonçalves 1, Emily R. Towers1, Naila Haq1, John A. Porco Jr. 2, Jerry Pelletier3, Sally J. Dawson 1 & Jonathan E. Gale 1 Stress granules regulate RNA translation during cellular stress, a mechanism that is generally presumed to be protective, since stress granule dysregulation caused by mutation or ageing is associated with neurodegenerative disease. Here, we investigate whether pharmacological manipulation of the stress granule pathway in the auditory organ, the cochlea, afects the survival of sensory hair cells during aminoglycoside ototoxicity, a common cause of acquired hearing loss. We show that hydroxamate (-)- 9, a silvestrol analogue that inhibits eIF4A, induces stress granule formation in both an auditory cell line and ex-vivo cochlear cultures and that it prevents ototoxin-induced hair-cell death. In contrast, preventing stress granule formation using the small molecule inhibitor ISRIB increases hair-cell death. Furthermore, we provide the frst evidence of stress granule formation in mammalian hair cells in-vivo triggered by aminoglycoside treatment. Our results demonstrate that pharmacological induction of stress granules enhances cell survival in native-tissue, in a clinically-relevant context. This establishes stress granules as a viable therapeutic target not only for hearing loss but also other neurodegenerative diseases. Hearing loss is the most common sensory deficit observed with ageing1. Recently, age-related hearing loss (ARHL) was identifed as a major risk factor for cognitive impairment and dementia2,3, highlighting the poten- tial for common molecular pathological mechanisms.
    [Show full text]
  • UPF1: from Mrna Surveillance to Protein Quality Control
    biomedicines Review UPF1: From mRNA Surveillance to Protein Quality Control Hyun Jung Hwang 1,2, Yeonkyoung Park 1,2 and Yoon Ki Kim 1,2,* 1 Creative Research Initiatives Center for Molecular Biology of Translation, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; [email protected] (H.J.H.); [email protected] (Y.P.) 2 Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Selective recognition and removal of faulty transcripts and misfolded polypeptides are crucial for cell viability. In eukaryotic cells, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) constitutes an mRNA surveillance pathway for sensing and degrading aberrant transcripts harboring premature termination codons (PTCs). NMD functions also as a post-transcriptional gene regulatory mechanism by downregulating naturally occurring mRNAs. As NMD is activated only after a ribosome reaches a PTC, PTC-containing mRNAs inevitably produce truncated and potentially misfolded polypeptides as byproducts. To cope with the emergence of misfolded polypeptides, eukaryotic cells have evolved sophisticated mechanisms such as chaperone-mediated protein refolding, rapid degradation of misfolded polypeptides through the ubiquitin–proteasome system, and sequestration of misfolded polypeptides to the aggresome for autophagy-mediated degradation. In this review, we discuss how UPF1, a key NMD factor, contributes to the selective removal of faulty transcripts via NMD at the molecular level. We then highlight recent advances on UPF1-mediated communication between mRNA surveillance and protein quality control. Keywords: nonsense-mediated mRNA decay; UPF1; aggresome; CTIF; mRNA surveillance; protein quality control Citation: Hwang, H.J.; Park, Y.; Kim, Y.K. UPF1: From mRNA Surveillance to Protein Quality Control. Biomedicines 2021, 9, 995.
    [Show full text]
  • Possible Roles in the Control of Translation and Mrna Degradation
    Downloaded from http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/ on September 26, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press P-Bodies and Stress Granules: Possible Roles in the Control of Translation and mRNA Degradation Carolyn J. Decker and Roy Parker Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0206 Correspondence: [email protected] The control of translation and mRNA degradation is important in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression. In general, translation and steps in the major pathway of mRNA decay are in competition with each other. mRNAs that are not engaged in translation can aggregate into cytoplasmic mRNP granules referred to as processing bodies (P-bodies) and stress granules, which are related to mRNP particles that control translation in early development and neurons. Analyses of P-bodies and stress granules suggest a dynamic process, referred to as the mRNA Cycle, wherein mRNPs can move between polysomes, P-bodies and stress granules although the functional roles of mRNPassembly into higher order structures remain poorly understood. In this article, we review what is known about the coupling of translation and mRNA degradation, the properties of P-bodies and stress granules, and how assembly of mRNPs into larger structures might influence cellular function. he translation and decay of mRNAs play Dcp1/Dcp2 decapping enzyme and then degrad- Tkey roles in the control of eukaryotic gene ed 50 to 30 by the exonuclease, Xrn1 (Decker and expression. The determination of eukaryotic Parker 1993; Hsu and Stevens 1993; Muhlrad mRNA decay pathways has allowed insight et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Stress Granules: Signal for Formation Under Arsenic and Oxidative Stress
    STRESS GRANULES: SIGNAL FOR FORMATION UNDER ARSENIC AND OXIDATIVE STRESS Item Type Electronic Thesis; text Authors Wu, Emma Citation Wu, Emma. (2020). STRESS GRANULES: SIGNAL FOR FORMATION UNDER ARSENIC AND OXIDATIVE STRESS (Bachelor's thesis, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA). Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 25/09/2021 19:23:30 Item License http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/651400 STRESS GRANULES: SIGNAL FOR FORMATION UNDER ARSENIC AND OXIDATIVE STRESS By EMMA DEAP WU ____________________ A Thesis Submitted to The Honors College In Partial Fulfillment of the Bachelor of Science Degree With Honors in Molecular and Cellular Biology THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA M A Y 2 0 2 0 Approved by: ______________________ Dr. Qin Chen Department of Pharmacology Stress Granules: Signal for Formation Under Arsenic and Oxidative Stress Emma D. Wu, Jennifer N. Daw, Qin M. Chen ______________________________________________________________________________ Abstract Aerobic metabolism generates Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) as by-products. ROS production increases during xenobiotic stress and under various pathological conditions. Generally, ROS are considered detrimental since they are capable of attacking cellular macromolecules, resulting in DNA damage, protein oxidation, and lipid peroxidation. Previous research indicates that a signaling function of ROS, with the cascade leading up to and regulating transcriptional and post-transcriptional series, causes cell death or even cell survival and adaptation.
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamics and Functions of Stress Granules and Processing Bodies in Plants
    plants Review Dynamics and Functions of Stress Granules and Processing Bodies in Plants 1, 2 1, Geng-Jen Jang y, Jyan-Chyun Jang and Shu-Hsing Wu * 1 Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; [email protected] 2 Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Department of Molecular Genetics, Center for Applied Plant Sciences, Center for RNA Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +886-2-2787-1178 Current address: Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research y Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK. Received: 14 July 2020; Accepted: 26 August 2020; Published: 30 August 2020 Abstract: RNA granules, such as stress granules and processing bodies, can balance the storage, degradation, and translation of mRNAs in diverse eukaryotic organisms. The sessile nature of plants demands highly versatile strategies to respond to environmental fluctuations. In this review, we discuss recent findings of the dynamics and functions of these RNA granules in plants undergoing developmental reprogramming or responding to environmental stresses. Special foci include the dynamic assembly, disassembly, and regulatory roles of these RNA granules in determining the fate of mRNAs. Keywords: stress granules; processing bodies; mRNA decay; translation 1. Introduction A healthy balance of mRNA destinies, including decay, translation, and sequestration, is crucial for plants to optimize growth and development and combat biotic/abiotic environmental stresses. A plethora of mechanisms are responsible for mRNAs destined for degradation, including de-adenylation of the polyA tail and mRNA decapping followed by 50 to 30 decay, 30 to 50 mRNA decay, and co-translational decay [1,2].
    [Show full text]
  • Profilin 1 Associates with Stress Granules and ALS-Linked Mutations Alter Stress Granule Dynamics
    The Journal of Neuroscience, June 11, 2014 • 34(24):8083–8097 • 8083 Neurobiology of Disease Profilin 1 Associates with Stress Granules and ALS-Linked Mutations Alter Stress Granule Dynamics Matthew D. Figley,1,2 Gregor Bieri,1,2 Regina-Maria Kolaitis,3 J. Paul Taylor,3 and Aaron D. Gitler1 1Department of Genetics and 2Neuroscience Graduate Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, and 3Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105 Mutations in the PFN1 gene encoding profilin 1 are a rare cause of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Profilin 1 is a well studied actin-binding protein but how PFN1 mutations cause ALS is unknown. The budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has one PFN1 ortholog. We expressed the ALS-linked profilin 1 mutant proteins in yeast, demonstrating a loss of protein stability and failure to restore growth to profilin mutant cells, without exhibiting gain-of-function toxicity. This model provides for simple and rapid screening of novel ALS-linked PFN1 variants. To gain insight into potential novel roles for profilin 1, we performed an unbiased, genome-wide synthetic lethal screen with yeast cells lacking profilin (pfy1⌬). Unexpectedly, deletion of several stress granule and processing body genes, including pbp1⌬, were found to be synthetic lethal with pfy1⌬. Mutations in ATXN2, the human ortholog of PBP1, are a known ALS genetic risk factor and ataxin 2 is a stress granule component in mammalian cells. Given this genetic interaction and recent evidence linking stress granule dynamics to ALS pathogenesis, we hypothesized that profilin 1 might also associate with stress granules.
    [Show full text]