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Matching Valve Type to Function: a Tutorial in Valve Selection

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Keywords: ฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀฀ V A LV E T ECHNOLOGIES Matching valve type to function: A tutorial in valve selection When selecting a valve for an instrumentation system, your choices may seem On-Off Valves overwhelming. Just to name On-off control is the most basic valve a few, there are ball valves, function. Valves in this category stop and diaphragm and bellows valves, -'!"%-"#!0!"'/#Z#).7#Z# 6;#>-./%-0# +3 as well as check valves, excess off valves are ball, gate, diaphragm, and fl ow valves, fi ne metering, bellows valves. Perhaps the most common of all valve gate, multi-port, needle, types, ball valves (see Figure 1) are plug, relief, rising plug, and designed for on-off control. Quarter turn safety valves. Furthermore, %1")%". +#!"%-"!# -#!" ,!#Z# 6#?0#, !.". +.+:# each of these valves comes %#/'"%&&.1#?%&&#.+#%#!"-%.:9"3"9- ):9#Z# 6# in many sizes, confi gurations, path. The ball has a large hole through the materials of construction, and centre of it. When the hole is lined up with Fig. 1 Ball valves are ideal for on-off control. Quarter actuation modes. To make the "9'#Z# 6#,%"94#."#'+%?&'!#Z# 6;#@9'+#."#.!# !"#$%& !% '(#$) %" )$("$) (*)$Z$(,$-.$*()' '(#'#/$%$ 01 %22'&$-%22$'#$%$) "%'/3 4 3"(!/3$Z$(,$*% 35 best choice, it is always good ")-+'7#AB#7':-''!#(- /#"9'#Z# 6#,%"94# ."#!" ,!#Z# 6;#<(#0 )#%-'#!''=.+:#%+# +3 ((# practice to ask the fi rst question $%&$'#6."9#C).1=#!9)" ((#%+7#9.:9#Z# 6# in valve selection: What do I capacity, then a ball valve is a good choice. material, e.g., gaskets and O-rings, normally want the valve to do? The position of the handle provides a quick found around the stem in other valves. indication of whether the valve is open or The valve stem is the cylindrical part that closed, and, for safety purposes, ball valves connects the handle (or actuation) with the are easy to lock out and tag. They are most .++'-#/'19%+.!/#( -#!9)"3 ((4#Z# 6#1 +"- &4# By Michael Adkins, Swagelok Company practical and economical at sizes between and directional control. Usually, the stem DEF#.+19#%+7#G#.+19'!#HI#%+7#JB#//K;# turns and/or moves up and down. Typically used for process control rather All stem seals or packing are subject to !"#$%&$'!#()&Y#&&# +'# (#Y#$'# than instrumentation applications, gate wear, and wear can lead to leakage. Valves ,-./%-0#()+1". +!2# +3 ((4#Z# 6# valves are commonly chosen for on-off with packing must be serviced or replaced M1 +"- &4#7.-'1". +%&#Z# 64# $'-3 control, particularly for lines above 2 inches. at regular intervals, although some types of ,-'!!)-'#,- "'1". +4#%+7#'81'!!3Z# 6# L9'0#%-'#%&! #(-'C)'+"&0#)!'7#%!#"9'#Y#-!"# packing create more effective seals and last protection. Matching valve type to function valve off the process line for process longer than others, such as the two-piece .!#"9'#Y#-!"#%+7#/ !"#./, -"%+"#!"',#.+#"9'# instrumentation, often in a double block and chevron design. valve selection process. It is not unusual ?&''7#1 +Y#:)-%". +;#M/ +:#"9'# &7'!"#"0,'!# Contrary to packed valves, diaphragm .+#"9'#Y#'&7#" #!''#"9'#/.!%,,&.1%". +# (# +3 ((#$%&$'!4#"9'0#%-'#"0,.1%&&0#!,'1.Y#'7#.+# valves (see Figure 2) are packless, and of valves, such as a ball valve used general industrial applications, such as large provide rapid shutoff and precise actuation ( -#"9- ""&.+:#Z# 6;#<+#! /'#1%!'!4#"9'# process or transmission lines. Some can speeds. In some cases, they may also deliver mismatch can be catastrophic, say, if a ball '$'+#?'#&%-:'-#"9%+#DBB#.+19'!#HGJFB#//K;# 1 +!.!"'+"#C)%+".".'!# (#,- 1'!!#Z#).7;#L0,.1%&&04# valve were used in a high-pressure oxygen Multiple rotations of the handle raise and diaphragm valves are employed in high- system. With a source of ignition, the lower a sealing mechanism in and out of a purity applications in the biopharmaceutical sudden burst of oxygen – enabled by the !"-%.:9"#Z# 6#,%"9;#N9)" ((#.!#:-%7)%&; and semiconductor industries. Among all fast opening of the valve – could lead to Packing surrounds the stem, preventing valve types, they provide the highest cycle %+# 80:'+#Y#-'; system media from escaping to atmosphere life, a product of the valve’s highly engineered Below is a tutorial reviewing the basic where the stem meets the valve body. Valves anatomy. Each valve contains a thin metal or types of valves, how they work, what that seal to atmosphere with metal-to-metal ,&%!".1#7.%,9-%:/4#69.19#Z#'8'!#),#%+7#7 6+4# ()+1". +!#"9'0#()&Y#&&4#%+7#69%"#" #"9.+=# seals are referred to as “packless” because creating a leak-tight seal over the inlet. This about when choosing one over the other. they do not contain the soft packing robust valve is usually small, with the largest www.valve-world.net June 2011 49 V A LV E T ECHNOLOGIES 7.!1)!!'7#'%-&.'-4#Z# 6#.!#&./."'7#?'1%)!'# (# "9'#:& ?'3!"0&'#Z# 6#,%"9;#R''7&'#$%&$'!#%-'# %#: 7#19 .1'#6."9#&.:9"'-4#&'!!#$.!1 )!#Z#).7!;## S -#"9'#/ !"#,-'1.!'#Z# 6#1 +"- &4#1 +!.7'-# Y#+'#/'"'-.+:#$%&$'!4#"0,.1%&&0#( )+7#.+# laboratory settings. Fine metering valves are %#"0,'# (#+''7&'#$%&$'4#6."9#%#& +:4#Y#+'#!"'/# that lowers through a long, narrow channel. This anatomy makes for a pronounced globe ,%""'-+4#.7'%&#( -#/%-=.+:#Y#+'#:-%7%". +!# (#Z# 6;#N /'#Y#+'#/'"'-.+:#$%&$'!#%-'#+ "# designed to shut off. Quarter-turn plug valves are utility valves, economically priced. Quarter turn actuation rotates a cylindrical plug in a straight-through Z# 6#,%"9;#L9'#,&):#1 +"%.+!#%+# -.Y#1'#" # ,'-/."#Z# 6;#>&):#$%&$'!#%-'#1 // +&0#)!'7# for low-pressure throttling applications, in addition to shut off. Another type of plug valve is the rising plug Fig. 2 Diaphragm valves provide rapid shutoff and valve. Like a needle valve, a tapered plug precise actuation speeds. Among all valve types, 6'/5$7$811921$:%2:1)$*"(:'91$1;&1221# $Z$(,$ & 6'-!#.+" #%+# -.Y#1'#" #-'7)1'#Z# 6;#<"# they provide the highest cycle life, a product of the &(# "(25$<31$) 10$')$Y$#12.$ 3"1%919>$1#%-2'#/$ 7.(('-!#(- /#%#+''7&'#$%&$'#.+#."!#Z# 6#,%"94# valve’s highly engineered anatomy. *"1&')1$Z$(,$&(# "(25 which is straight-through rather than globe patterned. Because of the straight path, the valve is not as effective at providing -.Y#1'#K# -#.+"'-+%&#,%"96%0#K#"0,.1%&&0#&'!!# necessary to move from the fully open to Y#+'#:-%7%". +!# (#Z# 6;#L9'#-.!.+:#,&):#.!# than 2 inches (50 mm). the fully closed position. roddable, which is a good choice if the valve Like the diaphragm valve, bellows valves are L9'#/ !"#1 // +#Z# 631 +"- &#$%&$'!#%-'# becomes clogged with system media. packless, making them a good choice when +''7&'4#Y#+'#/'"'-.+:4#C)%-"'-3")-+#,&):4# the seal to atmosphere is critical and access and rising plug. Needle valves (see Figure Directional Flow Valves for maintenance is limited. Frequently, they QK#,- $.7'#'81'&&'+"#Z# 6#1 +"- &#%+74# M#"9.-7#"0,'# (#$%&$'#7.-'1"!#Z#).7#Z# 6;## %-'#!,'1.Y#'7#( -#"9'#1 +"%.+/'+"#%-'%#.+# depending on design, leak-tight shut-off. T9'1=#$%&$'!#H!''#S.:)-'#FK#'+!)-'#Z# 6# nuclear power plants. A welded seal divides They consist of a long stem with a highly in one direction only. In most designs, the lower half of the valve, where the system engineered stem-tip geometry (e.g., vee- or "9'#),!"-'%/#Z#).7#( -1'#,)!9'!#%#!,-.+:3 media resides, from the upper parts of the +''7&'3!9%,'7K#"9%"#Y#"!#,-'1.!'&0#.+" #%#!'%"# & %7'7#, ,,'"# ,'+4#%&& 6.+:#Z# 6;#<+#"9'# valve, where actuation is initiated. The stem, $'-#"9'#.+&'";#L9'#!"'/#.!#Y#+'&0#"9-'%7'74# case of an increase in downstream or which is entirely encased in a metal bellows, '+%?&.+:#,-'1.!'#Z# 6#1 +"- &;#N"'/#,%1=.+:# back-pressure force, the poppet is forced moves up and down without rotating, sealing provides the seal to atmosphere. ?%1=#.+" #"9'#!'%"4#!" ,,.+:#-'$'-!'#Z# 6;# over the inlet. Some designs contain a metal-to-metal seat T9'1=#$%&$'!#%-'#%$%.&%?&'#6."9#Y#8'7# -# Bellows valves and diaphragm valves are seal; consequently, needle valves are a good adjustable cracking pressures. !%.7#" #9%$'#%#:& ?'3&.='#Z# 6#,%"9;#<+#:& ?'# choice for high-temperature applications. As Some ball valves and diaphragm valves $%&$'!4#Z#).7#7 '!#+ "#Z# 6#!"-%.:9"#"9- ):9# on a level plane as it does in a ball valve. L9'#Z# 6#,%"9#'+"'-!#"9'#$%&$'#)+7'-#"9'# seat and exits above the seat. Globe valves 6.&&#9%$'#& 6'-#Z# 6#-%"'!#"9%+#$%&$'!#6."9# %#!"-%.:9"3"9- ):9#Z# 6#,%"9# (#"9'#!%/'# -.Y#1'#!.P'; Flow-Control Valves Flow-control valves enable the operator to .+1-'%!'# -#7'1-'%!'#Z# 6#?0#- "%".+:#"9'# handle. The operator can adjust the valve " #%#7'!.-'7#Z# 6#-%"'4#%+7#"9'#$%&$'#6.&&# 9 &7#"9%"#Z# 6#-%"'#-'&.%?&0;#N /'#Z# 63 control valves also provide very reliable 6'/5$?$@31&A$:%2:1)$1#)!"1$Z$(,$'#$(#1$9'"1& '(#$(#2.5$@31&A$:%2:1)$%"1$%:%'2%-21$,' 3$Y$;19$("$%9B!) %-21$ shut-off, but many turns of the handle are cracking pressures. www.valve-world.net June 2011 51 V A LV E T ECHNOLOGIES are designed with multiple ports. In most multi-port valves, Z#).7#'+"'-!#"9- ):9#%#!.+:&'#.+&'"#?)"# may exit through one of many outlets, cylinders to protect against over- depending on the position of the actuator. pressurization, which may occur, for Multi-port valves may or may not have a example, when temperatures rise during shut-off position (see Figure 5). transport. Similar to relief valves, rupture discs vent to atmosphere. A metal Overpressure Protection Valves diaphragm bursts when pressure Valves in this category prevent the build- reaches a set point. This value is up of system pressure beyond a certain preset by the manufacturer. pressure setting. They are available in two Once activated, the rupture types: relief valves and rupture discs. disc must be replaced. One type of relief valve is a proportional Transportation codes require relief valve (see Figure 6).
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    701 Series Three-Way Ball Valve

    THE SPECIALTY MFG. CO. 5858 Centerville Road • St. Paul, MN 55127-6804 Tel: (651) 653-0599 • Fax: (651) 653-0989 www.specialtymfg.com • e-mail: [email protected] Vertically Integrated, Made in the USA 701 SERIES THREE-WAY BALL VALVE Design Considerations 2.50 The 701 Ball Three-Way Valve Series is designed to promote multiple configurations to fit the exact end use application. The 701 Three-Way Series can be used as a diverter, selecting or mixing 1.67 valve, the bottom port is common. The standard handle has 180 2.75 degree rotation and lies over the open port. When the handle is rotated 90 degrees from either port, flow is shut off to both ports. The panel mount requires a .812 hole and is supplied with one Knurled and one Hex brass nut. The maximum panel thickness is .150. UL configurations are available and rated to 250 psi. .86 UR configurations are available and rated to 500 psi. 1.72 Maximum Operating Pressure — 500 psi Maximum Operating Temperature — 180°F Ball Through Hole Diameter — .375 Options Material Options Brass Body and Ends, Nickel Plated Brass Ball, Teflon Seats, Zinc Die Cast Stem, Stainless Stem Screw Seal Options Buna-N, Ethylene Propylene, Fluoroelastomer (Viton®), Neoprene Ball Options 180 Degree Handle Rotation with complete shut-off (Standard) 90 Degree Handle Rotation with no complete shut-off T-Hole ball (all ports open or all ports shut-off) End Options 1/8, 1/4, 3/8, 1/2 Female NPT 3/8 Compression 1/4 Male Flare Handle Options 2-1/2” Black Nylon Handle (Standard), 2-1/2” Red Nylon, 2-1/2” Blue Nylon, 2” Black Nylon, 2” Yellow Nylon, 2” Red Nylon, 2” White Nylon, No Handle Plating Options No Plating (Standard), Electroless Nickel Example of How To Order Inlet End Outlet End Outlet End Stem Seal Ball Plating Handle 1/8 FNPT 1/4 FNPT 1/4 FNPT Buna-N 180 Ball ENP 2” RED HDL (Standard) SMC Part Number: 701-2F4F4F-B,ENP,2” RED HDL The standard handle will lie over the open port when the valve is in the Full Open position.
  • Control Valve Handbook

    Control Valve Handbook

    CONTROL VALVE HANDBOOK Fifth Edition Emerson Automation Solutions Flow Controls Marshalltown, Iowa 50158 USA Sorocaba, 18087 Brazil Cernay, 68700 France Dubai, United Arab Emirates Singapore 128461 Singapore Neither Emerson, Emerson Automation Solutions, nor any of their affiliated entities assumes responsibility for the selection, use or maintenance of any product. Responsibility for proper selection, use, and maintenance of any product remains solely with the purchaser and end user. The contents of this publication are presented for informational purposes only, and while every effort has been made to ensure their accuracy, they are not to be construed as warranties or guarantees, express or implied, regarding the products or services described herein or their use or applicability. All sales are governed by our terms and conditions, which are available upon request. We reserve the right to modify or improve the designs or specifications of such products at any time without notice. Fisher is a mark owned by one of the companies in the Emerson Automation Solutions business unit of Emerson Electric Co. Emerson and the Emerson logo are trademarks and service marks of Emerson Electric Co. All other marks are the property of their respective owners. © 2005, 2019 Fisher Controls International LLC. All rights reserved. D101881X012/ Sept19 Preface Control valves are an increasingly vital component of modern manufacturing around the world. Properly selected and maintained control valves increase efficiency, safety, profitability, and ecology. The Control Valve Handbook has been a primary reference since its first printing in 1965. This fifth edition presents vital information on control valve performance and the latest technologies. Chapter 1 offers an introduction to control valves, including definitions for common control valve and instrumentation terminology.