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General Equilibrium Model for Economy – Energy – Environment GEM-E3 MODEL MANUAL General Equilibrium Model for Economy – G Energy – Environment E M - E Model Manual 3 Athens, May 11 E3M Lab Institute of Computers and Communications Systems National Technical University of Athens 9, Iroon Polytechniou Street Zografou Campus Athens, Greece E 3 M -LAB GEM-E3 Model Manual Policy Evaluation Equations 44 Table of The Environmental Module 46 Introduction 46 Contents The Behavioural Module 49 1. Mechanisms of Emission Reduction 49 2. The Firm's Behaviour 49 P A R T 1 3. The consumer's behaviour 51 Overview of GEM-E3 Model 1 4. Cost and price functions 51 Introduction 1 5. Abatement decision 56 Policy Analysis Support 3 The Environment Module 58 Model Design 5 1. General structure 59 Main Characteristics of the Model 8 2. Emissions 59 Micro Analysis of the Model 13 3. Transformation and transport of Household Behaviour 13 emissions 61 Firms Behaviour – Investment Demand 15 4. Damages and their valuation 62 Government Behaviour 18 a) General structure 62 Domestic Demands & Trade Flows 19 b) Impact on Public Health 64 Derived Prices – Firms Pricing 21 c) Impacts on Territorial Current Account 21 Ecosystems and Materials 67 Income Accounts, SAM and Agents Model Extensions 70 Surplus 22 Model Extension 1: Imperfect Equilibrium of the Real Part 26 Competition (IC) 70 Policy Evaluation 27 1. Model Specifications 70 Mathematical Model Statement 30 2. The firms behaviour 75 Household Mathematical Expressions 30 Model Extension 2: Depletable Resources Firms Mathematical Expressions 35 Module 80 1. Production Functions 35 2. Firms Investment Functions 38 PART 2 3. Firms Pricing Behaviour 39 GEM-E3 EU Model 90 Domestic Demand Equations 39 Data Sources for the Model 90 Derived Prices Equations 42 General Procedure – SAM Construction 93 Income Accounts, SAM and Agents Final Demand 98 Surplus Equations 43 Intermediate Demand, Value added, Real Part Equilibrium Equations 44 Taxes, Imports 100 Investment Matrix 103 Consumption Matrix 104 Computation of Trade 106 Time Series for Dynamic Calibration 106 The Incorporation the Greenhouse Gases on the GEM-E3 Model 107 PART 3 GEM-E3 EU Model Calibration 111 Calibration Structure and Data 111 Values of Elasticities and other Exogenous Model Parameters 113 Elasticities of Substitution in Production119 Calibration of Sectors with Imperfect 121 Competition 121 Data Requirements and Objectives for Calibrating the Environmental Module 125 Emission Coefficients and Related Parameters for GEM-E3 129 The Energy Data 130 The Baseline Emission Coefficients 132 The GEM-E3 World Model 139 Data Sources 139 The GEM-E3 World Model Calibration 146 Calibration Structure and Data 146 Appendixes 150 Appendix 1: I/O Matrixes & Trade Matrixes 150 Appendix 2: Transport & Transformation Coefficients 160 Appendix 3: Equations, Variables & Parameters 164 Equations 164 Variables 173 Parameters 175 Table of Figures 177 Tables 178 Part 1 GEM - E3 MODEL MANUAL Chapter 1 Overview of GEM-E3 Model An overview of the basic features and the characteristics of the model Introduction This presentation describes the basic features and characteristics of the GEM-E3 (General Equilibrium Model for Energy-Economy-Environment interactions). The model has been developed as a multinational collaboration project, partly th funded by the Commission of the European Communities1, DG Research, 5 Framework programme and by national authorities, and further developments are continuously under way. Applications of the model have been (or are currently being) carried out for several Directorate Generals of the European Commission (economic affairs, competition, environment, taxation, research) and for national authorities. The GEM-E3 (World and Europe versions) model is an applied general equilibrium model, simultaneously representing 37 World regions/24 European countries, which provides details on the macro-economy and its interaction with the environment and the energy system. It covers all production sectors (aggregated to 26) and institutional agents of the economy. It is an empirical, large-scale model, written entirely in structural form. The model computes the equilibrium prices of goods, services, labor and capital that simultaneously clear all markets under the Walras law and determines the optimum balance for energy demand/supply and emission/abatement. Therefore, the model follows a computable general equilibrium approach. The main features of the GEM-E3 (World and Europe) model are as follows: It scope is general in two terms: it includes all simultaneously interrelated markets and represents the system at the appropriate level with respect to geography, the sub-system (energy, environment, economy) and the dynamic mechanisms of agent‟s behaviour. 1 The GEM-E3 model was built under the auspices of European Commission (DG-Research) by a consortium involving BUES, ERASME, NTUA, KUL, PSI, ZEW and at the beginning of the project CORE, Univ. Strathclyde and CEA. 1 It formulates separately the supply or demand behaviour of the economic agents which are considered to optimise individually their objective while market derived prices guarantee global equilibrium, allowing the consistent evaluation of distributional effects of policies. It considers explicitly the market clearing mechanism and the related price formation in the energy, environment and economy markets: prices are computed by the model as a result of supply and demand interactions in the markets and different market clearing mechanisms, in addition to perfect competition, are allowed Although global, the model exhibits a sufficient degree of disaggregation concerning sectors, structural features of energy/environment and policy- oriented instruments (e.g. taxation). The model formulates production technologies in an endogenous manner allowing for price-driven derivation of all intermediate consumption and the services from capital and labour. In the electricity sector, the choice of production factors can be based on the explicit modelling of technologies. For the demand-side the model formulates consumer behaviour and distinguishes between durable (equipment) and consumable goods and services. The model is dynamic, recursive over time, driven by accumulation of capital and equipment. Technology progress is explicitly represented in the production function, either exogenous or endogenous, depending on R&D expenditure by private and public sector and taking into account spillovers effects. Moreover it is based on the backward looking expectations of the participant agents2. The model formulates pollution permits for atmospheric pollutants and flexibility instruments allowing for a variety options, including: allocation (grandfathering, auctioneering, etc.), user-defined bubbles for traders, various systems of exemptions, various systems for revenue recycling, etc. The GEM-E3 Model includes projections of full Input-Output tables by country/region, national accounts, employment, balance of payments, public finance and revenues, household consumption, energy use and supply, and atmospheric emissions. The computation of equilibrium is simultaneous for all domestic markets of all 37 World Regions/EU-24 countries and their interaction through flexible bilateral trade flows. The remainder of this manual organized as follows: Chapter 2 describes the conduct of the market participants (consumers, producers, government, the product & factor markets and the bilateral trade flows), Chapter 3 provides mathematical eyeshot to the model and the way the variables, parameters and equations are structured, Chapter 4 2 The model extensions to represent market imperfections and economies of scale were carried out by the National Technical University of Athens (coordinator), the Catholic University of Leuven and Middlesex University. GEM - E3 MODEL MANUAL provides a micro-economical behaviour analysis of the market acting members in imperfect market conditions, in conjunction with the mathematical approach, Chapter 5 describes some prototype extensions of the GEM-E3 model, including the endogenous presentation of factor productive changes, the endogenous treatment of technology evolution and growth, the engineering representation of energy system, Chapter 6 represents the data sources and the data process manipulation, the construction of the I/O Tables and SAM Matrix., Chapter 7 presents the calibration decisions adopted in GEM-E3 Model and its extensions and the values assigned to elasticities and other exogenous parameters, Chapter 8 describes the model implementation in GAMS. Finally, Chapter 9 includes the appendix with the mathematical model statement in summary form. Policy Analysis Support The traditional macro-economic models, due to their temperate structure and function, are not advisable for the planning and the implementation of policy tools3. In adverse, the general equilibrium models allow for consistent comparative analysis of policy scenario4, since they ensure that in all scenarios, the economic system remains in general equilibrium. In addition, the computable general equilibrium models incorporate micro-economic mechanisms and institutional features within a consistent macro-economic framework, and avoid the representation of behaviour in reduced form. This allows analysis of structural change5. Particularly valuable are the insights in distributional effects and in longer-term structural mechanisms. By directly mapping economic theory the GEM-E3 model offers a quantified framework that uniquely characterizes a policy case, through its impact
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