The Discipline of Organizing Core Concepts Edition
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The Discipline of Organizing Core Concepts Edition Edited by Robert J. Glushko Principal Authors: Robert J. Glushko, Jess Hemerly, Murray Maloney, Kimra McPherson, Robyn Perry, Vivien Petras, Ryan Shaw, and Erik Wilde Contributing Authors: Rachelle Annechino, Matt Earp, J.J.M. Ekaterin, Graham Freeman, Ryan Greenberg, Daniel Griffin, Carl Lagoze, Ian MacFarland, Michael Manoochehri, Sean Marimpietri, Matthew Mayernik, Karen Joy Nomorosa, Hyunwoo Park, Alberto Pepe, Jordan Shedlock, Isabelle Sperano, Daniel D. Turner, and Longhao Wang O’REILLY MEDIA • BEIJING • CAMBRIDGE • FARNHAM • KÖLN • SEBASTOPOL • TOKYO To Aristotle, Plato, Linnaeus, Condorcet, Wittgenstein... Panizzi, Cutter, Raganathan, Svenonius... Gibson, Norman, Rosch, Barsalou... Adam Smith, Coase, Williamson... Simon, Salton, Miller, Dumais... Bush, Engelbart, Nelson, Berners-Lee... ...and the countless others whose diverse perspectives we have synthesized in the discipline of organizing. Table of Contents Foreword to the First Edition . xv Preface to the Fourth Edition . xix 1. Foundations for Organizing Systems . 23 1.1. The Discipline of Organizing . 23 1.2. The “Organizing System” Concept . 31 1.3. The Concept of “Resource” . 33 1.4. The Concept of “Collection” . 35 1.5. The Concept of “Intentional Arrangement” . 38 1.6. The Concept of “Organizing Principle” . 41 1.7. The Concept of “Agent” . 47 1.8. The Concept of “Interactions” . 48 1.9. The Concept of “Interaction Resource” . 49 1.10. Organizing This Book . 50 2. Design Decisions in Organizing Systems . 55 2.1. Introduction . 55 2.2. What Is Being Organized? . 58 2.3. Why Is It Being Organized? . 60 2.4. How Much Is It Being Organized? . 64 2.5. When Is It Being Organized? . 69 2.6. How (or by Whom) Is It Organized? . 71 2.7. Where is it being Organized? . 73 2.8. Key Points in Chapter Two . 75 3. Activities in Organizing Systems . 77 3.1. Introduction . 77 3.2. Selecting Resources . 82 3.2.1. Selection Criteria . 82 3.2.2. Looking “Upstream” and “Downstream” to Select Resources . 85 3.3. Organizing Resources . 87 3.3.1. Organizing Physical Resources . 88 3.3.2. Organizing Places . 92 3.3.3. Organizing Digital Resources . 94 3.3.4. Organizing With Descriptive Statistics . 100 3.3.5. Organizing with Multiple Resource Properties . 108 3.4. Designing Resource-based Interactions . 109 3.4.1. Affordance and Capability . 109 3.4.2. Interaction and Value Creation . 111 3.4.3. Access Policies . 115 3.5. Maintaining Resources . 116 3.5.1. Motivations for Maintaining Resources . 116 3.5.2. Preservation . 117 3.5.3. Curation . 121 3.5.4. Governance . 125 3.6. Key Points in Chapter Three . 127 4. Resources in Organizing Systems . 131 4.1. Introduction . 131 4.1.1. What Is a Resource? . 132 4.1.2. Identity, Identifiers, and Names . 135 4.2. Four Distinctions about Resources . 136 4.2.1. Resource Domain . 137 4.2.2. Resource Format . 139 4.2.3. Resource Agency . 142 4.2.4. Resource Focus . 147 4.2.5. Resource Format x Focus . 148 4.3. Resource Identity . 152 4.3.1. Identity and Physical Resources . 152 4.3.2. Identity and Bibliographic Resources . 153 4.3.3. Identity and Information Components . 155 4.3.4. Identity and Active Resources . 156 4.4. Naming Resources . 158 4.4.1. What’s in a Name? . 158 4.4.2. The Problems of Naming . 158 4.4.3. Choosing Good Names and Identifiers . 163 4.5. Resources over Time . 167 4.5.1. Persistence . 168 4.5.2. Effectivity . 169 4.5.3. Authenticity . 171 4.5.4. Provenance . 172 4.6. Key Points in Chapter Four . 173 5. Resource Description and Metadata . 177 5.1. Introduction . 177 viii Table of Contents 5.2. An Overview of Resource Description . 181 5.2.1. Naming {and, or, vs.} Describing . 181 5.2.2. “Description” as an Inclusive Term . 182 5.2.3. Frameworks for Resource Description . 187 5.3. The Process of Describing Resources . 188 5.3.1. Determining the Scope and Focus . 191 5.3.2. Determining the Purposes . 194 5.3.3. Identifying Properties . 201 5.3.4. Designing the Description Vocabulary . 206 5.3.5. Designing the Description Form . 210 5.3.6. Creating Resource Descriptions . 211 5.3.7. Evaluating Resource Descriptions . 213 5.4. Describing Non-text Resources . 216 5.4.1. Describing Museum and Artistic Resources . 216 5.4.2. Describing Images . 218 5.4.3. Describing Music . 219 5.4.4. Describing Video . 221 5.5. Key Points in Chapter Five . 221 6. Describing Relationships and Structures . 225 6.1. Introduction . 225 6.2. Describing Relationships: An Overview . 227 6.3. The Semantic Perspective . 228 6.3.1. Types of Semantic Relationships . 230 6.3.2. Properties of Semantic Relationships . 236 6.3.3. Ontologies . 238 6.4. The Lexical Perspective . 240 6.4.1. Relationships among Word Meanings . 241 6.4.2. Thesauri . 243 6.4.3. Relationships among Word Forms . 244 6.5. The Structural Perspective . 245 6.5.1. Intentional, Implicit, and Explicit Structure . 247 6.5.2. Structural Relationships within a Resource . 248 6.5.3. Structural Relationships between Resources . 250 6.6. The Architectural Perspective . 255 6.6.1. Degree . 256 6.6.2. Cardinality . 257 6.6.3. Directionality . 257 6.7. The Implementation Perspective . 258 6.7.1. Choice of Implementation . ..