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Exploring Park Quality in Urban Setting with Environmental Justice, Alternative Measurements, and Social Interaction Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-2020 Exploring Park Quality in Urban Setting with Environmental Justice, Alternative Measurements, and Social Interaction Shuolei Chen Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Landscape Architecture Commons, and the Urban, Community and Regional Planning Commons Recommended Citation Chen, Shuolei, "Exploring Park Quality in Urban Setting with Environmental Justice, Alternative Measurements, and Social Interaction" (2020). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 7789. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7789 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EXPLORING PARK QUALITY IN URBAN SETTING WITH ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE, ALTERNATIVE MEASUREMENTS, AND SOCIAL INTERACTION by Shuolei Chen A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Landscape Architecture Approved: ______________________ ____________________ Ole Russell Sleipness, Ph.D. Keith Christensen, Ph.D. Major Professor Committee Member ______________________ ____________________ Keunhyun Park, Ph.D. Ryan Knowles, Ph.D. Committee Member Committee Member ______________________ ____________________ Bo Yang, Ph.D. Richard S. Inouye, Ph.D. Committee Member Vice Provost for Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2020 ii Copyright Shuolei Chen 2020 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Exploring Park Quality in Urban Setting with Environmental Justice, Alternative Measurements, and Social Interaction by Shuolei Chen, Doctor of Philosophy Utah State University, 2020 Major Professor: Dr. Ole Russell Sleipness Department: Landscape Architecture and Environmental Planning With rapid urbanization, urban green resources, such as parks have become important assets for quality of life in urban settings. Parks provide urban residents with both physical and psychological health benefits through various mechanisms such as physical activity and social interaction. Quality is an important non-spatial dimension of urban parks and has started to gain attention among researchers. To better understand park quality in an urban setting, additional knowledge should be explored. This dissertation studies the quality of urban parks from three different perspectives: 1) the equal distribution of park quality resources and its relationship to environmental justice issues, 2) the protocols used for measuring the most commonly acknowledged non-spatial dimensions of urban parks, and 3) the association between park quality and social interaction in urban parks. This study explores park quality from those three different perspectives and presents findings in a 3-part dissertation. The first part determines whether the distribution of park quality was spatially autocorrelated and assessed the associations iv between separate park features qualities, overall park quality, and multiple indicators of environmental justice issues via a case study in Cache County, Utah; The second part of this study conducts a systematic study to analyze and synthesize the different developed approaches used for assessing non-spatial dimensions of urban parks including park quality and draws implications for future urban landscape planning, design, and research; The third part uses a case study in Logan and North Logan, Utah, and explores the associations between park quality and people’s social interaction in urban parks through an innovatively systematic observational protocol. (199 pages) v PUBLIC ABSTRACT Exploring Park Quality in Urban Setting with Environmental Justice, Alternative Measurements, and Social Interaction Shuolei Chen With rapid urbanization, urban green resources, such as parks have become important assets for quality of life in urban settings. Parks provide urban residents with both physical and psychological health benefits through various mechanisms such as physical activity and social interaction. Quality is an important non-spatial dimension of urban parks and has started to gain attention among researchers. To better understand park quality in an urban setting, additional knowledge should be explored. This dissertation studies the quality of urban parks from three different perspectives: 1) the equal distribution of park quality resources and its relationship to environmental justice issues, 2) the protocols used for measuring the most commonly acknowledged non-spatial dimensions of urban parks, and 3) the association between park quality and social interaction in urban parks. This study explores park quality from those three different perspectives and presents findings in a 3-part dissertation. The first part determines whether the distribution of park quality was spatially autocorrelated and assessed the associations between separate park features qualities, overall park quality, and multiple indicators of environmental justice issues via a case study in Cache County, Utah; The second part of this study conducts a systematic study to analyze and synthesize the different developed vi approaches used for assessing non-spatial dimensions of urban parks including park quality and draws implications for future urban landscape planning, design, and research; The third part uses a case study in Logan and North Logan, Utah, and explores the associations between park quality and people’s social interaction in urban parks through an innovatively systematic observational protocol. vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I would like to express my most sincere appreciation to my committee chair, Dr. Ole Russell Sleipness, for his kind encouragement, patient direction, and insightful knowledge throughout not only the process of working on the dissertation but also the entire journey of pursuing my doctoral degree. Ole is not only a committee chair or a professor who has taught me for both my degrees at Utah State University, but most importantly, he is also a great career and life mentor for me to learn how to be a good teacher, researcher, and an honorable person. My Ph.D. committee member as well as the committee chair of my master's degree, Dr. Keith Christensen, thanks for his incisive instruction for teaching me how to research from the beginning and the consistent encouragement and supports from my master period to the doctoral. Keith is a very special and helpful professor for me during the past few years in LAEP and I cannot finish either of the degrees without him. Thank you, Keith! I also would like to give my special thankfulness to Dr. Bo Yang, my committee member, for his extensive connections, kind suggestions, and immense knowledge for my work and study. Bo’s diligent work ethic and respective personality made him a good role model for me to follow. Last but not least, I want to thank Dr. Keunhyun Park for providing research opportunities and working with me on both teaching and researching, and Dr. Ryan Knowles for being the instructor for both of my quantitative research methods class and advised me on the statistical analysis of the dissertation. Thanks to the Department of Landscape Architecture and Environmental Planning and the graduate programs of Landscape Architecture, both the MLA and the Ph.D., all of viii the faculty members for all their help and encouragement during the past three years. Thanks to my colleagues and my friends for helping me doing the preliminary test of the new protocol in the third paper of the dissertation. I give my special thanks to my family, dear Dad, Mum, and my lovely Blackie and PuPu for loving and supporting me. I could not have done it without you. Shuolei Chen ix CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iii PUBLIC ABSTRACT .........................................................................................................v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................ vii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. xi LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Importance of the Problem .................................................................................1 1.2 Research Questions ........................................................................................... 5 1.3 Definition of Key Terms ....................................................................................5 1.4 Summary ............................................................................................................8 References ..............................................................................................................10 II. ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE AND PARK QUALITY IN AN INTERMOUNTAIN WEST GATEWAY COMMUNITY: ASSESSING THE SPATIAL AUTOCORRELATION ...................................................... 14 2.1 Abstract ............................................................................................................14
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