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Expert Panel Report on a Study of Splenda in Male Rats

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Expert Panel Report on a Study of Splenda in Male Rats Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 55 (2009) 6–12 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/yrtph Regular Article Expert Panel report on a study of Splenda in male rats David Brusick a,*, Joseph F. Borzelleca b, Michael Gallo c, Gary Williams d, John Kille e, A. Wallace Hayes f, F. Xavier Pi-Sunyer g, Christine Williams h, Wesley Burks i a Independent Consultant, Bumpass, VA, USA b VA Commonwealth University School of Medicine, VA, USA c Rutgers University, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, NJ, USA d New York Medical College, NY, USA e Independent Consultant, J.W. Kille Associates, NJ, USA f Harvard School of Public Health, MA, USA g College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, NY, USA h Independent Consultant, NY, USA i Duke University Medical Center, NC, USA article info abstract Article history: A recent study in rats investigated the retail sweetener product, Granulated SPLENDAÒ No Calorie Sweet- Received 9 March 2009 ener (Splenda) (Abou-Donia et al., 2008. Splenda alters gut microflora and increases intestinal P-glyco- Available online 28 June 2009 protein and cytochrome P-450 in male rats. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A, 71, 1415–1429), which is composed of (by dry weight) maltodextrin (99%) and sucralose (1%). The investigators reported that Keywords: Splenda increased body weight, decreased beneficial intestinal bacteria, and increased the expression Splenda of certain cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes and the transporter protein, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), the lat- Sucralose ter of which was considered evidence that Splenda or sucralose might interfere with the absorption of Weight gain nutrients and drugs. The investigators indicated that the reported changes were attributable to the sucra- Body weight Gut bacteria lose present in the product tested. An Expert Panel conducted a rigorous evaluation of this study. In arriv- Fecal microflora ing at its conclusions, the Expert Panel considered the design and conduct of the study, its outcomes and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) the outcomes reported in other data available publicly. The Expert Panel found that the study was defi- P450 enzymes cient in several critical areas and that its results cannot be interpreted as evidence that either Splenda, or Safety sucralose, produced adverse effects in male rats, including effects on gastrointestinal microflora, body Drug absorption weight, CYP450 and P-gp activity, and nutrient and drug absorption. The study conclusions are not con- sistent with published literature and not supported by the data presented. Ó 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1. Background 2004). This high-sweetness intensity means that very little is needed to achieve sweetness, and amounts needed for usual con- Non-nutritive sweeteners are found in a wide range of foods sumer uses, e.g., addition to beverages or cereal or use in recipes and beverages. They enable production of lower-sugar foods and made at home, are exceedingly small. For example, less than 1/ beverages that can be a means to reduce sugar intake, which can, 100 teaspoon of any approved non-nutritive sweetener is needed in turn, be useful in carbohydrate and calorie management strate- to replace the sweetness of 1 teaspoon of sugar. Retail formulations gies (Rolls, 1991; Blackburn et al., 1997; de la Hunty et al., 2006; of non-nutritive sweeteners intended for consumer use (e.g., pack- Rodearmel et al., 2007). In the US and elsewhere, several non- ets and granulated products) therefore include other ingredients nutritive sweeteners have been confirmed as safe and are permit- that add volume, so that consumers can use them more like sugar ted for use in the general food supply (e.g., US FDA, 1984, 1998a, on a volume-for-volume basis. The ingredients chosen must also 1999, 2002, 2003). Although they are not all compositionally re- allow the resulting retail sweetener product to have few calories lated, permitted non-nutritive sweeteners all have in common a per serving. The US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) has high-sweetness intensity and are approximately 200–13,000 times determined that a food or beverage with less than five calories as sweet as sucrose on a weight-to-weight basis (Am Diet Assoc, per serving may bear a no calorie claim (21 CFR 101.60(b)). A recent study investigated the effects of a popular retail sweet- ener, Granulated SPLENDAÒ No Calorie Sweetener (Splenda), in * Corresponding author. Address: Independent Consultant, 123 Moody Creek Rd., Bumpass, VA 23024, USA. male rats when administered by gavage in amounts up to E-mail address: [email protected] (D. Brusick). 1000 mg/kg/day (Abou-Donia et al., 2008). The tested product is 0273-2300/$ - see front matter Ó 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.06.013 D. Brusick et al. / Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 55 (2009) 6–12 7 a mixture of sucralose and maltodextrin (1% and 99%, respectively, effects on P-gp and CYP enzymes seen here cannot be due to on a dry weight basis). the maltodextrin component of Splenda because it is hydrolyzed The safety of sucralose as a food ingredient has been affirmed ... and then rapidly absorbed.” by the Joint (World Health Organization and United Nations’ Food Following publication of this report, McNeil Nutritionals, a mar- and Agricultural Organization’s) Expert Committee on Food Addi- keter of retail products that contain the non-nutritive sweetener, tives (JECFA, 1989, 1991) and all regulatory agencies that evalu- sucralose, requested an independent detailed review of the report ated the extensive safety data in animals and humans (e.g., by a panel of experts (Expert Panel) in areas of relevant expertise Canada Gazette, 1991; US FDA, 1998a, 1999; JMHW, 1999; SCF, including general toxicology, food and chemical safety, reproduc- 2000; EU, 2004; FSANZ, 2008 [formerly ANFSC, approved 1993]). tion and developmental toxicology, risk assessment, in vitro and At least 100 studies of sucralose in humans and animals were con- in situ toxicology, toxicology study methodology and design, histo- ducted to assess the safety of sucralose (US FDA, 1998b). These pathology, nutrition, weight management, and clinical practice and studies included those required by health and regulatory agencies research. Following its independent and rigorous review of the for food additive safety assessment and additional research, which 2008 study by Abou-Donia et al., the Expert Panel prepared the fol- helped to further describe sucralose safety. Research was con- lowing report. ducted to investigate potential genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, and general toxicity following acute, subchronic, and 2. Critique chronic exposures, and included studies on sucralose absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination and pharmacokinetics. Stud- 2.1. Body weight gain measures ies were also conducted in both normoglycemic and diabetic sub- jects to investigate tolerance and effects on blood glucose Abou-Donia et al., reported increased body weight gain to be homeostasis and control. Critical safety studies were conducted an adverse effect of treatment with Splenda. Evaluation of the according to the standards required by the United States Food data does not support this conclusion. After 12 weeks’ treatment, and Drug Administration (FDA; Red Book) and recommended by body weight gain, reported as percent change from baseline, in international organizations (e.g., Organisation for Economic Coop- male rats receiving Splenda at doses of 100, 300, 500 and eration and Development [OECD]). Studies that investigated the 1000 mg/kg/day was statistically significantly increased, not dif- safety of sucralose have been subjected to extensive safety re- ferent, not different, and decreased, respectively, compared to views, conducted by internationally recognized experts who have body weight gain in control male rats. Body weight gain was also unanimously concluded that sucralose is safe for its intended use presented only in the unconventional manner of percent, and not (e.g., JECFA, 1989, 1991; Canada Gazette, 1991; US FDA, 1998a, actual, change from baseline. Percent weight gain after 12 weeks’ 1999; JMHW, 1999; SCF, 2000; EU, 2004; FSANZ, 2008 [formerly treatment was reported as 93.1, 104.0, 100.7, 101.5 and 88.5% in- ANFSC, approved 1993]; Grice and Goldsmith, 2000). creased from baseline for rats receiving 0, 100, 300, 500, and Similarly, maltodextrin, a readily digestible partially-hydro- 1000 mg/kg/day Splenda, respectively. There were no means or lyzed starch, generally derived from corn and used in a wide array standard deviations reported for baseline weight, final body of food products internationally, is Generally Recognized as Safe weight or actual change in body weight from baseline. The num- (GRAS) by the FDA for use in food (21 CFR 184.1444) (US FDA, ber of animals per group (10) was small and only one sex was 2008). No safety concerns are expected with exposure to studied. In light of the absence of statistical analysis of actual maltodextrin. body weight data, particularly baseline and end-of treatment The stated objective of the study by Abou-Donia et al. (2008) weights; minimal changes and no dose–response relationships ‘‘was to determine the effects of orally administered Splenda on in percent change in body weight gain; and the small number of the composition and number of the major microbial population animals studied,
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