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Jackson: Choosing a Methodology: Philosophical Underpinning
JACKSON: CHOOSING A METHODOLOGY: PHILOSOPHICAL UNDERPINNING Choosing a Methodology: Philosophical Practitioner Research Underpinning In Higher Education Copyright © 2013 University of Cumbria Vol 7 (1) pages 49-62 Elizabeth Jackson University of Cumbria [email protected] Abstract As a university lecturer, I find that a frequent question raised by Masters students concerns the methodology chosen for research and the rationale required in dissertations. This paper unpicks some of the philosophical coherence that can inform choices to be made regarding methodology and a well-thought out rationale that can add to the rigour of a research project. It considers the conceptual framework for research including the ontological and epistemological perspectives that are pertinent in choosing a methodology and subsequently the methods to be used. The discussion is exemplified using a concrete example of a research project in order to contextualise theory within practice. Key words Ontology; epistemology; positionality; relationality; methodology; method. Introduction This paper arises from work with students writing Masters dissertations who frequently express confusion and doubt about how appropriate methodology is chosen for research. It will be argued here that consideration of philosophical underpinning can be crucial for both shaping research design and for explaining approaches taken in order to support credibility of research outcomes. It is beneficial, within the unique context of the research, for the researcher to carefully -
Mindsets and Human Nature: Promoting Change in the Middle
2011 Award for Distinguished Scientific something is about to be taught. The cue could be a subtle Contributions look or tone of voice, but the infant immediately orients to learn. Moreover, learning can alter some of people’s most Mindsets and Human Nature: Promoting basic qualities, even in adulthood. Intriguing preliminary Change in the Middle East, the Schoolyard, evidence hints that training working memory may raise the Racial Divide, and Willpower performance on tests of fluid intelligence, the kind of in- telligence that allows people to use knowledge and skills to Carol S. Dweck solve new problems (Jaeggi, Buschkuehl, Jonides, & Per- Stanford University rig, 2008; see also Jaeggi, Buschkuehl, Jonides, & Shah, 2011). Personality traits that are often assumed to be stable tend to show clear, lasting, and mostly positive changes in DOI: 10.1037/a0029783 adulthood as people assume new social roles; individuals can also show marked change in these trait as a function of Debates about human nature often revolve around what is their personal life experiences (Roberts & Mroczek, 2008). built in. However, the hallmark of human nature is how And work in neuroscience increasingly attests to the re- much of a person’s identity is not built in; rather, it is markable plasticity of the brain well into adulthood (for an humans’ great capacity to adapt, change, and grow. This overview, see Doidge, 2007). nature versus nurture debate matters—not only to students This nature versus nurture debate matters, not only to of human nature—but to everyone. It matters whether peo- scientists or students of human nature but to everyone. -
On Becoming a Pragmatic Researcher: the Importance of Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methodologies
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 482 462 TM 035 389 AUTHOR Onwuegbuzie, Anthony J.; Leech, Nancy L. TITLE On Becoming a Pragmatic Researcher: The Importance of Combining Quantitative and Qualitative Research Methodologies. PUB DATE 2003-11-00 NOTE 25p.; Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Mid-South Educational Research Association (Biloxi, MS, November 5-7, 2003). PUB TYPE Reports Descriptive (141) Speeches/Meeting Papers (150) EDRS PRICE EDRS Price MF01/PCO2 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Pragmatics; *Qualitative Research; *Research Methodology; *Researchers ABSTRACT The last 100 years have witnessed a fervent debate in the United States about quantitative and qualitative research paradigms. Unfortunately, this has led to a great divide between quantitative and qualitative researchers, who often view themselves in competition with each other. Clearly, this polarization has promoted purists, i.e., researchers who restrict themselves exclusively to either quantitative or qualitative research methods. Mono-method research is the biggest threat to the advancement of the social sciences. As long as researchers stay polarized in research they cannot expect stakeholders who rely on their research findings to take their work seriously. The purpose of this paper is to explore how the debate between quantitative and qualitative is divisive, and thus counterproductive for advancing the social and behavioral science field. This paper advocates that all graduate students learn to use and appreciate both quantitative and qualitative research. In so doing, students will develop into what is termed "pragmatic researchers." (Contains 41 references.) (Author/SLD) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. On Becoming a Pragmatic Researcher 1 Running head: ON BECOMING A PRAGMATIC RESEARCHER U.S. -
The Meme Economy: How Internet Memes Impact Consumption Nicole Kim, University of Maryland, USA Jared Joseph Watson, New York University, USA
ASSOCIATION FOR CONSUMER RESEARCH Labovitz School of Business & Economics, University of Minnesota Duluth, 11 E. Superior Street, Suite 210, Duluth, MN 55802 The Meme Economy: How Internet Memes Impact Consumption Nicole Kim, University of Maryland, USA Jared Joseph Watson, New York University, USA Viewing and sharing internet ‘memes’ is a new way in which consumers interact with each other online. This research demonstrates that internet memes (vs. non-memes) can serve to increase consumption attitudes toward a target content employed in the meme. Four studies show that when consumers encounter memes, they infer that the target content in the meme has become viral, which further invokes FOMO (i.e., fear of missing out), increasing their consumption intentions. [to cite]: Nicole Kim and Jared Joseph Watson (2020) ,"The Meme Economy: How Internet Memes Impact Consumption", in NA - Advances in Consumer Research Volume 48, eds. Jennifer Argo, Tina M. Lowrey, and Hope Jensen Schau, Duluth, MN : Association for Consumer Research, Pages: 896-901. [url]: http://www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/2661380/volumes/v48/NA-48 [copyright notice]: This work is copyrighted by The Association for Consumer Research. For permission to copy or use this work in whole or in part, please contact the Copyright Clearance Center at http://www.copyright.com/. Sharing and Consumer Experience: How Does Different Forms of Sharing Affect Consumer Evaluations of Experience Chairs: Der-Wei Huang, Indiana University, USA Shanker Krishnan, Indiana University, USA Paper #1: The Paradox of Social Interaction in the Sharing on social media. The authors’ findings show that when consumers see Economy photos taken from the actor’s perspective (vs. -
An Analysis of Factors Influencing Transmission of Internet Memes of English-Speaking Origin in Chinese Online Communities
ISSN 1798-4769 Journal of Language Teaching and Research, Vol. 8, No. 5, pp. 969-977, September 2017 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0805.19 An Analysis of Factors Influencing Transmission of Internet Memes of English-speaking Origin in Chinese Online Communities Siyue Yang Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, China Abstract—Meme, as defined in Dawkins' 1976 book 'The Selfish Gene', is "an idea, behaviour or style that spreads from person to person within a culture". Internet meme is an extension of meme, with the defining characteristic being its spread via Internet. While online communities of all cultures generate their own memes, owing to the colossal amount of content in English and the long & widespread adoption of Internet across all strata of society in English-speaking countries, the vast majority of high-impact and well-documented memes have their origin in English-speaking communities. In addition to their spread in the original culture sphere, some of these prominent memes have also crossed the cultural boundaries and entered the parlance of Chinese Internet communities. This paper seeks to give a brief introduction to Internet memes in general, and explore the factors that control and/or facilitate a meme’s ability to enter Chinese communities. Index Terms—Internet meme, cross-cultural communication, Chinese Internet I. INTRODUCTION Internet meme, an extension of the term "meme" first coined by Richard Dawkins (1976) in his work The Selfish Gene (p. 192), refers to the unique form of meme that spreads through the Internet. Internet memes in their various forms currently enjoy substantial popularity among Internet users all around the globe, and are flourishing and becoming increasingly entrenched in the mainstream culture of all the disparate societies in this connected world. -
Redalyc.Defining and Characterizing the Concept of Internet Meme
CES Psicología E-ISSN: 2011-3080 [email protected] Universidad CES Colombia Castaño Díaz, Carlos Mauricio Defining and characterizing the concept of Internet Meme CES Psicología, vol. 6, núm. 2, julio-diciembre, 2013, pp. 82-104 Universidad CES Medellín, Colombia Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=423539422007 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Revista CES Psicología ISSN 2011-3080 Volumen 6 Número 1 Enero-Junio 2013 pp. 82-104 Artículo de investigación Defining and characterizing the concept of Internet Meme Definición y caracterización del concepto de Meme de Internet Carlos Mauricio Castaño Díaz1 University of Copenhagen, Dinamarca. Forma de citar: Castaño, D., C.M. (2013). Defining and characterizing the concept of Internet Meme. Revista CES Psicología, 6(2),82-104.. Abstract The research aims to create a formal definition of “Internet Meme” (IM) that can be used to characterize and study IMs in academic contexts such as social, communication sciences and humanities. Different perspectives of the term meme were critically analysed and contrasted, creating a contemporary concept that synthesizes different meme theorists’ visions about the term. Two different kinds of meme were found in the contemporary definitions, the meme-gene, and the meme- virus. The meme-virus definition and characteristics were merged with definitions of IM taken from the Internet in the light of communication theories, in order to develop a formal characterization of the concept. -
MIAMI UNIVERSITY the Graduate School
MIAMI UNIVERSITY The Graduate School Certificate for Approving the Dissertation We hereby approve the Dissertation of Bridget Christine Gelms Candidate for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy ______________________________________ Dr. Jason Palmeri, Director ______________________________________ Dr. Tim Lockridge, Reader ______________________________________ Dr. Michele Simmons, Reader ______________________________________ Dr. Lisa Weems, Graduate School Representative ABSTRACT VOLATILE VISIBILITY: THE EFFECTS OF ONLINE HARASSMENT ON FEMINIST CIRCULATION AND PUBLIC DISCOURSE by Bridget C. Gelms As our digital environments—in their inhabitants, communities, and cultures—have evolved, harassment, unfortunately, has become the status quo on the internet (Duggan, 2014 & 2017; Jane, 2014b). Harassment is an issue that disproportionately affects women, particularly women of color (Citron, 2014; Mantilla, 2015), LGBTQIA+ women (Herring et al., 2002; Warzel, 2016), and women who engage in social justice, civil rights, and feminist discourses (Cole, 2015; Davies, 2015; Jane, 2014a). Whitney Phillips (2015) notes that it’s politically significant to pay attention to issues of online harassment because this kind of invective calls “attention to dominant cultural mores” (p. 7). Keeping our finger on the pulse of such attitudes is imperative to understand who is excluded from digital publics and how these exclusions perpetuate racism and sexism to “preserve the internet as a space free of politics and thus free of challenge to white masculine heterosexual hegemony” (Higgin, 2013, n.p.). While rhetoric and writing as a field has a long history of examining myriad exclusionary practices that occur in public discourses, we still have much work to do in understanding how online harassment, particularly that which is gendered, manifests in digital publics and to what rhetorical effect. -
Models of Attitude and Belief Change from the Perspective of System Dynamics
Models of Attitude and Belief Change from the Perspective of System Dynamics Ralph L. Levine, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus, On Call Departments of Resource Development and Department of Psychology 314 Natural Resources Building East Lansing, MI 48824 Ph. 517-353-6441 (O) Ph. 517-332-2317 (H) [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper describes models of attitude and opinion change from several theoretical perspectives. Current research in persuasion, argumentation, opinion setting, and attitude change emphasize either cognitive, emotional, or behavioral factors, which determine how people change their attitudes. The paper first reviews the pioneer mathematical work of John E. Hunter and his colleagues and then assesses his models for its loop structural characteristics. Simulation output as well as the structural characteristics of these models indicates that behavioral approaches, such as imitation and conditioning, are problematic in controlling attitudes through arguments, messages, and behavior. Cognitive dissonance and information processing models appear to be more effective in controlling attitudes. Finally, the paper concludes with an embellishment of these models to show how cognitive searching processes can give time to think about counterarguments and thus be used as a coping mechanism to resist persuasive messages. KEY WORDS Attitude Change, behavioral, cognitive, dissonance approaches, credibility, source derogation. INTRODUCTION Scientific interest in studying the dynamics of attitudes and beliefs has come from a variety of disciplines, including social psychology, sociology, communication, and marketing. Over the years, a number of theories of attitude change have emerged, developed, and perhaps fallen by the wayside, as additional empirical studies cumulated. There have been some efforts to model attitude change, but most of the theories in the area are presented at the verbal level. -
Deciphering L33tspeak
Ghent University Faculty of Arts and Philosophy Thesis Deciphering L33t5p34k Internet Slang on Message Boards Supervisor: Master Paper submitted in partial fulfilment of Prof. Anne-Marie Simon-Vandenbergen the requirements for the degree of ―Master in de Taal- en Letterkunde – Afstudeerrichting: Engels‖ By Eveline Flamand 2007-2008 i Acknowledgements I would like to thank my promoter, professor Anne-Marie Vandenbergen, for agreeing on supervising this perhaps unconventional thesis. Secondly I would like to mention my brother, who recently graduated as a computer engineer and who has helped me out when my knowledge on electronic technology did not suffice. Niels Cuelenaere also helped me out by providing me with some material and helping me with a Swedish translation. The people who came up to me and told me they would like to read my thesis, have encouraged me massively. In moments of doubt, they made me realize that there is an audience for this kind of research, which made me even more determined to finish this thesis successfully. Finally, I would also like to mention the members of the Filologica forum, who have been an inspiration for me. ii Index 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 2. Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 1 2.1 4chan ............................................................................................................................... -
Modeling Memes: a Memetic View of Affordance Learning
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations Spring 2011 Modeling Memes: A Memetic View of Affordance Learning Benjamin D. Nye University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Commons, Cognition and Perception Commons, Other Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, Other Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering Commons, Social Psychology Commons, and the Statistical Models Commons Recommended Citation Nye, Benjamin D., "Modeling Memes: A Memetic View of Affordance Learning" (2011). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 336. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/336 With all thanks to my esteemed committee, Dr. Silverman, Dr. Smith, Dr. Carley, and Dr. Bordogna. Also, great thanks to the University of Pennsylvania for all the opportunities to perform research at such a revered institution. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/336 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Modeling Memes: A Memetic View of Affordance Learning Abstract This research employed systems social science inquiry to build a synthesis model that would be useful for modeling meme evolution. First, a formal definition of memes was proposed that balanced both ontological adequacy and empirical observability. Based on this definition, a systems model for meme evolution was synthesized from Shannon Information Theory and elements of Bandura's Social Cognitive Learning Theory. Research in perception, social psychology, learning, and communication were incorporated to explain the cognitive and environmental processes guiding meme evolution. By extending the PMFServ cognitive architecture, socio-cognitive agents were created who could simulate social learning of Gibson affordances. -
Exploring the Utility of Memes for US Government Influence Campaigns
Exploring the Utility of Memes for U.S. Government Influence Campaigns Vera Zakem, Megan K. McBride, Kate Hammerberg April 2018 Cleared for Public Release DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. D RM-2018-U-017433-Final This document contains the best opinion of CNA at the time of issue. It does not necessarily represent the opinion of the sponsor. Distribution DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. SPECIFIC AUTHORITY: N00014-16-D-5003 4/17/2018 Request additional copies of this document through [email protected]. Photography Credit: Toy Story meme created via imgflip Meme Generator, available at https://imgflip.com/memegenerator, accessed March 24, 2018. Approved by: April 2018 Dr. Jonathan Schroden, Director Center for Stability and Development Center for Strategic Studies This work was performed under Federal Government Contract No. N00014-16-D-5003. Copyright © 2018 CNA Abstract The term meme was coined in 1976 by Richard Dawkins to explore the ways in which ideas spread between people. With the introduction of the internet, the term has evolved to refer to culturally resonant material—a funny picture, an amusing video, a rallying hashtag—spread online, primarily via social media. This CNA self-initiated exploratory study examines memes and the role that memetic engagement can play in U.S. government (USG) influence campaigns. We define meme as “a culturally resonant item easily shared or spread online,” and develop an epidemiological model of inoculate / infect / treat to classify and analyze ways in which memes have been effectively used in the online information environment. Further, drawing from our discussions with subject matter experts, we make preliminary observations and identify areas for future research on the ways that memes and memetic engagement may be used as part of USG influence campaigns. -
An Invitation to Qualitative Research
CHAPTER 1 An Invitation to Qualitative Research n recent years, binge drinking has caused considerable concern among admin - istrators at colleges and universities, compelled by statistics that show marked Iincreases in such behavior. A qualitative researcher studying this topic would seek to go behind the statistics to understand the issue. Recently, we attended a fac - ulty meeting that addressed the problem of binge drinking and heard concerned faculty and administrators suggest some of the following solutions: • stricter campus policies with enforced consequences • more faculty-student socials with alcohol for those over 21 years old • more bus trips into the city to local sites such as major museums to get students interested in other pastimes Although well-intentioned, these folks were grasping at straws. This is because although they were armed with statistics indicating binge drinking was prevalent and thus could identify a problem, they had no information about why this trend was occurring. Without understanding this issue on a meaningful level, it is diffi - cult to remedy. At this point, we invite you to spend 5 to 10 minutes jotting down a list of questions you think are important to investigate as we try to better under - stand the phenomenon of binge drinking at college. What Is Qualitative Research? The qualitative approach to research is a unique grounding—the position from which to conduct research—that fosters particular ways of asking questions and particular ways of thinking through problems. As noted in the opening dis - cussion of binge drinking in college, the questions asked in this type of research usually begin with words like how, why, or what.