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Violin: Bowing the ORCHESTRA: a USER's MANUAL Violin: bowing THE ORCHESTRA: A USER'S MANUAL Introduction Orchestration Orchestration Resources Historical Andrew Hugill by section by instrument select... select... Philharmonia VIOLIN Bowing Section: Strings NAME DESCRIPTION NOTATION LISTEN/VIEW COMMENTS Transposing? No Here is a selection of normal bowed Construction notes marked Range with 'hairpins', It is assumed that a to give an idea passage is bowed Bowing of the range of unless marked Plucking bowing otherwise. However, Left Hand pressures once a 'pizz' available. The indication has been Mute/Harmonics violin is given, 'arco' must bowed (as opposed capable of be indicated for the Chords arco arco to plucked) great subtlety next bowed Extended of dynamics passage. Where Player's Tips and tone unusual bowing colour: techniques are and Tricks used, 'ord' or 'norm' D4 > will return the Links E5 < player to normal F5 > bowing. B5 > C6 < Strong, and therefore used often on downbeats. There is no need to down bow travels from about down indicate bowing bow frog to point and up bows unless a specific pattern of up and down bows is required. Weaker sound than down bow, and therefore used often on upbeats. There bow travels from [ about down is no need to up bow point to frog and up bows] indicate bowing unless a specific pattern of up and down bows is required. middle of (middle Not normally bow: the bow) indicated balancing point file:///E|/Τα έγγραφά μου/Τσέτσος, ενορχήστρωση (μαθήματα)+/Enorchistrosi Instruments/2. Strings/Violin bowing.htm[17/10/2015 9:28:45 πμ] Violin: bowing au talon au talon bowed at the frog (Germ. Frosch au talon Works best loud It. tallone) punta d'arco punta punta Good for delicate bowed at the point (Fr. pointe d'arco d'arco effects Germ. Spitze) When only col legno col legno is indicated, players with the wood (but (Fr. bois de often use tratto but col legno see next two l'archet col legno engaging an amount entries) Germ. die of the hair of the Bogenstange) bow. It is best to specify the method. G3 Ab3 Bb3 Db4 F4 E5 col legno hit with the wood col legno B5 battuto of the bow battuto E6 Mahler Symphony no. 4 (Movement 1, 172-173) G3 Use with extreme col legno Bb3 caution! Players do col legno drag wood of the tratto Bb4 not like to risk tratto bow across string (Germ. E5 damaging valuable Gestrichen) B5 bows G6 Ab3 Bb3 Db4 sul bow near the sul pont Eb4 ponticello bridge Bb4 E5 B5 G3 Ab3 Bb3 bow over the Db4 sul tasto sul tasto fingerboard F4 Bb4 E5 C6 détaché separated notes détaché Separate bows smooth, slurred In a single bow, legato legato notes without breaks Alternate bows, full tenuto full note values tenuto length file:///E|/Τα έγγραφά μου/Τσέτσος, ενορχήστρωση (μαθήματα)+/Enorchistrosi Instruments/2. Strings/Violin bowing.htm[17/10/2015 9:28:45 πμ] Violin: bowing In a single bow, but portato "carried" notes portato with slight breaks between notes Fr. louré staccato short notes staccato Alternate bows "Off-the-string", i.e. bounced bow. A spiccato played in a spiccato very short notes spiccato single down bow is called saltando, and in a single up-bow is called volante. Also indicated by accents. In a single martelé "hammered" notes martelé bow, but very separated notes. A controlled jeté "thrown" bow jeté jeté bouncing on the string ric (sometimes An uncontrolled ricochet ricochet bow with multiple bouncing on the dots over the string note) A measured tremolo subdivides the beat accurately according to the number of bars through the note stem. An rapid up-down tremolo tremolo unmeasured bows tremolo (usually indicated with the word trem) is a very rapid alternation of up and down bows. Played on a single string until otherwise indicated, played on the G sul G sul G thus sul G, sul D, string sul A, sul E. Lends a particular colour to the timbre. file:///E|/Τα έγγραφά μου/Τσέτσος, ενορχήστρωση (μαθήματα)+/Enorchistrosi Instruments/2. Strings/Violin bowing.htm[17/10/2015 9:28:45 πμ] Violin: chords THE ORCHESTRA: A USER'S MANUAL Introduction Orchestration Orchestration Resources Historical Andrew Hugill by section by instrument select... select... Philharmonia VIOLIN Chords Section: Strings about divisi Transposing? No about non divisi NAME DESCRIPTION NOTATION LISTEN/VIEW COMMENTS Construction If the double stop Range is difficult (the Bowing left hand span is awkward) a Plucking two strings section will play double double stop sounded this divisi (notes Left Hand stop (arco and pizz) together shared out Mute/Harmonics between Chords instruments). Will Extended work at any dynamic. Player's Tips A section will and Tricks normally play a triple stop divisi (i.e. notes shared Links out between A minor three strings instruments). On triple G major sounded a solo stop B minor together instrument, triple A major stops only work at loud dynamics, otherwise they would be arpeggiated. quadruple stop, arco arpeggiated quadruple stop, arco, on a first inversion C- Four-note chords major chord are no problem four strings A quadruple stop arpeggiated to a section if sounded, quadruple quadruple played divisi, but normally as an stop, arco, on stop if non divisi then arpeggiation or a root position great care must broken chord C-major chord be taken with left hand positions. a pizzicato phrase in quadruple A typical stops, played arpeggiation quasi guitar file:///E|/Τα έγγραφά μου/Τσέτσος, ενορχήστρωση (μαθήματα)+/Enorchistrosi Instruments/2. Strings/Violin chords.htm[17/10/2015 9:33:11 πμ] Violin: chords (violin held sideways) file:///E|/Τα έγγραφά μου/Τσέτσος, ενορχήστρωση (μαθήματα)+/Enorchistrosi Instruments/2. Strings/Violin chords.htm[17/10/2015 9:33:11 πμ] Violin: left hand THE ORCHESTRA: A USER'S MANUAL Introduction Orchestration Orchestration Resources Historical Andrew Hugill by section by instrument select... select... Philharmonia VIOLIN Left Hand Section: Strings NAME DESCRIPTION NOTATION LISTEN/VIEW COMMENTS Transposing? No Vibrato is inherent to a player's Construction technique Range and each player Bowing executes Plucking variable Left Hand pitch amounts undulation not normally notated, but Ab3 depending Mute/Harmonics created by if extra vibrato is F4 upon vibrato Chords motion of the required, indicate molto B5 interpretative wrist and vib under note(s) G6 intentions. It Extended finger is possible to Player's Tips execute vibrato on and Tricks open strings, but this is Links not normally done unless specifically requested. Must be specified. Players will sometimes add tiny Ab3 amounts of no undulation F4 non vibrato non vib vibrato even in pitch B5 to passages G6 marked non vib depending on musical interpretation glissando Ab3-Bb3 Db4-F4 Bb4-E5 B5-G6 Consider rate of glide, start G6-Bb5 and end a continuous Bb5-C5 points. glissando slide in pitch C5-Db4 Plucked Saint-Saëns glissandi are Le Carnival des also possible. file:///E|/Τα έγγραφά μου/Τσέτσος, ενορχήστρωση (μαθήματα)+/Enorchistrosi Instruments/2. Strings/Violin left hand.htm[17/10/2015 9:32:09 πμ] Violin: left hand Animaux ('Personnages à longues oreilles') The pitches are distinct and can be controlled to a continuous G-string a fair extent. harmonic slide while D-string Nevertheless, glissando lightly touching A-string this is an string E-string effect that works best done quite quickly. Essentially an a slide from expressive one pitch to device which another, was very portamento usually popular in portamento stopping for the 19th and downwards moment either early 20th upwards above or below centuries, the destination but has more pitch recently fallen into disuse In highly a rapid chromatic alteration Trills: music, it is a between two Ab3 good idea to this shows a minor trill pitches either a F4 specify the followed by a major trill, trill tone (major E5 pitch onto indicated by accidentals trill) or a G6 which the over the note. If these semitone trill is made are not given, players will (minor trill) in brackets choose trill type based on apart after the musical context. The wavy note lines indicating duration of trill are also optional. This is an unmeasured tremolo and lasts two beats. A measured a trill between tremolo is fingered two notes more simply an tremolo than a tone alteration apart. between the two notes in regular note values and is usually notated as such. Obviously file:///E|/Τα έγγραφά μου/Τσέτσος, ενορχήστρωση (μαθήματα)+/Enorchistrosi Instruments/2. Strings/Violin left hand.htm[17/10/2015 9:32:09 πμ] Violin: left hand a colouristic presents technique of technical using lower indicate fingerings over challenges bariolage pitched strings notes, with string names and is for higher if necessary probably notes in a most passage effective in solo writing file:///E|/Τα έγγραφά μου/Τσέτσος, ενορχήστρωση (μαθήματα)+/Enorchistrosi Instruments/2. Strings/Violin left hand.htm[17/10/2015 9:32:09 πμ] Violin: mute/harmonics THE ORCHESTRA: A USER'S MANUAL Introduction Orchestration Orchestration Resources Historical Andrew Hugill by section by instrument select... select... Philharmonia VIOLIN Mute/Harmonics Section: Strings NAME DESCRIPTION NOTATION LISTEN/VIEW COMMENTS Transposing? No There are two types of mute: the clamp type Construction (Ma Sihon) Range which is placed on the bridge, Bowing and the sliding Plucking a damper is type (Roth- mute(s) attached to the con sord Sihon) which is Left Hand con sord on bridge to mute (Germ. mit Dämpfer) permanently Mute/Harmonics the sound attached to the Chords strings. It is usually best to Extended allow about 5 Player's Tips seconds for players to put and Tricks on or remove a mute. Links No need to specify this mute(s) the mute is senza sord unless a muted off removed passage has preceded The notation of natural harmonics is often inconsistent.
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