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Violin: bowing THE ORCHESTRA: A USER'S MANUAL

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VIOLIN Bowing

Section: Strings NAME DESCRIPTION NOTATION LISTEN/VIEW COMMENTS Transposing? No Here is a selection of normal bowed Construction notes marked Range with 'hairpins', It is assumed that a to give an idea passage is bowed Bowing of the range of unless marked Plucking bowing otherwise. However, Left Hand pressures once a 'pizz' available. The indication has been Mute/ violin is given, 'arco' must bowed (as opposed capable of be indicated for the Chords arco arco to plucked) great subtlety next bowed Extended of dynamics passage. Where Player's Tips and tone unusual bowing colour: techniques are and Tricks used, 'ord' or 'norm' D4 > will return the Links E5 < player to normal F5 > bowing. B5 > C6 <

Strong, and therefore used often on downbeats. There is no need to down bow travels from about down indicate bowing to point and up bows unless a specific pattern of up and down bows is required. Weaker sound than down bow, and therefore used often on upbeats. There bow travels from [ about down is no need to up bow point to frog and up bows] indicate bowing unless a specific pattern of up and down bows is required. middle of (middle Not normally bow: the bow) indicated balancing point file:///E|/Τα έγγραφά μου/Τσέτσος, ενορχήστρωση (μαθήματα)+/Enorchistrosi Instruments/2. Strings/Violin bowing.htm[17/10/2015 9:28:45 πμ] Violin: bowing

au talon au talon bowed at the frog (Germ. Frosch au talon Works best loud It. tallone) punta d'arco punta punta Good for delicate bowed at the point (Fr. pointe d'arco d'arco effects Germ. Spitze) When only col legno is indicated, players with the wood (but (Fr. bois de often use tratto but col legno see next two l'archet col legno engaging an amount entries) Germ. die of the hair of the Bogenstange) bow. It is best to specify the method. G3 Ab3 Bb3 Db4 F4 E5 col legno hit with the wood col legno B5 battuto of the bow battuto E6

Mahler Symphony no. 4 (Movement 1, 172-173) G3 Use with extreme col legno Bb3 caution! Players do col legno drag wood of the tratto Bb4 not like to risk tratto bow across string (Germ. E5 damaging valuable Gestrichen) B5 bows G6 Ab3 Bb3 Db4 sul bow near the sul pont Eb4 ponticello Bb4 E5 B5 G3 Ab3 Bb3 bow over the Db4 sul tasto sul tasto F4 Bb4 E5 C6

détaché separated notes détaché Separate bows

smooth, slurred In a single bow, legato legato notes without breaks

Alternate bows, full tenuto full note values tenuto length

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In a single bow, but "carried" notes portato with slight breaks between notes Fr. louré

staccato short notes staccato Alternate bows

"Off-the-string", i.e. bounced bow. A played in a spiccato very short notes spiccato single down bow is called saltando, and in a single up-bow is called volante. Also indicated by accents. In a single martelé "hammered" notes martelé bow, but very separated notes. A controlled jeté "thrown" bow jeté jeté bouncing on the string ric (sometimes An uncontrolled ricochet ricochet bow with multiple bouncing on the dots over the string note) A measured subdivides the beat accurately according to the number of bars through the note stem. An rapid up-down tremolo tremolo unmeasured bows tremolo (usually indicated with the word trem) is a very rapid alternation of up and down bows. Played on a single string until otherwise indicated, played on the G sul G sul G thus sul G, sul D, string sul A, sul E. Lends a particular colour to the timbre.

file:///E|/Τα έγγραφά μου/Τσέτσος, ενορχήστρωση (μαθήματα)+/Enorchistrosi Instruments/2. Strings/Violin bowing.htm[17/10/2015 9:28:45 πμ] Violin: chords THE ORCHESTRA: A USER'S MANUAL

Introduction Orchestration Orchestration Resources Historical Andrew Hugill by section by instrument select... select... Philharmonia

VIOLIN Chords

Section: Strings about divisi Transposing? No about non divisi

NAME DESCRIPTION NOTATION LISTEN/VIEW COMMENTS Construction If the Range is difficult (the Bowing left hand span is awkward) a Plucking two strings section will play double double stop sounded this divisi (notes Left Hand stop (arco and pizz) together shared out Mute/Harmonics between Chords instruments). Will Extended work at any dynamic. Player's Tips A section will and Tricks normally play a triple stop divisi (i.e. notes shared Links out between A minor three strings instruments). On triple G major sounded a solo stop B minor together instrument, triple A major stops only work at loud dynamics, otherwise they would be arpeggiated. quadruple stop, arco arpeggiated quadruple stop, arco, on a first inversion C- Four-note chords major chord are no problem four strings A quadruple stop arpeggiated to a section if sounded, quadruple quadruple played divisi, but normally as an stop, arco, on stop if non divisi then arpeggiation or a root position great care must broken chord C-major chord be taken with left hand positions. a phrase in quadruple A typical stops, played arpeggiation quasi guitar

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(violin held sideways)

file:///E|/Τα έγγραφά μου/Τσέτσος, ενορχήστρωση (μαθήματα)+/Enorchistrosi Instruments/2. Strings/Violin chords.htm[17/10/2015 9:33:11 πμ] Violin: left hand THE ORCHESTRA: A USER'S MANUAL

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VIOLIN Left Hand

Section: Strings NAME DESCRIPTION NOTATION LISTEN/VIEW COMMENTS Transposing? No Vibrato is inherent to a player's Construction technique Range and each player Bowing executes Plucking variable Left Hand pitch amounts undulation not normally notated, but Ab3 depending Mute/Harmonics created by if extra vibrato is F4 upon vibrato Chords motion of the required, indicate molto B5 interpretative wrist and vib under note(s) G6 intentions. It Extended finger is possible to Player's Tips execute vibrato on and Tricks open strings, but this is Links not normally done unless specifically requested. Must be specified. Players will sometimes add tiny Ab3 amounts of no undulation F4 non vibrato non vib vibrato even in pitch B5 to passages G6 marked non vib depending on musical interpretation Ab3-Bb3 Db4-F4 Bb4-E5 B5-G6 Consider rate of glide, start G6-Bb5 and end a continuous Bb5-C5 points. glissando slide in pitch C5-Db4 Plucked Saint-Saëns glissandi are Le Carnival des also possible. file:///E|/Τα έγγραφά μου/Τσέτσος, ενορχήστρωση (μαθήματα)+/Enorchistrosi Instruments/2. Strings/Violin left hand.htm[17/10/2015 9:32:09 πμ] Violin: left hand

Animaux ('Personnages à longues oreilles') The pitches are distinct and can be controlled to a continuous G-string a fair extent. slide while D-string Nevertheless, glissando lightly touching A-string this is an string E-string effect that works best done quite quickly. Essentially an a slide from expressive one pitch to device which another, was very portamento usually popular in portamento stopping for the 19th and downwards moment either early 20th upwards above or below centuries, the destination but has more pitch recently fallen into disuse

In highly a rapid chromatic alteration Trills: music, it is a between two Ab3 good idea to this shows a minor trill pitches either a F4 specify the followed by a major trill, trill tone (major E5 pitch onto indicated by accidentals trill) or a G6 which the over the note. If these semitone trill is made are not given, players will (minor trill) in brackets choose trill type based on apart after the musical context. The wavy note lines indicating duration of trill are also optional. This is an unmeasured tremolo and lasts two beats. A measured a trill between tremolo is fingered two notes more simply an

tremolo than a tone alteration apart. between the two notes in regular note values and is usually notated as such. Obviously

file:///E|/Τα έγγραφά μου/Τσέτσος, ενορχήστρωση (μαθήματα)+/Enorchistrosi Instruments/2. Strings/Violin left hand.htm[17/10/2015 9:32:09 πμ] Violin: left hand

a colouristic presents technique of technical using lower indicate fingerings over challenges pitched strings notes, with string names and is for higher if necessary probably notes in a most passage effective in solo writing

file:///E|/Τα έγγραφά μου/Τσέτσος, ενορχήστρωση (μαθήματα)+/Enorchistrosi Instruments/2. Strings/Violin left hand.htm[17/10/2015 9:32:09 πμ] Violin: mute/harmonics THE ORCHESTRA: A USER'S MANUAL

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VIOLIN Mute/Harmonics

Section: Strings NAME DESCRIPTION NOTATION LISTEN/VIEW COMMENTS Transposing? No There are two types of mute: the clamp type Construction (Ma Sihon) Range which is placed on the bridge, Bowing and the sliding Plucking a damper is type (Roth- mute(s) attached to the con sord Sihon) which is Left Hand con sord on bridge to mute (Germ. mit Dämpfer) permanently Mute/Harmonics the sound attached to the Chords strings. It is usually best to Extended allow about 5 Player's Tips seconds for players to put and Tricks on or remove a mute. Links No need to specify this mute(s) the mute is senza sord unless a muted off removed passage has preceded The notation of natural harmonics is often inconsistent. Frequently it is either just a circle over the note, thus:

The nodal points on a string are as follows: or the word harm, or indeed a 1/2 (gives 8ve diamond notehead to indicate above open finger position, or some string) combination of the above! To 1/3 (gives be completely accurate, a 8ve+5th above the string is harmonic would be notated open string) lightly fingered thus: harmonics 1/4 (gives natural at a nodal 2x8ves above harmonics point to natural open string) produce a harmonics 1/5 (gives "fluted" sound 2x8ves+maj3rd above open string) There are more file:///E|/Τα έγγραφά μου/Τσέτσος, ενορχήστρωση (μαθήματα)+/Enorchistrosi Instruments/2. Strings/Violin mute_harmonics.htm[17/10/2015 9:32:43 πμ] Violin: mute/harmonics

Here, the large round natural notehead indicates the harmonics, but fundamental (open G-string in these are this case), the diamond relatively notehead indicates the finger unreliable. position and the small note in brackets is the resulting sound. (However, violinists would probably regard this as over-fussy for a straightforward natural harmonic). The same notational practices apply for artificial harmonics. It is possible to Note that in this case: add vibrato and to play melodic lines in artificial the string is harmonics harmonics, but stopped both normally, and the first will produce a note artificial techniques then fingered 2x8ves above the stopped harmonic at should be used artificial (with the little note, the second an 8ve+5th 4th with care. Two harmonics finger) at a above the . Often rarer artificial point a 4th or a small notehead in brackets artificial harmonics are: a 5th above is used to indicate the harmonic at min 3rd above the stopped sounding result, as in the 5th stop (gives note example above. Where the word flag (= "flageolet") is 2x8ves+5th) written over the note, a maj 3rd above whispered bowing might help stop (gives the 'whistling' sound, but this 2x8ves+maj instruction can also mean, 3rd) quite simply, 'harmonic'.

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VIOLIN Plucking

Section: Strings NAME DESCRIPTION NOTATION LISTEN/VIEW COMMENTS Transposing? No pizz

G3 Construction Bb3 Players may put Range plucking the string, Db4 the bow down Bowing pizzicato as opposed to pizz C5 for extended bowing E5 pizzicato Plucking Bb5 passages Left Hand B5 G6 Mute/Harmonics Chords snap pizz Extended pulling the string G3 Often used by snap upwards and Player's Tips Bb3 Béla Bartók, ('Bartok') allowing it to 'snap' snap pizz Db4 hence the and Tricks pizzicato sharply against the E5 nickname. fingerboard Bb5 Links G6 Avoid on the nail plucking with the violin! Most nail pizz nail pizz pizzicato fingernail violinists cut their fingernails. G3 Note that it is Bb3 possible to glissando plucked glissando gliss pizz Db4 make a gliss F5 away from an B5 open string. Tiring to execute for long rapid motion of the pizzicato periods on the finger against the pizz tremolo tremolo violin and an string pizz uncontrolled effect. violin held sideways Make sure the quasi against the body quasi guitar quasi guitar chords are guitar and strummed simple! Use with extreme plucked with left left hand caution. The hand rather than + (over note) pizz fingerings need bowing hand to be carefully considered.

file:///E|/Τα έγγραφά μου/Τσέτσος, ενορχήστρωση (μαθήματα)+/Enorchistrosi Instruments/2. Strings/Violin plucking.htm[17/10/2015 9:31:43 πμ] Violin: plucking

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