Current Geothermal Projects in Paola Adriana Coca Suaznabar (National Electricity Company-ENDE, Bolivia)

INTRODUCTION Laguna Colorada Geothermal Pilot Plant Construction 5 MW  Located at the same place of the Laguna Colorada Geothermal Power Plant of  In the 1970’s the National Electricity Company 100 MW. (ENDE) and Bolivian Geological Survey (GEOBOL) started geothermal development  This project is an alternative to take advantage of the potential of the project site considering three main areas: before the start-up of the 100MW plant in order to meet the following objectives: - Cordillera Occidental - Cordillera Oriental - Supply electricity to the SIN, through the Transmission Line Sol de Mañana, - Borde Altiplanico Oriental  In 1976 it was concluded that the main potential that is currently part of the Laguna Colorada Geothermal Plant Construction areas are: 100 MW. - Laguna Colorada - Supply electricity to the Laguna Colorada Geothermal Plant Construction of

Empexa Geothermal Area Geothermal Manifestations Cordillera - Sajama Occidental 100 MW for drilling wells, construction of the plant and the Fluid Carrying Sajama Geothermal Area Geothermal Manifestations Borde Laguna Colorada Geothermal Altiplanico Oriental - Empexa Area Geothermal Manifestations Cordillera System (FCRS) to reduce the use of fossil fuels. Oriental  From 1978 to 1980 pre-feasibility studies and - Evaluate the appropriate technology for the Laguna Colorada Geothermal Plant surface prospecting in Empexa and Laguna Fig. 1 Distribution of Colorada were carried out, which identified Sol Construction 100 MW. geothermal areas and de Mañana field in Laguna Colorada as an area - Improve the conceptual model of the geothermal reservoir of Sol de Mañana manifestations in Bolivia with high geothermal potential. and determine thermodynamic and physicochemical characteristics of the system: pressure variation, concentration of chemical species, temperature,  From 1985 to 1990 feasibility studies in Laguna Colorada were made to quantify interconnection, production rates during prolonged exploitation. and evaluate the geothermal reservoir. - Ensure the training of national professionals in the different stages of project’s implementation. GEOTHERMAL PROJECTS  Supported by the BCB. Laguna Colorada Geothermal Power Plant Construction 100 MW  For this project two production (SM-2 and SM-3) and one reinjection wells are  The main objective is to generate 100 MW in needed. the Sol de Mañana geothermal field to supply electricity to the National Interconnected Empexa Geothermal Field System (SIN) through the Sol de Mañana’s Substation  The Empexa geothermal field has been  It will benefit the energy mix studied since the 70`s by ENDE, national and Fig. 2 Energy mix for 2025  It will provide electricity to nearby communities international organizations.

RIVER VALLEY  Located southwest Bolivia, near the Sol de Mañana Characterization EMPEXA AREA Salt flat and the Lithium Project; at an The Sol de Mañana geothermal field is located in the approximate altitude of 3800 m.a.s.l., in the province of Sud Lípez, in Potosí department, in an area municipality of , with elevation of approximately 4900 m above sea level of Potosí Department. (m.a.s.l), 20 km south of Laguna Colorada  The zone is characterized by temperatures Geothermal Wells ° ° Gradient Wells ranging from -10 C to 20 C with an Municipal Capital LAGUNA National Limit approximate average of 5°C; annual COLORADA AREA Municipal Limit Flats Protected Areas precipitations reaches 200 mm.

Cumulative Precipitation (mm) Fig. 11 Location Map of Empexa geothermal field Fig. 4 Sol de Mañana Fig. 5 Annual precipitation geothermal field at Sol de Mañana References Roads Laguna Colorada National Reserve  The estimated temperature of the reservoir ranges between 170 and 200°C; National Limit Average Wind Velocity Maximum Wind Velocity

C) nevertheless studies carried out by GEOBOL (1976) concluded that temperatures ° Fig. 3 Location of can reach approximate up to 250°C. The reservoir is probably extended to an Temperature (

Wind Velocity (m/s) 2 Average Temperature Laguna Colorada Maximum Temperature approximate surface of 2 km and has and approximate potential of 15 MW. Minimum Temperature Geothermal Project  Fig. 6 Ambient temperature Fig. 7 Wind velocity at Sol The last study carried out by Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation at Sol de Mañana de Mañana (2011) included the analysis of remote sensor images, dating the distribution of volcanic rocks, study of fluid geochemistry and volumetric evaluation of the Geothermal Energy Resource geothermal resource.

ENDE supported by the United Japan External Trade  Currently, this project is part of a selection process to obtain a funding in order to Nations and the Government of Organization (JETRO) and the JICA, West JEC and ENDE Italy drilled 5 wells in Sol de conclude all the studies that confirms the geothermal potential. Ministry of Economy, Trade carried out production and Mañana field (4 production: and Industry of Japan (METI): reinjection test: SM-1, SM-2, SM-3 and SM-5 1 Feseability studies of the Sol Reservoir: water dominated reinjection: SM-4) de Mañana field to generate with 70 bar and 240∼250°C Reservoir Temperature 240 – 100MW CONCLUSIONS 250°C

 Geothermal potential in the Sol de Mañana field was confirmed by different 1987-1994 1997 2008 2010 2012-2013 studies, therefore both projects: Laguna Colorada Geothermal Plant Construction (100 MW) and Laguna Colorada Geothermal Pilot Plant Construction (5 MW), are technically, environmentally, socially, economically and financially feasible. West Japan Engineering ENDE and CFE estimated Consultants Inc. (West 360 MW JEC) update the studies  Also, feasibility studies confirmed that the Empexa geothermal field is a promising validating the report area for development. Fig. 8 Line scale of geothermal development  Fig. 9 shows production well SM-1 and Fig. 10 shows the dynamic PTS (Pressure, These projects will promote the energy mix change in order to accomplish the Temperature and Spinner Test) logging made in Well SM-1. goals of the Patriotic Agenda in 2025.  These projects will improve the local conditions for the tourism and the generated electricity will be supplied in rural areas.

 The produced electricity will be supplied to the SIN in a continuous and permanent way in order to contribute to the energy stability of the country. Fig. 9Production Well SM-1 at Fig. 10 Pressure, Temperature and Sol de Mañana geothermal field Spinner Logging in Well SM-1 at Sol de Mañana geothermal field  The Sol de Mañana reservoir is of water dominated at 70 bar and 240-250°C.  In order to produce 100 MW, 2x50 MW units, will be implemented. Initially, 9 wells will be drilled (6 production and 3 reinjection), in a total of 25.  This project is supported by JICA and the Central Bank of Bolivia (BCB). International Symposium on Earth Science and Technology 2017