LANDSCAPE CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION OF HISTORIC GARDENS OF PAKISTAN: CASE STUDY OF THREE MUGHAL GARDENS
By
MUHAMMAD SAEED M.Sc.(Hons.)Agri. 83-ag-681
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
IN
HORTICULTURE
Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
2016 To
The Controller of Examinations, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.
We, the Supervisory Committee, certify that the contents and form of thesis submitted by Mr. Muhammad Saeed, Reg. No. 83-ag-681, have been found satisfactory and recommend that it be processed for evaluation by the External Examiner(s) for the award of degree.
Supervisory Committee
Chairman: ______(Dr. Muhammad Qasim)
Member: ______(Dr. Muhammad Mumtaz Khan)
Member: ______(Dr. Tanvir Ali)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Words are bound and knowledge is limited to praise Almighty Allah, the Lord of the worlds. I express my feelings of gratitude, praise and respect for The Holy Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) who is forever a torch of guidance and knowledge for all human beings. I feel great pleasure to express my heartiest gratitude and deep sense of obligation to my distinguished supervisor Prof. Dr. Muhammad Qasim, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad for his valuable guidance, skilled advices, constructive criticism, constant encouragement and pain taking supervision throughout the course of my study and research work. Besides my supervisor I would like to thank my Supervisory Committee members Prof. Dr. M. Mumtaz Khan, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, and Prof. Dr. Tanvir Ali, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, for their insightful comments and encouragement, which helped me to widen my research from various perspectives. Their kind guidance during the tough times is memorable. It is a great honor for me to say thanks to my loving teacher Prof. Dr. Muhammad Aslam Khan (Rtd.), Institute of Horticultural Sciences. I am also thankful to all my teachers and colleagues for their loving attitude because without their precious support it would not be possible to conduct this research. I am highly thankful to the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad for providing me an opportunity to complete this scientific work. In particular, I am grateful to Mr. Saleem-ul- Haq, Director, Department of Archaeology, Lahore who provided me an opportunity to consult some of the old, fragile documents and to copy some valuable photographs and paintings. He always helped me whenever I met him for discussion or getting any information from his office. I would also like to acknowledge HEC for providing financial support in the initial years of study. Last but not least, I would like to thank my family for supporting me spiritually throughout writing the thesis and my life in general. Thanks to all those who helped me in any respect and taught me ever single word in my life and who love and hate me.
Muhammad Saeed
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DECLARATION Thereby declare that the contents of thesis entitled “LANDSCAPE CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION OF HISTORIC GARDENS OF PAKISTAN: CASE STUDY OF THREE MUGHAL GARDENS” are the product of my own research and no part has been copied from any published source (except the references/standard mathematical models/equations/formulae/protocols, etc.). I further declare that the work has not been submitted for the award of any other diploma/degree. The University may take action if the information provided is found inaccurate at any stage. (In case of any default the scholar will be processed against as per HEC plagiarism policy).
Director Graduate Studies Signature of the student (Muhammad Saeed) 83-ag-681 Horticulture
CC: 1. Controller of Examinations 2. Secretary to Vice Chancellor
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LIST OF CHAPTERS
Number Name of Chapter Page # 1 1 Introduction
6 2 Review of Literature
39 3 Methodology
50 4 Results
112 5 Discussion
158 Summary
162 Suggestions
164 Literature Cited
178 Appendices
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Title Page Title page i Certificate of supervisory committee ii Acknowledgement iii Declaration iv List of Chapters v Table of contents vi List of Tables x List of Figures xii List of Pictures xiii List of Paintings xv List of Appendices xvi List of Abbreviations xvii Abstract xviii 1. Introduction 1 2. Literature Review 6 2.1. Gardens and garden heritage: importance and benefits 6 2.2. Garden heritage in Islamic world 10
2.3. Mughal gardens: background and importance 11
2.4. Details of three important Mughal gardens of Pakistan 14
2.5. Conservation and restoration of historic gardens 17 2.6. Threats and difficulties in conservation and restoration of Mughal gardens 27 2.7. Documentary records and restoration of historic gardens 30 2.8. Collection of information and personal perceptions about Historic gardens through survey research 34 3. Methodology 39 3.1. Selection of gardens 40 3.1.1. Shalamar Garden 40 3.1.2. Tomb of Jahangir 41 3.1.3. Mughal Garden, Wah (Hasan Abdal) 41
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3.2. Sampling 42 3.2.1. Sample size 42 3.2.2. Randomization 42 3.3. Data collection 43 3.3.1. Original plantation and documentary records 43 3.3.2. Other all-purpose information of gardens 44 3.3.2.1. Total area and layout of the gardens 44 3.3.2.2. Information of visitors 44 3.3.2.3. Other information of gardens 44 3.3.3. Survey method 44 3.3.3.1. Questionnaire construction 45 3.3.3.2. Pilot survey and pre testing of questionnaire interview 45 3.3.4. Survey interviews 46 3.3.4.1. Interviews from visitors 46 3.3.4.2. Interviews from info-rich persons 46 3.3.4.3. Focus group interviews 47 3.3.4.4. Recording of interview 47 3.4. Statistical procedures of data analysis 47 3.4.1. Coding of questionnaires’ responses 47 3.4.2. Data analysis using SPSS 48 3.4.3. Frequency distribution 48 3.4.4. Chi Square (χ2) Test 48 3.4.5. Significance level 48 3.5. Problems and limitations of the study 48 4. Results 50 4.1. Number of visitors of selected gardens and set-up of Department of Archaeology in Pakistan 50 4.1.1. Number of visitors 50 4.1.2. Set-up of Department of Archaeology in Pakistan 52 4.2. Study of original and present plantation 54 4.2.1. List of original plants as found in available documentary 54
4.2.2. List of present plants as recorded during survey 67 4.2.3. Reasons of deviation from original planting 77
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4.3. Views of respondents of selected gardens as recorded in interviews 77 4.3.1. Demographic characteristics of respondents 77 4.3.2. Landscape conservation and restoration of selected 80 Mughal gardens as perceived by the respondents 4.3.2.1. Frequency of visits, purpose of visits, area of particular 81 interest and the wish of visitors about how they wish to see these gardens 4.3.2.2. Interactions and associations 85 4.3.3. Views of respondents about existing conditions and facilities at selected Mughal gardens 89 4.3.3.1. Existing conditions and facilities at selected gardens 89 4.3.3.2. Respondents’ rating for existing condition and other facilities of gardens 93 4.3.3.3. Certain interactions and associations 97 4.3.4. Problems and certain demands related to management of Gardens as identified by visitors and their suggestions 99 4.3.4.1. Problems identified by visitors and their certain demands 99 4.3.4.2. Interactions and associations 106 4.3.4.3. Non-significant relationships 107 4.3.5. Miscellaneous responses of respondents 109 4.4. Data of focus groups and info-rich persons 111 5. Discussion 112 5.1. Plants 112 5.2. Demographic studies 124 5.3. Landscape perceptions of visitors 125 5.4. Management and maintenance 127 5.4.1. Difficulties in management 127 5.4.2. Need for sustainable efforts 128 5.4.3. Overall management of gardens as perceived by the Respondents 132 5.5 Voluntary service & NGOs 142 5.6. Problems regarding light arrangements, security, etc. 143 5.7 Amount of entry ticket in relation to facilities 145 viii
5.8. Funds and possible income generating sources 149 5.9. Cooperation with other departments 151 5.10. Surrounding environment of gardens 152 5.11. Suggestions of respondents 153 5.12 Miscellaneous 154 5.12.1. Collection of References 154 5.12.2. Comparison with other gardens of the world 154 5.13. Proposed restoration plan of three Mughal gardens 155 5.13.1. Proposed planting plan for SG 156 5.13.2. Proposed planting plan for TOJ 156 5.13.3. Proposed planting plan for WG 157 Summary 158 Suggestions 162 Literature Cited 164 Appendices 178
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LIST OF TABLES Sr. No. Title of Table Page
1 Number of visitors of SG and TOJ 51 2 List of original plants as found in documentary records 62
3 List of present plants as recorded during survey research 72
4 Effect of education on area of particular interest of respondents 85
5 Relationship between locality of respondents and their purpose
of visit 86
6 Impact of locality of respondents on their frequency of visits 87
7 Frequency of visit of respondents as persuaded by their age 88
8 Association between age groups of respondents and their
particular area of interest of gardens 88
9 Views of respondents about overall appearance of gardens 93
10 Views of respondents about recreational opportunities in
gardens 93
11 Views of respondents about cleanliness in gardens 94
12 Views of respondents about behaviour of employees of gardens 94
13 Views of respondents about guidance from employees of gardens 95
14 Views of respondents about safety and security in gardens 95
15 Views of respondents about utilities in gardens 96
16 Views of respondents about canteens in gardens 96
17 Views of respondents about parking in gardens 97
18 Impact of satisfaction of respondents for available facilities
on their frequency of visits 98
19 Impact of education of respondents on their satisfaction for
available facilities 98
20 Detail of demand of more plants by the respondents 100
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21 Detail of views of respondents about light arrangements in
gardens 101
22 Detail of views of respondents about problems due to
children 103
23 Views of respondents for satisfaction on overall management
of gardens 104
24 Respondents’ satisfaction for available facilities 105
25 Impact of overall management of gardens on the wish of
respondents to visualize gardens 106
26 Impact of overall management of gardens on the frequency
of visits of respondents 107
27 Association between need of more management of gardens
and the education of respondents 107
28 Relationship between satisfaction of respondents and
their purpose if visit 108
29 Relationship between satisfaction of respondents and their age 108
30 Relationship between views of respondents about management and their age 108
31 Relationship between views of respondents about management
and their purpose of visit 109
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LIST OF FIGURES
Sr. No. Title of Figure Page
1 Total number of respondents of gardens 78 2 Gender ratio of respondents 79 3 Locality of respondents 79 4 Age group of respondents 79 5 Education of respondents 80 6 Occupation of respondents 80 7 Frequency of visits of respondents 82 8 Purpose of visit of respondents 82 9 Area of particular interest of respondents 83 10 Perception about gardens by the respondents 83 11 Wish of respondents about apparent look of the gardens 84 12 Need for sustainable efforts 84 13 Satisfaction of respondents for existing facilities 89 14 Desire of respondents or more facilities 90 15 Detail of more facilities as demanded by the respondents 90 16 Can respondents pay more for more facilities 91 17 How much more can respondents pay 92 18 Measures for sustainable management 92 19 More plants needed 100 20 Problem of light 100 21 Demand of canteen 101 22 Need of improvement of canteen 102 23 Need of more security 102 24 Problems due to children 103 25 Need of cleanliness of water pond at Wah Garden 104 26 Possible income generation sources 106 27 Visit of historic gardens in other countries 110 28 How to develop awareness about gardens 110
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LIST OF PICTURES
Sr. No. Title of Picture Page
1 SG: A beautiful view of upper terrace 14 2 SG: Pot plants displayed at upper terrace 15 3 SG: A mango plant in upper terrace with its fruits 68 4 SG: Harvested mango fruit and its sale in lower terrace 68 5 TOJ: Well maintained front portion of the garden 69 6 TOJ: View of mausoleum from the entrance 69 7 WG: Cypress and Zinnia plantation in upper terrace 70 8 WG: A view of lower terrace 70 9 WG: A view of plantation in the garden 71 10 WG: A beautiful view of old Cypress plants in the lower terrace 71 11 TOJ: View from entrance with beautifully trimmed Murraya plants 72 12 WG: A beautiful view of upper terrace 112 13 SG: Newly planted Cypress plants alongside main path 113 14 WG: A view of renovated main water tank 113 15 WG: Another view of renovated main water tank 114 16 SG: New plants of Cypress planted in the middle of grassy plot 116 17 SG: New varieties of plants, deviation from originality 116 18 SG: New varieties of Ficus, deviation from originality 117 19 SG: New varieties of plants, deviation from originality 117 20 SG: Orange plants with Lantana sp., deviation from originality 118 21 SG: New plant varieties of Lantana, Iresine, etc., deviation from originality 118 22 TOJ: Hedge of Clerodendron and plants of Lagerstroemia with poorly maintained rose beds 119 23 WG: Araucaria plantation in upper terrace, deviation from originality 119 24 SG: New plant varieties at upper terrace 120 25 SG: New plant varieties of Cycas, Syngonium, Alternanthra and Furcaraea at upper terrace 120
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26 WG: Poorly maintained grassy plot and haphazard plantation 121 27 TOJ: A decaying Thuja plant 122 28 TOJ: A decaying Syzegium plant 122 29 SG: A dried plant in upper terrace standing since long 123 30 SG: Poorly maintained area of upper terrace 128 31 TOJ: Dried water channel with Zinnia plants 129 32 TOJ: Decaying and drying old plants 129 33 TOJ: A portion of grassy plot devoid of grass 130 34 TOJ: These are not graves but mounds of soil 130 35 SG: Poorly maintained conditions of lower terrace 133 36 SG: Poorly maintained conditions of middle terrace with rose block 133 37 TOJ: Poorly maintained section of the garden 134 38 TOJ: Poorly maintained section of the garden 134 39 TOJ: The bad condition of grassy plot 135 40 TOJ: Ignored side of the garden 135 41 TOJ: Ignored side of the garden 136 42 WG: Broken hedge of Ligustrum with over-grown weeds 136 43 WG: Another view of broken hedge of Ligustrum with over-grown weeds 137 44 WG: Over grown grasses require mowing and maintenance 137 45 WG: A view of small water pond yet to be renovated 138 46 WG: Poorly maintained area of the garden 138 47 WG: This situation needs too much maintenance 139 48 WG: Unclean water channels in the lower terrace 139 49 WG: A view of destroyed ‘Baradaris’ in upper terrace 141 50 WG: The only plant at WG showing date of planting 141 51 SG: A signboard fixed at the entrance, showing details of history, plants and Antiquity Act, 1975 142 52 SG: An outside view of the garden at the entrance gate 152 53 SG: Addicted persons sitting calmly outside the garden 153 54 SG: An outside view of the garden wall 153
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LIST OF PAINTINGS
Sr. No. Title of Painting Page
1 Annuals, like marigold and dianthus can be recognized, but it is difficult to name the tree 55 2 The plant is like jasmine climber 55 3 The flowers resemble jasmine but the leaves vary greatly 56 4 Date palm tree is quite clear; the big tree resembles some Ficus 56 5 The tree can be guessed as some Ficus species 57 6 It is difficult to recognize the tree; water lotus plants can be clearly seen 57 7 The tree is Ficus religiosa, the other plants are not clear 58 8 The central plant is Plane tree (Chinar) 58 9 The plant of banana 59 10 The plants look like Iris 59 11 The plant can be noted as mango tree 60 12 Cypress plants with bushes like jasmine 60 13 Mango-like, but unclear plants 61 14 No clear picture; the plants can be imagined only 61
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Number Name of Appendix Page #
178 1 Layout plan of SG
2 Layout plan of TOJ 179
3 Layout plan of WG 180
Original questionnaire 4 181 (in English and in Urdu)
Proposed future planting plan for 5 185 SG
Proposed future planting plan for 6 186 TOJ
Proposed future planting plan for 7 187 WG
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Some letters have been written in abbreviations. The list of such letters is given below.
SG: Shalamar (or Shalimar) Garden
TOJ: Tomb of Jahangir
WG: Wah Garden
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ABSTRACT Historic Mughal gardens of Pakistan along with their contents are an important part of its national heritage. The Mughals are claimed to be the first to introduce the formal garden design to Indio-Pak sub-continent. Many changes have occurred overtime in the landscape of these gardens. This situation necessitates the need to restore and conserve the original landscape of these gardens. In this regard present research study had been proposed to be carried out on three purposively selected Mughal gardens namely Shalamar Garden, Tomb of Jahangir and Wah Garden where original landscape plants were searched out through available documentary records, and a list of present plants was prepared and documented. The perceptions of visitors and the information-rich persons were recorded and analyzed for inferring the results. The scanty documentary records and the absence of any landscape plan of these gardens imposed major difficulties in finding out the complete list of original plants. Many factors were found contributing towards the deterioration and destruction of landscape of these historic gardens. These included time factor, invasion of armies, neglect and carelessness, changing government policies, temporality of plant material, insufficient documentary records, and political and communal influence of residents. It was also observed that new plant varieties were being introduced in the landscape of these historic gardens which was a deviation from originality. Lack of consistent policies of the concerned department, lack of sufficient funds and technical staff and the changing priorities of the changing governments were the main reasons of unsatisfactory landscape conservation and restoration work of these gardens. Majority of the visitors expressed their wish to see the original landscape plants of these gardens. The respondents suggested various measures to increase the income of the department for proper landscape conservation and restoration. The major measures suggested by the respondents were an increase in the amount of entry ticket and imposing small tax on exports and imports. In the light of the findings of present study it is recommended that landscape conservation and restoration of these historic gardens should be carried out on scientific bases by following the international charters so that this valuable heritage asset could be saved from the threats mentioned above.
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Chapter 1 Introduction
Historic gardens are an important part of cultural heritage of any country. From these gardens we get evidence of the past and of social and cultural changes. We also get an opportunity to understand plants and their use to recognize historic procedures of plant cultivation (Looker and Patrick, 1987). Conservation of this heritage of a country is of paramount importance because many cultural, social, moral, religious, economic, educational and political values are associated with this heritage. This wealth of heritage assets also includes the historic gardens and their landscapes. These historic gardens contributed an important part in the history of nations and had been influential on garden designs developed in the subsequent years. These gardens remind us the spirit and qualities of the finest efforts of plants men of that era. Across the world nations have always been interested about the conservation and restoration of this heritage. Rather concerns regarding heritage have continued to grow throughout the world. The present context of heritage had been fluctuating between a variety of values, presentations and interpretations, although notions of heritage had broadened in the past (Yap, 2004).
In continuity to the development of this garden heritage Mughals built many gardens of the highest value during their reign in Indo-Pak sub-continent. The Mongolian and Tartar invaded in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, but the Persian culture and her garden heritage did not perish. And within two hundred years, when the Mongols reversed their direction and took control of Northern India, their six great emperors created Persian gardens of extreme beauty from 1483 to 1707 (Berrall, 1966). Mughal Empire, founded by Babur, ruled this subcontinent for more than 300 years from 1526 to 1858, except for a brief period under the Sur sultans (1540-1555). During its reign, the empire flourished for about 150 years from 1556 to 1707 under Akbar, the son of Babur, and his immediate successors, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb. Many kinds of arts flourished during the Mughal period, which was one of the greatest eras of Indian art and architecture, evolving a new style that incorporated much Persian
1 influence. The most notable achievements were in architecture, manuscript illustration, and painting (Microsoft Encarta, 2009). These Mughal gardens are valued as important contributions toward garden heritage of the world which have definite styles of landscape and they represent the highest ambitions of Mughal rulers about landscape gardening (Brand, 1990; Petruccioli, 1996). Rehman (2001) explained that the Mughals followed the Persian tradition of the Chaharbagh (four-fold gardens) and the Timurid tradition of building gardens for their tombs. They were inspired from original gardening concept of Central Asia and Persia, and they successfully mixed the Islamic idea with local tradition, thus promoted realism in architecture and landscape design in place of Hindu idealism. He further explained that pre- Mughal gardens were not as elaborate in physical design, water system or plantings as those gardens built in Mughal era. Holmes (2001) explained that the Arab caliphs in Iraq built the first Koran gardens around the year 860. The Mughals tried to build their gardens which were inspired from Koran. All these Mughal gardens have specific order and symmetry and are, therefore, unique in the world. Western garden styles were introduced into Northern India first through the Iranian culture, then by the invasion of Alexander the Great and then subsequent Hellenistic influence, and finally by the invading Mughals who introduced the Islamic garden (The New Encyclopedia Britannicaa, 2002). With the passage of time several Mughal gardens have vanished totally from the scene and their description can be found only in the old historic written records. However, some of these gardens still exist in many parts of India, Pakistan, Kashmir and in Afghanistan too. The Mughals built mainly two major types of gardens.
Tomb Gardens: These were built in the plains of India usually in the life time of emperors. When any such emperor died, the center was used for the tomb or mausoleum and was open to public. The good examples are Taj Mahal, Delhi and Tomb of Jahangir, Lahore.
Pleasure Gardens: These had more water than the Tomb Garden. The water was not usually static like in a reflecting pool. These gardens also had terracing. The Shalimar Gardens in Kashmir and Lahore are good examples.
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The other types of gardens developed in major cities of Mughal Hindustan were residential and highway gardens (Manzil gardens). The residential gardens exist no more but the examples of highway gardens can be found, for example Wah Garden in Pakistan (near Rawalpindi/Islamabad). Overtime numerous changes have occurred due to a number of reasons in the planned landscape, vegetation, color schemes, spacing and structural and decorative features of these gardens particularly in the last two hundred years. These reasons include time factor, negligence in the maintenance, invasion of foreign armies particularly the Sikh rule in the Punjab, weakness of Mughal empire after the death of Aurangzeb and the lack of consistent policies for conservation and restoration of these gardens under the present setup (Lal, 1882; Fauq, 1927; Khan, 2004). Thus, the traditions of landscape which established over a long period of time under Mughal rule in Indo-Pak sub-continent vanished. However, regular conservation efforts started from the British period. Mughal (1996) explained that the conservation of historic gardens in Pakistan stressed much on structures like pavilions and walkways and very little on landscaping which involved only plantation of trees and laying of lawns and turf grasses where the approach was generally archaeological. The author observed a change after 1990 in this traditional concept of garden conservation. The new approach was a major departure from this traditional point of view. Thus, the efforts made in the recent past for the conservation and restoration of the existing Mughal gardens can be viewed as nominal. Many difficulties were noted by various researchers in the way of conservation and restoration of these gardens. For example, Wescoat Jr. (1996) noted that Mughal gardens received limited scholarly, practical or public attention. He found that there were only a handful of scholarly articles and books on Mughal gardens and little detailed scientific research on their conservation. Beach (2001) considered it a sad fact that that there were few great historic garden sites of the Muslim world, but no one in South Asia, that had been authentically planted or maintained during conservation and restoration. In the Western world, the movement for preservation of monuments and sites is fairly well-established. In this regard many collaborative efforts have been made which helped in the formulation of desired policies. The Athens Charter of 1931 contributed toward the development of an extensive international movement which assumed solid form in national documents, i.e., the charters and legislation. 3
These charters and legislation which pertain to architectural preservation provide definitions and objectives for the purpose of preservation. The Florence Charter (adopted 1982) is meant for the preservation of historic gardens. According to this Charter a historic garden is an architectural composition of interest to the public from the historical and artistic point of view (ICOMOSa, 1982). ICOMOS further broadened its scope of work by establishing International Scientific Committee on Twentieth-Century Heritage (ISC20C) to promote the identification, conservation and preservation of twentieth-century heritage places (ICOMOSb, 2013). Many good examples in the world regarding preservation of heritage can be quoted. For instance, GCI (The Getty Conservation Institute, 2005) is an international organization that works to promote conservation practice in the visual arts which includes objects, collections, architecture, and sites. The Institute provides services to the community through scientific research, education and training, model field projects, and the dissemination of the results of both its own work and the work of others in the field. The GCI focuses on the creation and delivery of knowledge that benefits the professionals and organizations responsible for the conservation of the world's cultural heritage. The National Trust is a British organization meant to preserve the nation places of natural beauty or buildings of architectural or historic interest in the British Isles. This organization is concerned with the preservation of historic buildings and monuments and areas of the countryside of great beauty in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. It was founded in 1895 and incorporated by act of parliament in 1907 (The National Trust for Scotland, 2008). Similar associations, foundations and trusts can be found in other countries like Japan, France, Germany, Australia, etc. In Pakistan, Department of Archaeology made some efforts for conservation of architectural buildings, but their efforts were mainly confined to the restoration of buildings and not to that of the landscape. An act was approved in 1975 which was named as Pakistan’s Antiquities Act of 1975. Many sites are currently being protected under this act. This act is incumbent upon everyone to take care and safeguard the historical structures by avoiding any damage, destruction, misuse, bill posting, fixing of commercial signs and other scribbling. The fine of Rs. 200,000/- may be imposed on any such activity (Department of Archaeology, 1975).
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The existing conditions of the remaining historic Mughal gardens of Pakistan necessitate the need to restore and conserve the original landscapes and garden crafts of these gardens because such places are constant source of inspiration which can play a vital role in the context of cultural identity. The present research study was, therefore, initiated with the following objectives. . To explore the original landscape plants, changes occurred in them overtime and reasons of these changes. . Analysis of conservation and restoration efforts made so far. . Problems and constraints in conservation and restoration work. . Propose suggestions and strategies for restoration and improvement of landscape of the selected historic Mughal gardens of Pakistan.
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Chapter 2 Review of Literature
The present research project was related to the study of landscape of three selected historic Mughal gardens of Pakistan. The objectives of the research project included the study of original plantation by consulting the available documentary records, the present plantation, recording the perception of the visitors, and recording the views of visitors, info-rich persons and experts of the concerned department regarding conservation, restoration and management problems of the landscape of these gardens. The relevant literature has been reviewed under including certain basic concepts.
2.1. GARDENS AND GARDEN HERITAGE: IMPORTANCE AND BENEFITS The joy and inspiration of gardens have found expression in different forms (Wright, 1933). “Gardens are the grounds adorned with flowers, shrubs, and trees for public enjoyment” (The American Heritage Dictionarya, 1985: 548). “Landscape gardening is the art and science of developing land areas and the objects upon them for human use and enjoyment in a manner that combines the maximum of beauty and utility” (Winburne, 1962: 429). “Landscape is a view or vista of scenery on land, and landscaping is to adorn or improve (a section of ground) by contouring the land and planting of flowers, shrubs or trees” (The
American Heritage Dictionaryb, 1985: 713). Harvey (1990) quoted the definition of landscape from Klive H. Knowles who defined it as “the product of man’s manipulation of the physical environment, an expression of his economic activities, his social relationships, his religious persuasions and even his recreations”. He further explained that “all of society’s attitudes and priorities are displayed in the landscape”. In view of Seymour (1997: 708) “landscape covers very broad field of outdoor design. It embraces garden design but also development of estates, public parks, cemeteries, boulevards and public or private grounds of every kind”. Artfully designed and creatively managed public gardens can inspire, comfort, entertain and educate and they serve to connect people to
6 plants and people to people. Important societal values are demonstrated and hopefully conveyed in the environment of gardens. These societal values may include an appreciation of beauty of the natural world, respect for all living things and the importance of biodiversity, respect for global environmental issues, appreciation of the diversity of human needs served by plants, appreciation of knowledge, science and scientific method, appreciation of act and the creative process, recognition and appreciation of heroes and respect for entrepreneurship and good business practices (Warner, 2004). The historic gardens have been regarded an important part of the heritage of nations. “Heritage is something passed down from preceding generations; tradition” (The American Heritage Dictionaryc, 1985: 607). The parks and gardens are specific types of cultural landscapes because they are representative of past and present cultural thinking, beliefs, behavior and expression in the landscape (Fardin, 1992). Many explanations of the historic sites have been given at various levels, the most important being those produced by UNESCO and its related bodies. A comprehensive discussion has been made by Yahya (2006) who viewed the term ‘historic monument’ in the light of various charters. He explained that this term was used in the Venice Charter 1964 and it was reinterpreted by ICOMOS in 1965 as ‘monument’ and ‘site’, and by UNESCO in 1968 as ‘cultural property’ to include both movable and immovable. The different terminology between the UNESCO and ICOMOS was reconciled at the World Heritage Convention 1972. The author further expressed that at national and regional levels the scope of heritage had broadened to include gardens, landscape and environment, and later reinterpreted and defined quite differently in Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and China. The author visualized that although the scope of heritage, in general, was agreed internationally to include ‘tangible’ and ‘intangible’ as well as ‘environments’, the finer terminology of ‘heritage’ had not been streamlined or standardized, and thus no uniformity existed between countries. Mostly historic gardens are related to certain monuments and sites. Therefore, they are not treated as an isolated unit. Likewise, the existing historic Mughal gardens of Pakistan are tomb gardens or pleasure gardens and many architectural features are coined with them. The field of landscape horticulture or landscape gardening is considered to have close ties with art. “Art is: (1) human effort to imitate, supplement, alter or 7 counteract the work of nature, (2) the conscious production or arrangement of sounds, colors, forms, movements or other elements in a manner that affects the sense of beauty; specifically, the production of the beautiful in a graphic or plastic medium” (The American Heritage Dictionaryd, 1985: 130). Kuper and Kuper (1989) defined it as “Art in one sense refers to visual representation as opposed to dance or poetry. In other sense, it refers to juxtaposition of images in any medium used to reveal design behind the disorder of sensory experience. Art may be achieved through both the formal qualities of the work and the ideas presented”.
The New Encyclopaedia Britannicab (2002: 594) defines it as “art is the use of skill and imagination in the creation of aesthetic objects, environments or experiences that can be shared with others”. Lohr et al. (2004, p: 69) stated that the horticultural arts and sciences exist to nourish and enrich the human body and the human soul. In the study of art the interpreter may consider the work that existed prior to change as better as or worse than the work that existed after the change (Irvin, 2005). Art provides either a unique kind of knowledge or knowledge in a unique way. Art merely does not bring us pleasure but is also valuable for teaching us something, and this could explain the status of art in the society (Thomson-Jones, 2005). In the light of above definitions it can be perceived that historic gardens of Pakistan constitute an important component of art of the world heritage gardens. Gardening as art developed gradually. Deep fascination in a survey of circumstances resulted in the development of gardening art. This view covers all history, climes and races, because various people of different countries had pursued gardening through ages (Right, 1933). Anonymousa (1970) reviewed the book of Fariello Francesco and described that in garden art the historical development took place in a series of actions and reactions. According to Bunkse (1978) gardens and parks are special enclaves in the ordinary landscape designed expressly to evoke ideas about man and nature. In designed parks and gardens, aesthetic achievement is mostly a dominant motivation. The garden design belongs to traditions which influence landscape tastes and their expressions. However, these traditions do not account for qualities and intrinsic meanings in most of the cultural landscapes fashioned by common people who seldom leave written records of their thoughts and intentions.
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Beeton (1987) explained the art of gardening by saying that it would be difficult to assign a greater antiquity to any industrial art than that which might be claimed for gardening, because it must had formed the earliest occupation of man. Certainly gardening indicates the amount of cultivation given to the soil for the mere support of existence. He explained that scientific gardening resulted from a high degree of civilization. He also noted that the traditions and historical notices of this art would refer to periods of very remote antiquity. Francis (1998) reviewed the written work of Staphine Ross ‘What Gardens Mean’. According to him Ross analyzed the meanings and powers of gardens and their distinctive features as work of art. In taking her clue from Horace Walpole that ‘gardening is a sister art to painting and poetry’, she used contemporary debates in aesthetic analysis, and art and literary criticism to re-evaluate the ties between poetry, landscape painting and eighteenth century English gardens. The author further described the importance of gardens by narrating that through invitation and enclosure, gardens would manipulate and control our reactions, often providing healthful benefits. The freedom of a garden in an expression of culture results in equal measures of shape and quality, but this freedom is always restricted by the problems of beauty and limitation of space. Gardens bring the feelings of cultural features that can be interpreted both functionally and aesthetically. Garden can be a symbol of artificial creations with Nature. In particular the gardens from 15th to 18th century were theaters for royalty which was originally a symbol of the relationship between gods and human, they were to become expression of power (Laura, 2004). Messervy (2004) described that gardens had long been used to express the interests, talents and values of prominent personage and many historic gardens would continue to instruct and inspire. Making a great garden is a “big idea” and at least one or possibly a series of big ideas would compose any work of art. Themes and concepts organize a garden into a coherent whole in the case of a great garden. She compared garden designs in previous centuries and enlightened, as an example, that Nishat Bagh in Kashmir by Mughals, built in 17th century as a pleasure palace for the Mughal emperor, his consorts and horses and courtiers, was different from Katsuara Imperial Villa, with a different image, a different inward garden expressed.
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2.2. GARDEN HERITAGE IN ISLAMIC WORLD The Islamic world is reasonably rich in garden heritage. However, this heritage has not been preserved and restored to the desired level. Efforts had been made for the conservation and restoration of this heritage, but there exist gaps and breaches in these efforts. One muslim contribution which had received little attention was the art of landscaping and gardening. In his view the explanation of this neglect was that most of those who worked on Islamic art or architecture were generally archaeologists or historians whose perception of buildings was immediate and informed, but their perception about the beauty of landscaping, the charm of scattered plants and flowers, and the magic of mixtures of color in a garden was limited. He viewed muslim gardening and landscaping as unique like muslim architecture (Zaki Badawi, 1987). The Islamic world did not undertake the scientific studies of vegetal remains, seeds and the chemical composition of the ground comparable to those produced by the Moment Office in Pompeii (Petruccioli, 1996). Pattacini (1998), in his review remarks about the book ‘Mughal gardens; sources, places, representations, and prospects’ commented that the book was academic in nature and could be appealing to readers interested in gardens and Islamic culture. He also mentioned the difficulty of the paucity of available written material on Islamic gardens. Beach (2001) also found it a sad fact that there were few great historic garden sites of the Muslim world, none in South Asia, which were authentically planted or maintained. Recently some efforts have been commenced at the level of Islamic world for the noble cause of conservation of this heritage. As an example, IRCICA is an OIC research centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture with its headquarter at Istanbul, Turkey. Its mandate covers multifarious themes in the fields of the history of Muslim nations, history of arts and sciences in Islam, and other subject areas in Islamic culture and civilization. Under this organization the 4th Islamic Conference of Cultural Ministers was held in Algiers on 15 and 16 December, 2004. The theme adopted for the conference was ‘cultural diversity between globalization and the preservation of peoples’ identities and heritages’. In the conference the delegation of muslim countries expressed their confidence that Islamic culture would advocate progress, creatively, knowledge and action (IRCICA Newsletter, 2004). Similarly, under IRCICA, the first International Congress on Islamic archaeology was held in Turkey from 8-10 April, 2005. In 10 this congress Deputy Minister of Education, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, motivated the idea that Congress should promote cooperation and communications between the official authorities of Islamic countries as well as among the archaeologists, art historians and related disciplines (IRCICA Newsletter, 2005). ECI (ECO Economic Cultural Institute) in its Newsletter announced a three years plan of action regarding restoration and conservation of cultural heritage. The importance of cultural heritage was felt by stating that ECO region was one of the most unique regions in the world possessing different cultural sites and landscapes (ECI Newsletter, 2005). In comparison to the western world it can be seen that little efforts have been made for the conservation and restoration of garden heritage in the muslim world. This situation demands serious and continuous applications.
2.3. MUGHAL GARDENS: BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE
Mughal historic gardens occupy a unique type of garden heritage not only in the Islamic countries, but throughout the world. Though not exhaustive, a large amount of research work has been conducted on different aspects of these gardens. A brief background of the development of these gardens and salient research work conducted with respect to their landscape is reviewed below.
Mughal rulers developed their pleasure gardens based on centuries old traditions of ‘paradise’ gardens. Despite ruthless Mongolian and Tartar invasions in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, Persian culture and her garden heritage did not perish. Moreover, within two hundred years, when the Mongols reversed their direction towards northern India, they created Persian gardens of extreme beauty during the reigns of six great emperors from 1483 to 1707. The word ‘bagh’ was used by Persian and Mogul to connote the combination of pleasure garden and dwelling (Berrall, 1966). The word ‘paradise’ was originally used by Xenophon to mention the nature-imitating parks of the king and nobilities of Persia. However, the word had been used for the abode of the blessed after the man’s life reassures how strongly his needs and desires were embedded in his mind. These needs were not limited to a single religion but had risen independently in different cultures separated in both time and distance (Huxley, 1979). Thacker (1979) also had the similar findings. He narrated that Xenophon 11 first used the word ‘paradise’ to describe the gardens of King Darius the Great (521-485 BC) and Prince Cyrus (died in 401 BC) for their ordered planting. In 637 Persia became a Muslim country and within few years the whole of Syria, Egypt and the entire coast of north Africa, while most of Spain and the bulk of Asia Minor and modern Turkey were conquered by the Arabs. The religious unity survived and was linked with a general culture absorbed from Persia and married to the precepts and indications contained within the Koran, particularly those concerning the qualities of Paradise. The fourfold symbolic division of the garden by running water appears in countless Islamic gardens. This division is especially common when a tomb is at the centre. Mughal gardens were a passion with Mughal emperors, beginning with Babur (1486-1530). In his youth he saw the well ordered and irrigated orchards and gardens in Samarkand, formed under Persian influence, and his gardens followed the Persian model after he invaded and decided to remain in India.
According to Vorey (1981) with the passage of time, the Persian influence also had its effects in Europe. This influence extended beyond the Middle to southern Europe and affected many aspects of life. This influence could be seen not only in the artistic style of the early 18th century gardens but in the design of the garden portrayed. Brand (1990) expressed that on the metaphysical level, a Mughal garden could easily allude to Koranic images of Paradise or the deeply imbedded and overtly mystical garden symbolism of Persian poetry. Rehman (2001) explained that the Mughals followed the Persian tradition of the Chaharbagh and the Timurid tradition of building gardens for their tombs for leisure pursuits during their lifetime and their final resting place after they died. Thus they perfected the original concept inspired from Central Asia and Persia. The Mughals showed great skill in imbuing the Islamic idea with local Tradition, promoting realism in architecture and landscape design in place of Hindu idealism through the use of topographic and hydraulic features. Pre-Mughal gardens were not as elaborate in physical design, water system or plantings as those gardens built in Mughal Times. Holmes (2001) explained that the Arab caliphs in Iraq built the first Koran gardens around the year 860. The Mughals tried to shape their gardens on earth which were inspired from Koran. A sense of symbolism was also
12 included by them to create perfectly balanced formal composition of space, water, architecture and vegetation. A close relationship exists between Indian gardening and the history of the country, and the artistic ideals of its designers imparted a major role in the ordering and planting of the gardens. In these eastern gardens the general design and each flower and tree had originally its symbolic meaning and method of arrangement, to the life and tradition of their builders (Villiers-Stuart, 1913). Brand (1990) described the Shalamar garden as one of the most brilliant achievement of Mughal landscape design. Khana (1990) considered Shalamar garden as a marvel of garden architecture; a pleasure garden of the world created during the medieval times that ranked it high among other gardens of that time. Mughal gardens had been regarded as excellent examples of garden architecture by various researchers and authors because these gardens had specific styles of landscape different from other gardens of the world. Europeans first paid their attention to the Islamic gardens in the seventeenth century when they had more general discovery of the East. As far as the matter of Mughal gardens is concerned, C.M. Villiers-Stuart provided for them a very precise reading. The first quarter of the twentieth century yielded the first scientifically oriented studies of the Islamic gardens (Petruccioli, 1996). A colloquium was held in 1992 in Dumbarton Oaks on Islamic gardens, dedicated to Mughal gardens. The colloquium was organized by Dumbarton Oaks and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution. Scholars from different disciplines interested in Mughal gardens were gathered and they shed light on four key issues of Mughal gardens like sources and types of Mughal gardens and prospects for garden research and conservation. In this concern a book of 288 pages entitled ‘Mughal Gardens; sources, places, representations, and prospects’ was edited by James L. Wescoat Jr and Joachim Wolschke Bulmahn and published by Dumbarton Oaks in 1996 (Pattacini, 1998). Mughal gardens are among the finest achievements in the history of landscape architecture. The Mughal dynasty set a standard of magnificence in landscape design as well as fine arts and architecture (Rehman, 2001). Mughal gardens make one of the distinguished chapters in the history of garden and landscape arts and are considered a branch of ‘the Islamic garden’. Mughal gardens evoke a common image of square enclosures, symmetrically divided into four equal parts delineated by slightly elevated walks and water 13 channels thus forming them chahar bagh (four-fold) gardens. This type of garden has strong symbolic association with paradise garden (Wescoat Jr., 2011).
2.4. DETAILS OF THREE IMPORTANT MUGHAL GARDENS OF PAKISTAN Shalamar Garden (SG): Shah Jahan, the Emperor, ordered to build this garden after receiving a proposal for the development of a three-terraced garden in the suburbs of Lahore. Ali Mardan Khan, the then Governor of Punjab, was assigned the task of developing this garden. The foundation of the garden was laid on June 12, 1641. The garden was completed within a very short period on one year, five month and four days at a cost of six lacs (six hundred thousand) of rupees. A high perimeter wall encloses the three-terraced garden which contains water channels, fountain, a big water tank in the middle of the central terrace, water cascades, a series of buildings and walkways throughout the garden. The open spaces have been divided into squares in traditional ‘charbagh’ pattern divided by means of water channels and walkways. These squared plots were planted with fruit plants, flower plants, bushes and shrubberies. The Emperor Shah Jahan on visiting the garden for the first time gave the first two terraces of the garden the name of ‘Faiz Bakhsh’ and the upper most that of Farah Bakhsh
(Dara, 1982; Kausar, 1990). Pictures 1 and 2 show the beautiful views of upper terrace of the garden.
Picture 1. SG: A beautiful view of upper terrace
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Picture 2. SG: Pot plants displayed at upper terrace
This beautifully constructed garden has been divided into three terraces. Initially the main entrance was from the lower terrace. But now the main entrance has been shifted to the upper terrace adjacent to the Grand Trunk Road. The middle and the lowest terraces really form one division. The second terrace is the upper section of the Faiz Bakhsh gardens. It is 330 yards by 96. The third terrace is the lowest terrace of the Faiz Bakhsh gardens. This terrace is exactly similar to the Farah Bakhsh terrace. The garden was not called Shalamar at the time its construction. The king Shah Jahan named the upper terrace as “Farah Bakhsh” (Bestower of Pleasure), and the middle and the lowest terraces as “Faiz Bakhsh” (Bestower of Plenty). Since the gardens at Lahore were constructed on the model Shalamar garden at Kashmir, they were also named Shalamar garden. Prior to this there was no garden in plains where level differences between terraces were as clear as those of Shalamar garden, Lahore. Mughal rule was taken by Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah and also by the Sikh rulers. Shalamar garden suffered much during this period. Some of its detail has already been given in the former chapter of Literature Review. Later on, an important development took place in 1913, when the garden was placed under the protection of Department of Archaeology. Prince of Wales (Later Edward VIII) visited Shalamar garden and some special repairs were carried out in 1921. Mango
15 trees from the middle terrace were cleared and a rose garden was introduced. Minor conservation works were attempted from time to time. The city of Lahore witnessed a severe flood in September, 1953, and the water reached the lowest levels in the garden. In 1988 Lahore witnessed another flood where water reached Kamran’s garden and the Tomb of Jahangir at Shahdara, but Shalamar remained protected. The environments around Shalamar garden remained more or less unchanged until late 1950s. Another major development took place in 1958, when the Shalamar distributary line, which obtained water from the canal ‘Bari-Doab’, was closed as a result of non- availability of water in pursuance of the Indus Basin Water treaty with India. Owing to its unique design and setting among the gardens of the World, Shalamar was given World Cultural Heritage status on 30th October, 1981. The layout plan of this garden has been shown in Appendix-1. Tomb of Jahangir (TOJ): The former name of this garden was Dilkusha Bagh, or Nur Jahan’s ‘Garden of Delight’ which is situated across the Ravi, five miles north of Lahore. This place is now known as the Shah Dara. The entrance to this garden is through a fine courtyard. This is a very large garden, the tomb being in the centre. However, the building lacks a dome, a common characteristic of Mughal monuments, and for this reason does not seem to match up with the grandeur of the garden. There is an interlocking pattern of raised causeways, canals and tanks, in which bricks had been beautifully used. The narrow canals are bordered by long parterres, the raised tanks forming eight large platforms around the mausoleum. Jahangir was the father of Shah Jahan, one of the greatest ruler of the Mughal Dynasty and the greatest patron of gardens and buildings architecture. The TOJ was Jahangir’s first project. When Jahangir died in 1625, the young Shah Jahan built Jahangir's tomb on the site of an existing garden laid out by Jahangir's wife Nur Jahan. The building is symmetrical on the plan of chahar-bagh that recalls the paradise of the Islamic idea afterlife. The tomb itself is located at the center of the building which measures 241 feet and 6 inches on all sides. The whole wall garden is square and measures 1600 feet on a side. The layout plan of this garden has been shown in Appendix-2.
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Wah Garden (WG): The garden is a product of multiple constructions, plantings and patrons. In 1581 Akbar laid the foundation of Attock Fort. He appointed Raja Man Singh a high ranking Hindu noble who served under Akbar and Jahangir, to remain there to protect the frontiers. Raja stayed there from 1581 to 1586. During this period he laid the foundation of a small garden with a pool, small channel and a ‘baradari’. The remains if this ‘baradari’ are still present. Jahangir visited the garden a number of times. The garden was remodeled extensively in 1617 by the orders of Jahangir. Later on two ‘baradaries’ were built during Shah Jahan period. Shah Jahan always stopped there his way to Kabul and Kashmir. He visited the garden about nine times. Aurangzeb stayed there for almost a year and a half in 1674 and 1675. During this period the garden served as capital for the Mugal Empire. This garden is now popularly known as Wah Bagh or Hasan Abdal garden. The garden was in private control till 1976 after which this garden was acquired by Government. Afterwards in 1993 and 1994 excavations were made to re-discover the garden layout. This garden was much admired in Jahangir’s time. The Wah Bagh at Hasan Abdal, Rawalpindi, covers a space of about a quarter of a mile in length and half that in breadth, the enclosing walls now being in ruins. There were two large stone-walled tanks at the eastern end, the western end being occupied by parterres divided by a building. Wah garden is a less formal construction than an ordered Mugal Chehar-bagh. The garden is roughly triangular in shape. It is bordered by hills on the north and southeast side and by Timra Nala (a perennial natural water stream) on the North West terrace. The lowest terrace has three channels; the central channel has pools with fountains. The central canal passes through the ‘baradari’ and divides it into two chambers. The main water tank was filled with earth and many wild and fruit trees grew in it. Three large water channels combine with walkways 7 feet 3 inches wide. The main water tank is the principal feature of the garden. It measures 220 x 214 feet and 5 to 6 inches deep. The layout plan of this garden has been shown in Appendix-3.
2.5. CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION OF HISTORIC GARDENS Worldwide nations have always been conscious for the conservation and restoration of their historic sites including gardens and parks. This conscious 17 seems to be quite dominant in the West and the countries like Japan, at private, public and government levels. Wilhelm Schiffer, (1954) in his review of the book ‘A thousand years of Japanese gardens’, written by Samuel Newson, explained that landscape gardening in Japan was even older than the title of the book would suggest. At the time of fixing of capital at Nara in the year 710, the art of gardening was given a chance to express the love of the Japanese for nature in a well designed landscape. The author compared Japanese and Chinese gardens to explain his ideas. He noted the distinguishing mark that “the Chinese garden is Imperial in conception, with the power of man everywhere dominant, while the Japanese garden reflects the spirit of nature with man and his works bowing inevitably to her undisputed omnipotence and beauty”. Gibson (1979) reported about an exhibition that was managed in Britain for celebration of one thousand years of British gardening. The exhibition crammed full of every possible aspect of the subject by assembling all the leading authorities together under one roof. In the exhibition the development of the Victorian gardens through the natural gardens and up to the present day was covered by an ever increasing mass of miscellaneous material mostly in the forms of prints and photographs, and some finely undistinguished paintings. The other sections of the exhibition followed ‘Scottish Gardens, Public Gardens, Botanic Gardens and Herb Gardens, and finally the conservation section which was the nub of the exhibition. The audio visual display provided graphic examples of the plight of some gardens and of recent successes in restoration. The renaissance gardens caused the major problem for garden historians with the great scarcity of early visual evidence. According to Schein (1979) landscape architecture, historic preservation, neighborhood associations, insurance mapping, zoning and consumption could be employed to explain how the landscape was once constructed by individuals who lived in a particular place. He explained that U.S. cultural landscapes were reflecting the individual activity and cultural ideals because they constituted and reinforced those activities and ideals. Watts (1979) reviewed that, on the bases of The National Trust of Scotland, National Trusts flourished in each state of Australia, and the buildings, precincts and towns had been the subject of study over a period of ten years. However, it was realized at that time that the gardens were being overlooked in studying these aspects. Therefore two years survey of historic gardens was conducted in all the six states of Australia with the aims of their 18 identification, documentation and assessment, the creation of their photographic record, the attainment of understanding of the development of Victoria’s garden heritage, the identification of the problems facing these historic gardens, the recommendations on future assistance and / or legislation required to preserve and protect the best of historic gardens, the analysis of overseas trends and techniques for solving these problems, the attainment of accurate information for their restoration and to encourage a general awareness of Victoria’s garden heritage. Tunbridge (1981) observed phenomenal growth in national conservation trusts, with respect to their membership, their activities and the area of land which they owned and found that public concern for environment and heritage, which this growth reflected, was an international phenomenon. The author further observed that the British trusts (among the oldest and most comprehensive private conservation movements) had been joined by kindred organization worldwide, many of which acknowledged inspiration from or interaction with their British counterparts. These included national trusts in the United States and many parts of the Commonwealth, such as the Australian states, Bermuda and Canada. The historic landscapes of the USA which serve as part of national heritage, reveal much about the evolving relationship with the natural world where not only the historic gardens but also the cultural landscapes had been given due respect by the researchers with respect to their association with natural historic sites (Birnbaum, 1992). Landscapes emerged in North America as a new area of historic preservation interest in the 1970s and in the next decade their role evolved from primary individual historic gardens to include larger landscapes, such as historic districts, urban parks and countryside (Buggy, 1998). Taylor (1999) explained, in the light of Burra charter, that historical value is related to the influence of, or by, a historic figure, event, phase, or activity or as the site of an important event. Significance of a place will be greater where evidence of the association or event survives or where settings are intact, but some associations or events will be so important that significance inheres regardless of changes. This acknowledgement of change over time is important because aesthetic value has often been joined with intactness of original fabric, particularly in the case of structures. Historic value allows ordinary people, places, and events to be celebrated and accorded significance, whereas, aesthetic value has often been connected with high art or what is regarded as stylistically pleasing. Batey (2000) 19 reviewed the research work of Laird on English pleasure grounds and viewed garden history as a valid academic subject, wherein historic garden could be recognized as national heritage, truly representative of the Spirit of Age. He also viewed that the history of designed landscapes and the history of plant introductions were usually undertaken by different experts, the garden historian and the horticulturist or botanist. Dick (2000) described the guiding principles and operational policies of Parks Canada which had stated its program’s objective for natural historic sites. In addition to other objectives, the guidelines included the protection and presentation of the natural historic sites for the benefit, education and enjoyment of this and future generations and to encourage and support the protection and presentation by others of places of national historic significance that were not administered by Parks Canada. He also highlighted the ways in which commemorative integrity could facilitate the work of cultural resource management. He concluded, by considering the two national historic sites in British Columbia- Vancouver’s Stanley Park and Hately Park near Victoria, that the concept of commemorative integrity could provide a holistic methodology for identifying values for cultural landscapes and their relative priority, as well as, for establishing objectives for future protection and preservation of those values. Fiel (2007), as chairman National Gardens Club (NGC), described that a Landscape Committee was formulated at NGC regarding historic gardens with certain objectives. According to these objectives the committee, in regard to cultural landscapes, historic parks and gardens was responsible to do work to ensure the development of sustainable elements of the historic environment economically, socially, environmentally and culturally, to instigate education and training programs aimed at promoting appreciation, understanding and practical management ability among both professionals and all sectors of the society, to ensure the adequate research and recording, to involve itself in the effect of current design on these landscapes, parks and gardens ensuring such design would appreciate and would not undermine their significance and historic integrity, to initiate principles, policies and practices to be approved by the government bodies, whose work would affect cultural landscapes, historic parks and gardens, to undertake fundraising that would allow it to better promote its objectives, and to create links with like-minded individuals and organizations.
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In April, 2008 The Garden Club of Virginia, on the occasion of celebrating 75 Years of Preserving Virginia’s Heritage, sponsored the visits of more than 250 of Virginia’s most beautiful gardens, homes and historic landmarks. The organizers perceived that the tours would benefit the restoration of important historic grounds and gardens throughout the state (The Garden Club of Virginia, 2008). Garden History Society (2008) was founded about 40 years ago with the aim of discovery of garden history as an academic subject. The society felt that the future of historic landscapes, parks and gardens was constantly under threat. Therefore, it actively promoted campaigns to help conserve them for future generations. In a study conducted by University of Wales Lampeter (2009) it was observed that the presentation of the economic impact of historic environment took place in a complex set of social relations. The surveys undertaken at heritage sites indicated the existence of a strong agreement for the care of attractions for visitors. It was assessed that cultural heritage made important contribution to national economics. For example, the estimates of ‘historic environment’ in Wales in 2008 had an economic impact of between £460 and £780 m, supporting around 15,500 to 22,500 jobs. In the present day world tourism is a well established industry and it is closely related to natural and heritage sites of national and international importance. The beneficial effects of this industry have been searched out and dispersed by various researchers and organizations. Wager (1995) worked to develop strategy for the Angkor World Heritage Site which contains the spectacular remains of 11th and 14th centuries. The author suggested promoting a sustainable development plan of natural and cultural resources in order to achieve a balance between strict protection of archaeological sites and planned development of tourism. He observed that the government had started establishing agencies for the management of the site and regulation of development. Benfield (2001) conducted visitor survey on sustainable tourism in relation to Sissinghurt Castle Gardens, Kent and found that the limits to visitation had a beneficial effect on the long term marketing, and thus, on the commercial viability of the garden. Pedersen (2002) compiled a valuable practical Manual for World Heritage managers in relation to managing tourism which was published by UNESCO World Heritage Centre covering discussion on various aspects of tourism management. The author reported that tourism was an increasingly important 21 factor in the planning and management at UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Mazzanti (2003) studied the management and policy aspects of cultural built heritage in relation to adopting a microeconomic applied perspective by analyzing and discussing the results derived from a stated preference analysis on visitors of a worldwide known site in Italy. He focused on the role of valuation experiments for the analysis of user preferences and for the associated decision making process during discussion. English Heritagea (2004) worked with many owners and managers of historic houses to stage commercial hospitality events to make the sites economically sustainable. In this concern English Heritage produced a publication to give practical guidance on the management of such events. The study of objects of the past and their relationship with the everyday life of tourists and identity remains peripheral in tourist research because a special relationship exists between people and heritage objects (Chronis, 2006). Bonn et al. (2007) investigated the effect of some basic environmental elements on visitors to heritage sites. They observed attractions of many types, from parks to archaeological sites, in relation to cultural / heritage tourism. They illustrated that the physical environment of heritage attraction would play an important role in determining visitors’ attitude toward the heritage attraction, future re-patronage intentions and their willingness to recommend the experience to friends and relatives. They developed a model of heritage / cultural tourism atmospherics taking into consideration the environments of Ambience Service, Design and Layout Service and Social Service. Kim et al. (2007) estimated the use value of a World Cultural Heritage in Korea using the contingent valuation method. Closed- ended (dichotomous) choice was used for the collection of information seeking 10 price offers. The study revealed the economic value of this heritage site to users or tourists in levels exceeding site’s monetary benefits. Winter (2007) witnessed growth in the movement of tourists of Asian origin. He predicted Asia having one of the fastest growing tourist population in the world over the coming decades. However, he observed that tourism in Asia had received little attention by Asian tourists. The author argued by examining developments at the World Heritage Site of Angkor, Cambodia, that Western-focused policies inadequately restrained an explosion in facility construction principally aimed at a tourist market from Northeast Asia.
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Li et al. (2008) noticed the existence of conflict between heritage protection and tourism development. They conducted research to address the issue of sustainable tourism development in the context of exploitation of the World Heritage Sites to attract tourists. The main threats identified were population pressure, development policies of local economies and a lack of financial support for heritage sites. Nicholas et al. (2008) examined the factors for sustainable tourism development of a world heritage site, the Pitons Management Area (PMA) by studying the hypothesized independent variables of community attachment, environmental attitudes and involvement in PMA. The results suggested a positive influence of community attachment to their support behaviors and indirect influence of environmental attitudes to support behaviors through perceptions about PMA. It was suggested that the lack of involvement of residents could present critical implication for the sustainability of the site. From the findings of other research workers, Techetchick at al. (2009) observed a rapid growth of cultural heritage including tourism. They also found that each destination would present a unique type of mix of cultural tourism products that might appeal different to different types of tourists. Thus, accordingly, in their view, the efforts should be in the direction of exploring visitors’ behavior to specific attractions. Yang et al. (2009) analyzed the World Heritage Sites for the determinants of international tourist arrivals in China and found that key determinants were the relative income, population in the original country, cost of travel and tourism infrastructure. They also observed that cultural sites in China attracted more foreign tourists than natural sites. They proposed that different countries would have different importance of the determinants of the demands for tourism. Thus, the heritage conservation embraces wide spectrum of cultural resources and attracts individuals from an increasing variety of disciplines. Maintenance is needed to address the issue of providing continuous protection to historic sites and structures before, during and after major development phases (Smith, 1978). A growing nationalistic pride about the historical and cultural heritage could be seen in Australia which had been expressing itself in a number of ways. Based on The National Trust of Scotland, National Trusts flourished in each state of Australia (Watts, 1979). Design, development and upkeep are strongly linked with historic gardens and are part of the process of maintenance, conservation and restoration. In order to achieve the 23 goal of restoration gardens demand constant adjustment and sensitive upkeep throughout. Restoration differs from conservation and upkeep only in degree and for both purposes a consistent policy and long term plan is required which should be based on the full knowledge of the garden and those who made it. The restoration plan should lessen the impact of modern intrusions of buildings, roads, noise, etc., and it should indicate the proper standard of upkeep, the minimum level at which the garden should be maintained in order to retain its essential qualities. In conserving and restoring the gardens it is also necessary to establish the availability of resources, physical and financial, now and in the future, and to determine the managerial, the statutory and the physical constraints which are needed on that particular site. Furthermore the number, quality and availability of garden staff count for the consistent and skilled upkeep of the gardens. However without skill, dedication and enthusiasm of head gardeners and their staffs nothing could be achieved. It is upon the caliber, training and supply of gardeners that the future of gardens depend (Sales, 1985). In 1984 Parks Canada undertook the site development for improving the authenticity and appearance of the Fort George landscape which improved largely the historic look as a whole. The only document available for getting indication of the grounds for the purpose of restoration was a water color painting of 1805 which depicted various types of trees. However their shapes and color did not provide sufficient characteristic of a particular species that could be identified with certainty. Further documentary research from a diary written in 1793 mentioned thirty large May Duke cherries and three standard peach trees. At that time the fruit trees of orchards were developed from seeds and cuttings; the grafting method was not used. Therefore, the exact varieties could not be made available. Thus, reconstruction of landscape of Fort George remained midway between theoretical purism and simple practicality (Potvin, 1986). The safety of plants and gardens can be regarded as a part of our life and this is a fact worldwide. For example, an Ontario court ruled in favor of the plaintiff in a dispute over trees, and the defendant was ordered to compensate his neighbor for damages and loss of his property resulting from cutting down mature trees. The decision was based on the age of the trees, their potential market value, and their aesthetic worth as major components in the structure of the garden (Stewart, 1986). The National Trust for Historic Preservation sponsored the annual Great American Home Awards contest to 24 recognize outstanding residential rehabilitation projects. That year, for the first time, the context was expanded to also include a landscaping category
(Anonymousb, 1992). Parks, gardens and landscapes can be assessed because of their historic and aesthetic importance. Social, cultural ecological and other scientific factors also impart to their protection and short- or long-term management plans (Fardin, 1992). The phenomenon of conservation of heritage can be seen as a professional activity of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in Europe. For example in France, this activity originated in the early nineteenth century: ‘When in 1830 Louis Philippe of Orleans mounted the French throne and made the historian Guizot prime minister, it was his plan to stabilize the government psychologically by memorializing French history (Groning, 2000). Miller (2000) judged the international line especially significant in the development of landscape and preservation professionals in North America. Expanding interests in landscape history, landscape restoration and the ecology of landscapes after 1945 were the results of very active international programs. There were direct influences among developments in England, France, Italy, and in the U.S. and Canada for hands-on treatments in historic gardens. According to Naveh (2005) restoration is a science and a practice. Fiel (2007) explained that the objective of restoration of historic gardens should be to restore gardens to look like they had at a previous point in the history. The job of researching historic gardens and preparing a policy for their conservation would involve historic knowledge, design judgment and technical skill in horticulture and construction. CDAN (Centro De Arte Y Naturaleza) Newsletter (2008) described that the historic gardens are like open-air museums for they reflect the culture and landscape of a particular period and space. However certain factors might lead to their deterioration such as the passage of time, inappropriate use, and interventions in these spaces. Therefore, it was suggested in the newsletter that the projects aimed at recovery of historic gardens for public use and restoration of existing assets should be based on sound guidelines that would maintain the essence of these gardens and approach them as work of art. According to English
Heritage Newsletterb (2008), English Heritage is responsible for restoration and conservation works. In the month of March 2008, it announced the sum of 15,067,355 pounds to support 160 listed places of worship. It also arranges TV series on historic sites where the presenters explore the role of the chosen site by 25 examining its history and looking into the myths and traditions of the surrounding location. Many organizations are actively engaged in the process of restoration of historic sites and gardens. Restoration Services Division, Ottawa, Engineering and Archaeology Branch, Parks Canada, is responsible for the technical aspects of historic site development (Smith, 1978). Parks Canada restores landscapes and gardens more than any other organization in the country and it gained a great deal of experience in the process. Parks Canada developed approaches which attempted to balance the philosophical concern with practical constraints (Stewart, 1986). The National Trust bears the responsibility of preserving historic properties with their contents and to make them accessible to the public. But this opening of historic properties to public may cause their deterioration. This requires the need to maximize the life of heritage assets and resources with minimum negative effect on the enjoyment of visitor (Paul et al., 1997). The Heritage Foundation, USA was founded with the aim to help build America where freedom, opportunity, prosperity and civil society could flourish. In order to meet expenditures the Foundation demands gifts and support in various forms. A quarterly newsletter and periodic briefings on critical issues are published for the awareness of members and other interested persons (The Heritage Foundation, 2005). English Heritage celebrates events to entertain, educate and enlighten the future generations at sites which are of particular importance in English history. For example it offers special packages to entertain and attract the visitors in summer holidays, and to view ruined walls of Beeston Castle and nature sights in Woodland Park, including woodpecker and fungi displays (English Heritage
Newsletterb, 2008). The Garden Club of Virginia celebrates the beauty of the land, conserve the gifts of nature, and challenge future generations to build on this heritage (The Garden Club of Virginia, 2008). The National Trust for Scotland, established in 1931, acts as a charity organization and is responsible for the protection and promotion of Scotland’s built, natural and cultural heritage of architectural, scenic and historic treasures for the enjoyment of present and future generations. It is the largest conservation charity organization in Scotland with more than 297,000 members. For its support it depended on donations, grants, legacies and the subscriptions of members, and it acknowledges the financial 26 support for conservation projects provided by the principal funding partners: The European Regional Development Fund, The European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund, The Heritage Lottery Fund, The National Heritage Memorial Fund, Historic Scotland and Scottish Natural Heritage. The Trust also receives financial assistance from local authorities and individuals (The National Trust for Scotland, 2008). The Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) is an international organization that works to promote conservation practice in the visual arts which includes objects, collections, architecture, and sites. It focuses on the creation and delivery of knowledge that benefits the professionals and organizations responsible for the conservation of the world's cultural heritage. Since its inception in 1985 as a part of the J. Paul Getty Trust, it has engaged in a program of scientific research, educational activities, documentation, and the dissemination of information through publications, conferences, workshops, and public programs that include research opportunities for professionals and public lectures (The Getty Conservation Institute, 2005). Australia ICOMOS internationally acts as a national and international link between public authorities, institutions and individuals involved in the study and conservation of all places of cultural significance (Australia ICOMOS, 2009).
2.6. THREATS AND DIFFICULTIES IN CONSERVATION AND RESTORATION OF MUGHAL GARDENS Restoration and conservation is not a simple process. Rather many difficulties and constraints may hinder this process. The findings of many research reports can be quoted in this concern. Some of the great water gardens of the Indian subcontinent were mere shadows of their former selves. The causes were many which included time, war, pillage, neglect and thoughtless development (Crowe et al., 1972). The history of garden design is a strangely little studied subject. Even people very knowledgeable in the history of architecture are content to know virtually nothing of the history of the gardens and landscapes which were so often the settings for that architecture (Anthony, 1975). The insect white ant was a scourge in India and it seriously damaged or completely destroyed most of the records from early Mughal times. Therefore, oral tradition would provide much information on gardening practices. Abul Fazl, an Akbar’s friend and the historian of his reign, left a four-volume work describing the details of court of the 27 empire, his administration, and his achievements and virtues. He mentioned many things there to know about elephant harnesses, but nothing about gardening. He mentioned the imperial kitchen garden for fresh greens, and he described some Indian flowers. However, the only details of cultivation he recorded were for sugarcane and betel nut (Moynihan, 1979). In making attempts at historic preservation the landscape was misunderstood, ignored or included only as a part of beautification. The architectural resources received primary emphasis with dominant role of history. The neglect of the landscape had been further complicated by the ineffectiveness of public programs to place the landscape in its proper context as an integral part of the historical scenes (Tishler, 1979). The process of management should not destroy or lessen the value of historic fabric as a documentary witness to changes in tastes and styles. In this regard continual assessment of the intervention of anyone in the restoration process upon historic fabric work is necessary. Anyone involved in the restoration process is a ‘scrape’ to some extent. Determining the appropriate level of interventions is a particularly sensitive issue when applied to landscape where much of the artefact is in fact changing both seasonally and with age. The landscape restoration involves the management of change to a much greater degree than with architecture. While preserving the components during management of historic gardens the changes should be controlled (Stewart, 1986). The absence of any manual of Mughal garden theory had been a surprising handicap to the discussion of the landscape design of these gardens. It is difficult to know the main issues of discussion and the vocabulary with which the designers of Mughal gardens tried to define the aesthetics of their field. The original planting of Mughal gardens will remain one of the most difficult questions to answer (Brand, 1990). Eager but untrained civil servants restored Mughal gardens in the first quarter of 20th century more according to romantic concepts of beauty than according to truth (Petruccioli, 1996). The selection of plants, particularly trees and shrubs, of the earliest royal gardens of the tropics had symbolism. However, new plant varieties had been introduced in the changed landscape designs of these gardens over centuries old period (Warren, 1999). Pattacini (1998) also described the difficulty that so little material was available on Islamic gardens. Cultural activities and attitudes shape and modify the environment of a country while, at the same time, the physical environment influences and frames the use of place. If the environment in and 28 around our sites of cultural heritage is allowed to be degraded, the risk of loss of these sites, or at least, diminishing of their value will happen (United Nations Common Library, 2003). Perhaps the most important factor in the way of restoration and conservation of historic landscapes is the temporality of plant material. Thus, naturally the landscaping is changing with time. Many writers and researchers have explored this fact. The landscape is ever changing; it is alive because it consists of living plants, i.e., trees, shrubs and flowers. Ways of expression also change with time due to the fashion and the economic reasons, and the reasons arising from the traditions and customs of a particular era or place (Edmond et al., 1957). There is a constant need to regenerate plants which had reached the end of their life cycle, so that they might continue in cultivation (Hepper, 1982). As compared to the other visual arts, gardens have the extra dimension of time; they are dynamic. They are always changing, always developing and decaying. It is a positive quality which is a marvelous thing. Unlike artifacts, growing plants are constantly renewing themselves. Gardens are never static or complete, they consist of series of overlapping lifecycles. A garden is not an object, but a process. When making a garden we are not constructing a finite object but imposing a new ecology, which continues to exist only as a result of continuous human activity of upkeep (Sales, 1985). A great amount of information about the contents of a particular landscape could be lost with the passage of time. Therefore, a formal landscape usually might not be adequately reconstructed on the basis of existing remains alone. Knowledge of the design aesthetic or the stylistic tendencies of the period should be considered in any attempt to know the mysteries of the existing or removed or added features of landscape (Harvey, 1990). Human life is a process that involves the passage of time. This life-process is also the process of formation of landscapes in which people have lived. The landscape enfolds the lives and times of predecessors who, over the generations, have moved around in it and played their part in its formation (Ingold, 1993). The task of restoration becomes complicated by the perishability of material and the unlimited possibilities for substituting plant types. ‘Often radical interventions are carried out within the span of a single generation, resulting in complete transformation in both form and meaning’ (Petruccioli, 1996). While the historic places provide both beauty and enjoyment, they also represent significant cultural and social 29
aspects of its heritage. By their nature, historic gardens are often fragile, and it is important to identify and record them (Eaddy, 2005). The plants are subject to constant and rapid change. Therefore, it was advised by The National Trust for Scotland that the record should be maintained about the present condition of the gardens and it should be worked out how they came about. ‘Because they are subject to constant and often rapid change, as plants come and go, it is especially important that we record what gardens look like today and try to work out how they came about. Most NTS garden properties now have Historic Landscape Surveys, against which future changes can be measured’ (The National Trust for Scotland, 2008).
2.7. DOCUMENTARY RECORDS AND RESTORATION OF HISTORIC GARDENS All the available documentary records may be used for the confirmation of actual plantings and layout during the process of restoration and conservation. The papers presented at the first Dumbarton Oaks colloquium on the history of landscape architecture held on April 24, 1971 proposed new directions in the historiography of Italian gardens and called attention to a super-abundance of literary and documentary material that for the most part had been ignored or only touched on in the previous literature (Smith, 1975). The National Trust (Australia) in Victoria State had been holding more than 4500 files on individual historic buildings. The individuals who generally had a very good knowledge of their own districts were the main source of information. The trust’s own staff, architects, historians and planners had also been a good source of information. To check the accuracy of the gardens with their current state, old photographs were used. Where the photographs were not available, assumptions and intuitive guess work was considered necessary which included style of the garden, the physical evidence of any changes, the apparent age of the plant material and the knowledge of the owner (Watts, 1979). For garden preservation a valid policy, a workable plan for is possible only through a thorough knowledge of the garden, its contents and its history. For this purpose documentary research is axiomatic. Generally speaking plans, pictures and maps could be more useful than descriptions and written accounts. In 1979-80, The National Trust started garden surveys in England, first at Osterley Park, Middlesex, where the work of restoration was continued. To that 30 date about 18 gardens had been fully surveyed. The new profession of archaeology involved a measured survey of all fixed objects, trees and tree stumps, all artefacts, soil, site, climate and the listing and dating of trees. Analysis of the trees, their species, sources and their ages provided valuable information about the phases of planting and of who planted what and when. The idea behind the garden was determined by considering the original concept and the motives of the people(s) or person who made it. For example Westbury Court, Gloucestershire, was made around 1700 A.D. The garden was restored in conjunction with a house of the same date which had disappeared and in place another house had been built. Gradually the garden emerged from dereliction, the house was rebuilt, the canal restored, the hedges replanted, and the whole thing put back as far as possible in accordance with Kip’s engravings and Maynard Colchester’s records and accounts. The policy was only to have plants in the garden that were introduced to Britain before 1700, including the fruit varieties planted on walls. In another example the Mottisfont walled garden, Hampshire, was redundant and derelict. Here the Trust put its collection of old roses to retain the structure of the original kitchen garden layout as far as possible so that the garden still reflects its origins (Sales, 1985). The house of Canada’s first prime minister Sir John A. Macdonald was built in 1841 in Kingston, Ontario. This house had been restored by Parks Canada to the period in which the Macdonald lived there (1848-49). During the process of restoration it was realized that the gardens should reflect the environment of Sir John A. Macdonald’s period. A number of tenants and former owners were contacted during research. A family archive had early movies which were made available for research purpose in understanding the site’s evolution. One of the best documents used to verify the layout was the plan of 1869 which confirmed the location of paths. Only those features were restored which could be documented. Carefully selected varieties of flowers and vegetables, grown in Kingston, were selected to represent the plant material in the area in the 1850s to 1860s. Efforts were made to reproduce the garden features of fences, sundial, gazebos and privy based on available documentation and period design. For day-to-day maintenance, early garden tools and traditional techniques of gardening were employed (Stewart, 1986). The most significant source of information of historic gardens might be the garden itself. Visual records would contain paintings and sketches, engravings, photographs and maps. The written sources would contain auction catalogues, rate 31 books, diaries and garden journals and books. Oral sources could be direct conversation with elderly members of the community, families and gardeners (Looker and Patrick, 1987). Evidences of women’s participation in garden art of eighteenth century English gardens were searched out by gathering information from advice books on gardening, articles in eighteenth century magazines written specifically for women, women’s travel accounts, women’s letters and diaries, even flower books in country house libraries inscribed with their eighteenth century woman owner’s name (Bell, 1990). The exact preservation of historic landscapes’ planning process would generally involve four steps: historical research, inventory and documentation of existing conditions, site analysis, and treatment selection. Before the start of any work, historical information might be gleaned through analysis of surveys, plans, photographs, newspapers and journal articles, nursery records, correspondence, and oral and written histories (Birnbaum, 1992). The collection of information can be used as a standard practice during conservation and usually it includes texts, plans, drawings, aerial photographs, other photographs, sketches and identification of the important surviving features whether ruined or buried resources (Fardin, 1992). Vlach, (1993) gave a comprehensive visual record of landscape design by presenting more than two hundred finely reproduced illustrations, including photos, floor plans, measured designs and maps, mainly taken from the Historic American Building Surveys (HABS), a division of the National Park Service. At the outset of the re-creation of John Nosh’s Regency Gardens at the Royal pavilion, Brighton, there was no strong archival support and archaeological investigations. Views of the Royal pavilion of 1826 indicated the form of the garden’s recreation. The literary and horticultural quotations and descriptions, the prints and drawings of Regency gardens in England and abroad, and the nursery lists and catalogues formed the archival basis of the re-creation (Hinze, 1996). Department of Archaeology, Government of Pakistan conducted research work on Historical Geography of Mughal Lahore, with particular emphasis on the study of gardens and landscape, in collaboration with University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore and his American colleagues. In this regard documentary methods used were library research, archival research, textual source books, analysis of Mughal paintings and later prints, historic maps, urban mapping, measurements, electronic surveying equipment and computer aided plotting 32
(Khanb, 1996). Scitaroci (1996) reviewed the renaissance garden of Croatia. He collected writings about villas with gardens mentioned in the works of writes, travel writers, emissaries and cartographers from the fifteenth century onward. Deakin University conducted research study on heritage collection in Australia. The study was related to the key needs of heritage collections held in a range of public administrations, particularly libraries, museums, galleries and archives. Eight key needs emerged from this study were: documentation, conservation, interpretation, professional development, wider understanding of heritage collection, quality consistency, reorganizing professional isolation and respecting diversity, and perceived lack of nation-wide coordination. Australian heritage collections were located in a wide range of institution types in far-flung locations. It was felt that the maintenance and management of these collections would require long term commitment and an integrated and strategic approach in association with relevant communities (Deakin University, 2002). In 2002, the Garden Club, working with the Historic Preservation Division, the Cherokee Garden Library at the Atlanta History Center, and the National Park Service Southeast Regional Office, launched the Historic Landscape Initiative to identify, record, and promote Georgia’s garden heritage. Using the publication ‘Garden History of Georgia: 1733-1933’ as the foundation, garden club members determined which significant gardens would remain, which had been changed, and which had been destroyed. Inventory documentation was housed in the Cherokee Garden Library in Atlanta (Eaddy, 2005). Cornwall Gardens Trust restored the Lost (Japanese) garden of Helford which had been created between the years 1925-35. The garden choked with weeds and disappeared during the Second World War. The clues of the origin of the garden were re-discovered through careful investigations. It was observed that the garden had been laid out to represent an ‘ocean’. As a result of restoration efforts the garden started to take shape by the end of 2000 with various plants returned (Marcus, 2006). English Heritage started two years work in summer 2007 on the re-creation of the magnificent lost Elizabethan garden at Kenilworth Castle in Warwickshire. With the help of excavations the dimension of the original garden was identified. This archaeological research also confirmed the accuracy of the garden descriptions written by Robert Langham, who was an eye-witness to the visit made by Queen Elizabeth in 1575. These descriptions provided the most 33 complete account of the garden and many of the aspects were confirmed by physical evidence. According to an official of English Heritage the re-creation of this garden would give pleasure to the visitors, provide an important education tool for studying Tudor history and would add to understanding of the culture and arts of that period (English Heritage, 2007). Paintings are also a source of documentary record for finding clues of original plants. In the present study some books were consulted for this purpose. Mostly all the paintings were not presenting a true picture of the plants, although some of the plants could be identified quite easily. Some pictures of selected paintings have been reproduced at the end of chapter of ‘discussion’.
2.8. COLLECTION OF INFORMATION AND PERSONAL PERCEPTIONS ABOUT HISTORIC GARDENS THROUGH SURVEY RESEARCH Visual beauty depends upon our response to things which are visually sensed. Man can enjoy full exercise of his perceptive facilities if any generalization can be made. People of widely different heritages have quite different opinions about beautiful and ugly (Janik, 1979). The Institute of Advanced Architectural Studies, University of York, initiated a two years project on the conservation of gardens and parks of historic interest in UK. Till that time there had been no thorough survey and there was no central record of the gardens and parks, although those were being acknowledged as an important part of British national heritage. The results suggested that the topics of study of some aspect of historic gardens and parks within a specified area would include: ‘(i) the work of a particular designer (ii) a particular type of site (iii) a particular period of history and (iv) an investigation of a particular source of information’ (Goodchild, 1979). It is not always easy for land-owners to see what benefits a survey might bring them, or for surveyors to know exactly what they might be expected to achieve. The survey of plant material provides a record of landscape, which is a basic document for the management of the landscape, and information of historical significance (Phibbs, 1983). A project namely Worker’s Education Association was started in 1987 in answer to a general request from the Chatham Historic Dockyard Trust to investigate the history of the garden of Commissioner’s House. Observation and 34 recording made through survey which revealed the historic significance of the gardens of the Officer’s Terrace. These observations were then included in the research at the Public Record Office, national Maritime Museum, Royal Horticultural Society Library, British Library and Kent Country Libraries (Hall and Lear, 1992). To investigate the influence of the benefits sought by visitors on their quality evaluation of historic houses’ service provision, a survey research was conducted. Results showed that for the enhancement of quality evaluation of services the consumers could be segmented rather than assuming that all consumers would have similar quality perceptions (Frochot, 2003). Money is needed to protect, monitor and restore natural environment and heritage items in parks and, therefore, many park agencies are forced to raise operating funds by charging fees from park users, particularly when government funding is inadequate. Acceptance and effects of fee are dependent upon the historical, political, legal, economic and social context of public protected areas (Buckley, 2003). Director of National Parks, Australian Government reported the results of survey 1998. The survey revealed that 57% of the visitors were female and 60% of the visitors were over 40 years of age. About 58% of the visitors had a university degree. During the period of the survey 31% of the visitors visited the gardens for the first time; among then 8% were the locals. Over half (52%) stayed in the gardens between one and two hours (Director of National Parks, Australian Government, 2004). Ihara (2004) made study to verify how the function and character of the Ritsurin-Park, which already was deprived of the inherent function of the Daimyo-Garden at the time of Meiji Restoration, had been changed thoroughly with respect to the social background, utilized form and spatial structure. Based upon empirical fact-findings and verifications, and from the historical details and/or circumstances of the Ritsurin-Park, the author considered two main different viewpoints: the way of thinking on conserving the historical heritage as the garden, and the way of thinking on adding something new to it as the park. Therefore, he proposed to harmonize such conflicting viewpoints as a historical garden or as current and modern park for furthermore arrangement of the park. Salazer and Marques (2005) made a study to observe the social benefits associated with the restoration with an old Arab tower in the Valencia Region of Spain. A total of 252 randomly selected individuals were 35 interviewed, which were distinguished between low, average and high consumers of cultural goods. The findings showed that the mean willingness to pay was considerably higher for the second group. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) worldwide were failing to achieve their conservation objectives due to lack of funds, resulting in management problems like inadequate law enforcement and poor management of visitors. User fee system and the help of willing persons who can pay large sums of money to help protect the parks they visit will help solve the matter of financial unsustainability of MPAs (Depondt and Green, 2006). The positive feedbacks counteracted by restraining cultural feedbacks of environmental planning and management, conservation, and restoration ensure the sustainable future for both humankind and nature (Naveh, 2005). Sergel (2006) examined the involvement of both the casual visitor and the local community to the Hamilton Gardens. He concluded from the survey of visitors that few visitors actually came to look at specific plant or particular plant collection. He observed an increasing requirement to pursue a particular purpose and provide a particular message, such as an appreciation of plants or the ecosystems they represent. He suggested the need of plan to engage the visitors intellectually, physically and subliminally in order to get that message across. He also observed that most of the world’s successful gardens engaged their visitors using tools of association, abstraction, and insight or by telling stories. Survey is needed to identify the significant physical elements of the past so that these could be preserved and protected for future generations. The architectural survey should include buildings and all visible aspects of the built environment, like bridges and dams, wharves and ships, canals, windmills, silos, cemeteries, parks and gardens, etc. It was suggested that four basic steps could be applied to the process of architectural survey viz. establishing the purpose for the survey, conducting research, undertaking fieldwork, and preparation of a written report (New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, 2007). The National Trust for Scotland conducted Historic Landscape Surveys for most of its garden properties on the bases of which future changes could be measured. It became possible from these surveys to tell about the people who designed and created the gardens, about the servants who served there, and by revealing stories for whose enjoyment these gardens were created. Thus the origin and development of the gardens were explored from the surveys. The geophysical survey conducted 36 around the flat area of Aberdeenshire of the 17th-century suggested the presence of a garden, making that one of the earliest formal gardens in Scotland with surviving remains. A small water garden was discovered at Hill of Tarvit, Fife, with the traces of exotic vegetation which had been planted in the 1920s, but had become overgrown through the years. The evaluation showed the presence of paths and small bridges, and many water-loving plants that had survived in the still-damp conditions (The National Trust for Scotland, 2008). A website has been developed as www.orientalarchitecture.com where a photographic survey of Asia’s architectural heritage can be viewed with nearly 10,000 photos of 639 sites in eighteen countries (Anonymousc, 2007). A survey was conducted to collect data from users and non-users of state-owned recreation and conservation areas in Finland to address the question of who benefits from those public recreation areas. From the income elasticity of willingness to pay for recreation services it was found that the provision of recreation to the public benefits lower-income groups more than higher-income groups. It was also found that low fee levels decreased recreation visits among lower-income users, whereas high fees reduced the welfare level of higher-income users (Huhtala and Pouta, 2007). Steinhauer (2007) recorded visitor responses to an ethnic garden display in a botanical garden by collecting data on the basis that the information on the needs and interests of various groups was needed by program developers and administrators. The research explored visitor perceptions highlighting African-American contributions to horticulture. The results revealed that race had no effect on the overall attitudes of visitor toward a botanic garden. However, race was found to be related to visitor attitude toward the ethnic display. Young and frequent visitors had a more positive attitude toward botanic gardens. The factors which shaped visitor attitudes and opinions were socio-demographic characteristics, frequency of botanic garden visits and time of year of visitors. A specific study was undertaken by The CT and LM research team, School of Management, University of South Australia to provide the Royal Botanic Gardens Trust with feedback to use as part of base-line management information. Data were collected using the questionnaire for the Visitor Service Quality Survey. Adult visitors were intercepted on a ‘next available’ basis. The team found that a relatively high proportion of visitors was of the view that education and interpretation concerning plant conservation were the roles of the Garden. 37
Nine percent visitors experienced problems during their visit. The main problems identified were bats, signage, food and drink, behavior of other visitors, opening / closing time, cleanliness and others. The assessment was also made regarding Service Quality which included staff and safety, sensory aesthetics, services and engagement (The CT and LM research team, School of Management, University of South Australia, 2007). Two case studies in Austria were conducted viz. an EU LIFE-Nature project and a Cultural Landscape Project of the Provincial Government of Lower Austria, by interviewing on a standardized questionnaire for the participants. The case studies were based on many data sources: explorative expert interviews, surveys, i.e. questionnaires on the time efforts and costs, benefits and risks of participating in landscape co-management processes, interviews with drop-outs and document analysis. The analysis was restricted to descriptive statistics due to low number of respondents which showed that decision making on landscape issues would be ineffective without the support of local and government officials (Enengel et al., 2011).
38
Chapter 3 Methodology
The historic Mughal gardens of Pakistan have set a magnificent standard of landscape architecture in an environment of peace, order and stability (Rehman, 2001). Unfortunately these gardens had been facing tremendous pressures of vandalism and modifications, and thus they were subject to deterioration. Invasion of foreign armies, different ruling governments, particularly the Sikh government in Punjab, economic and social pressures, changes in tastes of plants according to preferences of rulers and societies, lack of persistent policies for the look after of these gardens and natural aging and death of plants contributed much to the devastation of the landscapes of these gardens (Huxley, 1979; Dara, 1982; Wescoat Jr., 1996; Beach, 2001). Many other factors might also have been contributing in this devastation. Many destructive factors and pressures are still continuing in one shape or the other. Restoration and conservation efforts had been made for the upkeep of these gardens at different times and at different levels. But these efforts primarily focused on the buildings and other architectural components of these gardens. The conservation of landscapes and plants received little attention and has lagged behind other fields of archaeological conservation. The conservation of historical gardens involved only plantation of trees and laying of lawns and turfing (Zaki Badavi, 1987; Mughal, 1996; Wescoat Jr., 1996). The present research project was, therefore, initiated to explore potential for the landscape conservation and restoration of selected historic Mughal gardens of Pakistan. The need of this case study was felt in the light of the aforesaid details. This case study was based on certain objectives, i.e., to record clues of the original plantation of these gardens, to observe the changes occurred in their plantation over time, the reasons of these changes, an analysis of the conservation and restoration efforts made with respect to plantation, problems and constraints faced by the concerned department(s) in the execution of these efforts and to propose
39 strategies in this connection for future work. The study was conducted in the years from 2005 to 2008 for the achievement of the above noted objectives.
3.1. Selection of Gardens Mughals developed many gardens in different cities of Indo-Pak sub- continent. Dara (1982) reported that in Lahore the gardens of Shalamar and Tomb of Jahangir were present in somewhat original layout while the remaining other gardens were in neglected conditions or had vanished completely. He further ascribed the layout of Lahore Fort Gardens to Sir John Marshal. In addition to gardens at Lahore, there exists another Mughal garden at Wah, near Rawalpindi, where sufficient amount of restoration work with the attainment of good results had been carried out by the Department of Archaeology, Pakistan (Mughal, 1996). The selection of the gardens was, therefore, made as purposive sample and was based on their location and size, the nature of existing plantation, hard landscapes and building structures, their importance at national and international levels and nature and magnitude of conservation and restoration efforts made in the past. A little detail of the gardens selected for the purpose of study is as below. 3.1.1. Shalamar Garden: Basically constructed as a royal garden, surrounded by a continuous wall. This garden is considered a landmark in the history of Mughal architecture and can be considered next to Taj Mahal. The project was launched in 1641 by Ali Mardan Khan, the then governor of Punjab, on the instructions of Shahjahan, and was completed in a short period of one year five months and four days in 1642 (Kausar, 1996). Covering 80 acres, it was laid out on the plan of a garden in Srinagar (Kashmir), primarily to provide accommodation when the Emperor was on tour in Lahore, and as a place of recreation for the royal family. This is certainly the best historical monument in
Lahore (Dara, 1982). In Punjab District Gazette (1916) it has been written that the garden was laid out in seven divisions, representing the seven degrees of Paradise of Islam. Of these, four had been destroyed and three only were included in the garden area. However, other sources do not favor this fact of seven divisions. The walls enclosing the garden also reflect the reality of three terraces only. The first and third terraces are similar in proportion and size, measuring 330 yards by 330 40 yards. The central terrace is an oblong, and measures 330 yards by 96 yards. The upper terrace was called as Farah Baksh, and the middle and the lower terraces as Faiz Baksh, At the time of its construction the garden was not known as Shalamar garden. Since the garden was constructed on the model of Shalamar garden in Kashmir, this was also named as Shalamar garden. The current plantation does not represent the original condition (Kausar, et al., 1990; Kausar, 1996). 3.1.2. Tomb of Jahangir: This garden is considered a landmark in the history of a mausoleum garden. The garden had been built by his beloved wife Noor Jehan (Crowe et al., 1972). The Emperor Jehangir had expressed his wish to be buried in this garden, who died in 1627 AD. Later on a mausoleum was built, in ten years, by his son Shah Jehan. The garden is square in measurement, 1500 by
1500 feet. The whole garden has been divided into 16 plots of equal size (Dara, 1982). It is situated in Shahdara (adjacent to Lahore) where other historic gardens and monuments also exist. The gardens probably grew up gradually around the tomb. The tomb itself is still a striking building from all accounts and it is a very much grandeur edifice as originally constructed. The garden buildings suffered much at the hands of Sikh Sardar namely Lahna Singh and the ruler of Punjab Ranjit Singh. They caused vandalism of the garden and building structures (Overseas Foundation of Pakistan, 1996). 3.1.3. Mughal Garden, Wah (Hasan Abdal): This garden was built in 16th to 17th century, initially called Bagh-e-Hasanabdal, but now it is popularly known as Wah Garden. Raja Man Singh was a high ranking Hindu noble during the period between 1581 and 1586, who might have built a small building here in the middle of a pond, as it had been recorded by Jahangir in his Tuzuk of 1607 (Rajput, 1996). The garden is situated about two kilometers of Hasan Abdal, near Rawalpindi, and is fed by hill springs. The nineteenth century visitors viewed the interior of the garden as beautifully decorated with designs of flowers and vases in stucco work while the floors had been paved in yellow marble (Crowe et al., 1972). The garden covers a space of about a quarter of a mile in length and half that in breadth. The garden contains two large stone-walled tanks at the eastern end, the main tank measures 220 feet × 214 feet and 5 feet 6 inches deep. The restoration was started in 1976 by the Department of Archaeology whereby cleaning the main water pond and restoring it to its original shape (Rajput, 1996). 41
During the period of Ranjit Singh the garden was robbed of its beauty whereby most of the fine marble facings installed by Shah Jahan were removed and sent them to Amritsar (Overseas Foundation of Pakistan, 1996).
3.2. Sampling For recording observations of the population, i.e., the visitors of the historic gardens, sampling was done. 3.2.1. Sample Size Sample size of the visitors was determined taking into account the limitations of the study, the resources available and by considering all the possibilities and paraphernalia of the present research study. Thus, the decision was made to take a manageable sample size keeping in view time and budget limits, and the distances among different selected gardens and the place of university where the researcher was enrolled for doctoral study, i.e., University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. As mentioned above, the gardens were selected as purposive sample. The places of gardens and university and their relative distances are given below. Place of University (study place): Faisalabad Shalamar Garden: Lahore Tomb of Jahangir: Lahore Wah Garden: Wah (Hasan Abdal), near Rawalpindi Distance from Faisalabad to Lahore: 150 KM Distance from Faisalabad to Wah: 380 KM Distance from Lahore to Wah: 350 KM Consequently, keeping in view these long distances and other available resources a manageable sample size of 200 respondents was decided. 3.2.2. Randomization In order to achieve randomization, the following procedure was adopted. i. Three months of the year 2007, i.e., July, August, and September were selected for recording interviews. The selection was based keeping in view the holidays in schools and colleges when maximum number of visitors of all age groups and professions could be available. This was particularly true in case of Wah Garden, where during pilot survey it 42
was observed that in the rest of months a few number of visitors come there. ii. Three days of every week were decided for recording interviews, i.e., Wednesday, Friday and Sunday. In Pakistan Friday and Sunday are the rest days and people come for outdoor visits in large number. iii. Systematic random sampling method was used for conducting interviews from the visitors. Thus, Kth visitor was interviewed after Kth interval. The Kth interval determined was one hour. Accordingly, the visitor entering the garden after one hour was requested to spare some time for interview. In case of his or her willingness the respondent was interviewed. If the visitor refused (usually the females) for interview, the next visitor was requested in the same manner. The children were ignored. By physical look the visitors of 18 years of age and above were requested for interview. iv. The interviews were recorded from 9.00 a.m. till sun set (closing time of the gardens) with one to two hours break at noon, so as to record interviews of all possible social categories of visitors (business men, workers, locals, employees, retired persons, etc.). 3.3. Data Collection For this study data were collected keeping in view the objectives mentioned above. Data collection comprised of different phases which are detailed as under. 3.3.1. Original Plantation and Documentary Records This was the core point of this research study. Efforts were made to compile a complete list of all the plants of Mughal gardens. Usually the previous lists, although comprehensive, were not exhaustive and, therefore, scattered information of plants was available. Information was collected on the original plantation by consulting the archival records which included history books written in or after the Mughal period, autobiographies of rulers and historical records written by court historians. All these books were written originally in Persian, which were later translated in English and Urdu. The translation work was consulted for the purpose of research. The other sources of archival records included gazettes of district and provincial governments, paintings and the available research work conducted on Mughal gardens. The present plantation and 43 layout plan were recorded and compared with the original records. Strategies and proposals have been added in the chapter of results and discussion. The main sources of these records were the libraries of National College of Arts (NCA) Lahore, Quaid-e-Azam Public Library Lahore and the Library of Lahore Fort. Digital Library was also consulted for data collection, particularly for the consultation of previous research work on historic gardens and landscapes. The access of this digital library has been provided at University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. The deviations, changes and deterioration occurred over time in the landscape of selected gardens had also been analyzed and discussed in the light of previous research and questionnaire survey. The reasons of these changes were also searched out and discussed in the present study. 3.3.2. Other All-Purpose Information of Gardens This information was generated for the ease of understanding of the study. 3.3.2.1. Total Area and Layout of the Gardens The maps of the selected historic gardens have been drawn in different books and articles indicating the layout plans and their total areas. The appropriate drawings have been reproduced in this research work for complete understanding of the layout and area of these gardens. 3.3.2.2. Information of Visitors Data on annual and monthly frequencies of visitors, wherever possible, were collected and discussed with reference to other variables of study. These data can be compared with the number of visitors of other historic gardens of the world. 3.3.2.3. Other Information of Gardens Other miscellaneous information of the selected gardens was also collected and presented in the results. This included managerial set up (staff), budget distribution and departmental laws for the safety of historic sites. All this information was considered necessary for understanding the present problems and proposing future strategies of historic gardens under study.
3.3.3. Survey Method Many methods of survey research could be considered for the collection of data. These methods cover telephone interview, mail survey, web/email survey, fax survey and face to face (one-in-one interviews). Telephone interviews could 44 not be managed because the population was unknown. About half of the population of the country is still un-educated. It was perceived that a large number of visitors would be unable to understand many of the questions, particularly the questions related to landscape perceptions. Thus, the methods of mail, web/email and fax surveys were not considered. Face to face personal interview method was considered the most appropriate for this study. In focus group discussions and in interviews from info-rich respondents the personal contact was necessary. Hence personal interviews were conducted at all levels.
3.3.3.1. Questionnaire Construction Questionnaire was constructed by considering the objectives of the study. Core questions related to the plants and the landscape of the selected gardens. Questions were put in order from the simple to the difficult; the later were put at the end of the interview. The similar and related questions were put together to give the impression of meticulousness. Usually closed ended questions were asked from the visitors of the gardens. The respondents were to choose from the response categories provided in the questionnaire. On the other hand, open ended questions were mostly asked from the info-rich persons, i.e., experts and other researchers related to the management and the study of these gardens. Non-scheduled structured interviews were conducted from the respondents. In case of the visitors of the gardens, the questionnaire was prepared in English and simultaneously translated in Urdu for the ease of respondents. However, the questionnaire was not translated in Urdu in case of info-rich respondents with the perception that they were well aware of English language. The responses of the respondents were used to observe their wishes and desires about the selected historic gardens and to study the management problems related to the landscape of these gardens. 3.3.3.2. Pilot Survey and Pre Testing of Questionnaire Interview A pilot survey was conducted before the actual conduct of questionnaire interviews so as to remove any unnecessary or irrelevant questions, to add more relevant questions, to rearrange questions, and to fix the time of interview from respondents. Pilot survey suggested that every questionnaire interview would take 15 to 25 minutes (depending on the interest of the respondent). Therefore, an interval of half an hour was considered suitable for 45
interviews. Thus, the visitor entering the garden after half an hour was interviewed. Willingness of the visitors for interview and rejection of children (below 18 years of age) were taken into account during the study. Only the eligible and willing respondents were interviewed. 3.3.4. Survey Interviews Face to face interviews were recorded at three levels keeping in view the nature of questions and the status of respondents. 3.3.4.1. Interviews from Visitors Personal interviews were conducted from the visitors of these gardens according to the procedure of randomization mentioned above. Mostly closed ended questions were asked from the interviewees. 3.3.4.2. Interviews from Info-rich Persons A comprehensive survey questionnaire was designed, in the light of findings of previous research reports and the problems narrated by the visitors, for in-depth study of the landscapes and management problems related to the selected gardens. The respondents included experts of the Department of Archaeology and those researchers and experts who had already conducted research work on the plants and landscapes of these historic gardens. Mostly open-ended questions were asked for the study of the problems and strategies. Therefore, qualitative research method was also used to get valuable insights which otherwise could be missed by other methods. Qualitative methods permit the evaluator to study the selected issues in depth and detail. The fieldwork is approached without being constrained by predetermined categories of analysis. This process contributes to the depth, openness and detail of qualitative inquiry. Qualitative research also helps complement quantitative research (Patton, 1990). In depth interviews are one-to-one encounters in which unstructured or semi-structured set of issues or topics are discussed by the interviewer with the objective to explore and uncover deep-seated emotions, motivations and attitudes (FAO Corporate Document Repository, 1997). Thus, both quantitative and qualitative research methods were used in this study. Content analysis technique was used for the qualitative content analysis of open ended questions of info-rich cases.
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3.3.4.3. Focus Group Interviews In focus group method of research qualitative data are collected in a way which involves the engagement of a small number of people in informal group discussion(s) where a particular topic or set of issues is focused. This method has many advantages, i.e., this is economical, fast and an effective way of collecting data from multiple participants (Onwuegbuzie et al., 2009). Therefore, focus group interviews were also managed for open discussion on perceptions and problems relating to the historic gardens. These group interviews were arranged both at visitors’ level and at info-rich persons’ level. The groups were arranged with a view to have deep insight and understanding of the main problems and issues and their possible solutions. Each group consisted of four to six respondents and on an average took three by four to one hour for discussion. Content analysis technique was used for the qualitative content analysis of open ended questions of the respondents of focus group interviews. 3.3.4.4. Recording of Interview The questionnaire was developed into English but also translated into Urdu for ease of understanding of the respondents. The respondents were requested to fill in the questionnaire in the presence of the researcher so that all the questions could be well understood by the respondents. This was also kept in mind that a large number of population was illiterate or moderately literate, and that they could not well understand the questions, particularly the questions regarding perceptions about gardens and their landscapes. The researcher helped them in understanding the questions but recorded their own observations to control bias. In case of focus group interviews and interviews with info-rich persons, the researcher took notes with the help of an assistant. The answers were then analyzed by using quantitative and qualitative techniques.
3.4. Statistical Procedures of Data Analysis Data analysis provides an insight and interpretation of results. For the analysis of data the following statistical procedures were adopted. 3.4.1. Coding of Questionnaires’ Responses The questions and their responses were coded for analysis. Coding is the process of classifying responses into meaningful categories. The main purpose of coding is to simplify the handling of many individual responses by classifying them 47 into a smaller number of groups, each including responses that are similar in content (Nachmias & Nachmias, 1981). The coded data were entered in Excel Sheet for further processing. 3.4.2. Data Analysis Using SPSS These coded data were transferred to SPSS 20 software package where different tests were applied for the analysis of these data. 3.4.3. Frequency Distribution For demographic studies and for observing simple responses of different variables frequency distributions were calculated and interpreted in results. 3.4.4. Chi Square (χ2) Test Chi square test was used for the statistical analysis of observed data. This test is mostly used for analyzing the qualitative data. Cross tables were made for the evaluation of different associations and relationships between variables. Tables giving significant p-values of chi-square (less than .05) were further analyzed using relative measures of association. 3.4.5. Significance Level The value of α (p value) was used at 0.05.
3.5. Problems and limitations of the study The study was conducted within certain limits. Therefore, some problems were encountered during the conduct of study. Most of the written material (in the form of books, journals, paintings, gazettes, etc.) was available in the libraries of Lahore Fort, National College of Arts Lahore, Quaid-e-Azam Library Lahore, Library of Lahore Museum and the Library of Punjab University Lahore. Amongst these, the Library of Lahore Fort contained the maximum material. At University of Agriculture (the place of enrollment for study) internet access was provided to some research journals. The most relevant website for further browsing was that of JSTOR. This internet access was of great help for collection of research references. Despite of consulting all these libraries it was felt with depth that the available material was insufficient for getting complete documentary records of plants and landscapes of these gardens.
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The mutual distances between these gardens and the place of study, time of study and the available financial resources put the researcher in the position to have a manageable sample size of 200 respondents. It was the most difficult to interview the female respondents due to the social and religious set up of the population in the country. Only a few females showed willingness to give response.
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Chapter 4 Results
The present study was meant to investigate the original landscape plants of the historic Mughal gardens, recording and listing of present plantation of three selected Mughal gardens of Pakistan, recording of respondents’ (visitors) views about the conservation and restoration of original plants and other landscape structures, difficulties in the way of restoration and conservation as explained by the concerned officials and experts, recording the views of info-rich persons and recording the management and other common problems as identified by the respondents. Documentary research method was used in order to collect information for the original landscape plants of the Mughal gardens. Necessary statistical procedures were applied in order to interpret the results of survey research. Qualitative method of analysis had also been taken up during the course of interpretation of results. In the beginning of this chapter details have also been given about brief history and dimensions and the total number of visitors of selected historic gardens for different years. Thus a concise profile of the selected gardens had been prepared. It is hoped that the results obtained and expressed will prove beneficial for the policy makers of historic gardens of Pakistan for their landscape conservation and restoration.
4.1. NUMBER OF VISITORS OF SELECTED GARDENS AND SET-UP OF DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY The useful information regarding number of visitors and the set-up of the concerned Department of Archaeology is given below. This information is helpful in understanding many problems of management and maintenance of historic gardens. 4.1.1. Number of Visitors Information regarding annual number of visitors was collected to observe the trend of visitors of these gardens in different years. The record was obtained from annual reports of Department of Archaeology. In these reports the number of visitors are reported by splitting them into different classes like adults, children,
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Table 1 NUMBER OF VISITORS SHALAMAR GARDEN AND TOMB OF JAHANGIR Sr. No. Year Shalamar Tomb of garden Jahangir 1 2003 630685 75768 2 2004 1063763 64892 3 2005 590741 60932 4 2006 538185 59577 5 2007 907495 132522 6 2008 765991 174070 7 2009 505750 128782 8 2010 467762 121668 9 2011 632838 313440 10 2012 318995 127958
Source: Annual Reports, Deptt. of Archaeology & Museums, Lahore Fort, Lahore. students, armed forces and foreigners. A total of all the visitors was counted in this study. The detail of number of visitors and their split up is provided to the Department of Archaeology by the ticketing contractors of these gardens. Unfortunately the detail of visitors could not be had from Wah Mughal Garden because none of the official there cooperated in this regard despite of the repeated requests. The said garden falls under Department of Archaeology, but in a separate region from Lahore. For different classes of visitors the rates of tickets are different. Visitors above the age of five years are considered as adult. The contractor estimates the count of visitors from the sale of tickets. Monthly reports are prepared by the department, which depict number of visitors, arrival of dignitaries, details of expenditures and other developmental activities. These reports are a good source of getting fresh knowledge of departmental activities regarding these garden sites. Annual data of ten consecutive years were taken for the number of visitors. These data show the flow of visitors in different years. It is customary is Pakistan
51 to start the new financial year from July of every year. The figure in each cell of the table gives a total of twelve months from July to June. Annual data of ten years have been given in Table 4.1. It can be seen from the figures that total number of visitors of Shalamar Garden ranged in between 300000 to almost 10000000 (approximately) with variations in other years. In case of Tomb of Jahangir, the figure of annual visitors remained almost in between 60000 to 300000 (approximately) in different years. These are the world famous heritage sites with unique style of landscapes and archaeology. The government, particularly the Ministry of Tourism, may adopt more sound measures to make these gardens more popular among international community. Definitely a stable political government will account for more in this direction. As regards WG, no certified detail of number of visitors could be found due to non-cooperation of the officials. However, the estimated figure as narrated by one of the high ranking official of the department was around 400 to 430 visitors per day. 4.1.2. Set-up of Department of Archaeology in Pakistan Currently Department of Archaeology is responsible for the look after, restoration and conservation of the landscape of these historic gardens. It, therefore, seems appropriate to have a look at the departmental set-up and it working so as to have a clear understanding of the present situation of gardens. The highest post is that of Director General followed by the posts of Director, Curator, Conservator, Assistant Conservator and Assistant Curator. The posts of Director General, Director, Curator and Conservator are technical posts of gazetted officers’ level. The posts of Assistant Conservator and Assistant Curator are also technical posts but not of gazetted officers’ level. The technical posts are filled from the subjects of archaeology, history, civil engineering, anthropology, geography, sociology, classical languages, or MBA. It can be noted that horticulturist or landscape horticulturist is not considered for these technical posts. Some years back, only at Shalamar Garden, there was a post of graduate of horticulture which was later on abolished for reasons of shortage of funds. Now at present at Shalamar Garden the employee responsible for planting is holding a diploma certificate of one year training in floriculture from Lahore. There is no other provision of any horticulture expert at any archaeological site in the whole department. Usually Malies (persons with some practical knowledge of 52 ornamental and fruit plants by virtue of their experience) are responsible for planting and their look after. The annual reports of the department describe that “the department is responsible for the preservation and presentation of cultural heritage of our hoary past. To assist the head office circle offices were established known as Northern Circle and Southern Circle. The former takes care of the cultural wealth of Punjab and KPK (Khyber Pakhtoonkha) provinces while the later is responsible for the provinces of Sindh and Baluchistan. In Northern Circle sub-regional offices were established at Peshawar, Multan, Taxila and Gilgit” (Department of Archaeology, 1999-2000). “At present there are 94 protected archaeological sites, historic gardens and monuments under the jurisdiction of Northern Circle” (Department of Archaeology, 2001-2002). It is also astonishing to observe that another Department of Archaeology was functioning at provincial level in Punjab. Thus, by the intrusion of this provincial government, Shalamar Garden was handed over to Government Punjab in 2004 from the Federal Government. Government Punjab is also holding control of Lahore Fort. In fact these two sites are the most financial productive sites with respect to total number of visitors and auction of canteens, parking stands, etc. Is it appropriate to run two administrations side by side for the same purpose and if certain beneficial results have been achieved by such type of division? This point needs a separate study. However, later on in April, 2010 a new amendment was made in constitution by the National Assembly which is known as Constitution (Eighteenth Amendment) Act, 2010. According to this Act the provincial governments will be responsible for the look after and maintenance of archaeological sites, including historic gardens (Anonymousd, 2010). Thus, there are changing government policies with changing priorities for different departments.
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4.2. STUDY OF ORIGINAL AND PRESENT PLANTATION This was the core issue of this research work where the list of original plants was prepared from the available documentary records. The list of present plantation was also prepared. Both of these lists are reproduced below.
4.2.1. List of Original Plants as Found in Available Documentary
As mentioned previously in the chapter of Literature Review, this is perhaps one of the most difficult questions to answer. Documentary proofs of Mughal gardens are scarce; they do not provide a complete list of plants nor do they give us details of planting plans. Good efforts have been made in the past, particularly in the last two decades, to search out the plants for all existing or extinct gardens. But again the problem of insufficient documentary records hinders the way to total success. There is found no separate and complete list of plants for each garden. The following documentary records were consulted for the purpose of getting the list of Mughal gardens’ plants. o Books available from libraries of Lahore Fort, Quaid-e-Azam Public Library Lahore and Library of National College of Arts, Lahore. These included translations of autobiographies of Mughal rulers, history books, district gazettes of British period, o Translations of court historians, o Flower names used in poetry, o Information from internet. o Painting work representing plants of Mughal era, reproduced in the books of Prague (1960), Welch (1978) and Clarke (1983) was mainly consulted for the verification of plants in addition to other printed material in books. Some of the paintings have been shown under as Painting-1 through Painting-14 to justify how the names of plants were re-confirmed from the available source of paintings.
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Painting 1. Annuals like marigold and dianthus can be recognized but it is difficult to name the tree
Painting 2. The plant is like jasmine climber
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Painting 3. The flowers resemble jasmine but leaves vary greatly
Painting 4. Date palm tree is clear, the big tree resembles some ficus sp.
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Painting 5. The tree can be guessed as some ficus sp.
Painting 6. It is difficult to recognize the tree, water lotus plants can be viewed clearly
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Painting 7. The tree is Ficus religiosa, other plants are not clear
Painting 8. The central plant is Plane tree (Chinar)
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Painting 9. The plant of banana
Painting 10. The plants look like Iris
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Painting 11. The plant can be viewed as mango tree
Painting 12. Cypress plants with bushes like jasmine
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Painting 13. Mango like, but unclear plants
Painting 14. No clear picture, the plants can be guessed only
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The names of plants have been compiled and are presented in Table 2. Again the problem arises here as to identify the exact plants from their local Indian or Persian names. The same plant may be called differently in different locations. Also the evidences of many plants are suspicious. This problem has been mentioned by many researchers and writers. The flowers used in miniatures and inlays are often so stylized as to be unrecognizable, but there are many that are true portraits (Patterson, 1972). Mughal gardens have received limited scholarly, practical or public attention (Wescoat Jr., 1996). The study of any Mughal garden is severely hampered by the paucity of primary evidence (Brand, 1990). Some of the plants have also been added, although in doubt, in literature under reference. Thus, this list is not exhaustive and more recent techniques of exploring plants may add new names in this list. Effort has been made to give their scientific and family names for thorough understanding of plants and their characteristics.
Table 2 LIST OF ORIGINAL PLANTS AS FOUND IN DOCUMENTARY RECORDS
FRUIT PLANTS AS APPEARED IN DOCUMENTARY RECORDS
Scientific name Common name Family name Documentary records Literature (L), Painting (Pg), Poetry (P) Prunus amygdalus Almond Rosaceae L
Ananas comosus Pineapple Bromeliaceae L, Pg
Artocarpus Jack-fruit / Kdhil / Moraceae L integrifolia Kathal Averrhoa carambola Carambola tree / Oxalidaceae L Kamrakh/Star fruit Buchanania latifolia Chirunji Anacardiaceae L
Carissa carandas Kranoda Carissaceae L
Citrullus lanatus Watermelon Cucurbitaceae L
Citrus acida Lime Rutaceae L
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Citrus aurantium Sour orange / Rutaceae L Naranj Citrus limetoides Sweet lime Rutaceae L
Citrus limonia Lemons Rutaceae L
Citrus medica Turunj / Citron Rutaceae L
Cocos nucifera Coconut palm / Arecaceae L Narjil (Palmae) Cucumis melo Muskmelon Cucurbitaceae L
Cucurbita moschata Crookneck Cucurbitaceae L pumpkin Cydonia oblonga Quince Rosaceae L
Syzygium cumini Rose apple / Myrtaceae L Jamun Elaeagnus hortensis Russian Olive / Elaeagnaceae L Chikda / Sanjata Ficus carica Fig Moraceae L
Juglans regia Walnut Juglandaceae L
Mangifera indica Mango Anacardiaceae L
Manilkara hexandra Khirni Sapotaceae L
Morus alba Mulberry / Toot Moraceae L
Musa sapientum Plantain / banana Musaceae L
Phoenix dactylifera Palm Arecaceae L, Pg, (Palmae) Phyllanthus emblica Amla / Myrobalan Phyllanthaceae L tree Prunus armeniaca Apricot Rosaceae L
Prunus persica Peach Rosaceae L
Prunus cerasus Cherry Rosaceae L
Prunus domestica Plum Rosaceae L
Psidium guavajava Guava Myrtaceae L
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Punica granatum Pomegranate Lythraceae L (Punicaceae) Pyrus communis Pear Rosaceae L
Pyrus malus Apple Rosaceae L
Saccharum Sugarcane Poaceae L officinarum Tamarindus indica Tamarind / Anbli Fabaceae L (Leguminosae) Vitis vinifera Grapes Vitaceae L, Pg,
Ziziphus jujuba Red Jujube Rhamnaceae L
ORNAMENTAL TREES, SHRUBS AND FRAGRANT PLANTS AS APPEARED IN DOCUMENTARY RECORDS Albizia lebbeck Siris Fabaceae L (Leguminosae) Calophyllum Surpan/Ball tree Calophyllaceae L inophyllum (Guttiferae ) Artocarpus lacucha Monkey-jack Moraceae L
Azadirachta indica Nim / Margosa Meliaceae L
Bassia latifolia Mahwa Sapotaceae L
Bauhinia alba Kachnar white Fabaceae L (Leguminosae) Bombax Semal / Silk cotton Malvaceae L heptaphyllum tree Borassus Palmyra palm / Arecaceae L flabelliformis Tar (Palmae) Buchaniana latifolia Chirauli nut Anacardiaceae L
Butea monosperma Dhak Fabaceae L
Cestrum nocturnum Rat-ki-Rani Solanaceae L
Cinnamomum Camphor tree Lauraceae L camphora Clitoria ternatea Dhanantar /Blue Fabaceae L pea (Leguminosae) Capparis aphylla Caper/Karir Capparaceae L (Elapidae) Crocus sativus Saffron Iridaceae L
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Cupressus Cypress/Saroo Cupressaceae L, P, Pg, sempervirens (Pinaceae) Dillenia speciosa or Chaltah/Gul-e- Dilleniaceae L indica masst Ficus benghalensis Banyan tree Moraceae L, Pg,
Ficus glomerata Custered fig / Moraceae L Gular Ficus indica Ficus spp. Moraceae L
Ficus religiosa Pipal Moraceae L, Pg,
Ficus retusa Bohri Moraceae L, Pg
Hibiscus cannabinus San / Decan hemp Malvaceae L
Hibiscus Rosa- Jasun / China rose Malvaceae L sinensis Jasminum Jasmine / Yasmin Oleaceae L, Pg grandiflorum Jasminum officinale Chambeli Oleaceae L, Pg
Jasminum sambac Motia Oleaceae L, Pg
Lawsonia inermis Gul-e-hina Lythraceae L
Livistonia chinensis Chinese palm Arecaceae Pg,
Mimusops elengi Molsari Sapotaceae L
Nauclea cadamba or Kadam Rubiaceae L Mitragyna parviflora Nerium odorum Oleander/Kanir Apocynaceae L
Nyctanthes Harsinghar Oleaceae L arbortristis Pandanus Keora / Screwpine Pandanaceae L odoratissimus Platanus orientalis Chenar Platanaceae L, Pg
Pongamia glabra Sukh Chain Fabaceae Pg,
Michelia champaca Champaca Magnoliaceae L
Podocarpus sp. Plum pine Podocarpaceae Pg,
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Populas nigra Poplars Salicaceae L
Quisqualis indica Champalah Combretaceae L
Rosa spp. Roses Rosaceae L, P, Pg
Plumeria rubra Champa/Gul-e- Apocynaceae L cheen Rosa glandulifera Sewti Rosaceae L
Salix babylonica Willow / Bid Salicaceae L Mulla Sesbania aegyptica Jait Leguminosae L
Stereospermum Padal Bignonaceae L suavolens Grass sp. Grasses Gramineae L
ANNUALS AS APPEARED IN DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH
Althaea rosea Hollyhock Malvaceae L, Pg
Amaranthus caudatus Love-lies-bleeding Amaranthaceae L
Anemone coronaria Anemones Ranunculaceae l
Bellis perennis Common daisy Asteraceae L, Pg
Calendula officinalis English marigold Asteraceae L, Pg
Celosia cristata Cockscomb Amaranthaceae L, Pg
Cheiranthus sp. Wallflower Cruciferae L
Crocus sativus Saffron / Gul-e- Iridaceae L, P Zafaran / Juhi Cyclamen persicum Cyclamen Primulaceae L
Delphinium sp Delphinium Ranunculaceae L
Delphinium agacis Larkspur Ranunculaceae L
Dianthus Carnation Caryophyllaceae L caryophyllus Dianthus deltoides Pinks Caryophyllaceae L
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Helianthus annuus Gul-e-Aftab / Asteraceae L Sunflower Heliotropium Heliotrope Boraginaceae L arborescens Hemerocallis spp. Lilies Liliaceae L
Hyacinthus orientalis Hyacinth Liliaceae L
Iris spp. Iris Iridaceae L, Pg
Matthiola incana Stock Brassicaceae L
Narcissus sp. Narcissus / Nargas Amaryllidaceae L, P, Pg
Nymphaea nelumbo Lotus Nymphaceae Pg,
Papaver rhoeas Poppies Papaveraceae L, P
Polianthes tuberosa Tuberose Polianthaceae L
Syringa persica Lilac Oleaceae L
Tagetes patula Marigold / Jairaf Compositae L, Pg, P,
Tagetes erecta Marigold / Gul-e- Compositae L, Pg, P, Sadbarg Tulip sp. Tulip / Gul-e-lala Liliaceae Pg,
Viola spp. Violets / Pansy / Violaceae L Banafsha Zinnia elegans Zinnia Asteraceae L
4.2.2. List of Present Plants as Recorded During Survey
A general view of plants of selected Mughal gardens can be viewed in Pictures 3 to 11.
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Picture 3. SG: A mango plant in upper terrace with its fruits
Picture 4. SG: Harvested mango fruit and its sale in lower terrace
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Picture 5. TOJ: Well maintained front portion of the garden
Picture 6. TOJ: View of mausoleum from the entrance
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Picture 7. WG: Cypress and Zinnia plantation in upper terrace
Picture 8. WG: A view of lower terrace
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Picture 9. WG: A view of plantation in the garden
Picture 10. WG: A beautiful view of old Cypress plants in the lower terrace
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Picture 11. TOJ: View from entrance with beautifully trimmed Murraya plants
A complete list of present plants was prepared during present survey research and is presented in Table 3. By perusal of this list a comparison can be made with the original plant species of the selected historic gardens under study. This comparison will shed light on the newly introduced plant varieties and on the directions of efforts being made for the restoration of landscape by the concerned department.
Table 3 LIST OF PRESENT PLANTS AS RECORDED DURING SURVEY RESEARCH
Scientific name Common name Family name Present in garden
Acharus zapota Cheeku Sapotaceae SG
Citrus sinensis Musambi Rutaceae SG, WG
Citrus orientalus Sour orange, khatti Rutaceae SG, WG
Citrus reticulate Mandarin (kinow) Rutaceae SG, WG
Cydonia oblonga Quince (Bahi Rosaceae SG dana) Diospyros kaki Persimmon Ebenaceae SG
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Eriobotrya saponica Loquat Rosaceae SG, TOJ, WG
Litchi chinensis Litchi Sapindaceae SG
Mangifera indica Mango Anacardiaceae SG, TOJ, WG
Morus alba Toot Moraceae SG, TOJ, WG
Phoenix dactylifera Date Palmae WG, TOJ
Phyllanthus emblica Amla Euphorbiaceae SG, TOJ, WG
Piper nigrum Black pepper Piperaceae SG
Prunus armeniaca Apricot wild Rosaceae WG
Prunus domestica Plum Rosaceae SG, WG
Prunus salicina Japanese plum Rosaceae
Punica granatum Pomegranate Punicaceae SG
Pyrus communis Pear Rosaceae SG, WG
Pyrus malus Apple Rosaceae SG
Syzigium cumini Jaman Myrtaceae SG, TOJ, WG
Scientific name Common name Family name Present in garden
Acacia Arabica Kikar Leguminacae WG
Acacia modesta Phulahi Fabaceae WG
Acalypha wilkisiana Acalypaha Euphorbiaceae SG
Alstonia scholaris Devil tree Apocynaceae TOJ
Alternanthra Alternanthra Amaranthaceae SG bettzickiana Araucaria spp. Araucaria Araucariaceae WG
Asparagus Asparagus Lilaceae SG densiflorum
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Bauhinia alba Kachnar Leguminoceae SG, TOJ, WG
Bombax ceiba Simal, Silk cotton Malvaceae TOJ tree Bougainvillea spp. Bougainvillea Nyctaginaceae SG, TOJ, WG
Buddleia asiatica Buddleia Loganiaceae
Callistemon Bottle brush Myrtaceae TOJ, WG lanceolatus Cardiospermum Balloon wine Sapindaceae TOJ halicacabum Cassia fistula Cassia Leguminoceae
Cedrela toona Tun Meliaceae SG, TOJ
Cestrum diurnum Din ka raja Solanaceae WG
Cestrum nocturnum Rat ki rani Solanaceae WG
Chlorophytum spp. Chlorophytum Lilaceae SG
Clerodendron Clerodendron, Verbenaceae SG, TOJ foetidium gardenia (hedge) Conocarpus erectus Conocarpus Combretaceae SG
Cupressus Saroo Pinaceae SG, TOJ, WG sempervirens Cycas revolute Cycas palm Cycadaceae SG
Dalbergia sissu Shishum Leguminoceae WG
Delonix regia Gold Mohar Fabaceae SG
Duranta repens Duranta Verbaceae SG, WG
Eucalyptus citridora Sufeda Eucalyptus TOJ, WG
Euphorbia Poinsettia Euphorbiaceae WG pulcherrima Fern spp. Different spp. Different genera SG
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Ficus benjamina Ficus starlight Moraceae SG spp. Ficus elastica Rubber plant Moraceae WG
Ficus infectoria Pilkhan Moraceae SG
Ficus religiosa Peeple Moraceae WG
Furcaraea foetida Furcaraea Asparagaceae SG
Hamelia patens Fire bush Rubiaceae SG
Hibiscus rosa- Chinese rose Malvaceae SG sinensis Iresine lindeni Blood leaf plant Araceae SG
Jacaranda Neelum Leguminoseae SG mimosifolia Jasminum sambac Motia / Mogra Oleaceae SG, TOJ, WG
Jasminum Chambeli Oleaceae WG grandiflorum Jatropha Jatropha Euphorbiaceae TOJ integerrima Lagerstromia Gul-e-fanoos Lythraceae SG, TOJ, WG flosreginae Lantana camara Wild sage Verbenaceae SG
Ligustrum sinense Ligustrum Oleaceae WG
Livistonia chinensis Chinese Arecaceae WG palm/Table palm Magnolia Magnolia Magnoliaceae SG grandiflora Melia azedarach Dhraik Meliaceae WG
Milletia ovalifolia Wilayati tali Fabaceae TOJ Moulmein rosewood
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Mimosops elengi Molsury Sapotaceae SG
Murraya exotica Kamni, marva Rutaceae SG, TOJ, WG
Nerium oleander Oleander Apocynaceae SG, TOJ
Ocimum basillicum Niazbo/Basil Lamiaceae TOJ
Pinus roxburgii Cheel Pineceae WG
Platanus orientalis Chinar Platanaceae SG, WG
Plumeria obtusa Gul-e-cheen Apocynaceae SG
Pongamia glabra Sukh chain Leguminosae TOJ, WG
Populus nigra Poplar Salicaceae WG
Putranjiva Patajan/Gia pata Putranjivaceae SG roxburghii Roses (Rosa Roses Rosaceae SG, TOJ, WG hybrida) varieties Salix babylonica Willow Salicaceae WG
Schinus molle Kali Mirch / False Anacardiaceae SG pepper Sterculia alata Sterculia Sterculiceae SG
Syngonium Arrow head vine Areceae SG podophyllum Tecoma grandiflora Trumpet vine Bignoniaceae TOJ
Terminalia arjuna Arjun Combretaceae SG, TOJ
Terminalia bellerica Bhera/Beleric Combretaceae TOJ
Thuja orientalis Mor punch Pinaceae SG, TOJ, WG
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4.2.3. Reasons of Deviation from Original Planting Many reasons of changes and deviation from original planting were observed during the course of this study. These have already been mentioned in detail in the form of review of literature. Here a list of these reasons has been prepared and is summarized below. The relations of these reasons to the observations made by the respondents have been discussed in the next chapter. Scanty written documentary record. Lack of proofs of any layout plan of plants. Time factor. Temporality of plant material. Invasion of foreign armies, particularly Sikh and Afghan armies. Changing governments. Lack of resources, in particular funds and technical staff. Changing departmental policies. Political and other communal influence of residents living around these gardens.
4.3. VIEWS OF RESPONDENTS OF SELECTED GARDENS AS RECORDED IN INTERVIEWS Views and responses of respondents recorded during survey research have been categorized as under. 4.1. Demographic Characteristics of Respondents. 4.2. Landscape Conservation and Restoration as Perceived by the Respondents. 4.3. The Problems Identified by the Respondents and Their Suggestions for Improvement of Existing Plants and Landscape. The results and findings of these responses are detailed below.
4.3.1. Demographic Characteristics of Respondents Certain demographic characteristics of the respondents were recorded for explaining and finding out useful interactions and associations with other variables of the present study.
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A total of two hundred respondents were interviewed from all the three selected Mughal gardens. Maximum respondents (visitors) were interviewed at SG (55 %), whereas the percentage of respondents for TOJ and WG were 30 and 15 respectively (Fig.1). The gender ratio of the respondents revealed that only 4 % of the respondents were females and the rest were the males (Fig.2). It does not mean that there were few females in the gardens. In fact most of the females were reluctant to respond to the researcher. As regards locality of respondents, majority of them (72 %) belonged to local areas and the rest (28%) belonged to other areas (Fig.3). The respondents were categorized into different age groups on the basis of available data. Maximum respondents (57%) belonged to young age group of 18 to 25 years. The respondents of middle age group (26 to 40 years) and old age group (above 40 years) were 28% and 15% respectively (Fig.4). Regarding the education level of the respondents it was observed that most of them (39%) were having the higher secondary school education (grade 10) followed by those (26%) who were in between ‘nil’ and higher secondary school level (grade 1 to 9) of education. The graduate respondents were 21 % and the respondents with no education were 14 % (Fig.5). Occupation of the respondents was also noted which showed that maximum number of respondents was the employees (44.5%) followed by businessmen (29.5%). Other categories included students, house ladies and others (laborers, agriculturists, etc.). The results revealed that respondents belonged to different occupations of the society (Fig. 6).
Shalamar 29, 15% Tomb of Jahangir Wah Garden 59, 30% 112, 55%
Fig.1. Total Number of Respondents of Gardens
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8, 4% Male Female 192, 96% Fig.2.Gender Ratio of Respondents
56, 28% Local Other Areas 144, 72% Fig.3. Locality of Respondents
30, 15% 18 to 25 years 26 to 40 years 56, 28% 114, 57% > 40 years Fig.4. Age group of Respondents
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Nil
Below 41, 21% 27, 14% Matriculation Matriculation
53, 26% Graduates 79, 39% Fig.5. Education of Respondents
23, 12%
6, 3% Employees 23, 12% Business 89, 44% Students House Lady Others 59, 29%
Fig. 6. Occupation of Respondents
4.3.2. Landscape Conservation and Restoration of Selected Mughal Gardens as Perceived by the Respondents This part of the questionnaire constituted the core questions whereby the respondents were sought to express their views about the conservation and restoration of landscape of selected historic Mughal gardens. The main theme of
80 this study was to find out what the respondents wished to see in the landscape of these gardens. For this purpose, after recording the demographic characteristics of the respondents, their views and perceptions were recorded with particular emphasis on the landscape plants. In order to seek the desired information, the respondents were questioned about their frequency of visits, purpose of visit, area of particular interest of the gardens, their perceptions about gardens and their wishes to see the gardens in some particular form. The responses thus obtained were grouped and categorized for analysis.
4.3.2.1. Frequency of visits, purpose of visits, area of particular interest and the wish of visitors about how they want to see these gardens As regards their frequency of visit most of the respondents (36.5%) visited the gardens off and on, whereas 19.5% respondents visited the gardens for the first time. A small percentage (10%) of respondents visited these gardens on daily basis. The respondents who visited these gardens monthly and weekly were 15.5% and 18.5% respectively (Figure 7). Talking about their purpose of visit, the majority of respondents had the purpose of family recreation, i.e., 60%, whereas the respondents who visited the gardens with the purpose of exercise and relaxation were 33%. Those who came to these gardens with the sole purpose of their historic value were merely 7% (Figure 8). The respondents were also asked to tell about their particular area of interest of the gardens, viz. plants, hard landscape features and building components of the gardens or all the areas. Majority of the respondents (46%) showed their interest in all the areas. Those who came there with the only interest of plants were about 30% (Figure 9). A large majority of the respondents (67.5%) perceived the historic gardens as heritage of the country and 18% respondents perceived them as an archaeological resort (Figure 10). The respondents were asked how they would like to see these gardens, i.e., in their original shape, in a modified form according to modern
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80 73 70 60 50 37 36.5 39 40 31 Frequency 30 20 19.5 18.5 15.5 Percent 20 10 10 0 Daily Weekly Monthly Off & On First Visit
Fig. 7. Frequency of Visits of Respondents
140 120 120 100
80 66 Frequency 60 60 Percent 40 33 14 20 7 0 Historic Exercise & Family Value Leisure Recreation
Fig. 8. Purpose of Visit of Respondents landscape trends or a mixture of old and new landscape designs. This was one of the fundamental question regarding the perception and wish of the respondents. The majority of the respondents (69%) expressed their wish and they desired to restore these gardens in their original shape. Only a low percentage of respondents (5.5 %) wished a complete change according to modern trends of landscape. Those who favored a mixture of old and modern landscape trends (25.5 %) were also of the view that the originality of the gardens should never be disturbed (Figure 11). The respondents were asked to express their views about the need of sustainable efforts for the conservation and restoration of landscape of these 82 gardens under the existing conditions. Majority of them (73%) felt the need of sustainable efforts whereas 27% respondents were satisfied with the on-going efforts by the concerned department (Figure 12).
100 92 90 80 70 61 60 47 46 50 40 30.5 30 23.5 Frequency 20 Percent 10 0 Plants Hard Both Landscape & Buildings
Fig. 9. Area of Particular Interest of Respondents
160 135 140 120 100 80 67.5 60 36 40 13 18 20 6.5 4 2 4 2 8 4 Frequency
0 Percent
All Five
Country
History
Resort
Heritage of Heritage
Ruler or Ruler
Designer
Landmark in Landmark
Definite Definite Style of Landscape
Work ofWork Art by Archaeological
Fig. 10. Perception of Gardens by the Respondents
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160 138 140 120 100 80 69 60 51 Frequency
40 25.5 Percent 20 11 5.5 0 Original Plants Modish Version Mixture of Old & Modish Version
Fig.11. Wish of Respondents About the Apparent Look of the Gardens
160 146 140 120 100 80 73 54 60 Frequency 40 27 Percent 20 0 Yes Not
Fig.12. Need for Sustainable Efforts
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4.3.2.2. Interactions and Associations In order to find out more comprehensive and accurate results, certain associations and interactions were also studied. The results of significant associations and interactions are given below.
The differences among variables of association between area of particular interest of visitors and their education level were significant at 95% level of significance. Maximum number of respondents falling in all categories of education showed their more interest in all three components of gardens. However in matriculation (education up to grade 10) group the highest number of respondents (15.5%) also showed their interest in plants (Table 4). All the components in these historic gardens were important to the respondents irrespective of their education level. Here again there seems a natural phenomenon of interest of the visitors.
Table 4 EFFECT OF EDUCATION ON AREA OF PARTICULAR INTEREST OF RESPONDENTS
Education of Area of particular Interest of Respondents respondents Plants Hard Building All Total Landscape Three Nil 9(4.5%) 2(1%) 2(1%) 14(7%) 27(13.5%)
Below Matriculation 16(8.0%) 10(5%) 3(1.5%) 24(12%) 53(26.5%) (Grade 10) Matriculation 31(15.5%) 6(3%) 12(6%) 30(15%) 79(39.5%) (Grade 10) Graduates 5(2.5%) 10(5%) 2(1%) 24(12%) 41(20.5%)
Total 61(30.5%) 28(14%) 19(9.5%) 92(46%) 200(100%)
p-value of chi-square: .012 The relationship between locality of respondents and their purpose of visit was significant at 95% level. Maximum local respondents visited the gardens for ‘exercise and open space’ (28.5%). The same percentage happened for the purpose of ‘leisure and relaxation’. Family recreation was the second best choice
85 of local visitors. Among the visitors of other than locals the highest percentage (12.5%) had the purpose of ‘leisure and relaxation’. The distribution of respondents in other categories was more or less uniform. It is interesting to note that out of 144 local respondents only 4 came to visit the gardens for their historic value. In contrast, out of 56 respondents of other than local areas 10 came to visit the gardens with the purpose of historic value (Table 5). It seems that because local respondents had been visiting and watching the gardens since long. Therefore, their specific attention of visiting the gardens due to their historic value had been suppressed. The impact of locality had a significant effect on the frequency of visits of respondents. It was observed that amongst local respondents the ‘off and on’ visitors had the maximum frequency (29%) followed by weekly and monthly visitors. In the category of ‘other areas’ the majority of respondents had their first visit followed by ‘off and on’ visitors (Table 6). The local residents living near these gardens feel ease to come to these gardens for visit and exercise because other public parks are situated at a distance from these gardens. Age group had association with the frequency of visits of respondents. The maximum respondents from all age groups fall in the category of ‘off and on’ visits (Table 7). Table 5 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOCALITY OF RESPONDENTS AND THEIR PURPOSE OF VISIT
Locality of Purpose of visit of Respondents respondents Historic Exercise Leisure & Family Total Value & Open Relaxation Recreation Space Local 4(2%) 57(28.5%) 57(28.5%) 26(13%) 144(72%)
Other Areas 10(5%) 10(5%) 25(12.5%) 11(5.5%) 56(28.5%)
Total 14(7%) 67(33.5%) 82(41%) 37(18.5%) 200(100%)
p-value of chi-square: .000
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Table 6 IMPACT OF LOCALITY OF RESPONDENTS ON THEIR FREQUENCY OF VISITS Locality of Frequency of visit of Respondents respondents
Daily Weekly Monthly Off & On First Visit Total
Local 20(10%) 29(14.5%) 27(13.5%) 58(29%) 10(5%) 144(72%)
Other Areas 0(0%) 8(4%) 4(2%) 15(7.5%) 29(14.5%) 56(28%)
Total 20(10%) 37(18.5%) 31(15.5%) 73(36.5%) 39(19.5%) 200(100%) p-value of chi-square: .000 It is possible that young respondents like it better to visit modern parks of the cities where they find better facilities of enjoyment. The historic gardens are closed in the morning for the visits of local residents. For example when Tomb of Jahangir is closed in the morning, the local residents usually go to Tomb of Noor Jahan which is situated in the same area, and that has no boundary walls. It can be, therefore, observed in this table that ‘off and on’ visitors belonged to higher age groups. Association between age groups of respondents and their particular area of interest was observed to be statistically significant. It can be seen that maximum respondents in all age groups expressed their interest in all the components of the gardens (Table 8). The second best interest of respondents was in plants. Naturally most visitors like the greenery and shade of plants. But when they say ‘all’, it means the respondents like each and every section and element of the gardens including plants.
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Table 7 FREQUENCY OF VISIT OF RESPONDENTS AS PERSUADED BY THEIR AGE Age Group of Frequency of visit of Respondents Respondents (years) Daily Weekly Monthly Off & On First Visit Total 18-25 10(5%) 27(13.5%) 19(9.5%) 39(19.5%) 19(9.5%) 114(57%)
26-40 2(1%) 10(5%) 12(6%) 20(10%) 12(6%) 56(28%)
>40 8(4%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 14(7%) 80(4%) 30(15%)
Total 20(10%) 37(18.5%) 31(15.5%) 73(36.5%) 39(19.5%) 200(100%)
p-value of chi-square: .001
Table 8 ASSOCIATION BETWEEN AGE GROUPS OF RESPONDENTS AND THEIR PARTICULAR AREA OF INTEREST OF GARDENS Age Group Area of particular Interest of Respondents Total of Respondents (years) Plants Hard Building All Landscape Three 18-25 41(20.5%) 4(2%) 19(9.5%) 50(25%) 114(57%)
26-40 14(7%) 16(8%) 0(0%) 26(13%) 56(28%)
>40 6(3%) 8(4%) 0(0%) 16(8%) 30(15%)
Total 61(30.5%) 28(14%) 19(9.5%) 92(46%) 200(100%)
p-value of chi-square: .000
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4.3.3. Views of Respondents about Existing Conditions and Facilities at Selected Mughal Gardens Respondents’ views were recorded about existing facilities and the physical condition of the selected gardens. The results are reproduced below. 4.3.3.1. Existing Conditions and Facilities at Selected Gardens The existing physical conditions and the available facilities at these gardens were evaluated from the responses of the visitors. The detail of these responses is given below. The respondents were asked if they were satisfied with the existing facilities of parking, canteens and utilities. A large percentage of respondents (61%) was dissatisfied with the present facilities (Figure 13). In the same continuity the respondents were asked if they wanted more facilities in the gardens. Most of them (87%) demanded further facilities for them (Figure 14). They were then asked which kind of facilities they would
77, 39% Yes No 123, 61%
Satisfaction for Existing Facilities
Figure 13
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25, 13%
175, 87% Desire of Respondents for More Facilities
Figure 14
250 183 194 193 200 157 150 91.5 97 96.5 100 78.5 43 50 21.5 17 8.5 6 3 7 3.5 Yes 0
No
Percent Percent Percent Percent
Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Need of Need of Need of Need of All Library Book Shop Antique Facilities
Detail of More Facilities as Demanded by Respondents
Figure 15 like to have in the gardens. The respondents were required to choose from library facility, book shop facility, antique shop facility, or all these facilities. Some of the respondents demanded individual facilities in addition to demand of all
90 facilities. Many respondents desired only some particular facility. However, most of them (78.5%) demanded all the three facilities in the gardens (Figure 15). The respondents were asked if they were willing to pay more if more facilities, according to their demands, were provided in the gardens. Comparatively a larger percentage (53%) responded in ‘yes’. It appeared that fairly a large percentage of respondents (47%) did not desire to pay more for more facilities (Figure 16). Those who were willing to pay more were required to answer how much more they could pay. A considerable percentage of them (37%) were willing to pay the double amount, i.e., Rs. 20.00 whereas those who expressed their wish to pay up to Rs. 30.00 were 10%. Those who were willing to pay more than this amount were only 7% (Figure 17).
94, 47% Yes 106, 53% No
Can Respondents Pay More for More Facilities
Figure 16
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73, 37% Rs. 20/- 94, 46% Rs. 30/- Above Rs. 30/- No Increase
20, 10% 13, 7% How Much More can Respondents Pay
Figure 17
The respondents were asked what possible means and measures could be adopted for the sustainable management of the gardens. Most of them (66.5%) considered the monitoring of departmental policies as a more effective measure in this regard. However, 23% guessed the need of more funds and 8.5% guessed the need of foreign experts for successful sustainable management of these gardens (Figure 18).
200 183 180 154 160 133 140 120 91.5 100 77 67 66.5 80 46 60 23 33.5 Yes 40 17 8.5 20
0 No
Frequency Frequency Frequency
Percentage Percentage Percentage Need of More Monitoring of Need of Funds Policies Foreign Experts
Measures for Sustainable Management
Figure 18
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4.3.3.2. Respondents’ Rating for Existing Condition and Other Facilities of Gardens The respondents were asked to rate the existing conditions and facilities from the given choices of ‘excellent’, ‘good’, ‘fair’, and ‘poor’. Their responses in the tabulated form are given under. Most of the respondents (54%) viewed the overall appearance of the gardens as fair. Considerably a large percentage (32.5%) perceived this as poor. It can be said that majority of the respondents did not consider the overall appearance as good or acceptable (Table 9). Table 9 VIEWS OF RESPONDENTS ABOUT OVERALL APPEARANCE OF GARDENS Name of Garden Overall Appearance of Gardens
Good Fair Poor Total Shalamar 10(5%) 66(33%) 36(18%) 112(37.5%)
Jahangir’s Tomb 12(6%) 30(15%) 17(8.5%) 59(62.5%)
Wah Garden 5(2.5%) 12(6%) 12(6%) 29(6%)
Total 27(13.5%) 108(54%) 65(32.5%) 200(100.0%)
Table 10 VIEWS OF RESPONDENTS ABOUT RECREATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES IN GARDENS Name of Garden Overall Appearance of Gardens
Good Fair Poor Total Shalamar 10(5%) 92(46%) 10(5%) 112(37.5%)
Jahangir’s Tomb 16(8%) 37(18.5%) 6(3%) 59(62.5%)
Wah Garden 7(3.5%) 20(10%) 2(1%) 29(6%)
Total 33(16.5%) 149(74.5%) 18(9%) 200(100.0%)
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Pertaining to recreational opportunities in these gardens, most of the visitors (74.5%) viewed them as fair while 16.5% viewed them as good. However ‘fair’ might mean that these opportunities are marginally acceptable and these must be improved (Table 10). Most of the respondents rated cleanliness as fair (45%) while second large percentage of respondents (41.5%) rated it as poor. This situation is alarming at the international sites like that of SG and TOJ (Table 11).
Table 11 VIEWS OF RESPONDENTS ABOUT CLEANLINESS IN GARDENS Name of Garden Overall Appearance of Gardens
Good Fair Poor Total Shalamar 10(5%) 92(46%) 10(5%) 112(37.5%)
Jahangir’s Tomb 16(8%) 37(18.5%) 6(3%) 59(62.5%)
Wah Garden 7(3.5%) 20(10%) 2(1%) 29(6%) Total 33(16.5%) 149(74.5%) 18(9%) 200(100.0%)
Table 12 VIEWS OF RESPONDENTS ABOUT BEHAVIOR OF EMPLOYEES OF GARDEN Name of Garden Behavior of Employees
Good Fair Poor Total Shalamar 14(7%) 79(39.5%) 19(9.5%) 112(37.5%)
Jahangir’s Tomb 12(6%) 47(23.5%) 0(0%) 59(62.5%)
Wah Garden 13(6.5%) 16(8%) 0(0%) 29(6%)
Total 39(19.5%) 142(71%) 19(9.5%) 200(100.0%)
Most of the respondents viewed the activity of behavior of gardens’ employees as fair (71%). However, 19.5% viewed this activity as good. This is a good sign of the departmental activity (Table 12).
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The matter of guidance of visitors from garden staff was not a notable problem because regular guides had not been provided by the department in the gardens. However, most of the visitors (71%) were satisfied with the guidance behavior of garden staff (Table 13).
Table 13 VIEWS OF RESPONDENTS ABOUT GUIDANCE FROM EMPLOYEES OF GARDENS Name of Garden Guidance from Employees
Good Fair Poor Total Shalamar 14(7%) 81(40.5%) 17(8.5%) 112(37.5%)
Jahangir’s Tomb 14(7%) 45(22.5%) 0(0%) 59(62.5%)
Wah Garden 13(6.5%) 16(8%) 0(0%) 29(6%)
Total 41(20.5%) 142(71%) 17(8.5%) 200(100.0%)
Most of the respondents (63%) rated the activity of safety and security in the gardens as fair. A good percentage of respondents (24.5%) rated it as good. Thus majority of the respondents was satisfied with the security measures at these gardens (Table 14). A small percentage of respondents (12.5%) considered it as poor. This shows that the problems caused by vulgar and unwanted visitors of the gardens may put some visitors in trouble. Thus, they rated this activity as poor.
Table 14 VIEWS OF RESPONDENTS ABOUT SAFETY AND SECURITY IN GARDENS Name of Garden Safety & Security in Gardens
Good Fair Poor Total Shalamar 18(9%) 73(36.5%) 21(10.5%) 112(37.5%)
Jahangir’s Tomb 16(8%) 41(20.5%) 2(1%) 59(62.5%)
Wah Garden 15(7.5%) 12(6%) 2(1%) 29(6%)
Total 49(24.5%) 126(63%) 25(12.5%) 200(100.0%)
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The opinion of the visitors about the matter of utilities in gardens, which included drinking water and the toilets, was also sought. A large majority of respondents (57%) considered this activity as poor, while 32.5% visitors considered it as fair (Table 15). A large percentage of respondents, who considered it as poor, belonged to SG and WG, while a large percentage of respondents of TOJ considered it as fair. These are basic biological needs of all the visitors, and the department must consider this aspect on priority basis according to the wish of the visitors. Table 15 VIEWS OF RESPONDENTS ABOUT UTILITIES IN GARDENS Name of Garden Utilities in Gardens
Excellent Good Fair Poor Total Shalamar 0(0%) 4(2%) 17(8.5%) 91(45.5%) 112(37.5%)
Jahangir’s Tomb 2(1%) 10(5%) 42(21.5%) 5(2.5%) 59(62.5%)
Wah Garden 0(0%) 5(2.5%) 6(3%) 18(9%) 29(6%) Total 2(1%) 19(9.5%) 65(32.5%) 114(57%) 200(100.0%)
The matter of canteens (cafeterias) and the quality of food items being served there in the gardens has also been pointed out in other parts of this chapter. As regards its rating, most of the respondents (66.5%) viewed the condition of canteens as poor. Only 1% of the respondents viewed the canteens as excellent and 7.5% respondents viewed them as good (Table 16). It is quite possible that the purchase power of the respondents would play part in this judgment. Table 16 VIEWS OF RESP ONDENTS ABOUT CANTEENS IN THE GARDENS Name of Garden Canteens in Gardens
Excellent Good Fair Poor Total Shalamar 0(0%) 0(0%) 7(3.5%) 105(52.5%) 112(37.5%)
Jahangir’s Tomb 2(1%) 10(5%) 37(18.5%) 10(5%) 59(62.5%)
Wah Garden 0(0%) 5(2.5%) 6(3%) 18(9%) 29(6%)
Total 2(1%) 15(7.5%) 50(25%) 133(66.5%) 200(100.0%)
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Satisfactory parking is also an essential part of the visits of the visitors so that their vehicles are fully secured and are protected against scorching sun heat and rains. In this regard a large number of respondents (74.5%) perceived this activity as fair, while 15.5% respondents perceived this as good. It means that majority of the respondents was satisfied with the parking conditions. Only 9% perceived it as poor. In their view the parking must be under some cover to protect their vehicles from rain or sun light (Table 17). Table 17 VIEWS OF RESPONDENTS ABOUT PARKING IN GARDENS Name of Garden Parking in Gardens
Excellent Good Fair Poor Total Shalamar 0(0%) 14(7%) 88(44%) 10(5%) 112(37.5%)
Jahangir’s Tomb 2(1%) 10(5%) 41(20.5%) 6(3%) 59(62.5%)
Wah Garden 0(0%) 7(3.5%) 20(10%) 2(1%) 29(6%)
Total 2(1%) 31(15.5%) 149(74.5%) 18(9%) 200(100.0%)
4.3.3.3. Certain Interactions and Associations Some interactions between variables were found significant. These interactions are tabulated below.
A significant association was observed between the respondents’ satisfaction over available facilities and their frequency of visits (Table 18). Most of the visitors were not satisfied with the existing facilities.
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Table 18 IMPACT OF SATISFACTION OF RESPONDENTS FOR AVAILABLE FACILITIES ON THEIR FREQUENCY OF VISITS Satisf Frequency of visit of Respondents action of respon dents Daily Weekly Monthly Off & On First Visit Total Yes 0(0%) 21(10.5%) 8(4%) 27(13.5%) 21(10.5%) 77(38.5%)
No 20(10%) 16(8%) 23(11.5%) 46(23%) 18(9%) 123(61.5%)
Total 20(10%) 37(18.5%) 31(15.5%) 73(36.5%) 39(19.5%) 200(100%)
p-value: .000
Table 19 IMPACT OF EDUCATION OF RESPONDENTS ON THEIR SATISFACTION FOR AVAILABLE FACILITIES Education of Satisfaction for Facilities respondents Yes No Total Nil 17(8.5%) 10(5%) 27(13.5%)
Below Matriculation 16(8%) 37(18.5%) 53(26.5%) (Grade 10) Matriculation 31(15.5%) 48(24%) 79(39.5%) (Grade 10) Graduates 13(6.5%) 28(14%) 41(20.5%)
Total 77(38.5%) 123(61.5%) 200(100%)
p-value: .027 A significant interaction was observed between education and satisfaction of respondents for existing facilities (Table 19). It shows that education imparts positive effect on the perception of visitors for the judgment of available facilities.
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4.3.4. Problems and Certain Demands Related to Management of Gardens as Identified by Visitors and Their Suggestions The respondents were required through open and closed ended questions to express their views about the problems, inconveniences and shortcomings with which they came across during their visit(s). Their responses were grouped, categorized, coded and analyzed. The results thus obtained are presented as below.
4.3.4.1. Problems Identified by Visitors and Their Certain Demands Some respondents (12%) were of the view of having more fruit plants and more trees for shade, fruit and beautification. According to them the Mughals planted different kinds of fruit plants and other trees and shrubs in these gardens in abundance which must be again reproduced here (Figure 19). A detail of demand of more plants reveals that out of 12% of respondents who demanded more plants including more fruit plants, 7% belonged to WG and 5% belonged to SG. However, no respondent from TOJ demanded more plants (Table 20). A lower percentage (8%) of the respondents expressed their concern over absence of electric lights in the gardens. They wished that the gardens must remain open till late night, like other public parks, so that the visitors could benefit themselves fully from the visit of the gardens (Figure 20). A detail of this problem, as shown in Table 21, shows that out of 8% of the respondents who demanded arrangement of electric lights in the gardens, only 2% belonged to SG and 6% belonged to TOJ. However, no respondent demanded light arrangements at WG. The results are easy to understand. SG is situated in the center of the city where the visitors have more chances to visit other gardens in addition to SG. In comparison, TOJ is located in the suburbs of Lahore city. Thus, more visitors demanded light arrangements so that they could visit the garden at late night. But WG is located near a village, quite away from any big city where the people are not habitual of visits up to late nights. Therefore, no respondent demanded light arrangements for late night visits.
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24, 12%
Yes No
176, 88%
More Plants Needed
Figure 19
Table 20 DETAILS OF DEMAND OF MORE PLANTS BY THE RESPONDENTS Name of Garden Respondents of Gardens
SG TOJ WG Total Yes 10(5%) 0(0%) 14(7%) 24(12%)
No 102(51%) 59(29.5%) 15(7.5%) 176(88%)
Total 112(56%) 59(29.5%) 29(14.5%) 200(100.0%)
8% Problem: Light at Night No Response
92%
Problem of Light
Fig. 20
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Table 21 DETAIL OF VIEWS OF RESPONDENTS ABOUT LIGHT ARRANGEMENTS IN GARDENS Name of Need of Light Arrangement Garden
Yes No Total Shalamar 4(2%) 108(54%) 112(56%)
Jahangir’s 12(6%) 47(23.5%) 59(29.5%) Tomb
Wah Garden 0(0%) 29(14.5%) 29(14.5%)
Total 16(8%) 184(92%) 200(100%)
It was observed during survey that canteen had been closed at Shalamar Garden which was quite strange. Therefore, fairly a large number of respondents of SG (43%) expressed their concern over this problem Fig. 21.
Canteen is Needed
Special Problem Canteen Missing Required 57% 43%
Special Problem Canteen Required Missing
Fig. 21 Canteens were present and functioning normally at TOJ and WG. However, questionnaire survey provided proof of dissatisfaction on the standard of canteens by the respondents.
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86, 43% Yes No 114, 57%
Need of Improvement of Canteens
Figure 22
Fairly a large percentage (43%) demanded improvement in the existing canteens at TOJ and WG (Fig. 22). The problem of safety and security was a common problem being faced by the visitors of the entire sample gardens. Fairly a high percentage of respondents (35.5%), particularly those who came with their families, expressed their concern over less security against young and teen age boys, the majority of which belonged to local people (Fig. 23).
71, 36%
Yes No
129, 64%
More Security is Needed
Figure 23
Another problem reported by 16% respondents was that of the presence of children. They were of the view that children, particularly in large number and groups, were difficult to handle in the environment of gardens. They would cause
102 loss to plants and other building structures and they would throw rubbish in the whole garden (Figure 24). Therefore, in their view, more measures were required to tackle this situation so that the visitors could make their visits more valuable in a calm environment. A detail of the problem caused due to the presence of children reveals that 6.5% respondents of SG reported this problem, whereas 5% and 4% respondents belonged to TOJ and WG respectively (Table 22).
32, 16%
Yes No
168, 84%
Problems Due to Children
Figure 24
Table 22 DETAIL OF VIEWS OF RESPONDENTS ABOUT PROBLEMS DUE TO CHILDREN
Name of Children Cause Problems Garden
Yes No Total Shalamar 13(6.5%) 99(49.5%) 112(56%)
Jahangir’s 10(5%) 49(24.5%) 59(29.5%) Tomb
Wah Garden 8(4%) 21(10.5%) 29(14.5%)
Total 31(15.5%) 169(84.5%) 200(100%)
A large water pond exists at WG. Water pond is the main feature of this garden. However, its proper cleanliness was a matter of concern. This main feature must be protected and cared for according to the spirit of heritage gardens.
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Before this garden was taken over by the government, its custodian had planted orchard here in place of pond. After excavation according to original design this pond was restored. However, a small percentage of respondents (9%) considered that it must be cleaned regularly so as to enjoy fully from this scene (Figure 25).
17, 9%
Yes No
183, 91%
Water Pond at WG Needs Cleanliness
Figure 25
The respondents were desired to express their views about their satisfaction on the overall management of the gardens under study (Table 23). Majority of the respondents (62.5%) was not satisfied with the management of gardens. Maximum unsatisfied respondents belonged to SG (47%), followed by TOJ (8%) and WG (7.5%). Maximum satisfied respondents for overall management of the gardens belonged to TOJ (21.5%).
Table 23 VIEWS OF RESPONDENTS FOR SATISFACTION ON OVERALL MANAGEMENT OF GARDENS
Name of Satisfaction on Overall Total Management Garden
Yes No Total Shalamar 18(9%) 94(47%) 112(56%)
Jahangir’s 43(21.5%) 16(8%) 59(29.5%) Tomb
Wah Garden 14(7%) 15(7.5%) 29(14.5%)
Total 75(37.5%) 125(62.5%) 200(100%)
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The overall satisfaction of respondents was sought from the respondents during interviews. Majority of them (61.5%) were not happy with the existing facilities. Maximum unsatisfied respondents belonged to SG (36.5%) followed by TOJ and WG (Table 24). Thus, they were demanding changes in the existing environment, just like they were demanding more satisfactory performance of the department for overall management of gardens.
Table 24 RESPONDENTS’ SATISFACTION FOR AVAILABLE FACILITIES
Name of Satisfaction on Overall Management Garden
Yes No Total Shalamar 39(19.5%) 73(36.5%) 112(56%)
Jahangir’s 25(12.5%) 34(17%) 59(29.5%) Tomb
Wah Garden 13(6.5%) 16(8%) 29(14.5%)
Total 77(38.5%) 123(61.5%) 200(100%)
The respondents were desired to convey their views about possible income generating sources. They were requires to choose the given options of paintings, antiques, toys or all of these. Fairly a high percentage of them (88%) considered that ‘all’ of these sources could be helpful for improving the income of the gardens. However, 6% of the respondents had no answer in this regard (Figure 26).
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1% 2% 6% 3%
Paintings Antiques Toys All Three No
88% Possible Income Generatind Sources
Figure 26
4.3.4.2. Interactions and Associations Some useful significant interactions and associations of variables related to management practices were found. These are given below in tabulated form. The association between the variables overall management and how the respondents wish to see the gardens shows that poor management affects their wish. Thus, better management practices are required to satisfy the visitors in future (Table 25).
Table 25 IMPACT OF OVERALL MANAGEMENT OF GARDENS ON THE WISH OF RESPONDENTS TO VISUALIZE THE GARDENS Overall How respondents wish to see the Management gardens Original Modish Mixture Total plants version version Yes 42(21.0%) 3(1.5%) 30(15%) 75(37.5%)
No 96(48.0%) 8(4.0%) 21(10.5%) 125(62.5%)
Total 138(69.0%) 11(5.5%) 51(25.5%) 200(100.0%) p-value: .001
Management had direct positive association with the frequency of visits of respondents. Therefore, it can be concluded that better management will attract more number of visitors in future (Table 26).
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Table 26 IMPACT OF OVERALL MANAGEMENT OF GARDENS ON THE FREQUENCY OF VISITS OF RESPONDENTS
Overall Management Frequency of visit of Respondents Daily Weekly Monthly Off & On First Visit Total Yes 12(6%) 18(9%) 8(4%) 29(14.5%) 8(4%) 75(37.5%)
No 8(4%) 19(9.5%) 23(11.5%) 44(22%) 31(15/5%) 125(62.5%)
Total 20(10%) 37(18.5%) 31(15.5%) 73(36.5%) 39(19.5%) 200(100%)
p-value: .011 The association between education level of respondents and overall management indicates that education had impact on the perception of visitors on the management of gardens (Table 27). This could be due to the reason that the study of historic gardens is not given due importance in the education at school and college levels. Thus, more comprehensive and efficient measures are needed to give prime importance to the landscape of historic gardens.
Table 27 ASSOCIATION BETWEEN NEED OF MORE MANAGEMENT OF GARDENS AND THE EDUCATION OF RESPONDENTS
More Management Education of Respondents
Nil Below Matriculation Graduates Total Matriculation (10th grade) (10th grade) Yes 8(4%) 8(4%) 35(17.5%) 24(12%) 75(37.5%)
No 19(9.5%) 45(22.5%) 44(22%) 17(8.5%) 125(62.5%)
Total 27(13.5%) 53(26.5%) 79(39.5%) 41(20.5%) 200(100.0%) p-value: .000
4.3.4.3. Non-significant Relationships Some other associations were found to be non-significant, like purpose of visit and satisfaction for available facilities, age of respondents and satisfaction for available facilities, age of respondents and management perception, and purpose of visit and management perception of visitors. These interactions have been given in Tables 28, 29, 30 and 31. Thus, no associations could be found among
107 these variables. It can be concluded that more elaborated and expanded research studies can be conducted further to find out the relationships of these relationships. Table 28 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SATISFACTION OF RESPONDENTS AND THEIR PURPOSE OF VISIT Satisfaction of Purpose of visit of Respondents respondents Historic Exercise Family Total Value & Leisure Recreation Yes 6(3%) 25(12.5%) 46(23%) 77(38.5%)
No 8(4%) 41(20.5%) 74(37%) 123(61.5%)
Total 14(7%) 66(33%) 120(60%) 200(100%)
NS relationship Table 29 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SATISFACTION OF RESPONDENTS AND THEIR AGE Satisfaction of Age Group of Respondents respondents 18-25 26-40 >40 Total Yes 41(20.5%) 26(13%) 10(5%) 77(38.5%)
No 73(36.5%) 30(15%) 20(10%) 123(61.5%)
Total 114(57%) 56(28%) 30(15%) 200(100%)
NS relationship
Table 30 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VIEWS OF RESPONDENTS ABOUT MANAGEMENT AND THEIR AGE Management is Age Group of Respondents Weak 18-25 26-40 >40 Total Yes 41(20.5%) 20(10%) 14(7%) 77(38.5%)
No 73(36.5%) 36(18%) 16(8%) 123(61.5%)
Total 114(57%) 56(28%) 30(15%) 200(100%)
NS relationship
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Table 31 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VIEWS OF RESPONDENTS ABOUT MANAGEMENT AND THEIR PURPOSE OF VISIT Management is Purpose of visit of Respondents Weak Historic Exercise Family Total Value & Recreation Leisure Yes 6(3%) 26(13%) 43(21.5%) 77(38.5%)
No 8(4%) 40(20%) 77(38.5%) 123(61.5%)
Total 14(7%) 66(33%) 120(60%) 200(100%)
NS relationship
4.3.5. Miscellaneous Responses of Respondents In addition to the above mentioned responses, certain responses of respondents were recorded which did not fall directly in the above categories. Therefore, these have been congregated here for the description of results. Some of the respondents had visited historic parks and gardens in other parts of the world (8%). They were required to express their feelings about the differences in management and look after of those parks and gardens as compared to those in Pakistan. Almost all of them were grieved at the physical conditions and the maintenance of these historic gardens in Pakistan (Figure 27). The respondents were asked if they were providing any kind of voluntary service for the look after of the gardens under study. The reply of all of them was in negative, although some of them were zealous to do something in this regard if they were given a chance. A very small percentage of respondents (2%) viewed that surrounding environment around SG and TOJ could be dangerous for the sustainability of plants due to the existence of adjacent residential areas and the presence of heavy traffic. The other respondents had no such comments.
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16, 8%
Yes Not
184, 92% Visit of Historic Gardens in Other Countries
Figure 27
The respondents were also asked if they had any collection of heritage references in the form of books, journals, newspaper cuttings, etc. The purpose was to find some interested respondents from whom detailed information about gardens could be had. But unluckily no respondent replied in positive. The respondents were solicited to state their perception about the sources which could make public more aware about the importance and need of landscape restoration and conservation of these historic gardens. A large majority of respondents (96.5%) proposed that media (all kinds) could prove beneficial in attaining that goal. Some of the respondents (3.5%) proposed that education (in schools and colleges) could also be useful in this regard (Figure 28).
250
193 200
150 96.5 Frequency 100 Percent
50 7 3.5 0 Media Education How to Develop Awareness About Gardens
Figure 28
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4.4. Data of focus groups and info-rich persons No separate results of focus group interviews have been shown because the information generated from these interviews was not different from that of personal interviews. The responses of info-rich persons have already been included in the discussion of results and are presented in italicized form.
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Chapter 5 Discussion
The results of present studies have been given in the previous chapter. In this chapter these results are discussed below at length. 5.1. Plants Some plant arrangements depict the original ideas of planting of Mughal gardens, e.g., Picture-12 of WG shows the beautifully maintained Cuperessus plants
Picture 12. WG: A beautiful view of upper terrace along the main path. Similarly, new Cuperessus plants had been planted at SG along the main paths as shown in Picture-13.
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Picture 13. SG: Newly planted Cypress plants alongside main path
Pictures 14 and 15 also show the efforts of the concerned department about the conservation and restoration of gardens.
Picture 14. WG: A view of renovated main water tank
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Picture 15. WG: Another view of renovated main water tank
However, it was observed during study of plants that many new varieties had been added in the gardens in addition to those as observed in documentary records. However, the survey results indicated that most of the visitors demanded only the original plantation so that they could see the actual old picture of these gardens. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the department to plant only those plants as have been mentioned in the written historic and other documentary records. Now question arises if sufficient documentary records are available to get a complete list of actual plantation of Mughal times? In this study the library of Lahore Fort, which contains a good amount of valuable books and other references, was extensively consulted for getting records of original plantation. However complete reference books were not available in the libraries visited. Therefore, it is also the responsibility of the department to collect as much material on Mughal gardens as possible so that sufficient research material and documentary records are available for further research and guidance. Overtime all the original plants have vanished. At different times the owners and controlling authorities of these gardens planted different kinds of plants according to their own choice and wish, and they did not follow some planting plan. Kausar, et al. (1990) observed that the current landscape with its present plants arranged freely in the quadrants, thickly arranged in the high terrace and sparser in the lower terrace, did not represent the original
114 condition of the garden. The authors further explained that John Joshua Ketelaar, who visited the garden in 1712, noted tall cypress plants running parallel to the paths, while different fruit trees were planted in various quadrants. One of the officials explained that ‘at WG the ex owner of this garden planted plants at his own desire and no definite plan or schedule was followed’. Brand (1990) observed it one of the most difficult questions to answer about the original planting and planting plans of Mughal gardens. In his views the study of any Mughal garden site is seriously hampered by the paucity of primary evidence. Thus, this is a sad fact that a complete list of Mughal gardens’ plants is unavailable. Still documentary records up to the satisfactory level can be had from different sources. Darb (1996) noticed the development of a general apathy towards cultural heritage of Pakistan after independence in 1947. In particular, he observed the continuation of this apathy in relation to historic gardens. He elaborated that many gardens had been developed in Punjab on modern lines, but the nation was not preserving its old cultural heritage. Warren (1999) also observed generally about the gardens of tropics that the scanty available evidence of plants only leads to make a few general comments on their design and it is now quite difficult to reproduce the original gardens. Thus, side by side more sound efforts should continue on the most recent scientific lines to discover more and more plants of the original period. For example, Petruccioli (1996) observed that the Islamic world had not yet undertaken the scientific studies of vegetal remains, seeds and the chemical composition of the ground comparable to those produced by the Moment Office in Pompeii. Certainly this task will require lot of patience, technicality and funds. In this regard one of the officials commented that ‘more technical staff should be hired from UNESCO in order to meet this goal’. This situation demands careful planning for planting so that people of the present and coming generations are able to see the old and original picture of these historic gardens. It seems in Pakistan that the study of historic gardens is still in its infancy. No doubt the process of restoration is a slow, pains taking process. For example English Heritaged (2005) reported the opening of a magnificent Victorian garden at Brodsworth Hall following a 15 years of restoration project. Thus the said organization was able to save one of the most authentic Victorian gardens of the nation which had been laid out in 1860s. It was observed in case of restoration 115 of landscape of these historic Mughal gardens that the involvement of any horticulturist or botanist had never been of any priority for the department, as a result of which the plants had not been properly planted or managed by the staff. Neither had it seemed to be the concern of the department to plant only the historic plants according to a definite schedule and plan. It was viewed that the plants were being planted or replaced according to the will and approach of the lower-level gardeners (Malies). Picture 16 of SG shows the planting of young Cypress plants in the middle of a grassy plot. This seems to be against the line plantation of Cypress plants alongside roads and water channels of the gardens. This situation depicts lack of a definite planting plan.
Picture 16. SG: New plants of Cypress planted in the middle of grassy plot
Pictures 17 to 24 show the newly planted plants in the upper terrace of SG and TOJ.
Picture 17. SG: New varieties of plants, deviation from originality
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Picture 18. SG: New varieties of Ficus, deviation from originality
Picture 19. SG: New varieties of plants, deviation from originality
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Picture 20. SG: Orange plants with Lantana sp., deviation from originality
Picture 21. SG: New plant varieties of Lantana, Iresine, etc., deviation from originality
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Picture 22. TOJ: Hedge of Clerodendron and plants of Lagerstroemia with poorly maintained rose beds
Picture 23. WG: Araucaria plantation in upper terrace, deviation from originality
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Picture 24. SG: New plant varieties at upper terrace
Picture 25. SG: New plant varieties of Cycas, Syngonium, Alternanthra and Furcaraea at upper terrace
Picture 23 show plantation of Araucaria at WG, and Pictures 24 and 25 show new plant varieties added to the garden without considering the
120 documentary records. Similarly, Picture 26 shows a view of haphazard plantation at WG. The officials stated that there had
Picture 26. WG: Poorly maintained grassy plot and haphazard plantation been one post of horticulturist of officer-rank at SG. Later on the post was abolished. Now a Supervisor holding a diploma certificate in landscape is responsible for planting of plants and their look after. An advertisement appeared in Daily Jang newspaper inviting the interviews for the appointment of a post of Project Director for ‘preservation and restoration of Shahdara complex of monuments, Lahore’. In the advertisement the qualification required was from civil engineering, archaeology, museology, anthropology, history, geography, sociology and classical languages (Daily Jang, 27.08.07). An info-rich person responded that ‘restoration of landscape plants was just a touch’. Another official of the department endorsed that ‘the restoration process was confined only to the planting of new or missing plants’. Mughal (1996) also explained that the conservation of historic gardens in Pakistan stressed much on structures like pavilions and walkways and very little on landscaping which involved only plantation of trees and laying of lawns and turf grasses; the approach was generally archaeological. This situation needs attention for those who want complete restoration of landscape of historic Mughal gardens of Pakistan. The physical condition of plants is also a matter of great concern. Many plants were dying or decaying and no treatment was being applied to cure them.
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The situation was alarming at TOJ. Pictures 27, 28 and 29 throw light on this aspect of the
Picture 27. TOJ: A decaying Thuja plant
Picture 28. TOJ: A decaying Syzegium plant
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Picture 29. SG: A dried plant in upper terrace standing since long plants of TOJ and SG. The major problem at TOJ was insufficient irrigation water which adversely affected all the plants. If in near future steps are not taken to solve this burning issue, the existing condition of the plants will deteriorate further. Similarly, the condition of plants was not ideal in the lower terrace of SG and WG. The international charters provide sufficient protection and guidelines for the conservation and restoration of landscape of historic gardens. Buggy (1998) rightly declared the Venice Charter of 1964 as the “bible” of the international conservation movement, because it encapsulates the central issue that differentiated architectural and landscape preservation. The info-rich respondents and other officials of the department were sought to express their views about the implementation of international charters, e.g., Venice Charter and Florence Charter and their latest amendments. An official was of the view that these charters were being implemented. Whereas another info-rich respondent said that ‘these charters were not being implemented in letter and spirit’. Unfortunately, landscape and the plants of historic Mughal gardens have not been given due importance in comparison to architectural structures. Even the officials of the department had the same views. An official responded ‘buildings and the monuments are given more importance’. An info-rich respondent endorsed ‘same importance is not being given’. Mughal (1996) observed a change after 1990 which occurred in this traditional concept of garden conservation in
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Pakistan. But still a lot of work remains to be done in this regard. Careful planting plan under the supervision of some horticulturist and botanist will be quite helpful and trustworthy to proceed further. Changing government policies pose threat to the formulation of sustainable long term policies. For example, in the year 2010 the control of heritage sites under Federal Government has been shifted to Provincial Governments after 18th Constitutional Amendment. Now different provinces will have different approaches and priorities for the care of their respective heritage sites.
5.2. Demographic Studies Maximum number of respondents was interviewed at SG followed by TOJ and WG. This was so because there was a continuous flow of visitors in SG as compared to TOJ and WG, particularly during the noon when temperature was very high. Thus, more number of visitors was interviewed per unit of time at SG. Presently, SG is surrounded by residential colonies all around. This garden is well known to the people and is more popular than other historic gardens. Moreover, one of the important roads of Lahore passes adjacent to the SG. Therefore, the visitors find it easy to visit this garden. In contrast, TOJ is located in the suburb (Shahdra Town) of Lahore and is away from the thickly populated area of Lahore. The approach to this garden is not as easier as that of SG. Thus, perceptibly less number of visitors visits TOJ. As regards WG, this garden is situated in a village about a kilometer away from the main road, near Wah, which is a small city about fifty kilometers away from the big city of Rawalpindi. Owing to its location in a village area, no direct transport is available for this garden. The visitors have to arrange their own transport or they have to travel by foot. Outside Wah and Rawalpindi, few people know about the existence of this garden. Thus, WG is less popular as compared to SG and TOJ. Consequently less number of visitors could be interviewed at WG per unit of time. Only four percent females could be interviewed during present study. In fact a large number of females were found visiting these gardens. However, the researcher was not accompanied with any female for assistance. Most of the female visitors were reluctant in answering the questionnaire. Therefore, only a few willing females could be interviewed directly.
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Majority of the respondents belonged to the local areas. This also included the adjoining residential areas to the selected gardens. It was observed that the local visitors did not consider it always necessary to buy the entrance tickets for they believed it their right to visit the gardens whenever they wanted. Data regarding the age of visitors revealed that majority of them belonged to young age group followed by middle age group and old age group. Naturally the young people can get more time for leisure because they have the minimum social responsibilities upon their shoulders and that they need more exercise for their developing bodies. Data pertaining to the education level of the respondents were also taken during the study of demographics. A reasonable percentage of respondents was either illiterate or having an education level of matriculation (grade 10) or below matriculation. In fact still a large population in Pakistan is illiterate or, if considered literate, is unable to read and write accurately. The same picture is depicted in the present data. However, satisfactorily a good percentage of graduate visitors was also found in these gardens. These figures show that respondents of all categories of age and education visit these historic gardens. Thus, these gardens can be viewed in the context of their popularity among all kinds of social classes of the country. As regards the occupation of respondents it was found that people belonging to almost all occupation categories were present there. Majority of them was businessmen and the employees. Thus these gardens attract visitors of all categories of the society. 5.3. Landscape perceptions of visitors / Perception of visitors about landscape Most of the respondents were either uneducated or they had a low level of education. Therefore, it seems that they could not judge well and evaluate the landscape perceptions asked in the questionnaire. They expressed that they came there to see the old pictures of art and skill of landscape that these gardens were containing and that if they would like to see the modern pictures of landscape they had the opportunity to go to other parks. Therefore, in their view the original plants and original features of historic landscape of these gardens should be restored. These respondents suggested that if modern trends were to be introduced in these gardens then this could be done in the area adjacent to the actual premises of the gardens and not inside the gardens 125 so as to conserve their originality. Minuto (1997) also proposed that in order to integrate the garden heritage into daily work a continual balance should be sought between respect for heritage and the pleasure of modernity instead of mere remembering history.
They were also of the view that a garden means a place of fruit plants in particular. Therefore, maximum fruit plants should be planted there. Moreover, they expressed their concern about the dead and decaying established trees and plants. The respondents proposed that such plants must be replaced quickly which was not the case. The dead and decaying plants were being kept at the same place for long time (may be for years). When the matter was discussed with the officers of Department of Archaeology they answered that the dead plants had to be kept at the same place for some time for the completion of legal procedure of auction. According to them it was impossible to auction a single dead plant. When their number reaches an auctionable size then they had to do auction. But under these circumstances it is, however, possible that the dead plant(s) be removed immediately from its place and piled at some other place till the time of auction. Similarly the fruit plants have been planted in these gardens but it seemed that there was no organized program or way that how to plant them. Mostly the plants were not fruiting well or not fruiting at all which showed a lack of management and interest of officials. On inquiring the matter from the officials in face to face interviews it was noted that the problem would lie in budget constraints, lack of technical staff, inability of the department in curing the plants from diseases and other problems and the fear of quarrels on picking of fruit plants between official guards and the visitors including the local residents. The official respondents explained that due to insufficient staff they were not in a position to handle the situation nicely. The visitors (respondents) suggested that more staff could be engaged for the look after of the fruit plants to avoid quarrels, and the department should manage more funds for this purpose. It is suggested that fruit plants must be planted as was the case when the gardens were built. The actual picture of plants needs to be reproduced and restored. The engagement of some more staff will not put too much financial burden on the department. But the visitors will be able to look an original picture of these gardens. One of the info-rich respondent said that ‘only 126 those plant species should be planted as were planted originally by the Mughals so that the actual plantings might be restored. For this purpose the documentary proofs could give sufficient information. For example tulip, apple, quince, etc. should be planted carefully keeping in view the available proofs’. The use of digital media can be of great help to save and interpret the landscape pictures of the gardens. Crotes (1997) suggested the development of computer software for visitors and children because, in his view, the children are more familiar with multimedia computers than with the parts of a flower. Leite (2005) proposed the use of cyberspace and digital media for the study of heritage. He explained that by simulation it is possible to create a form of visualizing a building or a landscape, based on archaeological remains, which existed in the past. Thus the users would be able to immerse themselves in and walk through ancient monuments, landscapes or towns.
5.4. Management and maintenance During survey research the study was also focused to get the views of respondents about the problems and difficulties they faced while visiting the gardens. Their suggestions for the solution of these problems and for the improvement of the historic landscape of these gardens were also recorded through closed and open-ended questions. The problems faced by the visitors and their suggestions were discussed in detail with the info-rich persons and with the officials of Department of Archaeology so that laws, if already existed, could be implemented more efficiently. In case if any law or policy does not exist, further policies could be framed for desirable conservation and restoration of the landscape of these historic gardens. Fardin (1992) also expressed that parks, gardens and landscapes could be assessed because of their historic and aesthetic importance. However social, cultural ecological and other scientific factors may also impart to their protection and short- or long-term management.
5.4.1. Difficulties in Management The respondents highlighted some difficulties of management and proper maintenance of these gardens which should be, in their views, addressed at any cost. One of the respondents pointed out ‘the visitors are not aware of their responsibilities about the maintenance and cleanliness of these gardens’. Another 127 respondent said ‘the visitors throw their rubbish in the gardens and not in dust bins; thus they add to the problems of the staff’. An official added ‘sometimes problems arise due to the local residents and local visitors when they tease other visitors of these gardens, particularly the couples and the females; then they have to seek help of police’. Another official declared ‘sometimes the visitors cause damage to the plants physically and they also try to pick fruits, thus they create problems of management in the gardens’. Unfortunately the strict implementation of laws and rules to prevent the visitors from causing any damage to the historic sites was not in practice owing to political pressure and other social factors.
5.4.2. Need for Sustainable Efforts Sustainable efforts are required for conservation and restoration of landscape of historic Mughal gardens of Pakistan, and this is acknowledged worldwide. For example the mandate of Parks Canada is to ensure that Canada's national parks, national historic sites and related heritage areas are protected and maintained for present and future generations (Parks Canada, 2008). As regards Mughal gardens of Pakistan many flaws in the past efforts could be observed during the process of sustainable efforts. The condition of poor management can be viewed from Pictures-30, 31, 32, 33 and 34.
Picture 30. SG: Poorly maintained area of upper terrace
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Picture 31. TOJ: Dried water channel with Zinnia plants
Picture 32. TOJ: Decaying and drying old plants
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Picture 33. TOJ: A portion of grassy plot devoid of grass
Picture 34. TOJ: These are not graves but mounds of soil
This necessitates the need of sustainable efforts and endeavors. In this regard most of the respondents perceived the need of sustainable efforts. Most of the respondents viewed the need of monitoring of department’s policies and functions that why these gardens were not in very good condition. The respondents perceived that the department was not fulfilling its duties properly. Therefore, cleanliness, management & maintenance were not ideal in these gardens. One of the respondent said ‘about 10-12 years age some of the fountain at TOJ were functioning. But now not even a single fountain is in working 130 condition’. Similar observations were also noted by many other respondents. One of the respondents said ‘formerly TOJ was more clean and in good condition than now’. Fairly a large number of respondents suggested the provision of more funds so that the department could be able to perform its functions more accurately. However, in the view of others funds were not the main cause of poor functioning of the department. Rather it was the poor management and lack of implementation of departmental policies. Therefore, they demanded the monitoring of department’s policies and its functioning. One of the respondents said ‘afterall government should intervene for what the department is doing’. Some respondents demanded the supervision of foreign experts. In view of other respondents there was no need of foreign experts, rather the local experts could handle and manage the situation appropriately. One of the respondents said ‘the SG may be handed over to foreigners for its proper care’. According to Awan (1996) the involvement of provincial and local governments in the process of heritage conservation is necessary, like in Britain, where local authorities are in the front line of conservation. Therefore, various tiers of government should work in a coordinated way. Monuments which have popular tourists appeal should generate their own funds and instead of depositing these funds into the treasury these should be utilized for the maintenance and preservation of the site. Rehman (2001) proposed that Islamic gardens (in different countries) deserve more attention than they are presently receiving. In countries with a long history of Islamic garden tradition, a high level independent committee / commission may be constituted comprising of landscape architects, archaeologists, administrators, conservation experts, economists, botanists and concerned citizens. In all major garden sites, archives / documentation centers may be established where all visual, archaeological and documentary record may be kept which may be updated on regular basis. Aerial photography, periodic satellite images may help in identification of changes which take place over time. These images must form an important part of these centers. In countries where there are limited resources special revolving funds may be constituted for garden conservation and tax incentives may be given and project. Lindberg (2001) also viewed that many park agencies in the world were facing challenge of managing parks with limited budgets. This situation existed both in the low-income countries and also in some of the world’s richest countries like the US. 131
It can be concluded that more funds are required, there is need of effective implementation of departmental policies in the light of international charters, and there is also need of monitoring and guidance by the foreign experts so that landscape of these gardens can be conserved and restored on sustainable basis. Present situation of management may help measure the future changes. The department should fix the priorities to handle the conflicting situation of management. Many historic gardens in the world are being maintained nicely. For example, the historic landscape of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and its buildings were being finely maintained and the garden was serving as a great center of botanical research (Desmond, 1995).
5.4.3. Overall Management of Gardens As Perceived by the Respondents In overall management of the gardens different aspects were covered like, overall appearance, cleanliness, recreational opportunities, behavior of employees, guidance from employees, safety and security, utilities, food items available at canteens and parking of vehicles. The respondents’ responses about utilities, food items at canteens and parking have already been discussed earlier. Now the other aspects are discussed here. Majority of the respondents perceived the overall appearance of the gardens as ‘fair’ while 32.5% perceived it as ‘poor’. A low percentage (13.5%) perceived it as ‘good’. However, no respondent evaluated the gardens as ‘excellent’. Pictures 35 to 44 show the condition of these gardens.
Picture 35. SG: Poorly maintained conditions of lower terrac
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Picture 36. SG: Poorly maintained conditions of middle terrace with rose block
Picture 37. TOJ: Poorly maintained section of the garden
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Picture 38. TOJ: Poorly maintained section of the garden
Picture 39. TOJ: The bad condition of grassy plot
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Picture 40. TOJ: Ignored side of the garden
Picture 41. TOJ: Ignored side of the garden
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Picture 42. WG: Broken hedge of Ligustrum with over-grown weeds
Picture 43. WG: Another view of broken hedge of Ligustrum with over-grown weeds
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Picture 44. WG: Over grown grasses require mowing and maintenance
In such a situation no one can evaluate them as excellent. Likewise Pictures 45, 46, 47 and 48, which pertain to WG, also represent poor condition of management and maintenance of the garden.
Picture 45. WG: A view of small water pond yet to be renovated
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Picture 46. WG: Poorly maintained area of the garden
Picture 47. WG: This situation needs too much maintenance
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Picture 48. WG: Unclean water channels in the lower terrace
At least the landscape of these gardens should be ‘good’ and acceptable to the visitors. If these conditions prevail for long period then it may be presumed that these gardens will lose the attraction of visitors in future. Good management of landscape is as necessary as conservation and restoration. As a result of poor management weeds may grow everywhere, plants may die quickly or at least their physical condition will deteriorate and people will be frightened to enter the plots which are infested with weeds. And one of the respondents of TOJ said ‘sometimes snakes can be seen in the plots infested with weeds, so we do not move towards that area’. The situation of poor management was discussed with the high officials of the department. One of them explained ‘due to shortage of funds it is difficult to maintain the whole areas of all the gardens. The department has the responsibility of care and look after of a large number of sites. So it is preferred to maintain a portion of the whole garden neatly and accurately instead of very little maintenance of the whole garden. By doing so at least the visitors get the opportunity to come and enjoy though on a small area’. One of the local respondent said ‘about some years ago the gardens were neater and clean than today and some fountains of water were functional’. Pictures of TOJ and pictures
139 of WG tell the story of water channels and the fountains which are totally dried for the last many years. If this situation continues then naturally visitors would like to visit the modern parks of their cities which provide better facilities to the visitors and are more neat and clean.
Like overall appearance of gardens, most of the respondents acknowledged recreational opportunities as ‘fair’ while some of the respondents viewed them as ‘good’. It means that majority of the respondents found these gardens acceptable only up to a marginal level for their outing sitting, gossiping family recreation and walk. Eagles (2002) viewed that government agencies lagged far behind the private sector in applying service quality management principles, and this lack was obvious to their clients. Not only the landscape and plants need careful management and maintenance but also other elements of the gardens need the same treatment. The paths, fountains, Baradaris, stairs, ponds, etc. all require restoration and vigilant management. Picture 49 depicts broken Baradari of WG which should be restored according to original picture so that the present and coming generations may feel pride of having a preserved garden heritage.
Picture 49. WG: A view of destroyed ‘Baradaris’ in upper terrace
In overall management a good practice could be to maintain the record of plantation. This practice had been found lacking for these historic gardens. Only one plant was noticed during the research showing the date of plantation (Picture 50). Similar type of labels may also be displayed for other plants. Keeping record
140 in a sensible form had always been a nice practice in the West which still is continuing. This record keeping helps a lot for future studies. Therefore this is another responsibility of Department of Archaeology to focus its attention on this important aspect of garden heritage.
Picture 50. WG: The only plant at WG showing date of planting
A likewise practice could be to display the necessary related information on signboards at some prominent place in the garden. This practice is in use by Department of Archaeology at all the gardens. For example Picture 51 shows the details of history, names of some original and present plants and the details of Antiquity Act, 1975. More elaborated information is needed to be displayed in the like manner so that the interested visitors are able to acquaint themselves with the necessary information of these historic gardens.
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Picture 51. SG: A signboard fixed at the entrance, showing details of history, plants and Antiquity Act, 1975
5.5 Voluntary Service & NGOs The respondents were asked if they were providing any type of voluntary service and providing any help to the department. None of the visitor was involved in this kind of activity. However, one or two respondents, who were belonging to local community, offered that they were ready to extend their help to the department if they needed them. The participation of citizens of a community in such activities is a well understood phenomenon. For example, English Heritage and such organizations involve volunteers in their work. Similarly, many organizations are charity organization and they receive donations for conservation and restoration of historic sites. They like to involve the community people in their work. Sadly no such environment exists in Pakistan. However, some international organizations like UNESCO and Getty Foundation were imparting their role in the maintenance and management of these gardens. An official explained that even USA Embassy was also helping in this case. But one of the official endorsed that the help and expertise of these organizations were limited mainly to the conservation of archaeological parts of these gardens and not to their landscape. This situation needs to be addressed rapidly to promote highest possible standards of conservation of landscape of historic gardens of the country.
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The community is silent in this matter. Some risks may be involved by the participation of community. One of the high ranking officials told ‘once at Lahore Fort the local community people were involved on political basis for solving the matters of renovation and conservation of this heritage. Then it happened that many people forcibly started entering the Fort and playing cricket and flying kites. When they were tried to stop their activities they came back with their political figures and started threatening that they were the members of administration; then their involvement had to be finished, because they wanted illegal benefits and they considered themselves above any law’. Similarly, another official explained ‘formerly locals had permission of free entry to TOJ in the morning. But the young boys used to throw stones on fruit plants to harvest fruit. Therefore, their entry was banned’. An info-rich respondent added that ‘these is no presence of any NGO for this purpose, and if there was any that would be a ghost NGO’. In the present political and communal scenario of Pakistan it seems difficult to involve the community in the working of department for look after and safety of this rich heritage. However, astonishingly the role of any NGO was found completely silent in this regard. There are thousands of registered NGOs in the country. They also claim that they are working positively for the welfare of the country. But their role is minimal in other activities and the activities involving conservation of heritage. Perhaps the department also fears that the involvement of any NGO will ultimately involve political influence and that would be harmful for this valuable heritage. 5.6. Problems regarding light arrangements, security, etc. According to the respondents that was particularly true in hot months of summer when the majority of people would leave their homes in late afternoon, alone or with their families, instead of coming in the noon. In such situations they wanted to stay long in the gardens. When the problem was discussed with the officials of the department of archaeology they responded that according to the existing laws these historic gardens must be closed at sun set. So, there is no need of any kind of lights except for those which are necessary from security point of view. This perhaps is to be done to protect the heritage sites from any kind of damage in the darkness of night. The main problem appears to be the dearth of funds as expressed by the officials. According to the officials that was not possible 143 to make more arrangements of security with the existing funds. This seems to be contrary to the management of many such gardens like those under the control of English Heritage where all efforts are made not only to attract large number of people but also no such restrictions are imposed on the visitors. This state of affairs needs to be addressed in comparison to other international heritage garden sites so as to make these gardens more attractive for the local and foreign visitors. The visitors feared the rude behavior of these unwanted people towards their female members in particular. It was also observed that many local people would try to enter the gardens, without getting tickets, by jumping over the walls or by using personal contacts with the ticketing contractor. The situation was more rigorous at Tomb of Jahangir where the local dwellers were habitual of entering from the backside of semi-broken wall of the premises. At Shalamar Garden the side gates were being used for this kind of activity. The young boys in groups could be observed watching and chasing females. The situation was less harsh at Wah Garden. When discussed with the officials of Department of Archaeology they explained that the matter was national and could not be confined to these gardens only. Under serious conditions they got the help of police to remove the disturbing young boys. But there was no such case of any legal punishment to any culprit. In fact this is a problem of almost all the big parks of the country. The officials become helpless to cause punishment to any culprit on account of socio- political set up of the country. The officials told that they were doing all good in this concern within their limits of budget and jurisdiction. The children also caused spread of rubbish in the form of used wrappers of food items, peels of fruits, etc. In response, the officials explained that they had placed dust bins at different places in the gardens. The visitors themselves should feel their responsibility, and in case of children the parents should teach and control them. However, this problem depends mainly on the parents who bring their children with them. The visits of children cannot be stopped because the visit of these gardens is not necessary for their health only but is also a source of education. The parents might feel their responsibility in this regard. But this is education which will guide them towards the righteous approaches. Unfortunately in Pakistan still the education level is quite poor which causes great problems in our daily social lives.
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It can be perceived that the matter of dangerous environment around TOJ and SG, which happens due to a huge load of nearby passing traffic, will surely have bad impact not only on plants but also on other garden features. In the view of the researcher this must be given right priority. Otherwise, some worst effects could be seen in near future. Although a small percentage of visitors judged this matter, but this is of utmost importance. In view of the researcher the visiting public has no direct concern with the garden staff unless there is some problem. Therefore, most of the respondents viewed this activity as fair or good. It is also possible that the free visitors, locals, vulgar boys and other such people might consider it a poor activity of the garden staff when they are questioned or stopped by them for their unwanted activities. As mentioned earlier seldom the visitors take guidance from the staff for obtaining information of plants, historic background, etc. One of the highly educated respondent at WG said ‘Department must provide guides at these gardens so that the interested persons may benefit themselves from the historic information’. The researcher also found the garden staff courteous in this regard, with one or two exceptions, but there were no regular guides at these gardens.
5.7 Amount of Entry Ticket in Relation to Facilities Fairly a large number of the visitors (47%) were satisfied with the existing rates of entry ticket (Rs. 10.00 for adults, and Rs. 5.00 for children). However, most of them (61%) were not satisfied with the existing facilities. The existing facilities included parking, cafeteria & utilities (toilets and drinking water). The facilities proposed by the researcher were library, look shop, antique shop and others of the choice of visitors. As regards parking most of the visitors were satisfied with parking. The visitors were satisfied that their vehicles were safe and secure by paying a nominal amount. However, a small percentage (9%) considered parking as ‘poor’. They demanded better parking in the shape of shed under which their vehicles could be under more protection from scorching heat and sun. The vehicles are usually parked adjacent to the entrance of the garden, where these are safer. However, in view of the researcher this gives and ugly look to the eye-catching scene of the historic garden. It would be letter to make arrangements to park the vehicles at some distance. However, there was no serious comment from the visitors regarding parking. 145
The matter of cafeteria/canteen was seriously noticed and discussed by the visitors. The cafeterias were functioning only at TOJ and WG. It was missing at SG during the time of study period. (Now a canteen has been established at SG, but in view of researcher its standard is much below the desired satisfaction level). Most of the respondents (66.5%) were dissatisfied with the standard of food items being sold there. One of the respondents stated ‘the servicemen of canteens need training for how to serve people’. One respondent responded by saying: ‘canteen is not required because people throw wrappers, empty bottles and tins, etc. here and there thus cause more debris’. Another respondent said ‘canteen is required but the visitors should be restricted to eat in that particular area only and not in the whole garden’. Another respondent stated ‘the canteen staff should be more humble’. The matter of the standard of canteens at WG and TOJ was discussed with the concerned officials. They explained that if more costly food items were kept the visitors would not purchase them. Therefore, food items of comparatively low rates and having normal standard were being offered for sale. As regards the quality of food items being served there they explained that the officials off and on would check them. These canteens had been auctioned annually through open auction. Therefore, these were being run by private parties and not by the department. The officials elaborated that the party that runs canteen had to arrange chairs, tents, utensils, etc. and they had also to pay electricity and gas charges. Therefore, the standard of food quality would remain at a certain level. Many visitors of SG demanded the presence of canteen. They were not happy with the closure of canteen in the garden. The officials of the department explained that in fact the canteen had not been closed by the department. Rather the contractor of canteen left his auction-contract without any notice. Since then it had been closed. New contractor would be signed only after fulfilling the legal requirements and that would take time. One of the high ranking officials further added that the department was preparing to establish a high class cafeteria with standard facilities keeping in view the international importance of SG. Therefore, it is expected that soon the visitors will be facilitated through this facility in future. The visitors were also required to comment on utilities (drinking water and toilets). No serious notice of visitors for drinking water and toilets was observed 146 regarding TOJ and WG. The canteens were there at these gardens from where the visitors could purchase mineral water bottles. Rather at WG the pure running water of the springs was liked by the visitors. However, at SG, where maximum visitors were found, only one electric water cooling machine had been installed which could not suffice the needs of a large number of visitors. The absence of canteen also added to this problem. One of the respondent responded ‘they should make arrangements for drinking water and food items because if they (visitors) go outside the garden to purchase something, again at the time of entry they have to buy tickets’. This is particularly true in situations when they visit the garden with their families and children. Some of the visitors were not happy at the condition of toilets at SG. As mentioned above the department was preparing to operate a high class cafeteria in the garden. It is hoped that these matters will be solved nicely in near future. Although a large percentage of visitors (47%) did not want any increase in the existing rates of tickets. But 37% were willing to pay up to Rs. 20.00 and 10% were willing to pay Rs. 30.00. About 7% were willing to pay more than this amount. It can be concluded that by providing better facilities more number of visitors could be attracted by these gardens. For this reason the department should make serious efforts. A slight increase in the amount of ticket will not put much burden on the visitors. But in response the department will have sufficient funds for utilization for the improvement of existing facilities and for the provision of some more basic facilities. During the conduct of visitors’ interviews and focus group discussions it was observed that the local dwellers wanted free entry to the gardens throughout the day or at least in the morning hours so that they could walk for their physical health. One of the local respondents of TOJ told ‘formerly they had the opportunity to visit the garden in morning hours. But later on the garden administration banned this facility. So, they had to go to Tomb of Nur Jahan’s garden for walk’. Similar were the feelings of local respondents and dwellers of SG. One of the local visitors of SG said ‘there is no other garden in the vicinity of SG. So, they must be allowed free entry to the garden in the morning period. They have no other option of walk’. The local residents of WG explained ‘they had the facility to visit the garden at any time when the garden was in the custody of local Nawab. But since the government has taken the charge of this garden in 1976, 147 they are not allowed to enter the garden without paying. Therefore, the former permission must be restored for locals’. In this response the officials of the department explained that for example, the locals could pay free visit to TOJ in the morning hours in the past. In the garden there are growing some fruit plants like ‘mango’ and ‘jaman’. The local young teens had the practice of picking this fruit by climbing the trees or by throwing stones on the fruits. There were created many such inconveniences in the garden due to free entry of local dwellers. Therefore, they had to ban their free entry to the gardens. It was also noticed during survey that, for example, the local dwellers of WG did not like much the arrival of young couples to the garden, because this was, as they thought, an illegal practice. During focus group discussion it was observed that they also wanted to forcibly stop the visit of couples who were found doing illegal actions. But this does not happen so commonly. All types of visitors pay visit to the gardens. The local visitors or others can only point out such activities to the administration. But it is the responsibility of the department to stop such activities under law. One of the respondents of SG was also found worried over the vulgarity of young couples, particularly in the light of local traditions. Many other respondents also reported the inconvenience created due to the visit of unwanted persons like those who would come only to tease ladies or those who would gather there to play cards and to do gambling. It was also observed during survey that there were quarrels between the non-ticket payer local visitors and the staff of the gardens over their free entry to the gardens. It was due to the perception of many local visitors who considered it their right to enter the garden free because they were the residents of that area. It was also observed that many local visitors particularly at TOJ, managed to enter the garden without paying ticket by jumping over the walls or by adopting some other way. One of the official explained ‘if the inconvenience and intrusion of local visitors or group of teens was beyond their control then they had to call for police to control the situation’. The researcher also observed the staff of the garden requesting the non-serious visitors not to cross the limits. It can be concluded that by engaging more staff on watch and ward the present situation may be ameliorated. This is also the responsibility of local dwellers not to make unlawful practices which leave bad impression on the visitors and also cause inconvenience for the administration. In view of the researcher the present 148 system of visiting the garden for local dwellers by paying entry fee should be continued. However, on special occasions concession packages may be introduced to attract more number of visitors. For instance, Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) offers the concession packages to the visitors of historic gardens under its control, particularly in summer. It offers children under 15 (inclusive) go free at all four RHS gardens throughout August when accompanied by a paying adult (Royal Horticultural Society, 2008). Peters and Hawkins (2009) studied that worldwide marine parks were under assault from illegal fishing, pollution and fast growing tourism industry. The examination of 18 reports of studies about the willingness of users to pay entrance fees to fund marine park management produced a general acceptance for the introduction of fees or an increase in those where charges already exist. Positively influencing factors in this regard included income of visitors, level of education, environmental awareness, residency and desire to provide a legacy to future generations. Their analysis highlighted that willing contribution of users could help close the funding gap. The respondents were required to comment on the proposed facilities of library, antique shops and bookshops. Fairly a large percentage of respondents (78.5%) wished to have these further facilities in the gardens. They had the view point that these facilities would attract more number of visitors. Small percentages of respondents demanded the individual facilities. It can be concluded that department can initiate initial step in this regard by commencing one or two facilities, as wished by the visitors, at some selected garden site. Then with the passage of time if the experience is successful, it can be extended to other historic gardens sites.
5.8. Funds and Possible Income Generating Sources The paucity of funds, as told by an official, had always been a major problem in the way of sustainable efforts for conservation and restoration of landscape of these historic gardens. He added that the department had to look after a number of heritage sites. Therefore, the department had always been running short of funds. In this regard the opinions and suggestions of the visitors were recorded during survey research and discussed with info-rich persons and the officials of the concerned department. An info-rich official responded that ‘the
149 funds are there but the department has no commitment to its work’. Another info- rich person suggested that ‘funds can be had by the involvement of political figures, but after the release of funds this involvement should not continue in the management policies for these gardens’. Actually it was observed during this survey research that the meager funds could not suffice the needs of maintenance of landscape of these gardens. For example, an official of WG told that only Rs. 40000-00 had been kept for the purchase of new plants, seeds and repair of garden machines and hand tools. Obviously this amount was too meager to meet the needs. Therefore, the condition of the garden landscape was also quite poor (Pictures 46, 49)). Even water channels were not clean up to satisfactory level (Picture 50). In order to raise the income of gardens an info-rich respondent added ‘special shows on certain historic occasions should be arranged in order to attract large number of visitors which, in turn, will add to the income of the gardens’. The existing sources of income of these gardens include auction of entry tickets, parking stands, cafeterias, dried wood and fruit. Sometimes special grants are received from government and international organizations and foundations like UNESCO and the The Getty Trust. The respondents were asked to express views about the proposed resources which included sale of plants, books, paintings, antiques, sift wares related to historic gardens and sites, children toys and others (as they would suggest). Most of the visitors (88%) favored the sales of these items. However, some others (6%) denied this suggestion. They were of the opinion that the visitors would not purchase these costly items (books, antiques, paintings). They added that in the situations where the visitors would hardly buy entry tickets and food items from cafeterias, they would hardly buy anymore item from here. They thought it would be better not to introduce such items. In this regard one of the officials of the department endorsed that many restrictions had been imposed on heritage sites in the light of international charters. It can be concluded in this respect that government could make wise decisions to increase the present income of the gardens. Another high ranking official added in this regard ‘there is dearth of funds, dearth of technical manpower, and dearth of labor; there is dearth of everything’. Therefore, the department needs to be supported more by the government so that sustainable efforts may be continued in a befitting manner. In this regard an info- 150 rich respondent gave a very good proposal. He proposed ‘the government could impose a minor tax on import and export of goods which then could be placed at the disposal of the department to be utilized for conservation and restoration of landscape of these gardens’. In his view managing more funds could never be a severe problem for the government. It can, therefore, be concluded that government should evolve some measures to devote more funds for the Department of Archaeology so that the present assets of rich cultural heritage of gardens can be saved for the present and future generations.
5.9. Cooperation with Other Departments It is always desirable to work in collaboration with other related departments so as to have a comprehensive and more reliable solution of any problem. Various info-rich respondents and other officials of the department were sought through open ended question to comment on this issue. An official responded ‘presently there is no direct working relation with other departments, however, sometimes the help of Parks and Horticulture Authority or Agriculture Department or Forestry Department is sought for the identification of a particular plant type or to cure some disease or to control some insect attack’. Another official responded ‘the cooperation with other departments could be helpful in solving problems relating to insects, diseases and soil’. Another official added ‘the help of Development Authorities, Agricultural Universities and Engineering Universities can be of great help in solving many problems’. It is therefore recommended that a strong close relationship should be developed by the Department of Archaeology with other above mentioned departments so that any landscape conservation and restoration matter can be approached and corrected in a right manner. Harvey (1990) also suggested that the methodologies of the archaeologist, the botanist, the field geologist, the geographer, the historian, the landscape architect, the photographer, and the soil scientist may be used to read or interpret the development of a cultural landscape.
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5.10. Surrounding Environment of Gardens Perhaps this is a matter of great concern for SG than TOJ and WG. The Grand Trunk Road is attached to SG and heavy traffic is flowing on it. The level of this road is higher than the level of the garden. It is possible that in case of occurring of heavy rains or floods water will move inside the garden. The dangerous smokes of vehicles are harmful not only for the plants but also for other building structures. Moreover, the residential area is attached to SG and WG. There are clear orders of Supreme Court of Pakistan to demolish any encroachment within the radius of at least 20 yards (60 feet) from the boundaries of historical sites. But these orders still need implementation. In view of the researcher some other points are also of special concern for the beauty of surrounding environment of the gardens. Parking has been arranged adjacent to the entrance of these gardens (Picture 52 of SG).
Picture 52. SG: An outside view of the garden at the entrance gate
This does not give a good look to the gardens. It is, therefore, advisable that parking area should be shifted away from the boundary walls of the gardens. It was also observed that many addicted persons had made gardens’ periphery a place of their temporary halt (Picture 53).
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Picture 53. SG: Addicted persons sitting calmly outside the garden
This situation should be controlled by the department by applying force if there is a need of it. Similarly, electricity wires and pasting of posters in front of gardens should be banned, as the international charters demand (Picture 54). These unsightly scenes hide the beauty of the gardens.
Picture 54. SG: An outside view of the garden wall
5.11. Suggestions of Respondents Certain valuable suggestions were put forward by the visitors (respondents) during survey research. Their suggestions and comments were discussed with info-rich persons and the officials of the department to make them
153 a part of future strategies. Some of the respondents proposed the possibilities of conducting valuable research work on different lines as related to these gardens. For example, at these garden sites the offices of horticulture, botany, anthropology, archaeology, history and ecology could be established. In this response one of the official said ‘the establishment of these research offices is possible but for this purpose more funds and resources are needed’. Another official responded that ‘in this relation different departments can make policies’. An info-rich respondent proposed the study of the remains of plants and their fossil record so as to explore the original plantation. Another respondent suggested ‘technical committees should be made to proceed on more scientific lines by following the examples of other countries to explore the original plants’. It is, therefore, possible to make more exhaustive policies for conducting research work on different lines in cooperation with other government departments and institutes. Thus, government may ask different departments to put forward future research proposals. 5.12 Miscellaneous Some other responses of general interest which do not fall under plantation or management had also been recorded during survey research. These have been discussed as below. 5.12.1. Collection of References The respondents (visitors) were asked if they had any collection of useful references relating to landscape and plants of historic Mughal gardens. The purpose of this question was to locate some eager respondents who could yield useful information. Unfortunately, the researcher did not find even a single respondent with an answer in positive though too much enthusiasm for conservation and restoration of theses gardens could be had in some zealous visitors. Keeping in view the education level of the visitors and the people of whole country, this finding does not seem surprising.
5.12.2. Comparison with Other Gardens of the World In this open-ended question the visitors, who also had visited other historic gardens of different countries, were required to make judgment of visual important difference(s) in the light of their experience between present Mughal garden of Pakistan and historic gardens of other countries. A small percentage of 154 such respondents (8%) could be found with this objective during the period of survey research. Mostly they were worried about the management and maintenance of these gardens. One of the respondents, who had visited Taj Mahal and Red Fort in Delhi, stated ‘I shed blood-tears from my eyes when I see what is happening here with our Mughal gardens’. Another respondent stated ‘there is hell of difference of maintenance among the gardens of Pakistan and gardens they had visited in France & Italy’. Another respondent responded ‘they lookafter their gardens very nicely’. Another respondent endorsed ‘in the countries he found that all facilities are provided for the safety and maintenance of the historic gardens. Therefore, follow those countries like Iran’. Another respondent responded by saying that ‘the gardens in those countries are extremely neat and clean’. Thus, it can be concluded from the above statements that those respondents who availed a chance to visit the historic gardens of other countries, showed their lack of contentment at the situation of historic Mughal gardens of Pakistan. This is the responsibility of the department concerned to make more bold decisions for conservation and restoration of these gardens. 5.13. Proposed restoration plan of three Mughal gardens A future planting plan of all the three gardens under study has been proposed which is shown as Annexures 5, 6 and 7 for SG, TOJ and WG respectively. Selection of plants has been made after thoughtful consideration of original plant varieties as appear in the documentary records. It has already been discussed that the exact planting plan of Mughal gardens is not available. Nevertheless, efforts have been made to induct the most suitable and reliable plants for each garden to make the proposed plan a success story. Some different plant varieties have been proposed for WG due to variation in climatic conditions. Maximum number of plant varieties has been adjusted, whether fruit plants, ornamental plans or annuals, in the proposed plan. Usually fruit plants have been gathered in the center of plots in lines, whereas ornamental trees and shrubs have been shown along the paths. Annuals (both summer and winter) have been adjusted in small or continuous beds adjacent to the paths and / or in between ornamental plants. Annuals may also be maintained in pots additionally which can be placed and displayed at any suitable place. It is possible that other experts may suggest changes in this plan because the original planting schemes of Mughals are missing and cannot be had from any resource. 155
It was noted during the course of study that continuously new plant varieties were being introduced in the gardens without any justification of cultural identity. This practice is against the spirit of international charters. SG and TOJ are situated in the same location with a distance of 7 kilometers from each other. Therefore, similar types of plants have been suggested for these two gardens. WG is located in a different climatic zone where there is no cultivation of tropical plants like mango, guava and banana. Thus the plants proposed for WG are more suitable to its climatic conditions. 5.13.1. Proposed planting plan for SG Starting from the upper terrace alongside the paths such plants have been suggested at equal distance like Thuja and Cuperessus to reproduce a view of formal landscape of Mughal gardens. The same plant has been placed exactly on the opposite side of the paths to produce a mirrored image. In between these plants, beds of annuals have been designed along most of the paths. At some places beds of fragrant and flowering shrubs have been designed instead of annuals like Jasminum varieties, Cestrum and roses. Mostly small trees, shrubs, bushes and other fragrant plants have been suggested for the upper terrace at equal distance in lines. Plants suggested for the middle terrace, which is the most important and decorative portion of the garden, include roses, Jasminum, Murraya, iris and saffron. The plots are small in this terrace as compared to the other two terraces. Hence, small sized plants have been proposed here. Mostly, fruit plants have been suggested for the lower terrace. These include fruit plants’ varieties which can be cultivated in this climatic zone. However, irrespective of the bearing of fruits, some fruit plants’ varieties of other climatic zones have also been included in the proposed plan like grapes, almond, apple, pear, quince, pomegranate and loquat. The purpose is to introduce the original plants to the visitors and tourists so that they may come to know which type of plants were planted in Mughal period. Like the upper and middle terrace, small beds of annuals have been proposed along the paths (Annexure 5). 5.13.2. Proposed planting plan for TOJ As we enter TOJ from Akbari Sarai there are two main plots in front of the mausoleum. Like the upper terrace of SG, small plants including fragrant plant varieties have been proposed. Along paths and walkways of front plots there 156 already exist Thuja and Cuperessus plants. Along other paths more plants of Thuja and Cuperessus have been suggested at equal distance with flower beds in between these plants. The flower beds may be continuous or discrete along the paths, depending upon the budget and other resources. TOJ is a big garden which can accommodate maximum number of plants of different kinds. Therefore, large numbers of plant varieties have been suggested for different plots. Like SG, annuals have been suggested in beds along all the paths and along the banks of water channels. Tall fruit or ornamental trees have been proposed on extreme sides of the garden so that the views may not be camouflaged (Annexure 6). 5.13.3. Proposed planting plan for WG WG is roughly triangle in layout, it is consisted of two steps and is not as regular in shape as other Mughal gardens. Main water pond has been cleaned and rehabilitated, while small water pond is yet to be renovated. Thus, it is difficult to get exact symmetry of plantation at this stage. A planting plan has been proposed for future. The plants suggested for the upper terrace include mostly ornamental shrubs, small fragrant plants and small fruit plants in front of the main water tank. These plants can be planted in lines at equal distance from each other. Beds of roses can be maintained along the paths and in between other plants. Annuals (winter and summer) may be grown in discrete or continuous beds along the paths and in between other plants. The climatic conditions of WG allow the plantation of many fruit and ornamental plants which cannot be planted successfully at other gardens of Lahore. Therefore, some different plant varieties have also been added for WG, e.g., saffron, cherry, quince and Russian olive. For the lower terrace fruit plants have been suggested which can be planted in lines. One line may be allocated for one kind of fruit plant variety (Annexure 7). For all the gardens main idea is to adjust maximum number of plant varieties of Mughal era including fruit plants, as appeared in documentary research and not harvesting fruit as we do commercially in fruit orchards. The results of present survey research have concluded that majority of the visitors of historic Mughal gardens of Pakistan wish to see the original picture and original plant varieties in these gardens. Now this is the time to save and rehabilitate the gardens for our future generations.
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Summary
This study was carried out on purposefully selected three historic Mughal gardens of Pakistan. The study was based on certain objectives, i.e., to record clues of the original plantation of these gardens, to observe the changes occurred in this plantation over time, the reasons of these changes, an analysis of the conservation and restoration efforts made with respect to original plantation, views of the respondents about the conservation and restoration of landscape of these gardens, problems and constraints faced by the concerned department(s) in the execution of these efforts and to propose strategies in this connection for future work. The study was conducted in the years from 2005 to 2007 for the accomplishment of the above noted objectives. The main findings are as under. The scanty documentary record was a major problem in finding out the true original plants planted by the Mughals. Many factors involved in the deterioration and destruction of landscape of these historic gardens. These included time factor, invasion of armies, neglect and carelessness, changing government policies, temporality of plant material, insufficient documentary records, and political and communal influence of residents. It was observed during study of plants that many new varieties had been added and those were growing in the gardens. However, the survey results indicated that most of the visitors demanded only the original plantation so that they could see the actual old picture of these gardens. Therefore, in their view the original plants and original features of historic landscape of these gardens should be restored. Re-planting of original plants is required instead of haphazard plantation at the will of some non-technical official. This new planting should follow carefully planned planting plans. The respondents suggested that if modern trends were to be introduced in these gardens then this could be done in the area adjacent to the actual premises of
158 the gardens and not inside the gardens so as to conserve their originality. However, at present this is not the need of hour. There was no post of horticulturist in Department of Archaeology. Sometime ago a post existed there which was later on abolished. The record of plantation was not being maintained by the department. The concerned department had no association with other agro-based and forestry departments for proper look after of the plants. The establishment of research offices for horticulture, botany, ecology, history, etc. pertaining to these historic gardens should be considered by the government. The ill and decaying plants needed special attention of the officials. The total number of visitors of the gardens was an estimated figure and not the actual count because many local visitors managed to enter the garden in one way or the other. Lack of consistent policies of the department, lack of sufficient funds, lack of technical staff and the changing priorities of the changing governments are the main reasons of unsatisfactory landscape conservation and restoration work of these gardens. More visitors visited SG as compared to TOJ and WG. Most of the visitors belonged to local areas. Maximum number of respondents belonged to young age group of 18 to 25 years. Majority of the respondents (65%) were having education level in between ‘nil’ and ‘matriculation’ (grade 10). Maximum respondents were employees of private and government sector. Although a large percentage of visitors (47%) did not want any increase in the existing rates of tickets. But 37% were willing to pay upto Rs. 20.00 and 10% were willing to pay Rs. 30.00. A small increase in the amount of entry ticket can add to the income of the department. By engaging more staff on watch and ward the present situation of watch and ward may be ameliorated.
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More comprehensive research efforts are required with a narrow focus on the study of original plants. In this concern the help of international organizations of repute can be sought. More importance should be given by the department for the landscape restoration and conservation work. More technical staff should be engaged by the department for landscape restoration and conservation of these gardens. Landscape restoration and conservation is a slow process. The department should make long-term consistent policies on order to achieve this goal. About 10% respondents visited the gardens on daily basis. Majority of the respondents visited the gardens for family recreation. Majority of the respondents (69%) expressed their desire to see the landscape of these gardens in original shape. Not only the landscape plants should be restored but other landscape features like paths, Persian wheel, fountains, water channels, etc, shod also be converted to working condition. Majority of the respondents (73%) felt the need of sustainable efforts for the restoration of landscape of these gardens. Majority of the respondents (61%) were not satisfied with the existing facilities in the gardens. Most of the respondents demanded book shop, antique shop and library in the gardens. Majority of the respondents were willing to pay more for the provision of more facilities. Majority of the respondents (about 66%) suggested the need of monitoring of departmental policies for sustainable management of the gardens. Majority of the respondents rated ‘overall appearance of the gardens’, ‘recreational opportunities’, ‘cleanliness’, ‘behavior and guidance of employees’, ‘parking’ and ‘safety and security’ as ‘fair’. However, Majority of the respondents rated ‘utilities’ and ‘condition of canteens’ as ‘poor’. About 12% respondents demanded more plants, including fruit plants. About 8% respondents demanded the installation of electric lights for their visits after sun set. However, in its response an official stated that the opening the gardens for public after sun set was no possible under international charters.
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Canteens were functioning at TOJ and WG. However, canteen was missing at SG. In response, 43% respondents demanded canteen at SG and improvement of quality and service of other two canteens. About 35% respondents demanded more security measures against unwanted and vulgar visitors. Some of the respondents (16%) also expressed their concern over problems due to the presence of children. Some of the visitors of WG (9 %) wanted cleanliness of water pond. A high percentage of the respondents (88%) suggested the sale of antiques, paintings, etc. for income generation of the department. One of the info-rich respondents suggested imposing minor tax on exports and imports for meeting the financial demands of the department. Some of the respondents (2%) feared that the surrounding environment could be dangerous for the landscape of these gardens. Particularly the busy road adjacent to SG is more dangerous. No NGO was involved in landscape restoration and conservation work of the department. The respondents who also visited other historic gardens of the world found a large gap of planning and maintenance when compared to the historic gardens of Pakistan. A large majority of respondents (96.5%) proposed that media (all kinds) could prove beneficial for the advancement of popularity of these gardens in the public. The outer environment of these gardens should be made clear of any billboards, gathering of addicted people, electric wires, etc.
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Suggestions
In the light of the results of present study the following suggestions have been proposed for future planning. It is expected that these suggestions will prove beneficial in formulating future strategies for the conservation and restoration of landscape and its plants of the historic gardens of Pakistan. However, it is again reiterated that restoration is a slow process and this might take many years for complete implementation. Department of Archaeology should collect as much literature on original record of plants and landscape plans as possible from all over the world, The said department should collect maximum research material of the work conducted so far anywhere in the world. Long term restoration and conservation policies should be chalked out by the department instead of short term adhoc policies. Only those plants should be allowed to grow in these gardens as appeared in documentary record. The landscape plans should be finalized in the light of definite and thorough unchangeable recommendations. For example, cypress can be planted alongside water channels and causeways with beds of annual flowers. Different areas of the gardens can be earmarked for the cultivation of different varieties of fruit plants. The upper and / or front terraces can be planted with shrubberies and fragrant plants. In order to finalize the layout plans a high level meeting of experts may be held by the department. Water channels and fountains should be made functional because in these gardens the plants can be enjoyed in harmony with these permanent features of landscape. The department should have close association with other related departments of agriculture and forestry for proper look after of the plants. The abolished post of horticulturist should be restored or created in each circle of the department. Security staff may be increased gradually at all the garden sites for the safety and satisfaction of the visitors.
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The visitors should be confined to take food strictly in some specified area of the gardens. Food and services of canteens should be increased up to the desired level. More arrangements are required for cool drinking water because for most of the time of the year the temperature remains fairly high. Main water pond at WG should be perfectly neat and clean and small water pond should be restored like that of main pond. At least a book shop containing material particularly on historic gardens should be opened at SG initially. Usual parking is adjacent to the main entrance of the gardens. this may be shifted to a side of the garden so as to enhance their beauty. Immediately large amount of funds are required by the department for accurate and purposeful restoration and conservation of garden heritage. For this purpose a nominal increase in the amount of entry tickets can be made, and / or government may impose minor tax on import and export of goods. Presently the Department of Archaeology is working in a scatter condition among various provinces. Same policy should be implemented at any level in the country for proper functioning of the department. More attention of government is needed for the surrounding environments of the gardens, particularly for SG which is adjacent to a very busy road. Similarly encroachments around the gardens should be removed as per international laws and the orders of Supreme Court of Pakistan. Active and sincere participation of some NGOs is needed which can be fruitful in getting good results for the noble cause of restoration and conservation. The new countryside gardens being developed should also reflect the picture of historic Mughal gardens. For this purpose a specified area of the gardens may be developed on the patterns of historic Mughal gardens. A complete course on historic Mughal gardens should be offered by University of Agriculture, Faisalabad where the researcher completed this study (and also by other agricultural universities of the country). Regular seminars are required to be held by the concerned department to view the present status and propose the future strategies for these historic sites and gardens.
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APPENDIX-1 Layout plan of Shalamar Garden, Lahore
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APPENDIX-2 Layout plan of Tomb of Jahangir, Lahore
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APPENDIX-3 Layout plan of Wah Garden
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APPENDIX-4 Questionnaire for Visitors of Gardens Name of garden: Questionnaire No. Date & time: Note: The data reported on this questionnaire will be treated in confidence, used for statistical purpose and published in aggregate form only. Thanks for your cooperation.
ونٹ: اس وساانلےم ےس احلص دشہ ولعمامت صی غ ئہ راز ںیمرںیہیگاوررصفاتریخیاباغت ےک اقیقحتیت امشراییت زجتےی ےک ےیل اامعتسل وہں یگ۔ احلص رکدہ اتنجئوکرتشمہک وطر رپ اشعئ ایک اجےئ اگ۔آپ ےک اعتون اک رکشہی۔ )رمع( Age .1 )رمد ای وعرت( Male / Female .2
)یمیلعت اقب ل ّی ت( Qualification .3 Nil / Primary (grade 5) / Matriculation (grade 10) / Graduate / Post- graduate وکیئںیہن / رپرمئی / رٹیمک/ رگوجیاٹی / وپٹس رگوجیاٹی )ہشیپ(: Occupation .4 Govt. employee / Private job / Business / Agriculture / Student / House lady / Others رساکریالمزم/ رپاویئٹی المزم / اجترت / زراتع / اطبلِ ملع / رھگولی اخوتن )راہیشئ تیثیح( :Residential Status .5 )اقمیم/ درگی العہق اجت(: Local / Other places 6. What is the source of inspiration for visiting this garden? اِس ابغ ںیم آےن اک آپ اک اخص دصقم ایک ےہ؟ م اِس یک اتریخی ا ّہ یک وہج ےس / ای وکیئ اور دصقم Due to its historic value / Others
7. If the source of inspiration for visiting this garden is other than its historic value, then what is your purpose? ارگابغںیمآےناکدصقم اس یک اتریخی وہج ںیہن ےہ وت اور ایک دصقم ےہ؟ Exercise and jogging / Greenery and open space / Leisure and relaxation / Family recreation ورزش اور لہچ دقیم/زبسہویلھکہگج / رفتص ےک اواقت / رھگاےن یک ریسورفتحی 8. If the purpose of visit is due to its historic value, then: How often do you visit the garden? Daily / Weekly / Monthly / Off & on / First time م ارگابغںیم آدم اک دصقم اس یک اتریخی ا ّہ یک وہج ےس ےہ وت آپ ابغ ںیم بک آےت ںیہ؟ روزاہن/ہتفہوار/ ہنیہم وار / یھبک یھبک / یلہپ دہعف 9. How do you perceive this garden? Heritage asset of the country, Landmark in the history of Mughals,
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A definite style of landscape, An illustration of work of art by a ruler or a designer, An archaeological resort, Others. آپاسابغ وک سک احلظ ےس دےتھکی ںیہ؟ کلماتریخیااثہث/ہیلغماترخیاکاکیگنسِ لیم / ڈنیل اپیکس ینعی آراشئِ ارض اک اکی اخص ومنہن / یسک رمکحان ای ومنہن اسز ےک نف یک واضتح / آاث ِر دقہمی یک رفتحی اگہ / وکیئ اور وہج 10. Please tell what is the particular area of interest for you in this garden? Garden plants (soft landscape), Paths, fountains, walkways, pond, etc. (hard landscape), Garden building structure, All.
رباےئرہمابین اتبںیئ اس اتریخی غاکوکناسہّصح ابآپ ےک ےئل اخص دیپسچل اک ابثع ےہ؟ ںیمےگلوہےئوپدے/ابغ ںیم ےنب وہےئ وفارے، راےتس، لیھج وریغہ / ابغ یک امعرات / امتم۔ 11. If your particular area of interest is the plants, then what do you wish to see here? Restoration of plantation according to original design (old version), Changes in plantation by incorporating new landscape ideas (modish version), A mixture of both new and old versions. ارگآپیکاخصدیپسچل وپدوں ںیم ےہ وت آپ اہیں ایک دانھکی اچےتہ ںیہ؟ ایلصےشقنےک اطمقب وپدوں یک احب)یل)ہیلغم دور یک الص دقت ریو (( / دی دورےکڈنیلاپیکس ڈزیاونئں ےک اطمقب وپدوں ںیم دبتیلی)یئندی ریو (( / دقت اور دی اک المپ 12. If your particular area of interest is the hard landscape features, then what do you wish to see here? Restoration of hard features according to original design (old version), Changes in hard landscape by incorporating new landscape ideas (modish version), A mixture of both new and old versions. ارگآپ یک اخص راوتسں،دیپسچل وفاروں، لیھج وریغہ ںیمےہوتآپ اہیں ایک دانھکی اچےتہ ںیہ؟ ایلص ےشقن ےک اطمقب ان احب)یل)ہیلغمدوریکالصدقت ریو (( / دی دور ےکڈنیل اپیکس ڈزیاونئں ےک اظمقب دبتیلی )یئن دی ریو((/ دقت اور دی اک المپ 13. Do you have any documents or other references about historic gardens? Yes / No ایک آپ ےک اپساتریخیاباغتوحاےلےسداتسوزیات ای اور فلتخم وحاہل اجت وموجد ںیہ؟ اہں / ںیہن 14. If yes, then in what form? Books / Paintings / Research articles / Newspaper references / Others ارگںیہ، وت سک لکش ںیم؟ اتکںیباصتو(/ یقیقحت اقمہل اجت / اابخری رتاےش / درگی 15. If you have collection of any kind of historic documents, then can interested persons consult them?
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ارگآپےکاپساتریخیداتسوزیاتںیہ وت ایک وکیئ دیپسچل رےنھک واال صخش ان ےس اافتسدہ رک اتکس ےہ؟ 16. How much have you paid for visiting this garden? آپےناسابغوک دےنھکی ےک ےئل ینتک رمق رخچ یک ےہ؟ 17. Are you satisfied with the facilities provided here on behalf of payment you made? Yes / No ایکآپاینپادارکدہرمق ےک دبےل ںیم اس ابغ ںیم اّیہم یک یئگ وہسوتلںےسہنئم ںیہ؟ اہں / ںیہن 18. What do you expect more here in the form of facilities? Existing Facilities: Parking, Cafeteria and Toilets Proposed facilities: Library, Antique shop, Bookshop, Others. آپاہیںوکنیس زم وہسںیتل اچےتہ ںیہ؟ وموجدہ: اپر،گن، ےفی یریای، ئاٹل وجتزیرکدہ: الربئ (ی، دقت زیچوں یک رفوتخ، اتکوبں یک رفوتخ، درگی 19. If such facilities are provided then how much can you pay? ارگاسرطحیکزموہسایلتآپوک اّیہم یک اجیت ںیہ وت ان ےک ےئل آپ ینتک رمق رخچ رک ےتکس ںیہ؟ 20. In your opinion what might be the possible income generating sources for the historic gardens? Existing: Auction of parking area / Auction of cafeteria / Entry tickets / Auction of dried wood / Auction of fruits Proposed: Sale of books / Sale of paintings / Sale of antiques / Sale of garden related soft wares / Sale of children toys / Others آپےکایخلںیماتریخیاباغت یک آدمن ڑباھےن ےک ایک ہنکمم ذراعئ وہ ےتکس ںیہ؟ وموجدہ:اپر،گنےکےئلالینیم/ےفی یریای یک الینیم / داہلخ ٹکٹ / کشخ ڑکلی یک الینیم / ولھپںیک الینیم وجتزی رکدہ: وپدوں، اتکوبں، ریو(وں، آاث ِر دقہمی یک ابایقت، اباغت ےس ہقلعتم اسٹف ورئی،وچبںےک ولھکونں یک رفوتخ / درگی
21. Do you think more efforts are needed for sustainable management of the gardens? Yes / No
آپ ےک ایخل ںیم رعصئہ دراز ےک ےئل اجریرےنوا)یلادہگات ےک ےئل زم وکںوشں یک ورورت ےہ؟ اہں / ںیہن 22. If ‘yes’, then in your opinion what might be the possible measures for sustainable management of the gardens? More funding and income sources, Need for monitoring policies, Supervision and evaluation by foreign experts, Others. ارگاہں،وتلقتسماوراپدئار دھکی اھبل ےک ےئل وکن ےس ہنکمم ادقاامت ےئک اج ےتکس ںیہ؟ زایدہ ڈنفز و ذراعئ آدمن / ےمکحمیکتمکحیلمع)اپیسیل(اکاجزئہےنیلیک ورورت / ریغ یکلم امرہنی یک رگناین ںیم اکررکدیگ اک ہ اجزئ/ درگی 23. Please mention what could be the possible threats to sustainability of the garden? آپایخلںیمابغےکرتہبنیلکش ںیم ابیق ر ےن ےک راےتس ںیم ایک ہنکمم رطخات ںیہ؟ 24. Please rate each of the following characteristics of the garden. ابغ یک دنمرہج ذلی وصخایصتاک اجزئہ ںیل۔
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Character Excellent Good Fair Poor Don’t know رخاب ااّھچ تہب ااّھچ تہب یہ ااّھچ وصخ ّ صات ولعمم ںیہن Overall appearance ومجمیع احتل Recreational opportunities رفتیحی وماعق
افصیئ Cleanliness Behavior of employees ےلمع اک اعتون
Guidance from employees ےلمعیک رامنہیئ
Safety and security افحتظو السیتم
اینبدی ورورایت Utilities Refreshment and canteens اعطم
اپر،گن Parking
درگی Others
25. Have you ever visited any historic garden outside Pakistan? If yes, what differences you may find between them? ایکآپےن داین ےک یسک اور کلم ںیمیسکاتریخی ابغ یک ریس یک ےہ؟ ان اباغتیکادہگات ںیم آپ ایک رف سوسحس رکےت ںیہ؟ 26. What is your opinion about the management and maintenance of this garden? اسابغیکدھکی اھبل اور ادہگا ت ےک وحاےل ےس آپ یک ایک راےئ ےہ؟ 27. Do you provide any voluntary service for the management of this garden? ایکآپاسابغیکدھکی اھبل ےک ےلسلس ںیم وکیئ راضاکراہن دختم رساماجم دے رےہ ںیہ؟ Yes / No ارگ اہں ، وت سک ?If ‘Yes’, then in what form .28 رطح؟ 29. If you feel any type of inconvenience in this garden? ایکآپوکاس ابغ ںیم وکیئ انوگار ابت شیپ آیت ےہ؟ 30. If ‘Yes’, then how can it be removed? ارگاہں،وت اےس سک رطح دور ایک اج اتکس ےہ؟ 31. What can be the possible measures to make people more aware of their heritage asset of gardens? ولوگںںیمسکرطحاتریخی اباغت ےک ورےث ےک ابرے ںیم زایدہ وعشر دیپا ایک اج اتکس ےہ؟ 32. Contact information: Phone No., email, mailing address. راہطب رباےئ ولعمامت: وفنربمن، ای لیم، ہتپ
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