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EFFECT OF SOME CLEANING PRODUCTS ON BLOOD DNA RETRIEVAL FROM CLOTH

Hayam Z. Thabet1, Nagwa M. Ghandour1*, Ragaa H. Salama2 Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology1, Department of Medical Biochemistry2. Faculty of Medicine - Assiut University, Egypt

*Corresponding author: N. Ghandour, [email protected]

ABSTRACT The ability to extract DNA and PCR amplification from biological stains is a key element in forensic genetics. Attempts to remove blood stains using different types of cleaning methods represent a routinely faced forensic problem. Objective: This work was done to evaluate the effect of some cleaning products on the quantity and quality of extracted DNA from bloodstained cloth. Methods: Blood samples were applied to cotton and silk cloth. After drying, the cloth was subjected to the effect of some cleaning products {Clorox (bleach), Dettol (disinfectant), Persil (detergent), Vanish (stain remover) and distilled water}. DNA extraction and PCR amplification were done to estimate the quantity and quality of extracted DNA by spectrophotometer and gel electrophoresis. Results: There was significant reduction in amount of extracted DNA from silk compared to cotton cloth in all samples including controls. Detectable amounts of DNA could be recovered after amplification by PCR with all types of cleaning agents. Cleaning with Vanish resulted in most significant decrease in recovered DNA amount, while cleaning with Clorox resulted in highest recovery of DNA in both cotton and silk cloth. Gel electrophoresis showed that Clorox, Persil and distilled water had no effect on quality of extracted DNA compared to control samples in cotton cloth, while Vanish and Dettol had the most degraded effect. In silk cloth the quality of DNA was affected in all samples mostly with Vanish and Persil. Conclusion: DNA could be recovered from cloth after exposure to different types of cleaning products. Key words: Bloodstains, Cleaning products, DNA.

INTRODUCTION Oorshot et al., 2010). Blood, as a physical clue found in In forensic molecular genetic many violence cases, has the capacity to analysis, the use of new, sensitive PCR- provide valuable intelligent evidence for Multiplex-Kits are suitable for low copy forensic purposes and crime number DNA and lead to valuable DNA reconstruction (Passi et al., 2012). profiles even in invisible samples The retrieval of DNA from blood (Castelló et al., 2010), or in cases that stained cloth provides evidence that can seemed to be hopeless a few years ago link a criminal or the victim with the (Kamphausen et al.,2015). scene of crime (Peschel et al., 2011). Sometimes, criminals try to avoid DNA techniques are the most leaving evidence at the crime scene by advanced tools for human identification. washing away bloodstains by a variety During the past years, a great number of of cleaning agents, but fortunately they methods for DNA extraction and typing leave traces on the surfaces, which may had been introduced into forensic be invisible to the naked eye (Castelló science, with considerable success (van et al., 2009). A wide variety of cleaning

Egypt J. Forensic Sci. Appli. Toxicol Vol 18 (2), June 2018 Thabet et al. 54 chemicals may be used, they may cause scissors. Five hundred µL of venous potential contamination of the biological blood from the same donor, not material with subsequent DNA content subjected to any form of anticoagulant, degradation, so, makes the production of was added to each piece of cloth, a conclusive evidence difficult allowed to dry for 48 hours at room (Creamer et al., 2005 and Harris et al., temperature, and then kept in dry paper 2006). envelope (de Almeida et al., 2011 and The present work was conducted to Passi et al., 2012). evaluate the effect of some cleaning ii. Treatment of samples with products on the quantity and quality of cleaning products: extracted DNA from bloodstained cloth. Blood-stained pieces of cotton cloth were grouped from 1 to 7 (1: + ve MATERIAL & METHODS control samples, 2: -ve unstained control This work was conducted in the samples, 3: Clorox treated samples, 4: Central Laboratories of Faculty of Dettol treated samples, 5: Vanish Agriculture & Molecular biology treated samples, 6: Persil treated Research Unit. Assiut University. samples and 7: Distilled Water treated Egypt. samples). Blood-stained pieces of silk Materials cloth were grouped from 8 to 14 (8: + ve  Fabric supports for bloodstains control samples, 9: -ve unstained control (cotton and silk). samples, 10: Clorox treated samples, 11:  Products for cleaning (from the Dettol treated samples, 12: Vanish market) : treated samples, 13: Persil treated 1- Clorox (commercial household samples and 14: Distilled Water treated chlorine bleach). samples). Each group was presented by 2- Dettol (Disinfectant). 3 samples. The composition and source 3- Vanish (Stain remover). of cleaning products were listed in Table 4- Persil powder (Detergent). (1).  Distilled water. Each sample was put in a separate  Deionized water. bottle containing 5 ml of the tested Methods cleaning agents prepared according to i. Sample collection and manufacturer’s instructions. The sample preparation: was shaken by (BLBBY Orbital shaker, Cotton and silk fabrics were sourced Stuart scientific, made in UK) for 150 from a local fabric store. Each fabric was Revolutions/min (rpm) for 10 min. Then cut into squares (2 ×2 cm for each) on left to dry at room temperature without lab counter using gloves and autoclaved any protection as described by Harris et al. (2006).

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Table (1): List for composition and source of cleaning products used. Cleaning agents Concentration Manufacture Clorox® (Bleach) <5 % sodium Egyptian Company for household products. hypochlorite Under license of Clorox® Oakland, (NaOCl) California. Dettol® 4.8% W/V Royal Cosmetics for Reckitt Benckiser (Disinfectant) Chloroxylenol (Egypt ltd). Under license of Reckitt Benckiser (Ireland Limited). Persil® (Detergent) Sodium borate. Henkel (Egypt ltd) Under license of Henkel (Germany). Vanish® (Stain sodium Reckitt Benckiser Arabia. Made in Dubai. remover) percarbonate Under license of Reckitt Benckiser (Poland Limited).

iii. DNA extraction: same 2ml collection tube. Centrifuge for First, each cloth was soaked with 1 min at 13.000 rpm. Place the column 100 µl of deionized water for a in an RNase-free1.5 ml microcentrifuge minimum of 1day. The substrate was tube and add 30µl of Elution Buffer then placed into a spin basket and directly on the spin column membrane. centrifuged for 15 minutes to obtain the Lastly, incubate at room temperature for sample (Spear and Khoshkebari, 2001 1 min and centrifuge for 1 min at 13.000 and Choi et al., 2014). rpm (Intronbio, 2015). Extraction was done using the Patho iv. Quantitation of extracted Gene-spinTM DNA/RNA Extraction Kit DNA: (iNtRON Biotechnology. Made in After extraction, quantity of Korea).Lot. No. 11650150. Cat. extracted DNA is estimated by No.17154 according to manufacturer’s spectrophotometry. guidelines. First, by adding 300 µl of the DNA concentration of each sample Lysis Buffer to 100µl of the sample, was measured by using the GeneQuant mixing by vortex for15 seconds, II Full-spectrum Spectrophotometer incubate at room temperature overnight. (GeneQuant 1300 - 80-2015-98, Serial Then 300µl of Binding Buffer, complete No: 76923. Made in Sweden). mix well by gentle vortex and place a The concentration of DNA extracted spin column in a 2 ml collection tube. was assessed at 260 nm and 280 nm. The Load lysates on the column and ratio between the reading at 260 and 280 centrifuge at 13.000 rpm for 1 min. nm (OD 260/280) provided an Discard solution in collection tube and estimation of purity of DNA. place the column back in the same 2ml v. Quality of extracted DNA: collection tube. Add 500µl of Washing RAPD Analysis (Random Amplified Buffer A to the column and centrifuge at Polymorphic DNA) 13.000 rpm for 1 min. Discard solution PCR amplification of random in collection tube and place the column segments of genomic DNA with single back in the same 2ml collection tube. primer of arbitrary nucleotide sequence Add 500µl of Washing Buffer B to the is performed to check the intactness of column and centrifuge at 13.000 rpm for the DNA (Shams et al., 2011). 1 min. Discard solution in collection The major advantage of RAPD tube and place the column back in the includes that, it does not require any

Egypt J. Forensic Sci. Appli. Toxicol Vol 18 (2), June 2018 Thabet et al. 56 specific knowledge of the DNA vi. Ethical considerations: sequence of the target gene. Great This research was approved by The diagnostic power due to vast range of Research Ethics Committee of the potential primers can be used. Faculty of Medicine-Assiut University Reproducible RAPD bands can be found (Ref code: 17300077). It dealt only with by careful selection of primers, author’s blood sample. optimization of PCR condition for target vii. Statistical analysis: species and replication to ensure that The data collected were entered and only reproducible bands are scored. analyzed using the Statistical Package (Kumari and Thakur, 2014). for the Social Sciences (SPSS version PCR was carried out with a Fast 20.0) software. Chicago, USA. P value Gene Kit for Real-Time PCR System was set at <0.05 for significant results . using the manufacturer’s recommendation (made in Germany). RESULTS The total reaction volume was 25 µl. The macroscopic appearance of Each tube contained 2 µl dNTPs Mix samples was demonstrated in Figure (1). (2.5mM each), 2 µl of primer (Opc-18 Considerable amount of blood residues 5’-TGAGTGGGTG-3’),0.3 µl Taq DNA could still be noticed in cotton cloth polymerase (5U /µl) ,2 µl Mgcl2 samples, while the color was nearly (25mM), 1µl of DNA template (50 ng) faded in silk cloth samples. and 17 µl amplification-grade water i. Quantitation of extracted DNA .The amplification was done using amount by spectrophotometry: BIORAD Thermal Cycler C1000 (Serial The absorbance of DNA at 260 and no cc008315, Singapore).The cycling 280 nm in different samples were protocol was: an initial denaturation at measured. It ranged between 1.08 -2 that 95 ºC for 4 min followed by 35 cycles of indicated that the extracted DNA was 94 ºC for 30 s, 35 ºC for 45 s, and 72 ºC free from protein contamination. for 60 s, and a final extension at 72 ºC The Quantity of extracted DNA for 10 min. The PCR products were (ng/μl) from samples (cotton and silk) analyzed by electrophoresis on 1% was expressed as Mean ± SE as shown Ethidium Bromide stained agarose gels in Table (2). in Trisborate- EDTA (TBE) buffer. Five Table (2) and Figure (2) show that microleter (5 µl) of the sample was there is highly significant decrease (P ≤ mixed with 2µl gel loading dye and was 0.001) of amount of extracted DNA in loaded into the wells of submerged gel. cotton samples compared to silk samples The gel was allowed to run for half an in all groups including control. hour at 80 V, and was visualized and The amount of extracted DNA from photographed with a (Bio-RAD) Gel cotton samples is shown in Figure (3). It documentation system (BIORAD, USA) is observed that there is highly with serial No 1708169 (Dissing et al., significant decrease (P ≤ 0.001) in the 2010 and Phillips et al., 2012). amount of extracted DNA in all treated Single, large, sharp, unified, clearly group samples compared to +ve control recognizable band indicated good group. DNA amount is (45.70 ng/μl quality of extracted DNA. While smear, ±0.38) in +ve control group, (39.17ng/μl short, sheared band indicated degraded ±0.15) in Clorox treated group, (29.90 poor quality, as described by Shams et ng/μl ±0.21) in Dettol treated group, al. (2011) and Passi et al. (2012). (19.83 ng/μl ±0.27) in Vanish treated

Egypt J. Forensic Sci. Appli. Toxicol Vol 18 (2), June 2018 Thabet et al. 57 group, (34.20 ng/μl±0.53) in Persil RAPD Analysis (Random Amplified treated group and (32.83 ng/μl ±0.80) in Polymorphic DNA) Distilled Water treated group. Vanish is The quality of the isolated DNA shown to have the highest cleaning used in PCR amplification reaction in effect, indicated by the decreased agarose gel electrophoresis is amount of extracted DNA from cotton demonstrated in Fig. (5) and (6). The cloth, while Clorox is the least effective size of PCR product of all the samples one. has been analyzed by making a The amount of extracted DNA from comparison with 3000 bp marker ladder. silk samples is shown in Figure (4). It is Gel electrophoresis of blood samples observed that there is highly significant extracted from cotton cloth, as shown in decrease (P ≤ 0.001) in the amount of Fig. (5), reveals that in Clorox, Persil extracted DNA in all treated group and Distilled water treated samples, no samples compared to +ve control group. degradation are observed. Integrated DNA amount is (27.57 ng/μl ±0.52 ) in DNA (large and clearly recognizable +ve control group, (19.90 ng/μl ±0.06) bands) is indicative of intact DNA. in Clorox treated group, (18.80 Comparatively, shearing of DNA has ng/μl±0.44) in Dettol treated group, been observed with both Vanish and (10.13 ng/μl ±0.19) in Vanish treated Dettol treated samples, which is group, (15.13 ng/μl±0.24) in Persil indicative of degraded DNA. treated group and (14.60 ng/μl±0.35) in Gel electrophoresis of silk cloth, as Distilled Water treated group. Vanish shown in Fig. (6), reveals ill-defined also is shown to have the highest shearing of DNA bands in Clorox, cleaning effect, indicated by the Dettol and Distilled water treated decreased amount of extracted DNA samples. Poor yield of DNA have been from silk cloth, while Clorox is the least observed in both Vanish and Persil effective one. treated samples. ii. Quality of extracted DNA:

Figure (1) Macroscopic appearance of samples showing: + ve control (Blood stained) samples: sample (1) cotton cloth and sample (8) silk cloth. -ve control (unstained) samples: sample (2) cotton cloth and sample (9) silk cloth. Clorox treated samples: sample (3) cotton cloth and sample (10) silk cloth. Dettol treated samples: sample (4) cotton cloth and sample (11) silk cloth. Vanish treated samples: sample (5) cotton cloth and sample (12) silk cloth. Persil treated samples: sample (6) cotton cloth and sample (13) silk cloth. Distilled Water treated samples: sample (7) cotton cloth and sample (14) silk cloth.

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Table (2): The Quantity of extracted DNA (ng/μl) from samples (cotton and silk) Cotton cloth samples Silk cloth samples +ve control 45.70 ± 0.38 27.57 *** ± 0.52 Clorox 39.17 ± 0.15 ### ***19.90 ± 0.06 ### Dettol 29.90 ± 0.21 ### ***18.80 ± 0.44 ### Vanish 19.83 ± 0.27 ### ***10.13 ± 0.19 ### Persil 34.20 ± 0.53 ### ***15.13 ± 0.24 ### DW 32.83 ± 0.80 ### ***14.60 ± 0.35 ### Values are presented as mean (mean of 3 samples for each group)  SE. Significant compared cotton versus silk samples *** statistically significant difference (p<0.001) Significant compared to +ve control group ### statistically significant difference (p<0.001)

Figure (2) Comparison of DNA quantification (cotton versus silk) in all group samples. *** Statistically significant difference (p<0.001)

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Figure (3): Comparison of DNA quantification in cotton cloth samples of all groups ### Statistically significant difference (p<0.001) as compared to +ve control

Fig (4) Comparison of DNA quantification in silk cloth samples of all groups ### Statistically significant difference (p<0.001) as compared to +ve control

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Figure (5): 1% agarose gel electrophoresis stained with Etidium bromide showing PCR product of amplification of cotton cloth samples of all groups (M=3000bp molecular weight ladder).

Figure (6): 1% agarose gel electrophoresis stained with Etidium bromide showing PCR product of amplification of silk cloth samples of all groups (M=3000bp molecular weight ladder).

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DISCUSSION the effect of some cleaning products on Bloodstain identification is of the quantity and quality of extracted immense value in crime scene DNA from bloodstained cloth. reconstruction, discovering of guilty, Many Factors can cause failure or and innocence release (Soares-vieira et inhibition of PCR amplification include al., 2001). In human, blood is the most extraction technique, technical important material available for the difficulties , inadequate specimen isolation of DNA (Lounsbury et al., volume, as well as, the substrates on 2012). which the blood is supported (Houston Criminals take precautions to leave et al., 2016). Dyes, or other water- minimal trace evidence, or even destroy soluble components may be found in it completely (Elder et al., 2017). fabrics and act as inhibitory reagents, Intended attempt to remove any which require specific methodologies biological material, using different for elimination of these contaminants cleaning products, is a routinely faced from forensic samples (Scheithauer problem by forensic scientists. The and Weisser, 1991). The present ability of extraction and PCR experiment was done on white cotton amplification of DNA from biological and silk cloth, as they are the most stains is a key element in Forensic common fibers used in clothes, to Genetics and is frequently inquired by facilitate the macroscopic assessment the law enforcement authorities and to avoid any PCR inhibitory (Dissing et al., 2010). Due to technical components present in cloth (sample or improvement, even poor traces, which control). They were considered “ideal” seemed to be unsuitable for DNA by Soares-Vieira et al. (2001), who analysis a few years ago, may be found fewer difficulties in DNA amplified successfully today extraction and absence of amplification- (Harisaranraj et al., 2009 and inhibitory reagents. Kamphausen et al., 2015). Documenting the macroscopic Modern laundry agents include a image after washing was demonstrated variety of ingredients aimed to increase in this study. Considerable amount of laundering effectiveness. These blood residues could still be noticed in ingredients may be one of the following cotton pieces, while the color was nearly categories: bleach (oxygen or chlorine), faded in silk pieces of cloth .This was in enzymes, surfactants (chemical removal agreement with Elder et al. (2017) who of stains), builders, colorants, stated that cotton fabrics had the worst fragrances, and specializing components cleaning results; blood residues could (Bajpai and Tyagi, 2007). These still be found on washed textile samples. ingredients hydrolyze protein molecules Regarding the quantity of extracted and further cause degradation of DNA in this study, the amounts of bloodstains (Oldfield et al., 2017). recovered DNA from silk cloth was Significant damage or alteration to the highly significant lower than cotton primary molecular structure of DNA is cloth in all groups including control. problematic with subsequent prevention This coincide with Mona et al. (2011), of amplification, and therefore analysis who estimated maximum DNA recovery of target loci (Ambers et al., 2014). from cotton fabric, followed by silk The present work was an material. As condition and cleaning experimental study designed to evaluate substances were same, this quantitative

Egypt J. Forensic Sci. Appli. Toxicol Vol 18 (2), June 2018 Thabet et al. 62 differences was due to the fabric group. chemical structure. Because, O–H This was consistent with Houston et groups of cotton are capable of al. (2016) who stated that all used formation of strong hydrogen bonds laundry additives, in their experiment, with nucleic acid chains resulting in significantly reduced the recovery of powerful intermolecular attractions DNA, though, it is not sufficient to (Seah et al., 2004; Linacre et al., 2010 prevent DNA profiling using traditional and Elder et al., 2017). forensic techniques. Also, Elder et al. Regarding cleaning materials used (2017) ascertained that DNA could be in the current experiment, {Clorox extracted from all samples of the (bleach), Dettol (disinfectant), Persil different textiles had been washed with (detergent), Vanish (stain remover) and usual laundry detergents. distilled water}. Clorox is a common Regarding cleaning substances used household bleach. It degrades DNA in this study, Vanish was shown to have through oxidative damage and the the highest cleaning effect, indicated by production of chlorinated base products. the decreased amount of extracted DNA It is often used to remove blood from from cotton cloth, while Clorox was the crime scenes (Cárdenas Flores et al., least effective one. Many studies had 2009 and Passi et al., 2012). focused on sodium percarbonate (main Dettol® (C8H9OCl); 4-Chloro-3, 5- Vanish ingredient) as a laundry additive dimethylphenol; para-Chloro-meta- hindering the identification of xylenol (PCMX) is an antiseptic and bloodstains (Castelló et al., 2009 and disinfectant. It works by disruption of Castelló et al., 2012). the cell wall and stopping the function Regarding the quality of the of enzymes (Digison, 2007 and Mahon isolated DNA used in PCR amplification et al., 2014). reaction, gel electrophoresis of cotton Vanish is a popular power stain cloth shown in this study, revealed that fighter. Catalase enzyme in blood in Clorox, Persil and Distilled water reported to react with vanish and treated samples, no degradation were produce water and oxygen, which observed. Integrated DNA (large and attacks and breaks down the bloodstain clearly recognizable bands) was (McKillop, 1995 and Reckitt indicative of intact DNA. Benckiser, 2013). Comparatively, shearing of DNA had Persil powder (sodium perborate been observed with both Vanish and and sodium silicate) contains stain- Dettol treated samples, which was busting enzymes, which is effective in indicative of degraded DNA. Gel breaking down the protein, starches and electrophoresis of silk cloth revealed ill- fats often found in stains (Mahon et al., defined shearing of DNA bands in 2014). Clorox, Dettol and Distilled water In the presented experiment, the treated samples. Poor yield of DNA had effect of the previous cleaning products been observed in both Vanish and Persil on the quantity and quality of extracted treated samples. DNA from bloodstained cloth was This was in agreement with Harris studied. There was highly significant et al. (2006) who found appreciably decrease (p<0.001) of amount of high DNA quality despite the use of extracted DNA in all treated cotton and chlorinated and non-chlorinated silk samples as compared to +ve control cleaning agents used. They noticed that,

Egypt J. Forensic Sci. Appli. Toxicol Vol 18 (2), June 2018 Thabet et al. 63 in bleach treated materials the resultant Recommendations: profiles continued to decline in quality The use of other fabrics, different over time, suggesting a continued exposure time, different additives, degradation of the DNA. While, this was different temperature, different not seen in substrates cleaned with soap environmental conditions, comparison or non- chlorine disinfectant. with other extraction protocols and As well as, Ambers et al. (2014) DNA genotyping or profile , are goals of obtained good recovery of DNA from next studies. bleach (Clorox) exposed stains. But, they stated that exposure of DNA to REFERENCES increasingly higher concentrations of Ambers, A.; Turnbough, M.; NaOCl will eventually cause cleavage of Benjamin, R.; King, J. and the strands, breaking the DNA into Budowle, B. (2014): Assessment of smaller pieces and eventually to the role of DNA repair in damaged individual bases. forensic samples. Int. J Legal Med., Also, Passi et al., 2012 observed 128(6):913–921. that bleaching agent adversely affect the Bajpai, D. and Tyagi, V.K. (2007): recovery of integrated DNA from the Laundry detergents: an overview. J treated blood cells, as short and smeared Oleo Sci., 56(7):327-340. PCR product had been observed in Cárdenas Flores, A.; Flores Reyes, bleaching agent treated samples. H.; Gordillo Moscoso, Regarding stain removers, Castelló A.; Castanedo Cázares, J.P. et al., 2010 observed certain DNA and Pozos Guillén Ade, J. (2009): degradation in stains being treated with Clinical efficacy of 5% sodium Neutrix (stain remover containing Na hypochlorite for removal of stains percarbonate as source of active caused by dental fluorosis. J Clin. oxygen). However, it had not hindered Pediatr. Dent., 33 (3): 187–191. their subsequent amplification. In Castelló, A.; Francés, F. and Verdú, F. contrary of that Ambers et al., 2014 (2009): Bleach interference in found minimal reduction (slight forensic luminol tests on porous decrease) of DNA content with Oxi- surfaces: More about the drying clean (another type of stain remover). time effect. Talanta, 77(4): 1555–

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Egypt J. Forensic Sci. Appli. Toxicol Vol 18 (2), June 2018 Thabet et al. 66

تأثير بعض المنظفات على إسترجاع الحمض النووي للدم من القماش هيام زكريا ثابت 1 ، نجوى محمود غندور1 * ، رجاء حمدى سالمة 2 1 قسم الطب الشرعى والسموم اإلكلينيكية، 2 قسم الكيمياء الحيوية –كلية الطب – جامعة أسيوط، مصر

الملخص القدرة على إستخراج الحمض النووي و التضخيم بسلسلة تفاعل البوليميراز من البقع البيولوجية هو عنصر أساسي في علم الوراثة الشرعي. المحاوالت إلزالة بقع الدم باستخدام أنواع مختلفة من المنظفات تمثل مشكلة روتينية تواجه الطب الشرعي . هذا العمل قد تم لتقييم تأثير بعض منتجات التنظيف على كمية وجودة الحمض النووي المستخرج من القماش الملطخ بالدماء. الطريقة: عينات الدم تم وضعها على القماش القطني والحريري. بعد التجفيف، تم تعريض األقمشة لتأثير بعض منتجات التنظيف { كلوروكس )مبيض(، ديتول )مطهر(، بيرسيل )منظف(، فانيش )مزيل البقع( والماء المقطر}. إستخراج الحمض النووي و التضخيم بسلسلة تفاعل البوليميراز تم عملهم لتقدير كمية وجودة الحمض النووي المستخرج بواسطة جهازى الطيف الضوئي والهالم الكهربائي. النتائج: كان هناك انخفاض ذو داللة إحصائية في كمية الحمض النووي المستخرج من قماش الحرير بالمقارنة بقماش القطن في كل العينات متضمنة المجموعة الضابطة . كميات ملحوظة من الحمض النووي أمكن استرجاعها بعد التضخيم بسلسلة تفاعل البوليميراز مع كل أنواع المواد المنظفة. التنظيف بفانيش نتج عنه اإلنخفاض األكبر في كمية الحمض النووي المسترجع، في حين التنظيف بالكلوروكس نتج عنه أعلى إسترجاع للحمض النووي في كل من أقمشة القطن والحرير. الهالم الكهربائي أظهر أن الكلوروكس ، البيرسيل ، والماء المقطر لم يكن لهم أي تأثير على جودة الحمض النووي مقارنة بالعينات الضابطة في قماش القطن ، بينما الفانيش و الديتول كان لهم أكثرتأثير مدمر. في قماش الحريروجد أن جودة الحمض النووي تأثرت في كل العينات خاصة مع الفانيش و البيرسيل. اإلستنتاج: الحمض النووي يمكن إسترجاعه من األقمشة بعد التعرض لمختلف أنواع المواد المنظفة.

Egypt J. Forensic Sci. Appli. Toxicol Vol 18 (2), June 2018