Aylesbury in the Civil War
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;. {ZEablLDS 0)? Goats QDL.¢-hl_ 7—09/ AYLESBURY IN THE CIVIL WAR GEORGE LAMB The part played by Aylesbury during the Civil War is re-examined and an account given ofmilitory events in the neighbourhood. The strategic position of the town and the importance that Parliament placed on the maintenance ofits garrison and defences are explained. The discovery of the remains of the earthworks during development at Green End House and The Prebendal, and the likely'extent ofthefortifications, are discussed. In 1985 Michael Farley directed excavations for the of Parliament’s heartlands and it needed to be Buckinghamshire County Museum in the grounds strongly defended. of The Prebendal in Aylesbury in advance of con- hi late June 1642 Parliament replaced the unreli— struction of the Prebendal Court offices. The site able Lord Paget as Lord Lieutenant for was east of St Mary’s Church, on the crest of the Buckinghainshire with Lord Wharton and then limestone escarpment. The complex features which named a commission of 32 ‘reliable’ local gentry2 were revealed included a substantial ditch of sev— who set about recruiting local forces for enteenthrcentury date, which crossed the site and Parliament, using Aylesbury as their focal point. turned a right angle down the slope of the bill. This The unfortunate Dr Pinck, pro—Vice-Chancellor of was interpreted as almost certainly part ofthe Civil Oxford University, travelled to Aylesbury to nego— War defences of Aylesbury, constructed when the tiate with Lord Saye and Sele to try to avoid an town was garrisoned by Parliamentary forces. This attack on Oxford by the forces his lordship was glimpse of the town’s military past, along with gathering: he was promptly seized and sent as a recurrent local speculation about battles in the prisoner to London. In August, when London regi- neighbourhood, makes a reassessment ofAylesbury ments marched through Bucks on their way to during the Civil War desirable. It is more than a Northamptonshire, they found the towns of hundred years since Robert Gibbs’s History of Amersham, Wendover and Aylesbury strongly . Aylesbury gave an account of the events of that sympathetic to their cause.3 Any Buckinghamshire period1 but since then sources that were not avail- gentry who dared to side openly with Charles I able to him have been published and these encour— (such as Sir John Pakington of Aylesbury or the age us to re-examine the position of the town Dentons of Hillesden) suffered heavy losses of 7 during the conflict. property. Only with hindsight does Aylesbury seem an Royalist forces from Oxfordshire were soon obvious choice as the major bastion of Parliament’s actively foraging for supplies and money in defence against the Royalist threats from Oxford. Buckinghamshire, and Aylesbury suffered a Thame, Wycombe or even Buckingham could well number of scares from them. On 16 September have been selected as the main barrier against there was a skirmish near the town before the attacks from the west. However, Aylesbury’s status Royalists fell back beyond Oxford.4 On 1 as the town where the Parliamentary County November Royalist horsemen occupied the town Committees met, and its site on a limestone 011t- and after an overnight stay (presumably with vigor- crop, led to its development as the principal ous pillaging) they rode out of the town to face Sir garrison facing the King’s forces, particularly William Balfour’s Parliamentary cavalry. The after the Earl of Essex abandoned his uarters at Parliamentary pamphlet printed at the time Thame in June 1643. It lay on a m 'or route describes a brief but bloody engagement that left through the Chilterns to London, and could block 600 dead and Prince Rupert fleeing back. to the way into the Eastern Counties which were Oxfordshire5 and this has gained a place in local strong supporters of Parliament. Aylesbury could mythology as ‘the Battle ofAylesbury’. However, it be made one of the keys to the access and security is significant that the journal of Prince Rupert’s 184 George Lamb marches records him as being at Abingdon on this On 13 March a major Royalist force reached date and makes no mention of any severe setback in Stone and for two days was poised to attack Bucks:6 uncorroborated accounts by partisan writ— Aylesbury: a deserting Parliamentary officer ers make unreliable sources for the events of small— informed the King’s connnander that the town was scale localised warfare. Later in November another held by only seven or eight. hundred men.15 Royalist cavalry force briefly occupied Aylesbury Parliamentary troops from as far away as Wycombe but was expelled by armed townsmen and forces and Beaconsfield were rushed to support from neighbouling villages.7 Bulstrode’s garrison but the Royalists avoided con- To counter the threat of further raids and to frontation and preferred to raid Wendover and restrict the area available to the Royalists for forag- Chesham, and then fell back to Brill, pillaging as ing, Parliament decided that a permanent garrison they went.16 Later that same month another must be established in Aylesbury.8 Henry Royalist column, equipped with six heavy guns, Bulstrode’s regiment was already based in the town reached Thame and all Parliamentary troops hur- but garrisoning a town required more than just a riedly withdrew inside Aylesbury’s defences.17 Sir body of troops and physical defences. Above all a John Culpepper’s spies within the town were garrison meant the long—term quartering of soldiers reporting to the Royalists the weak state of the gar- and exercising control over an area sufficiently rison18 but because Essex’s advancing troops extensive for foraging and taxation to support hun— threatened to cut them off from Oxford, the King’s dreds of horses and men. Almost at once, paying men once more withdrew.19 and feeding this permanent force created problems: These fiequent alarms and excursions made the the Committee for Bucks had to set aside £200 out maintenance of Aylesbury’s defences even more of the County’s total weekly assessment of £425 to essential, especially when Essex abandoned pay for this new Aylesbury garrison and its fortifi- Thame, fell back to Aylesbury, and then withdrew cations.9 At first the money seemed a wise invest- his headquarters to Great Bricldlill,20 leaving ment. In early December Lord Wentwofih led a Aylesbury as the front-line fortress. On 16 April the large party of Royalist cavalry, with artillery sup- House of Lords’ Journal recorded an order for a port, through Thame to attack Aylesbury. Deciding weekly sum of £200 to pay the garrison?‘ That that it looked too strong (there were batteries on the summer was a period of insecurity and despon- north and west and a redoubt on the rising ground dency for Parliament’s forces in Buckinghamshjre. towards Bierton), he abandoned this objective, In May Lord Cleveland led a Royalist raid which swung south through the Chilterns and rode into culminated in the burning of Swanboume;22 in Wycombe where heavy fighting ensued.10 In June the Royalists caught a supply train near January 1643 A Perfect Diurnal] ofthe Passages in Chalgrove and mortally wounded John Hampden in Parliament was reporting, ‘Frorn Aylesbury in the ensuing engagement;23 in early July Essex’s Bucks it is informed that the town is very strongly troops abandoned Thame and were harassed by the fortified, and that there is six pieces of ordinance Royalists as they fell back;24 later in the same and a strong garrison of men, Col. Bulstrode, his month a skirmish at Padbury drove the regiment and some other forces being there’.11 Parliamentary horse back into Aylesbury.25 These forces were sufliciently confident to begin to Holding on to Aylesbury must have become even probe towards the Royalist outposts of Oxford: on more important to Parliament but morale seems to 27 January there was a unsuccessful attack on have been very low. On 10 August the Royalists Brill12 and in the same month Goodwin led a night were actually recruiting dragoons and seizing attack on Piddington and captured three troops of horses within four miles of Aylesbury, as well as enemy horse.13 Nevertheless, all was not well. The sending the minister ofWaddesdon as a prisoner to Earl of Essex, the Parliamentary Commander—in- Oxford.26 Chief, wrote to Goodwin on 9 February, ‘1 have Probably as a result of these alarms, on 13 received letters from Aylesbury ingmrting Prince September the Lords’ Journal recorded an order for Rupert’s arrival at Brill the last night Which I much a larger weekly payment, £600, out of the Bucks- doubt, but that which most troubles me is that they Herts-Beds assessment for the maintenance of the write that they are not able to defend the garrison Aylesbury garrisdn,” and £1,000 was advanced alone one day’.14 out of sequestration revenues to pay the troops.28 Aylesbury in the Civil War 185 Clearly the problems of upkeep became no easier, Walter Erle was informing the Earl of Essex that for in November six We were appointed to go to the garrison troops were deserting and that he Aylesbury to ‘consider the garrison and arrange- ought to take urgent steps to secure the town.“ In nrents for paying them regularly”.29 Orders for the response to this fresh emergency £1,250 from financing of Aylesbury becanre increasingly fre- Customs was ordered to be applied to the garrison quent and covered ever larger sums: £1,200 to the and on 6 May the Bedfordshire Treasurer was governor on 9 December,” followed by a drafi instructed to advance £1,500 to the Aylesbury order for £1,200 weekly,31