The University of Dodoma University of Dodoma Institutional Repository http://repository.udom.ac.tz
Social Sciences Master Dissertations
2014 The contribution of women cooperative groups to poverty eradication in Zanzibar: A case of Fuoni constituency in Urban West district.
Amour, Fatma Said
The University of Dodoma
Amour, F. S. (2014). The contribution of women cooperative groups to poverty eradication in Zanzibar: A case of Fuoni constituency in Urban West district (Master's dissertation). The University of Dodoma, Dodoma. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12661/1691 Downloaded from UDOM Institutional Repository at The University of Dodoma, an open access institutional repository. TITLE: THE CONTRIBUTION OF WOMEN COOPERATIVE GROUPS TO
POVERTY ERADICATION IN ZANZIBAR: A CASE OF FUONI CONSTITUENCY
IN URBAN WEST DISTRICT.
By:
Fatma Said Amour
A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for Award of the
Degree of Master of Arts in Development Studies of the University Of Dodoma
The University of Dodoma
August, 2014 CERTIFICATION
The designed certifies that he has read and hereby for acceptance by the University of
Dodoma a dissertation entitled: “The contribution of women cooperative groups to poverty eradication a case of Fuoni constituency in Zanzibar”, in a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts in Development Studies of the
University of Dodoma.
……………………………..
Prof. Peter A. Kopoka
SUPERVISOR
Date……………………..
i DECLARATION
AND
COPY RIGHT
I, Fatma Said Amour, do hereby declare that this dissertation is my own original work it and has not been presented and will not be presented to any other University for a similar or any other degree award without prior written permission of the author or the University of Dodoma.
Signature……………………………….
No part of this dissertation may be produced, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission or consent from the author or the University of Dodoma.
ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Firstly I would like to thanks to God for endowing me with health and strength to complete this task. This dissertation has been made possible through contributions and cooperatives efforts from many individual to whom I wish to express my deepest gratitude. Secondly I heartly express my heartfelt thanks to my supervisor Prof P. A.
Kopoka, who offered a guiding hand and logical advice throughout this process. His much appreciated support and expertise helped me to complete this work.
I also thank all my respondents for their generous by devoting their time and energy, to provide me data needed for this study. These included the staff of Ministry of Youth,
Employment, Development of Women and Children, and villagers from Fuoni village as well members from women cooperatives in Fuoni constituency.
Special thanks should also go to my collegues and the entire community of the
University, for their cooperation and assistance that I got from them throughout the course. Special appreciation should be to my husband Khalid Omar Sharif for his financial support through the time in the study.
Above all these, I thank all Mwanakwerekwe “A”, and Tumekuja secondary school teachers for the use of their library during the entire period of my study.
iii DEDICATION
This dissertation is dedicated to my beloved father Mr. Said A. Kassim and to my beloved mother Mrs Maryam M. Mohammed who laid the foundation of my education and have nothing to offer except merely humble thanks and being your daughter. The work is also dedicated to my beloved family including my husband Khalid O. Sharif and my children Omar, Naufal, Said, Mohammed and Maliyha.
iv ABSTRACT
This study has aimed at assessing the contribution of women cooperative groups to poverty eradication in Zanzibar. Fuoni constituency was taken as a case study. The study comprised of one hundred and four respondents from the population of 15400. Data were collected through questionnaires and interviews and analyzed, using Statistical Package for Sciences (SPSS) version.
The study revealed that, women cooperative groups contributed much to employment creation, improving living standards, increasing relationship among people, improve creativity, and so on. Apart from that, women cooperative groups faced many obstacles such as poor government support, poor technology, lack of adequate area for production, lack of capital, and insufficient equipments.
The study recommends that, in order to ensure there was efficiency and sufficiency in the development of women cooperative groups, there was a need to improve the relationship between cooperatives and the government by creating strategic plans of assisting women, such as a provision of capital, working area, technical assistance and work equipments.
The government should also implement cooperative policy and ensure the use of simple accessible technology.
v TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATION ...... i DECLARATION AND COPY RIGHT ...... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... iii DEDICATION ...... iv ABSTRACT ...... v TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... vi LIST OF TABLES ...... ix LIST OF FIGURES ...... x LIST OF PLATES ...... xi LIST OF ABREVIATIONS ...... xii
CHAPTER ONE ...... 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.0 Introduction ...... 1 1.1background of the Problem ...... 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem ...... 7 1.3 General Objective of the Study ...... 8 1.3.1Specific objectives ...... 8 1.4 Research questions ...... 8 1.5 Significance of the study ...... 9
CHAPTER TWO ...... 10 LITERATURE REVIEW ...... 10 2.1Introduction ...... 10 2.2 Definitions of key concepts ...... 10 2.2.1Cooperative group ...... 10 2.2.2Women cooperative groups ...... 11 2.2.3 Poverty ...... 12 2.2.4 Poverty eradication ...... 13 2.3 Cooperative movement in Tanzania ...... 13 2.4 Background of women cooperative in Zanzibar ...... 15 2.5 Theoretical Frame Work of the Study ...... 16 2.5.1 Theory on women and Development...... 17
vi 2.6 Emperical Review ...... 20 2.6.1 Women cooperative groups and poverty eradication in Japan...... 20 2.6.2 Women cooperative groups and poverty eradication in Bangladesh ...... 20 2.6.3Women cooperative groups and poverty eradication in Ghana ...... 21 2.6.4Women cooperatives and Poverty eradication in Kenya ...... 22 2.6.5Women and Poverty eradication in Tanzania ...... 22 2.6.6Women and Poverty eradication in Zanzibar ...... 23 2.7 Knowledge gap...... 25 2.8 The Conceptual Frame Work ...... 26 2.8.1Overview of the conceptual frame work ...... 26
CHAPTER THREE ...... 27 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...... 27 3.1 Introduction ...... 27 3.2 Study area ...... 27 3.2.1 Research design ...... 28 3.2.2 Study population ...... 29 3.2.3 Sampling and sampling size ...... 29 3.2.5 Sampling procedure ...... 30 3.2.6 Purposive sampling and simple rondom sampling ...... 30 3.2.7 Sources of data and Methods of Data collection ...... 31 3.2.8 Interview ...... 31 3.2.9Questionnaires ...... 32 3.3 Documentary review ...... 32 3.4 Validity and reliability ...... 33 3.4.1 Reliability of the instrument ...... 33 3.4.2 Validity of the instrument ...... 33 3.5 Data processing and analysis ...... 33
CHAPTER FOUR ...... 35 DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS ...... 35 4.0 Introduction ...... 35 4.1The Demographic profile of the respondents ...... 35 4.1.1Age Group of the Respondents ...... 35 4.1.2 Educational levels of Respondents ...... 37
vii 4.1.3 The number of family members of respondents...... 38 4.1.4 The family member who attend at school ...... 39 4.1.5Working time to the respondents ...... 41 4.2 The perception of women to the Government consideration on women empowerment ...... 42 4.2.1 The government empowering women in their cooperatives ...... 43 4.2.2The source of income of women before joined in cooperatives ...... 45 4.2.3 The income earned by women before and after joining in cooperatives ...... 46 4.2.4 The money earned since joining in cooperative ...... 47 4.2.5 The area where cooperative members spend their income ...... 49 4.3 Challenges that hindered the progress of cooperatives ...... 50 4.3.1The Perceptions on the challenges that hinder the progress of cooperatives ...... 50 4.3.2 Measure taken to face the challenges ...... 53 4.3.3 Ways taken to face the challenges...... 53 4.4 Women Cooperative reduce poverty in Zanzibar ...... 55 4.4.1Roles of cooperative in Poverty Reduction ...... 55 4.5 Society attitudes towards women cooperatives...... 56 4.6 Cooperatives working environment ...... 58 4.7 The opinions so as to improve the cooperatives ...... 59 4.8 Economic Activities done by women in cooperatives ...... 60 4.9 The relationship between women cooperatives...... 62
CHAPTER FIVE ...... 63 SUMMARY OF FINDING, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 63 5.0 Introduction ...... 63 5.1 Summary of the findings ...... 63 5.2 Conclusion ...... 64 5.3 Recommendation ...... 64 5.4 Area for further study ...... 66
REFERENCES ...... 68 APPENDICES ...... 73
viii LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Social Interdependence Theory Process cooperative competitive individualistic ...... 19 Table 2: Age distribution of Respondents ...... 36 Table 3: Educational levels of Respondents ...... 37 Table 4: The number of family members of respondents ...... 38 Table 5: The number of family members of the respondents who attend at school ...... 40 Table 6: Distribution of working time to the respondents ...... 41 Table 7 The response rate on the effort of the government in empowering women in their cooperatives ...... 44 Table 8: The source of income of women before joined in cooperatives ...... 45 Table 9: Money earned per month before joining in cooperatives ...... 46 Table 10: The money earned since joining in cooperative ...... 47 Table 11: the area where cooperative members spend their income ...... 49 Table 12 challenges that hindered the progress of cooperatives.( figure) ...... 50 Table 13Measure taken to face the challenges (figure) ...... 53 Table 14: Ways taken to face the challenges ...... 54 Table 15: Society attitudes towards women cooperatives ...... 57 Table 16: Perception the working environment of cooperatives ...... 58 Table 17: Opinions so as to improve the cooperatives ...... 59
ix LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1:Conceptual frame work of women co operative groups in poverty eradication 26 Figure 2: Age distribution of respondents ...... 36 Figure 3: Education level of Respondents ...... 38 Figure 4: The number of family members of respondents ...... 39 Figure 5: The number of family members of the respondents who attend at school ...... 41 Figure 6: Women perception on the government consideration on empowering women in cooperatives...... 43 Figure 7: The response rate on the effort of the government in empowering women in their cooperatives...... 45 Figure 8: The income earned by women before and after joining in cooperatives ...... 47 Figure 9: The money earned since joining in cooperatives...... 49 Figure 10: The Perceptions on the challenges that hinder the progress of cooperatives. . 53 Figure 11: The responses on women cooperative and Poverty eradication ...... 55
x LIST OF PLATES
Plate 1: Zanzibar map shows research location ...... 28 Plate 2: Women are engaged in making and packing yogurt in UWAMWIMA cooperative in Fuoni Znzibar ...... 61 Plate 3: Women in cooperative farm picking vegetable ...... 61
xi LIST OF ABREVIATIONS
DANIDA Danish International Development GDP Growth domestic product. ICA International Cooperative Alliance IGAs International Generating Activities ILO International Labour Organization. MACEMP Marine and Costal Environment Management Project MCDWAC Ministry of Community Development, Women Affairs and Children NGOs Non-governmental Organization PTF Presidential Trust Fund SACCOS Savings and Credit Cooperative Society SPSS Statistical Package for Social Science. UNDP United Nation Development Programme URT United Republic Of Tanzania. UN United Nation. UNIFEM United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women UNICEF United Nation Children‟s Fund WDF Women Development Fund ZaSCI Zanzibar Seaweed Cluster Initiative
xii CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction
Poverty is still very high in Zanzibar; GDP indicates that poverty might have declined significantly in 2004-2005. Income may not be the end of economic development, but it remains an important instrument for achieving higher human development. The macroeconomic data indicates that Zanzibar has been enjoying positive income growth since 1991, and that the growth in the 2000s is higher than in 1990s. A number of other indicators, such as the mean household expenditure and poverty rate indicate that districts in Pemba, tend to be worse off compared to districts in Unguja. This kind of geographical disparity needs to be addressed. Indeed, there is now significant investment in infrastructure in Pemba, which suggests that this disparity would eventually disappear.
Still, analysis of budgetary allocation to districts does not suggest that poverty levels are taken into account in determining such allocation. Human Development Report (2009).
This chapter presents the back ground information of women cooperative groups in general; also the statement of the problem is clearly stated. In addition the chapter presents research objectives followed by research questions as well as significance of the study.
1.1background of the Problem
Co-operatives create and maintain sustainable employment for all groups all over the world. Foristance, they provide 5.4 million jobs to European citizens and over 100 million jobs around the world - 20% more than multinational enterprises. Cooperative also enhance equal pay for equal work, fair gender balance in managerial positions, promotion of diversity, inclusion programs for vulnerable or disadvantaged employees,
1 as well as for the youngest and senior citizens; these are some of the initiatives taken by co-operatives. Farjado et al (2012).
A cooperative, as defined by ILO Recommendation NO. 193 on the Promotion of cooperatives (2002), is an autonomous association of persons united voluntary to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise. Women cooperative groups have their root in the period of 1920s whereby one auxiliary organization in United Kingdom emerged, opened stores and workshops working with people linked together in a system of manufacturing, distributing, selling and buying goods. ( Davies, Margaret L, 1931).
Despite the important role women play in driving development, women particularly living in poor living countries especially Africa, are likely to bear a disprortionate burden in economic crises. According to the UN Development program, women make up a majority of the worlds poor. Human Development Report, UNDP 2006. Since women are likely suffer the most during ongoing economic crisis, there is great need for Donors and Government at all to expand economic opportunities for women by supporting them, in their group initiatives.(cooperative groups.)
Furthermore, women can play a major role in rebuilding the world economy if they empowered. World Bank Group Managing Director Ngozi N. Okonjo-Lwela point out that it is not just about fairness, it is smart economics. A part from that, in most cases, when the economic condition of any place seems to be negative, the only segment of population which suffers the most is women, for stance in these circumstance. (Hakikazi website 2013)
Despite their significant contributions to the world economy, women are more bearing a disproportionate burden in the ongoing economic crisis. Women make up a majority of
2 the world‟s poor. Today, it is critical that we renew our efforts to expand economic opportunities for women. Not only women are drivers of economic growth, they can be the drivers of economic recovery. Women cooperative groups are considered a viable means to assist women more, out of poverty and become dynamic parts of society .
There had been a number of efforts to improve the productivity of women cooperative groups so as to reduce poverty among women in Tanzania, for example, in October 16th
2011, the Associated Press reported that the then U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham
Clinton and the Tanzanian Prime Minister Mizengo Pinda, provided plant sweet pepper seedlings to the Upendo Women's Group in Mlandizi. These efforts amongst others have contributed to overall economic growth, which has averaged 7 percent per year over the last decade. (U.S. Department of State Dip Note blog (2011)
In Tanzania, many credit schemes for assisting women to start International Generating
Activities (IGAs) have been established by both government and non-government organizations. One such scheme was known as, the Pilot Credit Scheme for Productive
Activities of Women in Tanzania. According to Shirima (1995), this pilot credit scheme was established in 1989 and the pilot project started in March 1991. It was funded by
DANIDA through UNIFEM and UNDP. The project was implemented by the Ministry of Community Development, Women Affairs and Children (MCDWAC) with the technical support of UNIFEM, UNDP and ILO. The credit scheme was piloted in
Handeni, Korogwe, Lushoto and Muheza districts and in Zanzibar and Pemba. By July
1993, the scheme had assisted 294 women on the Mainland and 316 in Zanzibar (Sunday
News, 1994).
Other credit schemes for a low income woman in Tanzania include the Presidential Trust
Fund (PTF) which operates as an NGO and the Women Development Fund (WDF). The
3 WDF was established by the government in 1992 and approved by the National
Assembly in 1993, It is administered through the MCDWAC.
Again, women in small and medium enterprises have been empowered economically by facilitating their access to financial facilities, in the form of credit, training entrepreneurship and business management, and accessing markets. Efforts are being made to assist women to acquire standard certification of their products and to access internal and external markets.
Various credit facilities targeting women have been established. Among others is the
Women Development Fund (WDF), which is supported by the government through the
National Gender Machinery and Complimented by the local councils. The fund provides credit to women in all the 114 local councils of Mainland Tanzania. A similar fund operates in Zanzibar. There are also other funds, established by different stake holders which target poor women. These include, among others CREW Tanzania, PRIDE.
FINCA, Gatsby Trust and SELF. (URT 2003)
Despite these gains, the poverty rate has decreased only marginally, while the number of
Tanzanian women living below the poverty line has increased due to rapid population growth. While the overall poverty rate is 34 percent, in some regions, up to half of the population is unable to meet basic needs.
Cooperative Movements in Tanzania grew slowly to reach 79 societies by 1949; to 1670
Societies in 1969 (Cliffe et al 1975).There currently were a number of women cooperative groups operated through the villages, wards, regions and nation. These include; Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor, Mlandizi Farm Women's Cooperative,
Upendo Women's Group and "Tuke" Consumer Marketing Society from Mainland.
In Zanzibar there are number of these cooperative groups. These include; „„ushirika waakina mama‟‟ Women‟s Cooperative in Amani, Zanzibar pearl-cooperative women,
4 and KufaaTena/Women‟s Voice in Bwejuu.. There are also Ufinyanzi Cooperative,
Ziwani, “Tumaini” Cooperative Group; and „Tusifemoyo‟ Women‟s Cooperative,
Kidoti, Zanzibar . These women groups are engaged in different activities includes
Saving and credit (SACCOSS), farming, pastoralism, petty trades, weaving, mamalishe and so on.
There are many challenges face women cooperative groups in Zanzibar, Example in Paje village, currently one committee, formed when MACEMP began assisting Zanzibar‟s seaweed farmers, remains. The committee was a link, between members of 13 groups of about 20 people each and the village leadership/government. The different groups led by the committee were supposed to acquire funds from the project as a group, but the promised funds never materialized, and the groups no longer exist. Today, even groups of three or four people no longer come together to form small cooperatives. (Msuya,
2012)
There are some achievement on women cooperatives in Zanzibar includes job creation, income generation, and poverty reduction, provide social protection and give their members a voice and representation in society. In Zanzibar one non-governmental organization (NGO) formed under ZaSCI also still exists. The NGO consists of a group of 36 women who work with the Seaweed Centre in Paje and ZaSCI. The Seaweed
Centre is a joint initiative started by the Adventure School of Zanzibar in Paje, Chalmers
School of Entrepreneurship in Sweden, and ZaSCI to help seaweed farmers in Paje (and later elsewhere). A Savings and Credit Cooperative Society (SACCOS) also operates in
Paje, a system common in many areas of Zanzibar. The SACCOS credit system in Paje is not meant for seaweed farming although the members can choose to use the credit from
SACCOS for farming seaweed. (tupopamoja website 2013).
5 In 2006, in Bweleo village, a cooperative whose name meant “patience is a key to heaven” was formed so that Bweleo farmers could join ZaSCI. Bweleo is also home to two more groups formed under the Seaweed Cluster Initiative and SACCOS. In Kidoti, a village farmers‟ association dissolved when seaweed farming decreased. Currently Kidoti is home to three groups, including a cooperative of 20 women farmers formed in 1992 called TusifeMoyo, which translates as “we should not lose hope.” Apart from farming seaweed, the group makes soaps mixed with different spices, and seaweed soaps.
(Msuya, 2012)
Tupopamoja (we are) cooperative in Mbweni Zanzibar teaching and enabling women to sew with the help of education, provision of micro-credits and fabrics, ultimately supporting the women„s families. The 10 women and the one teacher come from Fuoni,
Kidimni and Bumbwisudi, but their number is constantly growing. (Tupopamoja website
2013)
Jambonia Primary Cooperative Society, has also increased the income of members and are able to pay the monthly rent for a building that houses the cooperative (TZS 50,000/= per month). They have shared profit many times and each time member received between
TZS 30,000/= or TZS 4 As a result, it is unlikely that Tanzania will achieve the
Millennium Development Goals. (U.S. Department of State Dip Note blog (2011). It can be said that Women are empowered through cooperative groups in order to strengthen their capacity to access markets, create jobs, generate income, reduce poverty, provide social protection and give their members a voice and representation in society This however appears not to be the case in most instances in Zanzibar.. Zanzibar women are seem to bear a burden in economy in the way that, they live in a poor living condition this is the reason why this study is investigating on the extent to which, these women
6 cooperative groups contribute to poverty eradication among women and the society at large.
(Maghimbi, 1999:89-90). This situation calls for urgent examination to highlight the contribution of women cooperative groups to poverty eradication in Zanzibar.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Women through cooperatives play a critical role in driving economic development throughout the world, for stance according to Economist (2006), the increase in female employment has been the main driving force of economic growth in the last few decades.
The importance of sex the economic power of women particularly empowering women economically can lift entire families and communities out of poverty.
The Efforts show that the government and different NGOs, have the intention to empower women through cooperatives by giving them access to financial facilities in the form of credit, training entrepreneurship and business management, and accessing markets. Efforts are being made to assist women. However the efforts in the majority of
African countries especially Zanzibar, women groups remain under represented as both employees, members and in particular leaders of cooperatives For instance, research reveals that in Ethiopia, only 18% of cooperative members are women and, and in
Uganda, a 55 cooperative survey covering Area Cooperative Enterprises (ACEs) showed that women constitute 33% of board members, 13% of chairpersons, and 12% of managers. (UCA ACE Database, April 2011 ).Achieving active and equal contribution of women groups that are able to access benefits, such as technical services or education as members, or being able to influence decision making and shape the cooperative‟s agenda as leaders which has not been an area of studies. Most studies have focused on the role of cooperatives in poverty eradication for instance UN(1996); Soderlund, C and
J. Oberg (2001), Lupogon (2005) . It is becoming of increasingly importance to examine
7 the contribution of women cooperative group to poverty eradication, and come up with dynamic policies and strategies that will transform women cooperatives into a viable weapon against poverty. The study was based on the case of women cooperatives in
Fuoni constituency in Zanzibar.
1.3 General Objective of the Study
The general objective of this study is to examine the contribution of women cooperative groups in poverty eradication in Fuoni Zanzibar.
1.3.1Specific objectives
1. To assess the contribution of women cooperative groups in poverty eradication in
Fuoni constituency in Zanzibar.
2. To examine the activities of women cooperative groups and their contribution to
poverty reduction in Fuoni constituency.
3. To examine the contribution of women cooperative groups in employment
opportunity in Fuoni constituency.
4. To determine the contribution of women cooperative groups on income generating
in Fuoni constituency.
1.4 Research questions
1. What are the contributions of women cooperative groups in poverty eradication
in Fuoni constituency in Zanzibar?
2. What activities does women engaged in their cooperative and to what extent does
this reduce poverty in Fuoni constituency.
8 3. To what extent do women cooperative groups contribute in employment
opportunity in Fuoni constituency?
4. What are the contributions of women cooperative groups on income generating
in Fuoni constituency in Zanzibar?
1.5 Significance of the study
This study expected to come up with the additional information on the contribution of women cooperative groups to the improvement of women‟s economy as well as Zanzibar economy. Recommendation that will be generating at the end can be used as the bases for the solution of the problem. The recommendation also will help the government of
Zanzibar, policy makers, development actors, NGOs, voluntary organization, and individual groups, to develop policies and action plans. The study again will also provide knowledge and awareness to different groups to both government and private sectors especially those dealing with women empowerments and improving women‟s lives.
Therefore, the findings of this study would help to find the contribution of women cooperative groups
9 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1Introduction
This chapter gives a review of the literature on the contributions of women cooperatives groups in poverty reduction. The chapter begins with the definition of the key concepts, global contribution of women cooperative groups in poverty reduction, theoretical frame work, and empirical review and the research gap.
2.2 Definitions of key concepts
2.2.1Cooperative group
According to International Financial Cooperation (2012), the term cooperative group refers to an independent association of persons who join forces to meet their economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise, organized and operated on co-operative principles.
According to Tanzania Federation of cooperatives (2006), a co-operative group is a group of people who work together voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise. Co- operatives are based on the values of self-help, self-responsibility, democracy, equality and solidarity.
The International Cooperative Alliance (ICA, 2005) defines a cooperative as “an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly-owned and democratically- controlled enterprise”. The seven internationally recognized cooperative principles are: voluntary and open membership; democratic member control; member economic
10 participation; autonomy and independence; provision of education, training and information; cooperation among cooperatives; and concern for the community.
Co-operatives enable the state to provide community-based initiatives the necessary support and resources, without inhibiting their individual identity. When evaluating economic growth in the context of reducing poverty, inequality and social justice, we see that co-operatives create direct opportunities for the poor to earn enough to sustain a decent level of living. It is a uniquely appropriate institutional base to reach the poor and involves people's participation in their own development. (Orang, 2013)
Co-operatives are a unique enterprise model. Members are simultaneously owners/controllers of the enterprise, and beneficiaries of the enterprise activity. For example, workers have a direct stake in industry co-operatives, producers in agricultural co-operatives, and users/clients in retail, housing or banking co-operatives. Multi- stakeholder co-operatives (such as an increasing number of social co-operatives and community co-operatives), also feature a different type of ownership. This leads to more collaborative, long-term ways of engaging in business.( Paper of International year of cooperatives 2012).
2.2.2Women cooperative groups
Women cooperative groups is the situation whereby a group of women voluntarily work together and share benefits (DFID 2010)
Empowering rural women by promoting women‟s entrepreneurship and e-business in cooperatives, has been identified as an important approach to alleviate rural poverty and promote sustainable development. Through the formation of women‟s cooperatives and develop their capacity in entrepreneurship, women can become better equipped to enter the market for green products/ organic food and gain access, to vital resources needed for businesses (UN 2013)
11 2.2.3 Poverty
According to the World Summit for Social Development held in Copenhagen in 1995
Poverty has manifestations including lack income and productive resources sufficient to ensure sustainable livelihoods, hunger and malnutrition, ill health, limited or lack of access to education and other basic services, increased mobility and motarlity from illness,, homelessness and inadequate housing, unsafe environments and social discrimination and exclusion. It is also characterized by the lack of participation in decision making and civil, social and cultural life Sizya M (2001)
Poverty is a menace in Tanzania and the proportion of the poor, compared to the total population has been growing in spite of the measures being undertaken to alleviate it.
Poverty is characterized by a low per capita income which makes the capacity to meet basic need slow (Chambers, 1985). Other characteristics of poverty include prevalence of sickness due to ill health, in debtness and inadequate supply of food. Chambers (ibid) further characterizes poverty using indicators such as lack of wealth or assets and lack of flow of cash and food. In addition he also adds physical weakness, vulnerability, deprivation and powerlessness in his definition of poverty, all of which are common among low-income women in Tanzania.
Poverty is also defined as lack of education, skills or tools to acquire income and assets, as well as lack of access to power to modify the situation (van Lierop et al, 1991).
Poverty should be seen as the process leading to deprivation and vulnerability (Misana,
1995). It will be observed that the different aspects of the definition of poverty mentioned above typically characterize the situation of the majority of Tanzanian women
(URT/UNICEF, 1990; TGNP,1993; Misana, 1995).
Poverty can further be conceptualized as a standard of living whereby one lives below a minimum acceptable level (Mtatifikolo, 1994; Semboja, 1994). Indicators of nutritional
12 and non-nutritional requirements like shelter and clothing, are used to draw the minimum requirements level or the poverty line. The poverty line is the amount of income necessary to purchase the minimum food and non-food requirements.
From the previous discussion, it can be summarized that “poverty is a global crisis that affects people of different races and ages i.e. elderly, women, children and even youth.
This study will understand poverty to be addressed in all its dimensions by promoting people-centered approach and advocating the empowerment of people living in poverty, through their full participation in all aspects of political, economic and social life, especially in the design and implementation of policies that affect the poorest and most vulnerable groups of society.
2.2.4 Poverty eradication
Poverty eradication refers to lifting the poor out of poverty. There are two approaches towards;
Poverty eradication which has received attention of those concerned with poverty issues
(Mtatifikolo, P 1994 ). One approach is poverty eradication through growth and the second is through redistribution. In the growth approach it has been assumed that governments should concentrate on growth policies, and the results of growth will
"trickle down" to the poor through primary and secondary incomes hence eradicate poverty.
2.3 Cooperative movement in Tanzania
The history of cooperative movement in Tanzania is a replete with encouraging and discouraging, promising and unpromising stories and memories. Despite the ups and downs in the cooperative movements, the government on one hand and scholars and some of those who have been part of the cooperative movement, on the other continue to
13 be concerned about the future of the movement and seek, to revive and strengthen cooperative initiatives in the country.
A number of cooperative initiatives responding to different social and economic factors did exist in the country. Some of these have been in place before independence and seemed to disappear in the 1970s, only to re-emerge in the mid 1980s, these include the social-cultural and ethnic or regional based associations, which help their members in times of difficulties and happiness such handling and helping members on matters of marriages, death, diseases and other social mishaps. The new form of cooperation is popularly known as UPATU, where members (initially constituting of unemployed married women) contribute a fixed amount of money monthly, or in a specified period of time and given to members on rotational basis. Whereas the role and contribution of traditional societies to its members and the society at large is known, little or nothing is known about the role of these forms of cooperative initiatives. What is the contribution of these various forms of cooperative initiatives to its members and the immediate community they live in? What lessons can be drawn from such forms of cooperatives, in order to sustain and strengthen the cooperative movement in the country in general, self- initiative and organizations in general? What factors prompts or stimulates people to cooperate? Are these forms of cooperatives a coping mechanisms, to social and economic difficulties and uncertainties brought about by changes in the economy, or are they a way of ceasing opportunities that have been created by the market economy and other social and political reforms in the country? The same questions are relevant in relation to the growing interest in saving.
Background of women cooperative in Tanzania.
For a few years the Government of Tanzania has been implementing the Poverty
Reduction Strategy. This process recognizes the importance of organizations that brought poor people together, like cooperatives. As part of the programme to reduce poverty, the
14 government wanted to encourage people to form cooperatives, in order to improve their economic prospects. The government would like to see the expansion of cooperatives into sectors other than agriculture, that, as many people as possible can become involved in the cooperative movement the government will ensured that women were encouraged to become full members of cooperatives, will help small business groups involving youths, women, unemployed graduates and the disable become registered cooperatives.
Tanzania Federal Cooperative (2006).
2.4 Background of women cooperative in Zanzibar
Many cooperatives were established in Zanzibar from as early as 1925, which was when they were legalized by the British colonial government. However, crop marketing cooperatives were not the main type of cooperatives formed, as was the case in
Tanganyika (what is now the mainland of Tanzania). The peasantry in Zanzibar was marginalized as a plantation economy from the introduction of cloves Arab colonizers in
1810 (Maghimbi, 1999:89; Sheriff, 1991:112)
There was little a chance of a strong crop marketing cooperative movement evolving in
Zanzibar, as was the case in the other British colonies in East Africa. In Zanzibar there was little a space for peasants to grow cash crops and form cooperatives. This is because the fertile land in both islands was alienated by Arabs, who created coconut and clove plantations. The African peasants were pushed to the less fertile parts of the islands, such as the stony coral regions of the eastern part of both islands (Maghimbi, 1999:89-90)
Cooperatives in Zanzibar were first legalized by the Cooperative Societies Ordinance of
1925 (Cap. 490). The early cooperatives in Zanzibar were formed by clove planters. The
British colonial government fostered cooperative marketing among small holders, so that the cost of producing cloves would go down and more cloves could be exported (Jabir,
1977:156).
15 The cooperative movement is currently weak in Zanzibar. Many older cooperators are of the opinion that the movement do not “die” but was “killed”. The first cooperative law was enacted in 1925 and early cooperatives were organized on racial basis. In 1967 cooperatives were abolished by a presidential decree. Between 1967 and 1977 the only cooperative type organizations were similar to cooperative shops. From 1978 to 1991 the law and structure of cooperatives in Zanzibar was the same as that of the Mainland
(Maghimbi, 1999:89-90)
Women‟s cooperatives are very visible in Zanzibar and, as was indicated earlier, overall there are more females than males in the movement. The Waridi SACCOS is a very large cooperative with female members. In the discussion held with members of Tekeleza
Primary Cooperative Society in Pemba, there were more females than males, and the women appeared to be more active than the men in their poultry business.
Many cooperative-like organizations existed in Zanzibar and Pemba. Nevertheless these cooperative-like organizations were not advised by the authorities to form cooperatives.
The law does not require cooperatives to undertake feasibility study before registration. It takes more time to register cooperatives-like organizations (such as a Community-based organization), than to register a cooperative. Thus some cooperatives may have been formed as a short-cut to create organizations that can support members‟ activities or provide required services. (Maghimbi S 2010)
2.5 Theoretical Frame Work of the Study
A theoretical frame work can be defined as a system of ideas or conceptual structures that help us, to “see” the social world, understanding it, explain it, and change it.
Theoretical frame work as a guide to our thinking, research and caution. Theoretical frame work provides us with a systematic way of examining issues and providing recommendations for change. The study employs various theoretical frame works in our
16 studies; we were able to obtain an alternative way of looking social world. (Parpat et al.
2000).
2.5.1 Theory on women and Development.
This section provides a brief review of theories that focus on cooperative societies and understanding the position of women in development struggling.
Perspectives on women‟s development have become more prevalent with the growing awareness, related to gender equity issues in education and the work place. These theories of development suggest that women have a need to feel connected and that they tend to define themselves in terms of their relationships with others. (Michael S 2012)
Drolet, 2012 locates the ideological roots of key concepts in development theories and feminist, thinking about women‟s role in development and improving women‟s status.
He argues that, over the past three decades, feminist theories and perspectives have influenced the debates on development across disciplines. Learning from the historical trajectory of development theories and feminist perspectives, allows social workers to consider the centrality of gender in shaping every aspect of social life.
The Theory of cooperative freedom
The theory of cooperative freedom can be classified as a theory of autonomy and independence. It is influenced by Know less (1970) theory of Andragogy, which asserts that adult perceive themselves as self directing human beings and define themselves in terms of their personal achievements and experiences. The theory of cooperative freedom perceives both adult and juvenenile, as motivated and it suggests that independent of
Motivational Orientation need as well as freedom (Johnson and Johnson, 1989)
Cooperative freedom is a fabricated term. At first sight, it seems self contradictory.
“Cooperative” Indicates group interaction, through “freedom” implies individual
17 autonomy. Yet if we could develop a system that combined freedom for the individual with group cooperation we would attain a system based on cooperative freedom (Houle,
1984)
Theory of social based group
These are long term cooperative groups such as SACCOS or other societies with stable membership, that give each membership the support, help, encouragement, and assistance s/he needs to make and develop cognitively and socially in health ways (
Johnson, and Johnson 1970)
Theory of Special Independence
The basic premise of social interdependence theory is that, the type of interdependence structured in a situation determines how individuals interact with each other, which in turn, determines out comes, positive interdependence tends to result in primitive interaction , negative interdependence result in an absence of interaction. Depending on whether individuals promote or obstruct each other‟s goal accomplishments, there is substitutability (i.e the actions of one person substitute for the actions of another) essentially, in cooperative situations in which actions of participants substitute for each other, participants positively cathect to each others effective actions, and there is high inducibility among participants do not substitute for each other, participants negatively cathect to each other‟s effective actions, and inducibility is low. When there is no interaction, there is no substitutability, cathexis, or inducibility ( Mc Creary, 1990)
18 Table 1: Social Interdependence Theory Process cooperative competitive
individualistic
Interdependency Positive Negative None Interaction perttern Promotive Oppositional None Outcome 1 High effort to achieve How effort to Low effort to achieve achieve Outcome 2 Positive relationships Negative No relation ships relationships Outcome 3 Psychological health Psychological Psychological illness phathology Source: Johnson and Johnson, (1989), Mc Creary, E.K ( 1990)
The theory of social interdependence is more applicable to the study due to following reasons: Social interdependence is a generic human phenomenon that has impact on many different outcomes simultaneously. Over the past 95 years, researchers have focused on such diverse dependent variables as cooperatives freedom individual achievement and retention, group and organizational productivity, higher, level reasoning, moral reasoning, achievement motivation, intrinsic motivation, social support, interpersonal affection and love, toward diversity, prejudice, self esteem, attribution concern success and failure, psychological health, social competencies, poverty eradication and many others Johnson and Johnson (1989) this theory covers more variables then other theories and so it supports this study on women cooperatives.
Self awareness for Freedom Model
This is an educational action oriented intervention model that form members. The assumption behind this model comes from two democratic principles of association: First individual members are free to join or exist a cooperative society. Secondly if a cooperative society is owned by members, then basic source of good management, good leadership and democratic control is the membership. The starting point of the member
19 empowerment process is the basic assumption that the cooperative movement is in a state of disequilibria internally, while internally members are being victimized by oppressive, leads, structures and regulation is guided by conditional disempowerment comes through the logic of external support, which ends up in creating dependency and a state of hepness (Mc Creary, E.K ( 1990)
2.6 Emperical Review
2.6.1 Women cooperative groups and poverty eradication in Japan.
Daman (2003.) On his paper exposed that: The highest number of women in cooperatives in the Region comes from the credit and consumer sectors. In Japan the membership of women in agricultural cooperatives and in decision-making organs is low.
No discriminatory provisions preventing women‟s participation in agricultural cooperatives, are contained in the Agricultural Cooperative Law or in the bylaws of the agricultural cooperatives. In the majority of the bylaws, membership is based either on land ownership or work on the farm for more than 90 days a year. Despite this, women membership has not increased mainly due to the fact that, most cooperatives have a membership policy that allows only one member per household, based on the idea that a household is the minimum unit for production. In addition, it is customary that women follow their husbands in the village life and decision-making. Women themselves do not want to cause troubles by challenging such a tradition. Therefore, men became the majority of directors and delegates and women quietly accepted the situation. However, the concept of plural membership from households is being encouraged.
2.6.2 Women cooperative groups and poverty eradication in Bangladesh
DFID (2010), observed that cooperatives have been successful in expanding in access to water and electricity, for poor people and reducing wastage from illegal diversion of
20 utilities. In Bangladesh, as in the US, rural electricity cooperatives were set up to meet communities own needs in the absence of any external private firms, seeing this as a market opportunity in Bangladesh, these serve about 28 million people, with up support from DFP and USAID. While Sizya (2001) observed that cooperative group have been the kingpins of development interventions, to alleviate poverty of small holder farmers spread out in the rural areas of Tanzania.
Also Jones Alaine et al (2010), observed that women cooperative groups have been given training in a range of areas , from production skills, book-keeping and marketing to money management, literacy and preventative health. Women from several groups talked about becoming better informed, educated and more confident and aware of their rights as results of this capacity building.
2.6.3 Women cooperative groups and poverty eradication in Ghana
Eric (2012) observed that: Women‟s groups that evolve into cooperative societies tend to have a long-term focus, as opposed to informal savings and lending groups that can dissolve after the distribution of savings and profits. The cooperative certificate binds group members into a business unit, and enables them to engage in contractual agreements. However the level of education of group members is a critical factor for successful group operations. It was observed that, in groups with a larger percentage of better educated members more members feel comfortable to take on leadership roles, manage group accounts and advocate for policy changes. With the literacy level of women being generally lower than that of men, a future intervention could include basic adult literacy training in the support provided to village women‟s groups. The capacity of cooperative societies to provide diversified services to members is important, in building group cohesion and contributing to cooperative development in the long term. It is essential that cooperative societies, local capacity builders and support organizations
21 such as SNV work together, to monitor progress and share experiences on a regular basis.
This will foster innovation in the approaches taken and ultimately achieve sustained
2.6.4 Women cooperatives and Poverty eradication in Kenya
For sub-Saharan Africa, Kenya is noteworthy in having a long history of formal cooperative movements involving smallholder farmers (Heyer, 1976). Work by Place et al. (2004) describes a wide variety of other, less formal, self-help groups that have recently emerged in rural sites of the Kenyan highlands. These groups, often numerically dominated by women, undertake many activities that include income generation, asset building, commodity marketing, and social/cultural functions.
2.6.5 Women and Poverty eradication in Tanzania
A number of studies have examined the role of women cooperatives in poverty eradication in Tanzania. Foristnce Misana, 1995; URT/UNICEF, 1990, the concern for women in poverty eradication efforts in Tanzania is important because women continue to be the most disadvantaged group globally, the issue of women and poverty requires a special consideration because women and girls of poor rural households, bear a disproportionally high share of the burden of poverty. This is manifested in the nature of women's work in agriculture, which expose them to certain health hazards; time devoted to work and rest by men and women in rural areas; women's unequal access and control over cash and its implication in poverty alleviation, and the nature of women's domestic and reproductive work (Batliwala, 1983).
In measuring poverty or wealth of women, the level of their access to and control over resources must be considered. This is because from a gender perspective, power over resources is a key concept on poverty (Mbughuni, 1994). This view has led to the realization by many people that, without a critical analysis of gender relationships in
22 society and overcoming the constraints that mitigate against women, poverty alleviation programmes will continue to benefit more men than women (Misana, 1995).
While poverty affects households as a whole, gender division of labour and women's responsibilities for household welfare, make women bear a disproportionate burden in alleviating poverty. For example, trade liberalization policy in Tanzania removed price control and subsidies. This forced women to look for ways of earning incomes to meet the rising prices of food items. The policy has affected women more because they are the immediate food suppliers at the household level. Poverty is perceived and experienced differently by men, women and social classes (Mbughuni, 1994; Misana, 1995). The controller of resources has more power in poverty alleviation and thus, as Misana (ibid) argues, there is need of poverty alleviation policies and programmes to be gender sensitive.
In relating poverty to gender and social groups, Mwaipopo (1994) argues that within gender analysis, manifestations of poverty are largely associated with inequalities in gender as well as within social class. This view is widely accepted. For example, the
World Bank, in outlining the strategies for incorporating women in economic development, suggests among other strategies, the need of studying and considering gender relations in as far as access to and control of resources for alleviation of poverty are concerned.
2.6.6 Women and Poverty eradication in Zanzibar
Women carry the major responsibility for both subsistence agriculture, especially food crop production, and domestic work. Time use studies consistently show that women spend more hours per day, than men in both productive and reproductive activities.
Women traditionally responsible for almost all livestock activities of dairy husbandry
(feeding, milking, milk processing, marketing, etc.). In addition, a 1992 labour force
23 survey in Zanzibar showed that women comprised 74% of the labor force in agro- enterprises. In Zanzibar, women also predominate in on-shore fisheries, while men perform almost all the work in off-shore fisheries except for some cleaning and processing. (World Bank 2009).
Women and development in cooperatives groups Zanzibar
Women currently seem more active than men in primary cooperatives. In many cases women are the bread winners and social protectors of families. Many of them have faith in their cooperatives, both in terms of enhancing income and social protection. Strong women primary cooperatives, such as Waridi SACCO and Jambonia Primary
Cooperative Society, are leading the way. Women are also active in seaweed farming, although it is not easy to determine if the seaweed groups in Kisiwa Panza and
Mchokocho are cooperatives or cooperative-like groups. Department of Cooperatives
(2008)
JAWAFU began as an animal husbandry cooperative in 2003 with 64 members (41 males and 23 females). The main source of income comes from dairy cows, which are individually owned by the members. The cooperative is concerned with the marketing of milk and the cooperative also has some savings and credit operations.
The JAWAFU (“Jumuiya ya Wafugaji Fuoni”) primary cooperative undertakes joint vaccination services and collective procurement of inputs (animal feeds, salts, and oils, among others). These services reduce costs, due to the benefits of increased economies of scale in purchasing and transport. The same is the case in selling milk. The collective selling of milk has pushed the price of a 750ml bottle from TZS 150 to TZS 600.
JAWAFU has influenced the adoption of a common unit measure for milk. Producers are now shifting from using the 750ml bottle to a 1500ml bottle.
24 JAWAFU adopts the best recommended animal husbandry practices and all members have adopted zero grazing. The inclusion of a savings and credit programme has enabled members to make regular monthly savings. The members have agreed to make a compulsory monthly saving of TZS 4,000 each from milk sales. JAWAFU is a gender sensitive and three out of the nine members of its committee are female. Revolutionary
Government of Zanzibar (2007)
2.7 Knowledge gap.
Having gone through all literature above, it is evident that the majority of women live in poor living condition, and they bear the burden in economy. This indicates that there is a need to improve women‟s living condition, by increasing their employment opportunities through cooperatives. This is because the majority of women especially in Zanzibar failed to manage their families. There is not any literature, expressing on the contribution of women cooperative groups to poverty eradication in Zanzibar. These studies leave a knowledge gap as a result, this situation motivated the researcher to fill this gap by assessing the contribution of women cooperative groups, to poverty eradication in
Zanzaibar.
25 2.8 The Conceptual Frame Work
Figure 1:Conceptual frame work of women co operative groups in poverty eradication Women Bear burden Lack of income and Lack of education and In economy. productive resources other basic needs
Women living in a poor condition
Women cooperative groups
Increase employment Economic opportunity Provision of training to women in different areas Source: Researcher, 2013
2.8.1Overview of the conceptual frame work
Conceptual Frame work “is setting of two or more interrelated concepts that present a systematic view of a phenomenon, that helps to explain it and make predictions about the phenomenon”. The above conceptual framework shows the relationship between variables where by women are the bearer of economic burden in Zanzibar, they lacked income and productive resources; women also are faced with poor education and other basic needs. This situation drives them to live in a poor living condition. The intervention of this problem need different initiatives to improve women economic status, such as increasing of employment to women, giving them economic opportunity and provision of training to women in different areas.
26 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This chapter has two interrelated parts, the research design and data collection methods
.Therefore this chapter explains the research strategy or design, techniques, instruments and resources used in data collection, various sources of data, types of data used as well as the description of techniques that used in data analysis. This section also describes the general way in which the research was conducted. It describes the sampling procedure and states the instrument which was used in data collection from the field. The study winds up with the validity and reliability of the methods used in data collection.
3.2 Study area
This study was conducted in Fuoni constituency which is located in the southern part of
Zanzibar. Fuoni is a constituency of Unguja Island which is located five kilometers to the south east of Zanzibar city. The area was deliberately selected because was easier for the researcher to acquire information more easily, about women cooperative groups due to presence of many women cooperative groups, in this area than in other parts of Zanzibar.
Fuoni constituency was selected as case study because of availability of adequate information related to the study area. The constituency also was is a specific place with a community that enabled the researcher to investigate the case in order to know how woman participated in development activities.
27
Plate 1: Zanzibar map shows research location . Fuoni villages (source: map_znz.com)
3.2.1 Research design
Research design is a systematic plan for research project including who to integrate, what, to compare for which dimension (Flick, 2007) This study employed case study and both qualitative and quantitative methods were used. The collection tools such as
28 interview, questionnaires, observation and documentary review were used during the study.
Qualitative method were selected based on the fact that it gives a chance to capture respondents, in order to get clear understanding of their knowledge on the important of being involved in community development. (Merrian1998) argues that qualitative method facilitates in understanding the meaning people have constructed and experiences they have on this issue.
3.2.2 Study population
According to Babbie (1992) a study population is that aggregation of elements from which the sample elements are actually selected. In assessing the contribution of women cooperative groups to poverty eradication in Zanzibar, the target population of the study was drawn from women cooperatives groups in Fuoni constituency. The researcher considered this area due to presence of many women cooperative groups in this area, than in other parts of Zanzibar.
3.2.3 Sampling and sampling size
According to Wilson (1985) Sampling is a procedure and principle used to identify, choose, and gain access to relevant units which was used for data generation by any method. It is very often associated solely with a logic driven from general laws of statistics and probability. Sampling is the research strategy of collecting data from a part of a population with view to inferences about a whole.
Kothari, (2004) define sampling size is a process of selecting number of items from the universe to constitute a sample. About 104 respondents, these include 30 members from women cooperative group‟s filled questionnaires while 4 were interviewed, 60 society
29 members from the area where cooperative groups of women was allocated and 10 include officers responsible for women empowerment.
Calculation of sample.
The sample size was obtained by using the following formula: n = N/1+N(e)² where by
N = entire population n = sample size e = level of significance
Data given
The total population from the village is 49,697 from Pangawe, kijitoupele and kibondeni. e = is given as 10% n = 49,697/1 + 49,697(10)² n = 49,697/1 + 49,697(0.01) n =49697/475 n = 104
3.2.5 Sampling procedure
According to Mugenda (1999) Sampling is the process of selecting a number of individuals in a study in such a way that the individuals selected represent the largest group from which they selected.
3.2.6 Purposive sampling and simple rondom sampling
The purposive sampling is a deliberate selection of particular units of the universe, for constituting a sample that represents the universe (Kothari 2004). In this study a purposive sampling were used by the researcher to interview three selected cooperative group leaders, 1 Village local leader (Sheha) to acquire information on women
30 involvement in development activities in the study area, whereas a simple random sampling were employed to select the study respondents, because it was more effective to reduce the degree of biasness among the respondents.
3.2.7 Sources of data and Methods of Data collection
This study based on two major types of data that is primary and secondary data. Primary data refer to the first hand information obtained directly from the field (Salant and
Dillman, 1994). Secondary data on other hand refers to the second hand information or information obtained from different documents. At this stage, interview, questionnaires and documentary review such as journals, reports, published or unpublished documents from the internet to collect primary and secondary data. The questionnaires were used in society, officials members and as well as members of women cooperatives. Where by 30 questionnaires filled by members from women cooperatives, 60 questionnaires filled by society members and 10 questionnaires filled by officers responsible for women empowerment. Interviews were used only in 4 cooperative members.
3.2.8 Interview
The interview method of collecting the data involves presentation of oral verbal stimulus and reply in terms of oral verbal response (Kothari, 1990)
This techniques was carried out by conducting face to face interview with the respondents, where by the researcher used both structured and non -structured interview questions, and recoding answers. The use of this tool will obtain useful and appropriate data for this study. it additionally allows the respondents to be responsive and feel as a part of the team.
31 3.2.9Questionnaires
Questionnaires survey involves the gathering of information from individuals using a formally designed schedule of the question (Veal, 1997)
The structured questionnaire was designed and pre-tested, prior to questionnaire survey to check reliability and validity of the questions, in order to make the necessary modifications. The questionnaire comprised of two main categories of close ended and open ended question. Open ended provide respondents freedom of self expression and more creativity, in providing detailed information and closed questionnaire to administer close ended questions, for obtaining quantitative data. The researcher again used self administer questionnaires to those respondent who are un educated or old respondent.
Both close and open ended questionnaire were used to collect data from respondents. The questionnaires were administered by the researcher herself. The method was used because it save time and it gathered data over a large sample.
3.3 Documentary review
This study was involved to review different documents such as news papers, private documents such as books, journals, and papers, websites. This was used in order to obtain the supplementary information that will enrich primary data. They were also very useful because they were the written evidence and helped to save the researcher time and transcribing (Creswell, 2003). This method also was used to collect data in the study because it was free from respondent bias.
32 3.4 Validity and reliability
3.4.1 Reliability of the instrument
Reliability refers to how consistent a research procedure or instrument is (Enon, 1998) It means the extent of consistency that the instrument or procedure demonstrates in a study.
(Patton 2002) argues that reliability refers to the consistency with which repeated measures produce the same results across time and across observers. To ensure reliability, this study will use four methods of data collection which are questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussion and documentary review. A pre-test of questionnaires were carried out to guarantee a common understanding of questions among respondents.
3.4.2 Validity of the instrument
Validity is the process whereby an empirical measure adequately reflects the real meaning of the concepts under consideration (Babie, 1998). It is the establishment of the causal relationship where by the outcomes of the study are linked to each other .To ensure validity of measure, the data were gathered from local groups, cooperative members, and officials. Triangulation principle additionally was used for checking research methods through a combination of more than one research method.
3.5 Data processing and analysis
Data analysis is the process for gathering, sorting, organizing and structuring data
(Magigi, 2012). The study used both qualitative and quantitative method of data analysis.
Quantitative data were analyzed with the help of the computer program. Statistical
Package for social science (SPSS) version 17.0 through computer program, data were processed and presented in the form of graphs and tables. The qualitative data were analyzed during and after research process. In this study, some of the questions were formulated by the researcher during interview.
33 After the collection of data procedures like coding, editing, classification and analysis was done respectively. Data processing was done in order to eliminate possible errors and ensured completeness, correctness, accuracy and uniformity of data gathered.
34 CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
4.0 Introduction
This chapter presents the findings obtained from data collected. Interviews and questionnaires were employed to collect primary source of data, while documentary review was used in collecting data in the secondary source of data. This chapter covers presentation, analysis of the findings or research questions.
4.1The Demographic profile of the respondents
This section provides the general characteristics of the respondents involved, in assessing the contribution of women cooperative groups to poverty eradication in Zanzibar, in
Founi constituency in west district. These characteristics are age group, sex, and education level. The discussion of each characteristic is presented below.
4.1.1Age Group of the Respondents
The age of respondents of the four cooperatives, were ranged from eighteen to over fifty years. The grouping the respondents based on their age at the interval of twelve years, three groups were obtained. The number of respondents whose age ranged between 18 to
30 years was 6 (20.0 %), while those whose age ranged between 31 to 43 years were 11
(36.7%). The last who were 13 (43.3%) were aged between 41 to 50 years .This distribution is as presented in table 2 below.
35 Table 2: Age distribution of Respondents
Year Frequency Percentage 18 - 30 6 20.0 Years 31 -43 Years 11 36.7
44 - 56 13 43.3 Years Total 30 100.0 Source: Field data, 2014
These results implied that the majority of women who were engaged in cooperatives were between 30 years and above, this is because women in these ages were depended by their families, and they tried to work hard to serve their families. This situation made adult women to join in cooperatives in order to generate incomes for the purposes of earning basic needs, for their children such as food, school fees, and so on.
Figure 2: Age distribution of respondents
Age Distribution of Respondents
18 - 30 Years 31 -43 Years 44 - 56 Years
Source: Field Data 2014
36 4.1.2 Educational levels of Respondents
Considering the level of education of the respondents, it can be seen from the table below. 9 equal 15.0% of respondents had no formal education. 11 constituted to 18.3 % completed primary education. While 32 equal to 53.3% had secondary education. And the last 8 constituted to 13.3% of the respondents had more than secondary education.
The results are shown in table 3
Table 3: Educational levels of Respondents
Level of Education Frequency Percentage Informal education 9 15.0 Primary Education 11 18.3 Secondary Education 32 53.3 More than secondary education 8 13.3 Total 60 100.0
Source: Field Data 2014
Data above provide information that more than half of the respondents achieved secondary education 53.3%. This result implies that most of them attained formal education and they had knowledge on what they did in their cooperatives includes an awareness of being away from dependency, of their husband for their needs. But more research findings have shown that women failed to reach their aim due to various obstacles that hindered these cooperatives.
37 Figure 3: Education level of Respondents
More than Informal secondary education education 15% 13%
Primary Education 18%
Secondary Education 54%
Source: Field Data 2014
4.1.3 The number of family members of respondents.
The number of family members of women who were involved in cooperatives ranged from three to over eight members. Grouping was based on the number family members at an interval of two, three groups were obtained. The number of participants whose family members between 3 to 5 years were 11 (36.7%), family members between 6 to 8 years were 11 (36.7%). The other group of 8 (26.7%) obtained that their family members were
8 and above.
Table 4: The number of family members of respondents
Family Members Frequency Percentage 3 - 5 Members 11 36.7 6 - 8 Members 11 36.7 More than 8 8 26.7 Members Total 30 100.0
Field data, 2014
38 The results reveal that, most of women in cooperative had a number of children from 3 and above. This situation indeed motivated them to find an alternative means to generate their income to have the ability of serving their families.
Figure 4: The number of family members of respondents
Number of Family Members
3 - 5 Members 6 - 8 Members More than 8 Members
Source: Field Data
4.1.4 The family member who attend at school
This part presents the numbers of member who attended at school in the family of respondents who responded the questionnaires. The following table shows the distribution.
39 Table 5: The number of family members of the respondents who attend at school
Number of children Frequency Percentage All of them 9 30.0 Some of them 19 63.3 No one attend at 2 6.7 school Total 30 100.0 Source: Field Data, 2014
Table 5 above summarizes the number of family members who attended at school whereby 9 (30.0%) all their members are attend at school, while 19 (63.3%) some of their family members attended at school. Other group of 2 (6.7%) in their family no one attended at school.
The findings above show that, more than a half of the respondent‟s children were attending school, this was due to the assistance from their parents who supported them in paying school fees. The findings are similar with the ILO report of 2002, whereby the report revealed that women afforded to pay school fees for their children after joining in cooperatives. Again, the findings implied that women in many societies were the bearers for the responsibilities of serving their families.
40 Figure 5: The number of family members of the respondents who attend at school
Family Members who attend to School
Some of them 63% No one Other attend at 7% school 7% All of them 30%
Source: Field Data 2014
4.1.5Working time to the respondents
This part presents the working time distribution of the respondents were engaged in cooperatives.
Table 6: Distribution of working time to the respondents
Working time Frequency Percentage Daily 13 43.3 Every week 1 3.3 Every 9 30.0 month Others 7 23.3 Total 30 100.0
Source: field Data 2014
Table 6 displays the fact that in cooperatives members differed in working time, whereby
13 (43.3%) of the respondents worked every day, 1 (3.3%) worked every week, 9
41 (30.0%) worked every month and the other group of 7 equal to 23.3% worked in other time.
These results represent that women in cooperatives used more time in working place,
43.3% of them were daily workers. The group worked hard but the income was not related to what they did in cooperatives. The quality of employment in cooperatives generally was to be poor because they acted as seasonal workers, there were no permanent benefits, insurance and other important benefits are rarely found in cooperatives.
4.2 The perception of women to the Government consideration on women empowerment
The study further reveals that, 90% of respondents agreed that the government considered on empowering women in their cooperatives, in order to improve production to sustain cooperatives, another 10% argued that the government had no consideration on empowering women in cooperatives, as a result many women involved in cooperatives remain unsastained in a way that the efforts of reducing poverty in the society was not achieved.
This finding implies that, government assistance to empower women in cooperatives was provided, although its assistance was insufficient that was why some members disagreed on the government assistances, and said that the government had no consideration on empowering women in cooperatives. This result fit with the study of
ILO COOPREFORM 1996, which asserted that most African countries were not considering cooperatives as an employment tool, the role of cooperatives in employment creation had been neglected by employment planners, cooperative promotion agencies, social partners and donor organizations alike. This situation led cooperatives to be weak
42 institutions in the society since the government did not recognize it‟s importance in poverty eradication in the country.
Figure 6: Women perception on the government consideration on empowering
women in cooperatives.
Responses
Yes No
Source Field Data: 2014
4.2.1 The government empowering women in their cooperatives
All the 30 respondents (cooperatives members) responded to this question. According to these results, the perception of cooperative members to the government efforts on empowering women in cooperatives due to improve productivity. The table 7 shows the data from the field.
43 Table 7 The response rate on the effort of the government in empowering women in
their cooperatives
Government Effort Frequency Percent They provide aids and loans 13 43.3 Government encourage donors to 7 23.3 help cooperatives Government provide resources to 2 6.7 cooperatives Government introduced special 1 3.3 department to help women Government provide training to 4 13.3 cooperatives Govenment loans is insufficient 1 3.3 Government does not help women 2 6.7 cooperatives Total 30 100.0
Source: Field Data 2014.
The findings in table 6 reveal that respondents provided different opinions such as some they viewed that the government provided aids and loans to empower women in cooperatives . It was about 13 equal to 43.3% of them opinion based on that, others said that government encouraged donors to help cooperatives, 7 equal to 23.3% believed on that. There were 2 equal to 6.7% said that the government provided resources to cooperatives in order to improve production. 1 equal to 3.3% who said the government introduced special department to help women in cooperatives (Cooperative Department).
However 4 13.3% said that the government provided trainings to women in cooperatives. Furthermore this research has revealed that 1equal 3.3% complained that the government loan is insufficient to sustain welfare of cooperatives (the government
44 provided inadequate loans). The last group with reference to 2 equal to 6.7% argued that the government did not help women cooperatives.
More over this implied that there were some cooperatives groups who enjoyed the government assistance, that helped them to improve their productivity and some assistance did not reach them, this resulted in high rates of cooperative failures.
Figure 7: The response rate on the effort of the government in empowering women
in their cooperatives.
Respondents view on the government effots
50 40 30 20 10 0 Percentage
Source: Field Data 2014
4.2.2The source of income of women before joined in cooperatives
Table 8: The source of income of women before joined in cooperatives
Frequency Percentage Farming 14 46.7 Petty trades 15 50.0
Fish monger 1 3.3 Total 30 100.0 Source: Field Data 2014.
45 The results in table 8 above displayed the fact that, all 30 respondents were engaged themselves in different activities as a source of incomes to run their lives before joining cooperatives. Statistics shows that 14 which was equivalent to 46.7% were engaged in farming, before joining cooperatives, while 15 equal to 50.0% were engaged in petty trades and 1 constituted to 3.3% were engaged in fish monger as source of income.
According to the revealed data the researcher was able to confirm that, women were good contributors in economic growth and poverty eradication, due to their efforts for they tried to find all essential solution to the improve the living standards in the society as well as stability of the countries.
This result is the similar with the study done by Emana 2008 whose observed that, In employment women were found more often than men in informal and precarious work, with particularly pronounced imbalances in some sectors. With regard to agriculture, women were estimated to produce up to 80% of the food in Africa.
4.2.3 The income earned by women before and after joining in cooperatives
During the study the researcher investigated that the level of income obtained between the women before joining in cooperatives and this results are as shown in the Table 9
Table 9: Money earned per month before joining in cooperatives
Amount Of Money Frequency Percentage 30,000 - 29 96.7 50,000 50,001 - 1 3.3 70,000 Total 30 100.0
Source: Field Data 2014
46 Table 8 shows that, 96.7% of the respondent earned less than 30,000 to 50,000 Tsh per month. While only one respondent earn 50,001 to 70,000 Tsh was 3.3%. These findings implied that, many people in the study area earned not more than the average of 2 dollars per day at a house level. Moreover respondents were faced with many problems which reduced their level of income day to day. These problems include lack of capital to employ themselves. The total income earning was not being concurrent with real the life expenses in the study area, this implies that, low earnings contributed to find another alternatives to get income.
Figure 8: The income earned by women before and after joining in cooperatives
Income before joining in cooperative
30,000 - 50,000 50,001 - 70,000
Source: Field Data 2014
4.2.4 The money earned since joining in cooperative
Table 10: The money earned since joining in cooperative
Frequency Percentage 50,000 - 26 86.7 70,000 70,001 - 4 13.3 90,001 Total 30 100.0
Source: Field Data 2014
47 Results in table 10 revealed that, 86.7% of respondents earned less than 100,000 to
150,000 Tsh per month, and 13.3% of them earned more than 70,001 to 90,000 Tsh.
These findings implied that, women in the study area earned more income after joining in cooperatives, compared before joined in cooperatives. Moreover respondents increased the total income earning that helped to solve some life expenses in the study area. The income for cooperative members contributed to poverty reduction or eradication among women in the community.
Although results from interviews revealed that, 75.0% of them said that the income earned from cooperatives is low compare to expenditure. And only 25.0% of respondents said income was satisfying since some needs were solved. This showed that income earned by women from cooperatives was insufficient even for a daily bread, some of them reported that the salary was still low compared to the daily needs, income earned is remained hand to mouth. On the other hand results is differed with study done by
Marujin 2012, where results was, women through cooperative got profits in a way that they had ability to deal with the emergency better, Before, if they had an emergency, they have to go from a neighbor to a neighbor, requesting for help, but people would often refuse, soon they joining cooperatives ,they received help whenever needed, and also were credit worth.
48 Figure 9: The money earned since joining in cooperatives.
Amount Of Money earned since joining in cooperatives
100
80
60 Percentage 40
20
0 50,000 - 70,000 70,001 - 90,001
Source: Field Data 2014
4.2.5 The area where cooperative members spend their income
During the study the researcher investigate that the members spend their income in different areas and this results are as shown in Table 11 below
Table 11: the area where cooperative members spend their income
Area Frequency Percentage Education 10 33.3 Food 13 43.3 Health 1 3.3 Other 6 20.0 Total 30 100.0 Source: Field Data 2014
Findings in Table 11 shows that, 10 equal to 33.3% of respondents spent their income in education, while 13 equal to 43.3% of respondents spent their income on food, it‟s only
1participants equal to 3.3% spent income in health, and the last group of 6 equal to
49 20.0% spent their income in other needs. This result implies that income earned by cooperative members was only reducing poverty, to meet basic needs such as food, education, health and clothes and not other needs. In other words respondents used income to solve their life expense in the study area. This result fit with the study done by
Msuya (2012) who observed that, women who were members from cooperative seaweed farming enabled them to improve their standards of living, by giving them income to pay school fees, buy uniforms and books for their children, improved their houses which they lived, and purchase clothes and food to meet their daily needs.
4.3 Challenges that hindered the progress of cooperatives
This question was designed to find out the challenges that hindered the progress of women cooperative groups in Zanzibar. Where with this question guides to choose between two options‟ Yes or No. The Table 12 shows the data from the field.
Table 12 challenges that hindered the progress of cooperatives.( figure)
Responses Frequency Percent Yes 30 100.0
Source: Field Data 2014
All 30 respondents (cooperative members) during the study responded to this question.
According to the results, cooperative members were aware of the challenges that hindered progress of their cooperatives, due to low a production in their work.
4.3.1The Perceptions on the challenges that hinder the progress of cooperatives
This question was designed to find out the respondent‟s view on the challenges that hindered the progress of their cooperatives and the results from the field were as follows.
50 Total sum of 8 equal to 26.7% of respondents said cooperatives were hindered by lack of cooperation among members, while 4 equal 13.3%of them said poor attendance was the challenges that hindered cooperatives progress, other 6 equal to 20.0% said lack of equipments, similar 6 equal to 20.0% who said low capital to run their activities, 1 constituted to 3.3 % said bad leadership, again 1 equal to 3.3% claimed that workers were not paid. Another 1 constituted to 3.3% viewed conflicts among members is the challenge of many cooperatives. Other 1 equal to 3.3% of the respondents said in cooperatives lacked of education in performing tasks. It was only 2 who constituted to
6.7% of respondents said cooperative members were not paying back their loans.
The same question was posed in an interview to the challenges that hindered women in cooperatives, four members from different cooperatives responded to this question. A sum of 75.0% of them said family barrier was the challenge hindered women to join cooperatives, and other 25.0% said that poor attitudes towards cooperative was another challenge that hindered many women to join cooperatives.
According to data displayed above, which showed that, most respondents were aware on the challenges that acted as an obstacle in many cooperatives. The results of this study are nearly the same with the study of Msuya 2012, who observed that one among the challenge that hindered the progress of women in their cooperatives was the family conflicts between husbands and wives, some women could not get permission from their husbands, to go out and farm seaweed in a cooperative farm therefore could not participate in farming, although they did like and if they get permission it will be through difficulties and sometimes quarrels. Although the Ministry of Industry and Trade 2003 reported that, at the micro level, the main issues were women entrepreneurs in cooperatives‟ limited education, skills and business experience. At the meso level, the
51 main constraints are limited access to support services, including loan levels suited to their business needs, technical and management training, advice and marketing.
Mwendamaka D, 2013 observed that, limited spread of cooperatives in other sectors of the economy was another problem faced cooperatives in Tanzania, since most cooperatives dealt with agricultural products. This had resulted into cooperatives being ignored by other sectors such as finance, trade, industries, mining, energy, transport, communication, water, fisheries and forestry. Since the contribution of agriculture in the national economy was declining while the contribution towards the national economy was also expected to decline, if cooperatives were not given due to the consideration in other sectors. The other sectors mentioned above had not satisfactory attracted cooperative activities although cooperative societies would have helped small-scale producers, to improve their economic well-being and hence reduce poverty.
In addition to that, some women entrepreneurs in cooperatives were unable to formalize their businesses, because of stringent requirements in terms of premises which could be licensed for production activities. This was especially the case among those in food processing, most of whom remained informal because they cannot afford the high cost of building or renting premises, which were appropriate for the size of their business. There was a need to provide facilities for women entrepreneurs in this sector, to be able to develop their activities up to a point where they could rent or establish their own facilities.
52 Figure 10: The Perceptions on the challenges that hinder the progress of
cooperatives.
Challenges
Lack of cooperation
poor attendence
Lack of equipments
Low capital
Bad leadership
Source: Field Data 2014
4.3.2 Measure taken to face the challenges
Table 13Measure taken to face the challenges (figure)
Responses Frequency Percentage Valid Yes 30 100.0 Source: Field Data 2014
The findings in the above table revealed that all 30 respondents during the study responded to this question. According to results, the perceptions of cooperative members have show that cooperatives had the effort to reduce those challenges so as to improve the cooperative situation.
4.3.3 Ways taken to face the challenges.
This part present the way taken by cooperative members to face those challenges that hinder the progress of their cooperatives.
53 Table 14: Ways taken to face the challenges
Ways Frequency Percentage Creating meeting 11 36.7 Get education 5 16.7 Asking assistance 3 10.0 Asking for extension 7 23.3
Sharing for buying 2 6.7 equipments Training 2 6.7 Total 30 100.0
Source: Field Data 2014
These findings in table 14 shows, 36% create meeting and discuss on problems and solved them, 16% of them explained that they got education from experienced members on how to run the cooperatives. An amount of 10.0% of respondents said they asked assistance on solving their problems. Other respondents 23.3% explained that they asked for extension from the government, 6.7 of respondents said that they share the money and buy the equipment‟s. And other 6.7% of respondents explained that they they got training.
The findings in table 13 imply, that women in their cooperative were not passive they took any possible measures to solve problems that hindered the development of their work, and the result also shows that education and cooperation was the key of their progress.
54 4.4 Women Cooperative reduce poverty in Zanzibar
Figure 11: The responses on women cooperative and Poverty eradication
Yes
Percentage
Source: Field Data 2014
All the 30 respondents responded to this question. According to results of the perception of women were believed that cooperative is a part of economic activities that contributed in poverty reduction or eradication, since they introduced cooperatives in order to generate income as well as to rise life standard.
4.4.1Roles of cooperative in Poverty Reduction
This question was posed to find the respondents view on how women cooperatives contributed to poverty eradication in Zanzibar, 90.0% of respondents said cooperative provided employment opportunity to women, while other 10.0% said that cooperatives were a source of getting food. The result implies that there were high contributions of women cooperative groups in a community and increasing economic growth, that r educed poverty in the West Ditrict of Zanzibar. The trust is to focus on the potential of women cooperatives, as a foundation of employment or job creation and economic growth. Zanzibar may need to transform a cooperative model in order to create
55 employment to its people. This result is similar with the studies reported by World Bank,
FAO, and International Fund for Agriculture (2009), in cooperative organization, women have also been able to effect positive change in the social and physical well being of their families, communities, and nation. For instance, The Uganda Private Midwives
Association helps change the daily lives of its members and the wider community by addressing maternal and infant care. Similarly, the Kilimanjaro Native Cooperative
Union, has developed some innovative programmes focused on addressing the needs of children among the membership, and the wider community. Its seven-year scholarship programme (2006-2012) meets the secondary educational expenses of the community orphans and the vulnerable children of its member. Studies have also shown that the elements of self –reliance and collective action built into the cooperative model, also allow women to develop social capital that would be otherwise difficult to attain.
Membership in collective enterprises allows women to build both working and personal relations, often increasing their social standing. Women members of collective organizations also often report increased self-esteem and a sense of solidarity, and support, particularly in times of need.
4.5 Society attitudes towards women cooperatives.
When asked the respondents to give the society attitudes on women cooperative groups in Zanzibar, the respondents gave the following answers:
56 Table 15: Society attitudes towards women cooperatives
Attitudes Frequency Percentage Is a good idea and they 7 23.3 buy our products they value us 11 36.7 They prise us 6 20.0 Is a bad Idea and they 6 20.0 ignored us Total 30 100.0
Source: Field Data 2014
Table 15 shows the respondent‟s answers on the society attitudes on women cooperative in Zanzibar. In this regard 23% of the respondents said that the society had a good idea on women cooperatives since they bought our products. 36% of the respondents said that the society valued us. 20% said that the society prized us. And other 20% of respondents complained that the society had bad attitudes to cooperatives since they ignored us. The same question was asked during interview, where 100% of respondents said that the society had good attitudes on women cooperatives groups, since they supported us in market for our products. This information gives an impression that the majority of the respondents supported the good attitudes from the society, towards women cooperatives groups. These results also have shown that, there was a high cooperation between cooperatives and the community in producing good products. Data implied that due to a good cooperation between the cooperatives and the community in Zanzibar, contributed to an expanded markets for their production.
57 4.6 Cooperatives working environment
Table 16: Perception the working environment of cooperatives
Perception Frequency Percentage Conflict 3 10.0 Scarcity of equipment 5 16.7 Good environment 12 40.0 In adiquate area for 1 3.3 working Poor environment 9 30.0 Total 30 100.0
Source: Field Data 2014
Results table 14 displayed that, 10 % of respondents in the study area perceived there were conflicts in many cooperatives. 16% of respondents said there was a scarcity of equipments in cooperatives. While 40.0% of respondents said that the environment of working is good. It is only 1 equal to 3.3% of respondents said there was in adequate area for working. Other 30.0% of respondents said that the environment was poor in cooperatives. These results imply that cooperatives had bad environment due to poor support from the government and NGOs. In addition, the assistance from the government and NGOs would help to improve production and sustainability of these cooperatives.
These findings again discussed the severe constrains on the effectiveness of production in many cooperatives, including lack of funds, lack of education, poor management of funds, and science and technology in production and unreliable market of production.
Another, poor communication between cooperatives and the government, and lack of a specific area of production for cooperatives. An environment for cooperatives and their reduced role in input supply, crop marketing and processing, had left a hiatus that the private sector cannot fill. Without cooperatives similarly, small producers were left with almost no form of collective organization to operate at the grassroots level. In the current
58 economic environment where market access was poor, and market information was inadequate, individual small farmers and other producers could only survive through collective action
4.7 The opinions so as to improve the cooperatives
Table 17: Opinions so as to improve the cooperatives
Opinions Frequency Percent We have collaborate in work 5 16.7 We have to help each others 4 13.3 To get assistance 5 16.7 We have to mobilize other to join in 7 23.3 cooperative To be creative 3 10.0 To get experties 2 6.7 To respct our leaders 1 3.3 To be faithful in funds 1 3.3 Not to be dissapointed 2 6.7 Total 30 100.0 Source: Field Data, 2014
Strikingly it was noted that all 30 respondents were aware on the way forwards, so as to improve and sustain the existence of cooperatives. Only 16.7%, 13.3% and 23.3% of the respondents were aware that the cooperation and mobilization were the yard stick of cooperatives, though at least.16.7% of respondents said cooperatives should get assistance from the government and NGOs. 10.0% of respondents said members should be creative. It was 6.7% of respondents were aware that cooperatives should get training through expertise. 3.3% of respondents said members of cooperatives should respect their leaders. Another 3.3% of respondents said that in cooperatives there should be trust in
59 finance at 6.7% of respondents said that members in cooperatives should not be disappointed.
In an interview the respondents added that in order to improve our cooperatives the society should support us and value our efforts. Also said we had to make more cooperation in working hard. The study done by ILO 2002 observed that , to improve the development of women cooperatives, there should be targeted training for women in technical, entrepreneurial and managerial skills, and where feasible, introduction of positive action gender quotas (e.g. 70-30 percent) in mixed-sex training events to provide voice to women and opportunities, for balancing gender gaps in skills levels
4.8 Economic Activities done by women in cooperatives
There was a needs to support women in their cooperatives due to their contribution in development. Women in their cooperatives were engaged in various development activities. Although these activities were done in a local way due to poor technology contributed with poverty. Women were engaged in farming, hand craft, saving and credit, pastrolism, tailoring, weaving and so on. These developmental activities were very important in reducing poverty to generate income and improving the living standard to women and the whole country .
60
Plate 2: Women are engaged in making and packing yogurt in UWAMWIMA
cooperative in Fuoni Znzibar
Plate 3: Women in cooperative farm picking vegetable
61 This observation fits well in what women have considered to be hard working in development activities in Fuoni constituents. More over this study has revealed that women in cooperatives worked in uncomfortable environment; there was a need to transform appropriate measures in the aim of addressing those problems, facing women in cooperatives such as a scarcity of working equipments, lack of modern technology, lack of capital and so on. Cooperatives have not been able to resuscitate their activities in this period, in the face of competition from the better-prepared private traders. They have been incapable of restructuring at a time when their economic activities have been dramatically shrinking. As a consequence they have been unable to provide adequate services to their members, who resorted to do business with private traders.
4.9 The relationship between women cooperatives.
All four respondents from different cooperatives interviewed during the study responded to this question. According to the results of this study, 100% of respondents said that there are good relationship among cooperatives, where 25.0% of said that in cooperatives we mobilize each others. Another 25% of respondents said that were prepared to a trip.
Other 25.0% of respondents said that we made agreements in various issues. And the last
25.0% of respondents said that we created a SACCOSS (saving and credit). These result enabled the researcher to say that women in cooperatives benefited much in term of in improving their skill and talents and able to be creative.
62 CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY OF FINDING, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.0 Introduction
This chapter was focused on the summary and conclusion of study, on the contribution of women cooperative groups to poverty eradication in Zanzibar. The chapter also provides details about general recommendation of the study area for further study.
5.1 Summary of the findings
This study was conducted at west district in Zanzibar. The study took place in four women cooperatives namely UWAMWIMA cooperative, Tupopamoja Cooperative, Bora hili and Tusonge mbele cooperative . The general objective of the study was to assess the contribution of women cooperative groups to poverty eradication in Zanzibar. The research findings of the study were collected by the used of questionnaire and short interviews from the field. It was expected that the study findings could establish an empirical body of literature in this area, as well as supporting government planners in
Zanzibar and Africa, in organizing SME‟s utilize initiatives that help them and the communities in their day to day practices.
This research examined the relationships between women cooperative groups and poverty eradication around the population in the study areas. It also examined the factors that influence the growth of women cooperatives. Moreover, the consequences of
Women cooperatives on the life standard of the people. The report has also exposed the challenges faced women within and around their cooperatives. These observations provide lessons for future improvisation strategies, especially women cooperatives in
Zanzibar. A study of this nature is significant in the sense that, the findings can be useful in the implementation of a partnership approach, in women cooperatives to the
63 development of Zanzibar economy management. This approach allows the local communities to participate in the planning and implementation of production policies.
5.2 Conclusion
The result from this study, lead to the conclusion that poor support from both government and NGOs to the women cooperative groups, in Zanzibar was the main source of failure of many cooperatives that led most of cooperatives, to decline in reaching their goal of changing their life standard, from a low income to high income. In other words these cooperatives failed to reduce poverty to its people and the whole country due to the low production, which contributed with low capital and poor science and technology in cooperatives.
On the other hand, the strategies done by the government were low on its standard and still were behind the race, they needed the concrete strategies to make women courageous that on use their creativity and talent, to produce more and quality products.
The result indicate that the relationship between the government and women cooperative group is a better strategies of improving these cooperatives as best performing countries have generally met these condition.
The result also shows that incentives from the government in terms of new better plants seeds, fertilizers and skills concerning the running of cooperatives, needed the cooperative members unless otherwise the poor women of cooperative groups will continue to claimed that, no any effort of the government institutions on the problem of cooperatives.
5.3 Recommendation
This section provides recommendations which when implemented will increase the contribution of women cooperative groups, to the development of Zanzibar economy and
64 also easer the challenges encountered by women cooperatives. In order to enhance the development and the contribution of women cooperatives groups in Zanzibar, the recommendations have been given directed to women cooperative groups that were the plate form of the study and the government.
Women cooperatives should be formally registered.
Women should be assisted to formalize their operations, in order to enjoy benefits of formalization of their activities. The registration of these cooperatives will enable them to obtain relevant licenses on their production. This process also will enhance the assistance from both government and NGOs to reach them easily. This should be done by the cooperative department to ensure that all cooperatives were formally registered.
There is a need on making efforts on increasing women’s participation in cooperatives.
Efforts up to now, to increase women‟s participation in cooperatives have not been sufficient to create the conditions, for women‟s increased participation. For instance, trainings given to cooperatives, most of which were organized by government offices at high level, generally didnot address women‟s participation. Study results also show that the government‟s link with cooperatives, through visits and formal registration of cooperatives, didnot actually affect women‟s participation in cooperatives. These efforts of increasing member participation in cooperatives, should be done by cooperative officers from both NGOs and the Government.
Recent research has shown that, where external interventions encouraged cooperatives to adopt more gender sensitive policies, conducive to women's membership such as land ownership or literacy, not being the defining criteria of membership women's representation and participation increased (Oxfam International 2013, 38).
65 Women cooperatives should led by educated women.
Women who came from households with an educated head and with a higher average level of education ,were also more likely to be a cooperative member. This illustrates the obvious fact that education plays a significant role in improving women‟s participation in cooperatives. Good practices in supporting community based organizations for improving household livelihoods, suggest integrating non-financial services within cooperative service delivery models, such as leadership training for women and literacy to help build women‟s self-confidence, knowledge and ability to speak out, and lead
Such leadership skill training must be combined with engaging men from the cooperatives and from the whole community, to become allies of women‟s empowerment.
There should be implementation of a national policy program.
Tanzania‟s 2002 Cooperative Development Policy, which stipulates that the Government will advocate for cooperatives to allow women to become members, encourage women to take up leadership positions and employment in cooperatives, and advocate for women to be given preferential opportunities in cooperative education(Cooperative Development
Policy, 2002,). This policy should not remain in document; there is a need of implementation in order to reach the goal of this policy.
The Government and the Minister responsible for Cooperatives have a duty to make laws, that encourage the development of cooperatives throughout the country. The
Government appoints an officer, the Registrar of Cooperative Societies, to oversee the implementation and enforcement of these laws and rules.
5.4 Area for further study
The study of the contribution of women cooperative groups to poverty eradication in
Zanzibar. The target was only to examine the contribution of women cooperative groups,
66 related to poverty eradication as a wide subject beyond a single study, like this to investigate all issues. In these circumstances several areas that need to be addressed for immediate and long term researches, have been identified, the causal factors leading to an ineffective implementation of policies system and examining the individual behavior, towards performance due to promotion of cooperatives.
Regarding these areas, we raise the suggestions on the conducting further studies on the awareness about production and management principle of cooperatives, to achieve sustainable development of cooperatives.
An empirical study needed, to investigate the institutional capacity to enforce rules and regulations and the over emphasize on control and prohibition, without means and capacity for enforcement and inadequately addressed traditional interests, of the people and their involvement in the production in cooperatives.
Therefore, the results cannot be generalized to other areas of the countries in Zanzibar especially, in the analytical terms. Further research done in a bigger scale with large sample size could shed light on how women cooperative groups could eradicate poverty in Zanzibar.
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71 Sizya M.(2001) The role cooperatives play in poverty reduction in Tanzania. Cooperative college
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Tanzania Federal Cooperative (TFT) in Collaboration with the Cooperative Development Department - October 2006
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APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1
73 Questionnaire for cooperative members 1) Age class of respondent a) 18 – 30 [ ] b) 31 – 43 [ ] c) 44 - 56 [ ] d) 57 and above [ ] 2) Education level a) No education [ ] b) Primary education [ ] c) Secondary education [ ] d) Diploma education [ ] e) Degree holders education [ ] 3) How many members are there in your family? a) Less than 3 member b) 3-5 c) 6-8 d) More than 8 4)How many attend at school? a) all of them
b) Some of them
c) No one attend at school 5) How much time do you spent on cooperative activities? a) Daily [ ] b) every month [ ] c) every week [ ] d) Others [ ]
6a) Do you think the government considers empowering women in their cooperatives?
Yes………… No………… b) If Yes or No explain
…………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………
7) What sources of income did you have before joining ?
74 …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………
8) Before joined in this cooperative, how much money you earn per month?
a) 30000 -50000 [ ]
b) 51000 - 70000 [ ]
c) 71000 – 90000 [ ] d) 100000- above [ ]
9) Since joined in these cooperatives how much money you earn per month?
a) 50000 - 70000 [ ] b) 71000 – 90000 [ ] c) 110000 – 150000 [ ] d) 160000 – above [ ]
10) Which area do you spend your income?
a) Education [ ] b) Food [ ] c) Health [ ] d) Others [ ]
11a) Are there any challenges that hinder the progress of your cooperatives?
Yes……………. No………….
b) If Yes or No explain.
75 …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………
12) Is there any measures taken to face those challenges?………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………
13a) Do you think the women cooperative groups assist in poverty eradication in Zanzibar?
Yes…………… No……………. b) If Yes or No explain
…………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………
14) What are society attitude towards these women cooperatives?
…………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………
15) How do you perceive the working environment of your cooperatives?
…………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 16)) Please give your opinion about these women cooperative groups.
…………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………
APPENDIX 2 A questionnaire for social members
76 The contribution of Women cooperative groups to poverty eradication in Zanzibar Dear respondent This questionnaire is for academic purpose only: feel free to bring about required information. Your information will be confidential. Please select appropriate answer in your opinion and make a tick ( ) in the space that have listed possible answer. A. Personal information 1) Age of respondent (Tick the correct answer) A. Below 18 years B. 18 -35 years C. 36 -55 years D. 56 years and above 2) Sex of respondent (Fill in the correct number in the box or tick against the number) Male = 1 Female = 2
3) Professional ( Write the correct number in the box or tick against the number) Clearks = 1 Menager = 2 Producers = 3 Self employement = 4 Others = 5
4) Education level ( Write the correct number in the box or tick the number No formal education = 1
Didn‟t complete primary school = 2
Complete primary school = 3
Secondary education = 4 More than secondary education = 5 5) Marital status ( Write the correct number in the box or tick against the number) - Married = 1 - Single = 2
77 - Widow = 3 - Divorced = 4 6a)Do you benefited with the products produced by women cooperative groups in your village? Yes………… No……………. b)If Yes / No. Give out reasons for your response …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 7 For what extent do you satisfactory with the services or products provided by women cooperative groups? a) Very Satisfactory [ ] b) Satisfactory [ ] c) Don‟t Know [ ] d) Not satisfactory [ ]
8)What do you think to be the main problem / challenges facing women cooperative groups in Zanzibar? …………………………………………………….……………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………….…………………………………………………………………… 9)For what extent these cooperatives assist on poverty eradication in Zanzibar? …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………..……… 10) Give out your opinion that could help the women cooperative groups on the improvement of production. ………………………………………………………….………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………….…………………………………………………………
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR OFFICERS RESPONSIBLE FOR WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
78 This study based at the University of Dodoma. Its major objective is to assess the Contributions of women cooperative groups to poverty eradication in Zanzibar a case of Fuoni constituency in urban west district. Therefore, you are kindly requested to participate in this study by filling in this short questionnaire. In case the final account of this work may contain confidentiality is assured by the university. Such report will be seen only by the Supervisor and Examiner for examination purposes. Please respond to the following set of questions by ticking (√) in the appropriate place Personal Profile Tick the correct answer 1) Sex a) Male [ ] b) Female [ ] 2) Ages a) 25-30 [ ] b) 31-40 [ ] c) 41 and above [ ] 3) Educational Level a) Secondary level b) Diploma c) Degree and Above (
4) What are government/ NGOs contributions on assisting the cooperative running their activities? …………………………………………………….……………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………….…………………………………………………………………… 5) How many women cooperatives groups are registered in the region? …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 6) What activities are these women groups engaged in? …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 7) What assistance does the government/ NGOs provide? …………………………………………………….……………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 8) How is this assistance?
79 …………………………………………………….……………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………….……………………………………………………………………
9 a) Do you think this women cooperatives assisting economy / poverty eradication in Zanzibar? a) Yes b) No b) If Yes or No Give reasons of your response. …………………………………………………….……………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………….…………………………………………………………………… 10a) Is there any good relationship between Government/ NGOs and these women cooperative groups? a) Yes [ ] b) No [ ] b)If Yes or No Give reasons of your response …………………………………………………….……………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………….…………………………………………………………………… 11) What are the challenges facing the Government / NGOs in assisting women in their cooperatives? a)………………………………………………………………………………………… b)………………………………………………………………………………………… c)………………………………………………………………………………………… d)………………………………………………………………………………………… e)………………………………………………………………………………………… 12) Is there any measure taken to face those challenges? Mention …………………………………………………….……………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………….…………………………………………………………………… Thank you very much for your assistance.
INTERVIEW SCHEDULE FOR COOPERATIVE MEMBERS
80 1a)Do you satisfactory with your monthly income from your cooperative? Yes………… No……….. b) If Yes or No …………………………………………………….……………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………….…………………………………………………………………… 2a)Is there any other job do you established so as generate more income? Yes……….No……… b)If Yes or No explain …………………………………………………….……………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………….…………………………………………………………………… 3) Do you think there are any reasons that hinder women to engage themselves in cooperatives? …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………
4) What is the society attitude towards the services or products provided by women cooperatives groups? …………………………………………………….……………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………….…………………………………………………………………… 5a)Is there any good relationship between your cooperative and other women cooperatives? Yes………. No……….. b) If Yes or No explain …………………………………………………….……………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………….…………………………………………………………………… …………………………. 6a)In case of illness the cooperative offering you a treatment? Yes…………No…………….
b)If Yes or No explain
81 …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………
7)What are the challenges that facing you in implementing your duties in your cooperative? …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… 8) Give out your suggestion so as to improve the cooperatives. …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… Work plan
Activit 201 y 2013 4 OC NO DE FE MARC APRI MA JUN T V C JAN B H L Y E Writing Proposal
Data collection
Data analysis
Report writing
Report submission
82 PROPOSED BUDGET
S/N Category Activity/item Cost in Tsh Total
1. Transportation Travelling to and from (ZNZ-DSM- 500,000.00 500,000.00 DODOMA and field study area (Fuoni-Zanzibar town).
2. Meal and Researchers 850,000.00 850,000.00 accommodation
3. Stationeries Four reams of paper 60,000.00 60,000.00
4 Communication Internet services 70,000.00 70,000.00
Secretarial Printing and binding 170,000.00 170,000.00 service
Personnel A Data entry clerk and Statistician 160,000.00 160,000.00
5. Contingency 240,000.00 240,000.00
Grand Total 2,050,000.00
83