DOCSLIB.ORG

The Panethcell: a Source of Intestinal Lysozyme'

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Panethcell: a Source of Intestinal Lysozyme' Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.16.7.553 on 1 July 1975. Downloaded from Gut, 1975, 16, 553-558 The Paneth cell: A source of intestinal lysozyme' T. PEETERS AND G. VANTRAPPEN From the Departement Medische Navorsing, Laboratorium voor gastrointestinale fysiopathologie, Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven, Belgium SUMMARY An antiserum prepared against lysozyme isolated from mucosal scrapings of mouse small intestine was used to stain sections of mouse small intestine with the indirect fluorescent anti- body technique. Mucosal fluorescence was confined to the base of the crypts of Lieberkiihn, where Paneth cells are located. After the intravenous administration of 4 mg of pilocarpine fluorescence was no longer found in the Paneth cell but in the crypt lumen. Perfusion studies confirmed these findings. The basal lysozyme output of 0-1 to 0 4 ,ug/ml was raised to peak rates of 1 8 to 6-5 ,g/ml after the intravenous administration of 1 mg of pilocarpine. Our results demonstrate that the lysozyme of the succus entericus is, at least in part, derived from the Paneth cell, and is probably present in the Paneth cell granules. Its secretion is stimulated by pilocarpine. Our model could be very useful for studying the function of the Paneth cell, which probably forms part of an intestinal defence system. The characteristic features of the Paneth cell, which antibody technique (Erlandsen, Parsons, and is located at the base of the crypts of Lieberkuhn in Taylor, 1974). man and some other animal species, is the presence In this paper the presence of lysozyme in the of large granules in the apical part. Paneth himself Paneth cell of mice, its secretion into the crypt lumen http://gut.bmj.com/ recognized their secretory function as early as 1888 and its ability to serve as a marker of Paneth cell (Paneth, 1888). However, the contents of these function are demonstrated by the indirect fluores- granules and their function are still largely un- cent antibody technique and by perfusion studies. known. Speculative reasoning led Creamer (1967) to Materials and Methods suggest that Paneth cells regulate crypt cell turn- over, and experimental evidence for the secretion of FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY free amino acids by the Paneth cell has been pre- Lysozyme was isolated from mucosal scrapings of on September 30, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. sented (Gent and Creamer, 1972). According to mouse small intestine by combined ammonium Riecken and Pearse (1966), the Paneth cell granules sulphate precipitation, ion exchange, and molecular fulfil the enzymatic criteria of lysosomes; they sug- sieve chromatography. The purity of the isolated gested that Paneth cells are intestinal glands par- product was established by cellulose acetate electro- ticipating in the breakdown of intestinal contents. phoresis, polyacrylamide electrophoresis, isoelectric However, Lewin (1969) was unable to find pro- focusing and gel filtration. The amino acid composi- teolytic enzymes in the Paneth cell. tion resembled that of hen's egg white lysozyme al- Speece (1964), who used an indirect histochemical though basic residues were more abundant. (Details method, was the first to suggest that lysozyme is of the isolation procedure and the characteristics of present in the Paneth cells of mice. This finding has this lysozyme will be published elsewhere.) been confirmed by cell fractionation studies (Deckx, Rabbits were immunized by the injection of 1 mg Vantrappen, and Parein, 1967), histochemical studies of pure lysozyme dissolved in 1 ml of NaCl 09 Y% using substrate films of chitin (Ghoos and and emulsified with 1 ml of complete Freund's Vantrappen, 1971), and recently by the unlabelled adjuvant (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich, USA). The antigen was injected in the hind footpads and into several subcutaneous sites. This procedure was repeated one week later and the rabbits were bled 'Presented in part at the autumn meeting of the British Society for one week after the second injection. The mono- Gastroenterology, Birmingham, 1974 specificity of the antisera was tested by immuno- Received for publication 21 April 1975. diffusion and immunoelectrophoresis in agarose. 553 Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.16.7.553 on 1 July 1975. Downloaded from 554 T. Peeters and G. Vantrappen The goat antirabbit immunoglobulin antiserum and Papapavlou, 1971). The method of Caraway labelled with fluorescein isothyocyanate was (1959) was used to determine amylase activity. The obtained from Nordic Pharmaceuticals and Diag- enzyme activites are expressed in ,ug/ml hen egg white nostics, Berchem (Belgium). lysozyme equivalents for lysozyme and as Somogyi Mice were killed with a sharp blow on the head, units per ml perfusate (SU/ml) for amylase. the small intestine was quickly removed and washed with ice-cold 09% NaCl. Small sections were snap Results frozen and cut in a cryostat at 4 ,ug. The tissue slices were fixed in cold ethanol for 20 minutes and FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY air-dried. After rehydratation they were covered A typical result obtained when sections of mouse successively with a drop of the antilysozyme anti- small intestine were stained immunochemically for serum and, after being washed with Coons buffer lysozyme is shown in figure 1. Fluorescence is found (pH 7 2), with the fluorescent antirabbit immuno- at the bottom of the crypts of Lieberkuhn, where the globulin. After a final washing they were mounted Paneth cells are located. In the other cells of the in aquamount (Gurr, Ltd, London, UK). Incuba- mucous membrane the nuclei are seen as dark spots tion was carried out in a humid chamber, at room surrounded by faint cytoplasmic fluorescence. In temperature, for 30 minutes. The antisera were spun the connective tissue there is also some fluorescence at 4000 g for 15 min and their optimal dilutions which is probably due to the presence of leucocytes. determined from a checkerboard titration. For both Fluorescence was absent when normal rabbit antisera a 1:8 dilution provided the most satis- serum was used instead of the specific antilysozyme factory results. antiserum or when the specific antiserum was pre- The preparations were observed in a Wild micro- incubated with the pure antigen. The intravenous scope (Heerbrugg, Switzerland) equipped with an ultraviolet light source (Osram HBO 200), a high aperture, dark field condenser (N.A.: 1P4, Wild), excitation filters BG 23, GG 23 (Leitz) and FITC (Wild), and a secondary filter FITC/313742 (Wild). Photographs were taken on Ektachrome EH-135 http://gut.bmj.com/ film with the aid of a photographic chamber with automatic exposure (Photomat Mka 5, Wild). PERFUSION TECHNIQUE Female mice of the NMRI-strain, weighing ap- proximately 20 g, were anaesthetized with urethane (0-1 mg/g body weight, injected intraperitoneally). on September 30, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. A laparatomy was performed and the jejunum was incised 4 cm and 24 cm distal to the pyloric sphincter. Soft plastic tubes were ligated in place, and the inlet tube was connected to a roller pump. The 20 cm jejunal segment was perfused with physiological saline at a rate of 4 0 ml/hr. The outlet tube was connected to a fraction collector. Fractions of 1 ml were collected, and the sampling rate was recorded. In all experiments the output rate deviated little from the input rate, so that one fraction cor- responded to a perfusion of 15 minutes. Pilocarpine was dissolved in physiological saline and injected in one of the caudal veins. After each experiment the position of the inlet tube relative to the common pancreatic bile duct was checked stereoscopically. In all experiments contamination of the perfusion Fig 1 Frozen section. ofmouse small intestine, stained with rabbit antilysozyme antiserum and FITC-conjugated with bile or pancreas fluid could be excluded. goat antirabbit gamma globulins. The structure of the villi and the muscle layers are easily seen as a faint ENZYME ASSAYS backgroundfluorescence. The FITC-fluorescence is Lysozyme was assayed turbidimetrically using hen largely confined to the base of the crypts, where the egg white lysozyme as a standard (Gorin, Wang, Paneth cells are located ( x 1000). Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.16.7.553 on 1 July 1975. Downloaded from The Paneth cell: A source of intestinal lysozyme 555 r [1 4.0o 10.0 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I I. Fi2.0 F5.0 Fig TIE(hus 24 6~~~~~~~~~~~~6 1.0 2 6 Fig 4 TIME (hours) Fig 2 http://gut.bmj.com/ Fig 2 Frozen section of mouse small intestine, prepared five minutes after the intravenous administration of4 mg pilocarpine, and stained with rabbit antilysozyme and FITC-conjugated goat antirabbit gamma globulins. The lumen is at the lower right corner. One villus occupies the centre and the spaces between this villus and the two on September 30, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. adjacent ones are filled with a stream offluorescent material, granular in appearance ( x 2000). Fig 3 Frozen section of mouse small intestine, 10 minutes afterpilocarpine administration, stained as described. The strongly fluorescent material is located at the tops of the villi ( x 2000). Fig 4 Effect ofpilocarpine upon the release of lysozyme (open bars) and amylase (closed bars) into the perfused small intestine of mouse. Perfusion was done with physiological saline at a constant input rate of4-0 ml/hr. Fractions represent 1 ml collections, ie, time intervals ofapproximately 15 minutes. After 10 fractions (arrow) 10 mg pilocarpine was injected intravenously. Fig 3 Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.16.7.553 on 1 July 1975. Downloaded from 556 T. Peeters and G. Vantrappen injection of 4 mg of pilocarpine five minutes before enon observed with amylase both these values are the dissection of the mice resulted in the disappear- mmeaningless for this enzyme. In the first fraction the ance of all fluorescence from the crypts, while a amylase concentration was always 5-6 SU/ml and stream of fluorescent material appeared between the the amylase became undetectable after two to three villi (fig 2).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Study of Mucin Turnover in the Small Intestine by in Vivo Labeling Hannah Schneider, Thaher Pelaseyed, Frida Svensson & Malin E
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Study of mucin turnover in the small intestine by in vivo labeling Hannah Schneider, Thaher Pelaseyed, Frida Svensson & Malin E. V. Johansson Mucins are highly glycosylated proteins which protect the epithelium. In the small intestine, the goblet Received: 23 January 2018 cell-secreted Muc2 mucin constitutes the main component of the loose mucus layer that traps luminal Accepted: 26 March 2018 material. The transmembrane mucin Muc17 forms part of the carbohydrate-rich glycocalyx covering Published: xx xx xxxx intestinal epithelial cells. Our study aimed at investigating the turnover of these mucins in the small intestine by using in vivo labeling of O-glycans with N-azidoacetylgalactosamine. Mice were injected intraperitoneally and sacrifced every hour up to 12 hours and at 24 hours. Samples were fxed with preservation of the mucus layer and stained for Muc2 and Muc17. Turnover of Muc2 was slower in goblet cells of the crypts compared to goblet cells along the villi. Muc17 showed stable expression over time at the plasma membrane on villi tips, in crypts and at crypt openings. In conclusion, we have identifed diferent subtypes of goblet cells based on their rate of mucin biosynthesis and secretion. In order to protect the intestinal epithelium from chemical and bacterial hazards, fast and frequent renewal of the secreted mucus layer in the villi area is combined with massive secretion of stored Muc2 from goblet cells in the upper crypt. Te small intestinal epithelium is constantly aiming to balance efective nutritional uptake with minimal damage due to exposure to ingested, secreted and resident agents.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Bile-Duct Mucosa in Choledochoduodenostomy Patients--- Histological and Histochemical Study
    HPB Surgery 1988, Vol. 1, pp. 15-20 (C) 1988 Harwood Academic Publishers GmbH Reprints available directly from the publisher Printed in Great Britain Photocopying permitted by license only COMMON BILE-DUCT MUCOSA IN CHOLEDOCHODUODENOSTOMY PATIENTS--- HISTOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY E. ELEFTHERIADIS*, V. TZIOUFA 1, K. KOTZAMPASSI and H. ALETRAS Departments of Surgery and Pathology1, University of Thessaloniki, Greece We describe the histological and histochemical changes of the common bile-duct mucosa in specimens obtained by means of peroral cholangioscopy, 1-12 years after choledochoduodenal anastomosis. Our findings- hyperplasia of the superficial epithelium, metaplastic goblet cells containing predominantly acid sialomucins, and pyloric-like gland formation containing neutral mucins- express a morphological and functional differentiation of the common bile-duct mucosa that probably facilitates its survival in a different environment. We consider that these adaptive changes may explain the uneventful long-term postoperative period of choledochoduodenostomized patients. KEY WORDS" Common bile duct, choledochoduodenal anastomosis, adaptation, peroral cholangio- scopy. INTRODUCTION After choledochoduodenal anastomosis (CDA), the common bile-duct mucosa (CBDM) is exposed to a different environment, no longer being protected by the sphincter of Oddi. Although, theoretically, this new environment i.e. gastric acid and food flowing through the anastomosis- should affect it, both clinical practice and experimental data have shown no evidence
    [Show full text]
  • Ost , Is Essential for Intestinal Bile Acid Transport and Homeostasis
    The organic solute transporter ␣-␤, Ost␣-Ost␤, is essential for intestinal bile acid transport and homeostasis Anuradha Rao*, Jamie Haywood*, Ann L. Craddock*, Martin G. Belinsky†, Gary D. Kruh‡, and Paul A. Dawson*§ *Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gastroenterology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston–Salem, NC 27157; †Medical Science Division, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111; and ‡Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612 Communicated by David W. Russell, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, December 28, 2007 (received for review November 28, 2007) The apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (Asbt) is respon- Ost␣-Ost␤ efficiently transports the major species of bile acids sible for transport across the intestinal brush border membrane; when expressed in transfected cells (3, 4); and (iv) expression of however, the carrier(s) responsible for basolateral bile acid export Ost␣ and Ost␤ mRNA is positively regulated via the bile into the portal circulation remains to be determined. Although the acid-activated nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) heteromeric organic solute transporter Ost␣-Ost␤ exhibits many (6–9), thereby providing a mechanism to ensure efficient export properties predicted for a candidate intestinal basolateral bile acid of bile acids and protection against their cytotoxic accumulation. transporter, the in vivo functions of Ost␣-Ost␤ have not been Although these data are consistent with a role in bile acid investigated. To determine the role of Ost␣-Ost␤ in intestinal bile transport, the in vivo functions of Ost␣-Ost␤ have not been acid absorption, the Ost␣ gene was disrupted by homologous investigated.
    [Show full text]
  • Does Your Patient Have Bile Acid Malabsorption?
    NUTRITION ISSUES IN GASTROENTEROLOGY, SERIES #198 NUTRITION ISSUES IN GASTROENTEROLOGY, SERIES #198 Carol Rees Parrish, MS, RDN, Series Editor Does Your Patient Have Bile Acid Malabsorption? John K. DiBaise Bile acid malabsorption is a common but underrecognized cause of chronic watery diarrhea, resulting in an incorrect diagnosis in many patients and interfering and delaying proper treatment. In this review, the synthesis, enterohepatic circulation, and function of bile acids are briefly reviewed followed by a discussion of bile acid malabsorption. Diagnostic and treatment options are also provided. INTRODUCTION n 1967, diarrhea caused by bile acids was We will first describe bile acid synthesis and first recognized and described as cholerhetic enterohepatic circulation, followed by a discussion (‘promoting bile secretion by the liver’) of disorders causing bile acid malabsorption I 1 enteropathy. Despite more than 50 years since (BAM) including their diagnosis and treatment. the initial report, bile acid diarrhea remains an underrecognized and underappreciated cause of Bile Acid Synthesis chronic diarrhea. One report found that only 6% Bile acids are produced in the liver as end products of of British gastroenterologists investigate for bile cholesterol metabolism. Bile acid synthesis occurs acid malabsorption (BAM) as part of the first-line by two pathways: the classical (neutral) pathway testing in patients with chronic diarrhea, while 61% via microsomal cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase consider the diagnosis only in selected patients (CYP7A1), or the alternative (acidic) pathway via or not at all.2 As a consequence, many patients mitochondrial sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1). are diagnosed with other causes of diarrhea or The classical pathway, which is responsible for are considered to have irritable bowel syndrome 90-95% of bile acid synthesis in humans, begins (IBS) or functional diarrhea by exclusion, thereby with 7α-hydroxylation of cholesterol catalyzed interfering with and delaying proper treatment.
    [Show full text]
  • Bile Physiology
    BILE PHYSIOLOGY DIPENDRA PARAJULI University of Louisville BILE COMPLEX LIPID-RICH MICELLAR SOLUTION ISO-OSMOTIC WITH PLASMA VOLUME OF HEPATIC BILE = 500 – 600 CC/DAY University of Louisville COMPOSITION University of Louisville FUNCTION OF BILE INDUCE BILE FLOW AND PHOSPHOLIPID AND CHOLESTEROL SECRETION ESSENTIAL FOR INTESTINAL ABSORPTION OF DIETARY CHOLESTEROL , FATS AND VITAMINS BIND CALCIUM AND HELP TO PREVENT Ca GALLSTONES AND OXALATE KIDNEY STONE FORMATION EXCRETION OF LIPID SOLUBLE XENOBIOTICS, DRUGS AND HEAVY UniversityMETALS of Louisville BILE FORMATION AND CIRCULATION University of Louisville University of Louisville BILE ACID SYNTHESIS TWO PATHWAYS 1) CLASSICAL / NEUTRAL - RESULTS IN THE SYNTHESIS OF APPROXIMATELY 1:1 RATIO OF CHOLIC AND CHENODEOXYCHOLIC ACIDS 2)ALTERNATE / ACIDIC - YIELDS PREDOMINANTLY UniversityCHENODEOXYCHOLIC of LouisvilleACID BILE ACID SYNTHESIS CLASSICAL / NEUTRAL PATHWAY - PREDOMINANT PATHWAY IN HEALTH - POSTCHOLECYSTECTOMY PATIENTS WITH BILE FISTULA - INFUSED WITH RADIOLABELLED PRECURSORS * [3H]7αOH CHOLESTEROL University* [3H]27-OH CHOLESTEROL of Louisville [3H]7αOH CHOLESTEROL 70-95% CONVERTED TO BILE ACIDS [3H]27-OH CHOLESTEROL <20% CONVERTED TO BIL ACIDS University of Louisville BILE ACID SYNTHESIS ALTERNATE / ACIDIC PATHWAY - MORE IMPORTANT IN CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE -CIRRHOTICS - LOW RATE OF BILE ACID SYNTHESIS - ALMOST EXCLUSIVELY UniversityCHENODEOXYCHOLIC of Louisville BILE ACID SYNTHESIS FINAL STEP = - CONJUGATION OF CHOLIC AND CHENODEOXYCHOLIC ACIDS WITH GLYCINE AND TAURINE - CONJUGATION
    [Show full text]
  • Paneth Cell Α-Defensins HD-5 and HD-6 Display Differential Degradation Into Active Antimicrobial Fragments
    Paneth cell α-defensins HD-5 and HD-6 display differential degradation into active antimicrobial fragments D. Ehmanna, J. Wendlera, L. Koeningera, I. S. Larsenb,c, T. Klaga, J. Bergerd, A. Maretteb,c, M. Schallere, E. F. Stangea, N. P. Maleka, B. A. H. Jensenb,c,f, and J. Wehkampa,1 aInternal Medicine I, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; bQuebec Heart and Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis, Laval University, G1V 4G5 Quebec, QC, Canada; cInstitute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, G1V 4G5 Quebec, QC, Canada; dElectron Microscopy Unit, Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; eDepartment of Dermatology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; and fNovo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section for Metabolic Genomics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark Edited by Lora V. Hooper, The University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, and approved January 4, 2019 (received for review October 9, 2018) Antimicrobial peptides, in particular α-defensins expressed by Paneth variety of AMPs but most abundantly α-defensin 5 (HD-5) and -6 cells, control microbiota composition and play a key role in intestinal (HD-6) (2, 17, 18). These secretory Paneth cells are located at the barrier function and homeostasis. Dynamic conditions in the local bottom of the crypts of Lieberkühn and are highly controlled by microenvironment, such as pH and redox potential, significantly af- Wnt signaling due to their differentiation and their defensin regu- fect the antimicrobial spectrum. In contrast to oxidized peptides, lation and expression (19–21).
    [Show full text]
  • Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP): from Prohormone to Actions in Endocrine Pancreas and Adipose Tissue
    PHD THESIS DANISH MEDICAL BULLETIN Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP): From prohormone to actions in endocrine pancreas and adipose tissue Randi Ugleholdt The two incretins, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glu- This review has been accepted as a thesis with two original papers by University of cose dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (gastric inhibitory Copenhagen 14th of December 2009 and defended on 28th of January 2010 peptide, GIP) have long been recognized as important gut hor- mones, essential for normal glucose homeostasis. Plasma levels Tutor: Jens Juul Holst of GLP-1 and GIP rise within minutes of food intake and stimulate Official opponents: Jens Frederik Rehfeld, Baptist Gallwitz & Thure Krarup pancreatic β-cells to release insulin in a glucose-dependent man- ner. This entero-insular interaction is called the incretin effect and Correspondence: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cellular and Metabolic Re- search Section, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health Sciences, Blegdamsvej accounts for up to 70% of the meal induced insulin release in man 3B build. 12.2, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark and via this incretin effect, the gut hormones facilitate the uptake of glucose in muscle, liver and adipose tissue (2). Although the E-mail: [email protected] pancreatic effects of these two gut hormones have been the target of extensive investigation both hormones also have nu- merous extrapancreatic effects. Thus, GLP-1 decreases gastric Dan Med Bull 2011;58:(12)B4368 emptying and acid secretion and affects appetite by increasing fullness and satiety thereby decreasing food intake and, if main- THE TWO ORIGINAL PAPERS ARE tained at supraphysiologic levels, eventually body weight (3).
    [Show full text]
  • (CCK); B. When Small Intestine Fills with Fatty Chyme
    5. Regulation of bile release: a. Hormone = CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK); b. When small intestine fills with fatty chyme, -cholecystokinin is released; -sphincter in common bile duct opens; -bile is released into duodenum to emulsify fat. Digestive dissection of F. domesticus Esophagus: -Macroscopically -measure length -measure diameter -external structures -internal structures - Microscopically -external serosa -internal mucosa -cross section of all 4 layers Stomach -Macroscopically -measure length -measure diameter -external structures -internal structures - Microscopically -external serosa -internal mucosa -cross section of all 4 layers Small intestine -Macroscopically -measure length -measure diameter -external structures -internal structures - Microscopically -external serosa -internal mucosa -cross section of all 4 layers Large Intestine -Macroscopically -measure length -measure diameter -external structures -internal structures - Microscopically -external serosa -internal mucosa -cross section of all 4 layers III. Digestive Organs (continued) G. Small Intestine 1. Parts of Small Intestine: a. duodenum - nearest stomach, b. jejunum - mid-region, c. ileum - near large intestine. The distal end of the ilium narrows to form the ileocecal valve (sphincter muscle between small & large intestine). 2. Mucosal Structure a. intestinal villi project into lu men (increasing SA); b. each villus is composed of simple columnar epithelium (with microvilli) and connective tissue with many blood & lymph vessel s (lacteals ); c. absorbed nutrients are carried away by blood & lacteals; d. intestinal glands are located between villi. 3. Secretions of Small Intestine a. mucus, b. digestive enzymes: peptidases * peptides-----> amino acids; sucrase, maltase, lactase * disaccharides-->monosaccharides; lipases * TG-----> 2 fatty acids + monoglyceride. G. Small Intestine 4. Absorption in Small Intestine (90% of total) a. Intestinal villi (and microvilli) increas e absorptive surface area; b.
    [Show full text]
  • Secretin Stimulates the Secretion of Bile from the Liver. It Also Increases Watery Bicarbonate Solution from Pancreatic Duct Epithelium
    Name Secretin acetate Cat # PP-1670 Size 1 g, 10 g, 100, g and bulk custom packages CAS# 17034-35-4 Mol. Mass 3055.47 Formula C130H220N44O41 Sequence H-His-Ser-Asp-Gly-Thr-Phe-Thr-Ser-Glu-Leu-Ser-Arg-Leu-Arg-Asp-Ser- Ala-Arg-Leu-Gln-Arg-Leu-Leu-Gln-Gly-Leu-Val-NH2 Purity >95% Secretin is a peptide hormone produced in the S cells of the duodenum in the crypts of Lieberkühn. Its primary effect is to regulate the pH of the duodenal contents via the control of gastric acid secretion and buffering with bicarbonate. Secretin stimulates the secretion of bile from the liver. It also increases watery bicarbonate solution from pancreatic duct epithelium. Pancreatic acinar cells have secretin receptors in their plasma membrane. As secretin binds to these receptors, it stimulates adenylate cyclase activity and converts ATP to cyclic AMP.[12] Cyclic AMP acts as second messenger in intracellular signal transduction and leads to increase in release of watery carbonate.It is known to promote the normal growth and maintenance of the pancreas. Secretin increases water and bicarbonate secretion from duodenal Brunner's glands in order to buffer the incoming protons of the acidic chyme.[13] It also enhances the effects of cholecystokinin to induce the secretion of digestive enzymes and bile from pancreas and gallbladder, respectively. It counteracts blood glucose concentration spikes by triggering increased insulin release from pancreas, following oral glucose intake.<[14] It also reduces acid secretion from the stomach by inhibiting gastrin release from G cells.[citation needed] This helps neutralize the pH of the digestive products entering the duodenum from the stomach, as digestive enzymes from the pancreas (eg, pancreatic amylase and pancreatic lipase) function optimally at neutral pH.[citation needed] In addition, secretin simulates pepsin secretion which can help break down proteins in food digestion.
    [Show full text]
  • Bile Salts Up-Regulate MUC5AC, Not MUC5B, Mucin Expression in Cultured Airway Goblet Cell Model HT29-MTX Cell Line
    Global Journal of Otolaryngology ISSN 2474-7556 Research Article Glob J Otolaryngol - Volume 7 Issue 3 May 2017 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Mahmoud El-Sayed Ali DOI: 10.19080/GJO.2017.07.555712 Bile Salts Up-Regulate MUC5AC, Not MUC5B, Mucin Expression in Cultured Airway Goblet Cell Model HT29-MTX Cell Line Mahmoud El-Sayed Ali1, 2*, Shruti Parikh2 and Jeffrey P Pearson2 1Department of Otolaryngology, Mansoura University Hospital, Egypt 2Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, UK Submission: April 25, 2017; Published: May 04, 2017 *Corresponding author: Mahmoud El-Sayed Ali, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK, Email: Abstract Introduction: The production of MUC5AC and MUC5B, the major mucins expressed by airway mucosa, could be altered by various contents of laryngopharyngeal reflux. This study used the cell line HT29-MTX as an airway goblet cell model, to analyse the possible effect of bile salts on MUC5ACMethods: and MUC5B mucin production. Goblet cell line derived from the human colon carcinoma cells HT29-MTX was cultured and challenged by exposure to various concentrations of a physiologic combination of bile salts. Modified ELISA was employed to measure of MUC5AC and MUC5B contents before and afterResults: challenge. Cultured HT29-MTX cell line maintained full viability when challenged with bile salts up to 20 µmol/L. This stimulated MUC5AC productionDiscussion: in a dose dependant manner and occurred within the first 24 hours after challenge. MUC5B production stayed at the base line. Increased MUC5AC production by the bile salt challenged HT29-MTX cell line could be due to mucin upregulation or merely due to stimulated mucin release from mucin stores in the cells.
    [Show full text]
  • Regulatory Network Analysis of Paneth Cell and Goblet Cell Enriched Gut Organoids Using Transcriptomics Approaches
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/575845; this version posted August 16, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. Regulatory network analysis of Paneth cell and goblet cell enriched gut organoids using transcriptomics approaches Treveil A1,2*, Sudhakar P1,3*, Matthews Z J4 *, Wrzesinski T1, Jones E J1,2, Brooks J1,2,4,5, Olbei M1,2, Hautefort I1, Hall L J2, Carding S R2,4, Mayer U6, Powell P P4, Wileman T2,4, Di Palma F1, Haerty W1,#, Korcsmáros T1,2# 1 Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UZ, UK 2 Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UA, UK 3 Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Belgium 4 Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK 5 Department of Gastroenterology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals, Norwich, UK 6 School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK * Equal contributions # Joint corresponding authors Corresponding author contact details: Dr Tamas Korcsmaros ORCID id : https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1717-996X [email protected] Phone : 0044-1603450961 Fax : 0044-1603450021 Address: Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UZ, UK 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/575845; this version posted August 16, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.
    [Show full text]
  • Regulatory Network Analysis of Paneth Cell and Goblet Cell Enriched Gut Organoids Using Transcriptomics Approaches
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/575845; this version posted October 10, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. Regulatory network analysis of Paneth cell and goblet cell enriched gut organoids using transcriptomics approaches Treveil A1,2*, Sudhakar P1,3*, Matthews Z J4*, Wrzesinski T1, Jones E J1,2, Brooks J1,2,4,5, Olbei M1,2, Hautefort I1, Hall L J2, Carding S R2,4, Mayer U6, Powell P P4, Wileman T2,4, Di Palma F1, Haerty W1,#, Korcsmáros T1,2# 1 Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UZ, UK 2 Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7UA, UK 3 Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Belgium 4 Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK 5 Department of Gastroenterology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals, Norwich, UK 6 School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK * Equal contributions # Joint corresponding authors Corresponding author contact details: Dr Tamas Korcsmaros ORCID id : https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1717-996X [email protected] Phone : 0044-1603450961 Fax : 0044-1603450021 Address: Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UZ, UK 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/575845; this version posted October 10, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.
    [Show full text]