DOCSLIB.ORG

Full Text in Pdf Format

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Full Text in Pdf Format MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published February 28 Mar Ecol Prog Ser 1 Die1 feeding of the chaetognath Sagitta enflata in the Zanzibar Channel, western Indian Ocean Vidar Oresland* Institute of Marine Research, National Board of Fisheries, PO Box 4, 453 21 Lysekil, Sweden ABSTRACT: The d~elfeeding cycle of Sagitta enflata, the dominant chaetognath in the Indian Ocean, was investigated, using gut content analyses, between the monsoon periods on 2 occasions, October 1995 and May 1996. Zooplankton samples were collected every second hour during a 24 h period close to a dnfting buoy in the middle of the Zanzibar Channel. S. enflata made up 64 % (October) and 77 % (May) of all chaetognaths in this study. S enflata and all chaetognaths contributed as much as 30 and 33%,,respectively, of the total 90 pm net zooplankton wet weight in October (May samples could not be weighed due to occurrence of phytoplankton). S. enflata fed most actively at night. Small copepods with a mandible width <O.Of mm (prosome length <l mm) were its predominant prey. Feeding rate and mean number of small copepods found in S. enflata were 3 times higher in October than in May. In con- trast, the estimated daily predation impact on the standing stock of small copepods (by number) was around 1 % for both periods. Thls may be a negligible predation effect consi.dering the short life-span of tropical copepods. It is suggested that predation effects are related to temperature, since a sirmlar predation impact may be important in cold polar waters where copepod life-spans are much longer. Daily cannibalistic predation impact (by number) was estimated to be between 1 and 4 % (October) and between 2 and 9% (May) using assumed maximum and minimum digestion times of 8 and 2 h. Canni- balism, therefore, may be an ~rnportantsource of mortality in S. enflata populations. KEY WORDS: Zooplankton . Chaetognatha . Sagitta enflata . Flacisagitta enflata - Copepods . Feeding . Predation . Cannibalism. Indian Ocean INTRODUCTION and polar areas, as well as from deep water. In this study, the die1 feeding of a chaetognath species was The phylum Chaetognatha contains at least 115 spe- studied through gut content analysis for the first time cies (Bieri 1991).Chaetognaths are found in all oceans, in the Indian Ocean (to my knowledge). Sagitta from polar to tropical areas, and from the surface to enflata, or Flacisagitta enflata (Bieri 1991), is a cos- several thousand meters depth (see reviews by mopolitan species in temperate and warm waters Alvarino 1965, Pierrot-Bults & Nair 1991). They can (Alvarino 1965) and occurs mainly in the upper 300 m make up a large proportion of zooplankton wet weight (Pierrot-Bults & Nair 1991). It is the dominant chaetog- and are potentially one of the main sources of preda- nath species by number in the Indian Ocean (e.g. tion pressure on the copepod community. However, Furnestin & Radiguet 1964, Furnestin & Ducret 1976, our understanding of chaetognath feeding, its variabil- Nair 1977, Andreu et al. 1989, Michel 1995) and its ity, and its consequences for predator and prey popula- feeding behaviour is therefore of special interest. tion dynamics and production is limited and biased The specimens in this study were caught during two (see reviews by Feigenbaum & Maris 1984, Feigen- 24 h sampling periods between the monsoon periods, baum 1991). following a drifting buoy in the Zanzibar Channel off Most diel feeding studies carried out until now have Tanzania, East Africa. The diet, diel feeding behav- been limited to a few species in coastal areas. There is iour, feeding rates and estimates of predation impact a general lack of studies from open oceanic, tropical on standing stock of copepods-as well as the impact of cannibalism-are presented, and the results com- pared with data from other oceans. 0 Inter-Research 2000 Resale of full article not permitted 118 Mar Ecol Prog Ser 193: 117-123, 2000 bottom (35 m) at the beginning of both sampling pen- ods. Salinity was not measured. Four zooplankton sam- ples were collected every second hour (a total of 12 sampling times and 48 samples during each 24 h period), from a 7 m long open fishing boat, within 10 to 100 m from a buoy that was drifting in a northward direction. This was done in order to reduce variability in prey and predator abundance and size frequency distribution of organisms compared with sampling car- ried out at a fixed geographical position. The buoy (40 cm high) was equipped with a small blinking light so that it could be followed during the night. A nylon parachute (1.4 m in diameter) was attached to a rope 5 m below the buoy, and a 10 kg weight was attached to the end of the rope 10 m below the parachute. The positions of the buoy were deter- ZANZIBAR mined by using a GPS. In May the parachute was CHANNEL entangled during the first hours, and the drift of the buoy was affected by the wind (Fig. 1). Samples were taken using a WP2 90 pm net (UNESCO 1968).The diameter and the mouth area of the net were 0.57 m and 0.25 m', respectively. A cali- . brated General Oceanics Inc. flowmeter (model 2030) 0 10 Km was mounted halfway between the centre of the net opening and the frame. The net was hauled in by hand, Fig. 1. Sampling area in the Zanzibar Channel and the north- with the rope kept as vertical as possible, from 1 to 2 m ward drift of the buoy close to (within 10 to 100 m) which zoo- above the bottom (35 to 50 m) to the surface at a speed plankton samples were taken every second hour during two of approximately 0.5 m S-'. Sampling often took less 24 h sampling programmes (right track = 24 to 25 October 1995, left track = 27 to 28 May 1996) than 2 min and always less than 3 min. All zooplankton samples were preserved within 2 min in 5 % formalde- hyde in seawater buffered with borax. Laboratory methods. For each sampling time, be- METHODS tween 1 and 4 zooplankton samples were sorted for all chaetognaths (all species) depending on the number of The area. The Zanzibar Channel (Fig. 1) is influ- Sagitta enflata in the samples. I wanted a minimum of enced by the northeast monsoon from about December 150 S. enflata individuals from each sampling time. to March and by the southeast monsoon from about The number of S. enflata sorted and analysed for each June to October. Between monsoon periods the sea is sampling time ranged from 147-358 in October to relatively calm. The bottom depth in the middle of the 164-623 in May. All chaetognaths appeared to be in channel increases from about 30 m in the central part good condition, with most of the fragile fins intact. Spe- to about 80 m in the northern part. Throughout the cies identification of S. enflata was made according to year, from the surface to 5 m above the bottom, the descriptions given In Bieri (1991), George (1952) and temperature varies around 27°C (26 to 30°C) and salin- Lutschinger (1993).Only ind~vidualsthat were 4 mm or ity is between 34.5 and 36 psu (Wickstead 1963). longer could be identified. Shorter individuals were Detailed knowledge of the zooplankton community is regarded as belonging to a group called 'other chaeto- still lacking from this area, although Wickstead (1963) gnaths', which may have contributed to an underesti- showed that total zooplankton abundance and biomass mation of numbers of S. enflata. in the Zanzibar Channel varies considerably during Wet weight was determined for Sagitta enflata,other the year. chaetognaths, and remaining zooplankton found in the Field sampling. Two 24 h sampling programmes analysed October samples according to procedures were carried out between the monsoon periods on given in Oresland (1990).Chaetognaths were the only 24-25 October 1995 and 27-28 May 1996 in the central large (>l cm) organisms that occurred in the samples. part of the Zanzibar Channel (Fig. 1).The temperature The May zooplankton samples were not weighed due was 27°C (from mercury thermometer readings) in to the presence of dense concentrations of phytoplank- water samples taken every 5 m from the surface to the ton. Oresland: Die1 fee!ding of Sagitta enflata 119 Lengths of Sagitta enflata individuals were mea- mixture in October and 1/4000 of mixture in May) sured (after 6 to 18 mo in formaldehyde) to the nearest were taken from each mixture. Subsequent counts of mm, under a stereomicroscope (see Conway & Robins the last 4 subsamples did not change the estimated 1991 for the effects of formaldehyde preservation on abundance by more than 3%. Plots of standard error chaetognath length). Body length was measured from (SE) against the number of subsequent subsamples the anterior tip of the head to the end of the tail, showed that the last subsamples only contributed to a excluding the tail fin. Maturity stages of S. enflata minor decrease in SE (not shown, standard deviation were classified according to the development of the [SDI is given in Table 2). ovaries (Zo 1973) as follows: Stage 1, no visible ovaries; Stage 2, ovaries visible, no mature ovum; Stage 3, 1 or more mature ovum. Individuals at Stage 3 could have RESULTS been reproducing. The microdissection technique and the analyses of Abundance and size distribution chaetognath gut content-which was inferred from identification of prey mandibles, chaetognath hooks, In this study, Sagitta enflata was by far the most com- and other hard or special prey parts-followed the mon chaetognath by number.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti
    Regional Dynamics of Inter-ethnic Conflicts in the Horn of Africa: An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti DISSERTATION ZUR ERLANGUNG DER GRADES DES DOKTORS DER PHILOSOPHIE DER UNIVERSTÄT HAMBURG VORGELEGT VON YASIN MOHAMMED YASIN from Assab, Ethiopia HAMBURG 2010 ii Regional Dynamics of Inter-ethnic Conflicts in the Horn of Africa: An Analysis of the Afar-Somali Conflict in Ethiopia and Djibouti by Yasin Mohammed Yasin Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree PHILOSOPHIAE DOCTOR (POLITICAL SCIENCE) in the FACULITY OF BUSINESS, ECONOMICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES at the UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG Supervisors Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit Prof. Dr. Rainer Tetzlaff HAMBURG 15 December 2010 iii Acknowledgments First and foremost, I would like to thank my doctoral fathers Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit and Prof. Dr. Rainer Tetzlaff for their critical comments and kindly encouragement that made it possible for me to complete this PhD project. Particularly, Prof. Jakobeit’s invaluable assistance whenever I needed and his academic follow-up enabled me to carry out the work successfully. I therefore ask Prof. Dr. Cord Jakobeit to accept my sincere thanks. I am also grateful to Prof. Dr. Klaus Mummenhoff and the association, Verein zur Förderung äthiopischer Schüler und Studenten e. V., Osnabruck , for the enthusiastic morale and financial support offered to me in my stay in Hamburg as well as during routine travels between Addis and Hamburg. I also owe much to Dr. Wolbert Smidt for his friendly and academic guidance throughout the research and writing of this dissertation. Special thanks are reserved to the Department of Social Sciences at the University of Hamburg and the German Institute for Global and Area Studies (GIGA) that provided me comfortable environment during my research work in Hamburg.
    [Show full text]
  • Cetacean Rapid Assessment: an Approach to Fill Knowledge Gaps and Target Conservation Across Large Data Deficient Areas
    Received: 9 January 2017 Revised: 19 June 2017 Accepted: 17 July 2017 DOI: 10.1002/aqc.2833 RESEARCH ARTICLE Cetacean rapid assessment: An approach to fill knowledge gaps and target conservation across large data deficient areas Gill T. Braulik1,2 | Magreth Kasuga1 | Anja Wittich3 | Jeremy J. Kiszka4 | Jamie MacCaulay2 | Doug Gillespie2 | Jonathan Gordon2 | Said Shaib Said5 | Philip S. Hammond2 1 Wildlife Conservation Society Tanzania Program, Tanzania Abstract 2 Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans 1. Many species and populations of marine megafauna are undergoing substantial declines, while Institute, University of St Andrews, St many are also very poorly understood. Even basic information on species presence is unknown Andrews, Fife, UK for tens of thousands of kilometres of coastline, particularly in the developing world, which is a 3 23 Adamson Terrace, Leven, Fife, UK major hurdle to their conservation. 4 Department of Biological Sciences, Florida 2. Rapid ecological assessment is a valuable tool used to identify and prioritize areas for International University, North Miami, FL, USA conservation; however, this approach has never been clearly applied to marine cetaceans. Here 5 Institute of Marine Science, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania a rapid assessment protocol is outlined that will generate broad‐scale, quantitative, baseline Correspondence data on cetacean communities and potential threats, that can be conducted rapidly and cost‐ Gill T. Braulik, Wildlife Conservation Society effectively across whole countries, or regions. Tanzania Program, Zanzibar, Tanzania. Email: [email protected] 3. The rapid assessment was conducted in Tanzania, East Africa, and integrated collection of data on cetaceans from visual, acoustic, and interview surveys with existing information from multiple Funding information sources, to provide low resolution data on cetacean community relative abundance, diversity, and Pew Marine Fellows, Grant/Award Number: threats.
    [Show full text]
  • Investment Opportunities in Africa
    A PUBLICATION BY THE AFRICAN AMBASSADORS GROUP IN CAIRO INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN AFRICA In collaboration with the African Export-Import Bank (Afreximbank) A PUBLICATION BY THE AFRICAN AMBASSADORS GROUP IN CAIRO INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN AFRICA © Copyright African Ambassadors Group in Cairo, 2018. All rights reserved. African Ambassadors Group in Cairo Email: [email protected] This publication was produced by the African Ambassadors Group in Cairo in collaboration with the African Export-Import Bank (Afreximbank) TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD 8 VOTE OF THANKS 10 INTRODUCTION 12 THE PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ALGERIA 14 THE REPUBLIC OF ANGOLA 18 BURKINA FASO 22 THE REPUBLIC OF BURUNDI 28 THE REPUBLIC OF CAMEROON 32 THE REPUBLIC OF CHAD 36 THE UNION OF COMOROS 40 THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO 44 THE REPUBLIC OF CONGO 50 THE REPUBLIC OF CÔTE D’IVOIRE 56 THE REPUBLIC OF DJIBOUTI 60 THE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT 66 THE STATE OF ERITREA 70 THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA 74 THE REPUBLIC OF EQUATORIAL GUINEA 78 THE GABONESE REPUBLIC 82 THE REPUBLIC OF GHANA 86 THE REPUBLIC OF GUINEA 90 THE REPUBLIC OF KENYA 94 THE REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA 98 THE REPUBLIC OF MALAWI 102 THE REPUBLIC OF MALI 108 THE REPUBLIC OF MAURITIUS 112 THE KINGDOM OF MOROCCO 116 THE REPUBLIC OF MOZAMBIQUE 120 THE REPUBLIC OF NAMIBIA 126 THE REPUBLIC OF NIGER 130 THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA 134 THE REPUBLIC OF RWANDA 138 THE REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE 144 THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF SOMALIA 148 THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA 152 THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH SUDAN 158 THE REPUBLIC OF THE SUDAN 162 THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA 166 THE REPUBLIC OF TUNISIA 170 THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA 174 THE REPUBLIC OF ZAMBIA 178 THE REPUBLIC OF ZIMBABWE 184 ABOUT AFREXIMBANK 188 FOREWORD Global perception on Africa has positively evolved.
    [Show full text]
  • J.E.Afr.Nat.Hist.Soc. Vol.XXV No.3 (112) January 1966 CHECK LIST of ELOPOID and CLUPEOID FISHES in EAST AFRICAN COASTAL WATERS B
    J.E.Afr.Nat.Hist.Soc. Vol.XXV No.3 (112) January 1966 CHECK LIST OF ELOPOID AND CLUPEOID FISHES IN EAST AFRICAN COASTAL WATERS By G.F. LOOSE (East African Marine Fisheries Research Organization, Zanzibar.) Introduction During preliminary biological studies of the economically important fishes of the suborders Elopoidei and Clupeoidei in East African coastal waters, it was found that due to considerable confusion in the existing literature and the taxonomy of many genera, accurate identifi• cations were often difficult. A large collection of elopoid and clupeoid fishes has been made. Specimens have been obtained from purse-seine catches, by trawling in estuaries and shallow bays, by seining, handnetting under lamps at night, and from the catches of indigenous fishermen. A representative fartNaturalof thisHistory),collectionLondon,haswherenow beenI wasdepositedable to examinein the Britishfurther Museummaterial from the Western Indian Ocean during the summer of 1964. Based on these collections this check list has been prepared; a review on the taxonomy, fishery and existing biological knowledge of elopoid and clupeoid species in the East African area is in preparation. Twenty-one species, representing seven families are listed here; four not previously published distributional records are indicated by asterisks. Classification to familial level is based on Whitehead, P.J.P. (1963 a). Keys refer only to species listed and adult fishes. In the synonymy reference is made only to the original description and other subsequent records from the area. Only those localities are listed from which I have examined specimens. East Africa refers to the coastal waters of Kenya and Tanzania and the offshore islands of Pemba, Zanzibar and Mafia; Eastern Africa refers to the eastern side of the African continent, i.e.
    [Show full text]
  • Regional Marine and Coastal Projects in the Western Indian Ocean; an Overview
    Participating countries Regional Marine and Coastal Projects in the Western Indian Ocean; an overview WORKING DOCUMENT DATE: 27 May 2009 The purpose of this document is to provide a reference for coastal and marine-related institutions and projects in the Western Indian Ocean region. Content has been included as provided by regional projects or institutions active in more than one country in the Western Indian Ocean. The body of the text describes the activities of 25 projects, but a longer list may be found in Appendix I. Twelve chapters are presented on a thematic or geographic basis, to allow interested projects and parties to interact and coordinate activities around their particular areas of interest. The order of projects is in the order of information received; they are not listed alphabetically or reformatting would have been required after every addition. Sections for which information is pending, or sections that are not applicable have been left blank, also to avoid formatting problems. Much of the text has been extracted from other documents, websites and reports, and no claims are made to originality. This reference document should be used as a guide only. Some information has been based on online sources or project documents that may be outdated. For the most up-to-date, verified and accurate information about any project, please contact them directly. We hope to improve this draft, and so further comments or contributions of any kind are welcome. Compiled by Lucy Scott (ASCLME), with contributions from Tommy Bornman, Juliet
    [Show full text]
  • Kiszka Et Al Report V2 Rrr Tc
    Intended for IOTC-WPEB 2017 use only – Do not cite without consent from the author Cetacean bycatch in the western Indian Ocean: a review of available information on coastal gillnet, tuna purse seine and pelagic longline fisheries Jeremy J. Kiszka1, Per Berggren2, Gill Braulik3, Tim Collins4, Gianna Minton5 & Randall Reeves6 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, USA 2 School of Natural & Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, UK 3 Sea Mammal Research Unit, University of St Andrews, United Kingdom. 4 Megaptera Marine Conservation, Wassenaar, the Netherlands 5 Wildlife Conservation Society, Ocean Giants Program, Bronx, New York, USA 6 Okapi Wildlife Associates, Hudson, Quebec, Canada. Email: [email protected] Abstract Bycatch is the most significant and immediate threat to cetacean populations at the global scale. Here we review available information on cetacean bycatch in industrial and small-scale (mostly artisanal) fisheries in the western Indian Ocean (WIO). In coastal waters of the WIO region, the impact of bycatch has not been quantified in small-scale fisheries, except in bottom-set gillnets and driftnets targeting large pelagic fish (including tuna) off Zanzibar. Based on bycatch data from observer programs and estimated abundance of coastal dolphins, the bycatch off the south coast of Zanzibar was found to be unsustainable. Elsewhere in the region, other species are also bycaught, including coastal, oceanic and migratory species such as humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), mostly in bottom-set and drift gillnets. In open-ocean fisheries, bycatch in pelagic longlines has been recorded but seems to be rare. Species affected are mostly medium-sized delphinids (Globicephala macrorhynchus, Grampus griseus, Pseudorca crassidens) involved in depredation (on either bait or catch).
    [Show full text]
  • Physical and Biogeochemical Processes Associated with Upwelling in the Indian Ocean Puthenveettil Narayan
    https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2020-486 Preprint. Discussion started: 9 February 2021 c Author(s) 2021. CC BY 4.0 License. 1 Reviews and syntheses: Physical and biogeochemical processes associated with upwelling in the 2 Indian Ocean 1* 2 3 4 3 Puthenveettil Narayana Menon Vinayachandran , Yukio Masumoto , Mike Roberts , Jenny Hugget , 5 6 7 8 9 4 Issufo Halo , Abhisek Chatterjee , Prakash Amol , Garuda V. M. Gupta , Arvind Singh , Arnab 10 6 11 12 13 5 Mukherjee , Satya Prakash , Lynnath E. Beckley , Eric Jorden Raes , Raleigh Hood 6 7 1Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India 8 9 2 Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan 10 11 3 Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa 12 13 4Oceans and Coasts Research, Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries, Private Bag X4390, Cape Town 8000, 14 South Africa 15 16 5Department of Conservation and Marine Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 652, Cape Town 17 8000, South Africa 18 6Indian National Centre for Indian Ocean Services, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Hyderabad, India 19 20 7CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Visakhapatnam, 530017, India 21 22 8Centre for Marine Living Resources and Ecology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Kochi, India 23 24 9Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, 380009, India 25 26 10 National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Goa, India 27 28 11 Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia 29 30 12 CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, TAS, 7001 Australia 31 32 13 University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD, USA 33 34 *Correspondence to: P.
    [Show full text]
  • Annotated Supplement to the Commander's Handbook On
    ANNOTATED SUPPLEMENT TO THE COMMANDER’S HANDBOOK ON THE LAW OF NAVAL OPERATIONS NEWPORT, RI 1997 15 NOV 1997 INTRODUCTORY NOTE The Commander’s Handbook on the Law of Naval Operations (NWP 1-14M/MCWP S-2.1/ COMDTPUB P5800.1), formerly NWP 9 (Rev. A)/FMFM l-10, was promulgated to U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps, and U.S. Coast Guard activities in October 1995. The Com- mander’s Handbook contains no reference to sources of authority for statements of relevant law. This approach was deliberately taken for ease of reading by its intended audience-the operational commander and his staff. This Annotated Supplement to the Handbook has been prepared by the Oceans Law and Policy Department, Center for Naval Warfare Studies, Naval War College to support the academic and research programs within the College. Although prepared with the assistance of cognizant offices of the General Counsel of the Department of Defense, the Judge Advocate General of the Navy, The Judge Advocate General of the Army, The Judge Advocate General of the Air Force, the Staff Judge Advo- cate to the Commandant of the Marine Corps, the Chief Counsel of the Coast Guard, the Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Unified Combatant Commands, the annotations in this Annotated Supplement are not to be construed as representing official policy or positions of the Department of the Navy or the U.S. Governrnent. The text of the Commander’s Handbook is set forth verbatim. Annotations appear as footnotes numbered consecutively within each Chapter. Supplementary Annexes, Figures and Tables are prefixed by the letter “A” and incorporated into each Chapter.
    [Show full text]
  • A Viability Assessment of Using Bath Sponge and Pearl Oyster Farms to Filter Highly Olluted Waters in the Zanzibar Channel Hayley Oakland SIT Study Abroad
    SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad SIT Digital Collections Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection SIT Study Abroad Spring 2013 Bioremediation Mariculture in Zanzibar, Tanzania: A Viability Assessment of Using Bath Sponge and Pearl Oyster Farms to Filter Highly olluted Waters in the Zanzibar Channel Hayley Oakland SIT Study Abroad Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection Part of the Aquaculture and Fisheries Commons, Environmental Health and Protection Commons, Environmental Indicators and Impact Assessment Commons, Marine Biology Commons, and the Natural Resources and Conservation Commons Recommended Citation Oakland, Hayley, "Bioremediation Mariculture in Zanzibar, Tanzania: A Viability Assessment of Using Bath Sponge and Pearl Oyster Farms to Filter Highly olluted Waters in the Zanzibar Channel" (2013). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 1526. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/1526 This Unpublished Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the SIT Study Abroad at SIT Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection by an authorized administrator of SIT Digital Collections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Bioremediation Mariculture in Zanzibar, Tanzania: A viability assessment of using bath sponge and pearl oyster farms to filter highly polluted waters in the Zanzibar Channel Hayley Oakland SIT Spring 2013 Zanzibar: Coastal Ecology and Natural Resource Management University of Oregon, Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Science Advisor: Dr. Aviti J. Mmochi Academic Advisor: Nat Quansah Table of Contents Acknowledgements 1 Abstract 2 I. Introduction 3 II. Study Area 11 III. Methods 12 3.1 Biodiversity and Farming Surveys 12 a.
    [Show full text]
  • Tanzania Biodiversity Threats Assessment
    Tanzania Biodiversity Threats Assessment Biodiversity threats and management opportunities for SUCCESS in Fumba, Bagamoyo, and Mkuranga This publication is available electronically on the Coastal Resources Center’s website: www.crc.uri.edu. It is also available on the Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Organization’s website: www.wiomsa.org. For more information contact: Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett Bay Campus, South Ferry Road, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA. Email: [email protected] Citation: Torell, Elin, Mwanahija Shalli, Julius Francis, Baraka Kalangahe, Renalda Munubi, 2007, Tanzania Biodiversity Threats Assessment: Biodiversity Threats and Management Opportunities for Fumba, Bagamoyo, and Mkuranga, Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, 47 pp. Disclaimer: This report was made possible by the generous support of the American people through the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The contents are the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government. Cooperative agreement # EPP-A-00-04-00014-00 Cover Photo: Beach scene from Bagamoyo Photo Credit: Elin Torell EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Sustainable Coastal Communities and Ecosystems (SUCCESS) Program falls under the Congressional biodiversity earmark, where it fits under the secondary code. These are programs and activities – site based or not – that have biodiversity conservation as an explicit, but not primary objective. One criterion for such programs is that their activities must be defined based on an analysis of threats to biodiversity. This report aims to assess the biodiversity threats in the land-seascapes where SUCCESS operates. The purpose is to understand the major direct threats to biodiversity as well as the context and root causes of the threats.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Tanzania Coastal Province, East Africa
    Assessment of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Resources of the Tanzania Coastal Province, East Africa By Michael E. Brownfield M ED ATLANTIC ITE RRAN OCEAN EAN SEA INDIAN OCEAN Tanzania Coastal SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN INDIAN OCEAN Click here to return to Volume Title Page Chapter 12 of Geologic Assessment of Undiscovered Hydrocarbon Resources of Sub-Saharan Africa Compiled by Michael E. Brownfield \\IGSKAHCMVSFS002\Pubs_Common\Jeff\den13_cmrm00_0129_ds_brownfield\dds_69_gg_ch12_figures\ch12_figures\ch12_cover.ai Digital Data Series 69–GG U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior SALLY JEWELL, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Suzette M. Kimball, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2016 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS. For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod/. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner. Suggested citation: Brownfield, M.E., 2016, Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Tanzania Coastal Province, East Africa, in Brownfield, M.E., compiler, Geologic assessment of undiscovered hydrocarbon resources of Sub-Saharan Africa: U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series 69–GG, chap.
    [Show full text]
  • Class G Tables of Geographic Cutter Numbers: Maps -- by Region Or Country -- Eastern Hemisphere -- Africa
    G8202 AFRICA. REGIONS, NATURAL FEATURES, ETC. G8202 .C5 Chad, Lake .N5 Nile River .N9 Nyasa, Lake .R8 Ruzizi River .S2 Sahara .S9 Sudan [Region] .T3 Tanganyika, Lake .T5 Tibesti Mountains .Z3 Zambezi River 2717 G8222 NORTH AFRICA. REGIONS, NATURAL FEATURES, G8222 ETC. .A8 Atlas Mountains 2718 G8232 MOROCCO. REGIONS, NATURAL FEATURES, ETC. G8232 .A5 Anti-Atlas Mountains .B3 Beni Amir .B4 Beni Mhammed .C5 Chaouia region .C6 Coasts .D7 Dra region .F48 Fezouata .G4 Gharb Plain .H5 High Atlas Mountains .I3 Ifni .K4 Kert Wadi .K82 Ktaoua .M5 Middle Atlas Mountains .M6 Mogador Bay .R5 Rif Mountains .S2 Sais Plain .S38 Sebou River .S4 Sehoul Forest .S59 Sidi Yahia az Za region .T2 Tafilalt .T27 Tangier, Bay of .T3 Tangier Peninsula .T47 Ternata .T6 Toubkal Mountain 2719 G8233 MOROCCO. PROVINCES G8233 .A2 Agadir .A3 Al-Homina .A4 Al-Jadida .B3 Beni-Mellal .F4 Fès .K6 Khouribga .K8 Ksar-es-Souk .M2 Marrakech .M4 Meknès .N2 Nador .O8 Ouarzazate .O9 Oujda .R2 Rabat .S2 Safi .S5 Settat .T2 Tangier Including the International Zone .T25 Tarfaya .T4 Taza .T5 Tetuan 2720 G8234 MOROCCO. CITIES AND TOWNS, ETC. G8234 .A2 Agadir .A3 Alcazarquivir .A5 Amizmiz .A7 Arzila .A75 Asilah .A8 Azemmour .A9 Azrou .B2 Ben Ahmet .B35 Ben Slimane .B37 Beni Mellal .B4 Berkane .B52 Berrechid .B6 Boujad .C3 Casablanca .C4 Ceuta .C5 Checkaouene [Tétouan] .D4 Demnate .E7 Erfond .E8 Essaouira .F3 Fedhala .F4 Fès .F5 Figurg .G8 Guercif .H3 Hajeb [Meknès] .H6 Hoceima .I3 Ifrane [Meknès] .J3 Jadida .K3 Kasba-Tadla .K37 Kelaa des Srarhna .K4 Kenitra .K43 Khenitra .K5 Khmissat .K6 Khouribga .L3 Larache .M2 Marrakech .M3 Mazagan .M38 Medina .M4 Meknès .M5 Melilla .M55 Midar .M7 Mogador .M75 Mohammedia .N3 Nador [Nador] .O7 Oued Zem .O9 Oujda .P4 Petitjean .P6 Port-Lyantey 2721 G8234 MOROCCO.
    [Show full text]